Arousal
Sleep Arousal Disorders
Erotica
Sleep Stages
Sleep
Libido
Hibernation
Polysomnography
Wakefulness
Electroencephalography
Galvanic Skin Response
Sleep, REM
Emotions
Photoplethysmography
Somnambulism
Sciuridae
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
Parasomnias
Respiratory Rate
Neuropeptides
Estivation
Sleep Deprivation
Affect
Electrooculography
Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
Autonomic Nervous System
Orexin Receptors
Locus Coeruleus
Respiration
Clitoris
Pedophilia
Electromyography
Receptors, Neuropeptide
Penile Erection
Habituation, Psychophysiologic
Analysis of Variance
Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
Brain
Pulmonary Ventilation
Night Terrors
Photic Stimulation
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological
Amygdala
Trazodone
Hypothalamic Hormones
Doxapram
Sleep Apnea, Central
Circadian Rhythm
Cerebral Cortex
Effect of psychotropic drugs on caudate spindle in cats. (1/2081)
To ascertain whether neuroleptics act on the caudate nucleus itself, the effects of these compounds as well as other centrally acting drugs were examined in relation to caudate spindle and EEG arousal responses (sciatic nerve stimulation) in gallamine-immobilized cats. Haloperidol and chlorpromazine enhanced the caudate spindle at a dose which had no effect on the EEG arousal response. On the other hand, clozapine and a higher dose of chlorpromazine enhanced the caudate spindle, but depressed the arousal response. High frequency stimulation of the sciatic nerve suppressed the caudate spindle. Pentobarbital, biperiden and diazepam, while depressing the arousal response, caused an enhancement of the caudate spindle. Imipramine at a low dose had no effect on either response, whereas at a high dose this drug enhanced the caudate spindle with concomitant depression of the arousal response. From these results, it may be concluded that the enhancing action on the caudate spindle induced by haloperidol and a low dose of chlorpromazine is due to an increase in susceptibility of the caudate nucleus itself. In addition, it is suggested that depression of the activating system is involved in an appearance of the caudate spindle. (+info)Arousal from sleep shortens sympathetic burst latency in humans. (2/2081)
1. Bursts of sympathetic activity in muscle nerves are phase-locked to the cardiac cycle by the sinoaortic baroreflexes. Acoustic arousal from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep reduces the normally invariant interval between the R-wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the peak of the corresponding sympathetic burst; however, the effects of other forms of sleep disruption (i.e. spontaneous arousals and apnoea-induced arousals) on this temporal relationship are unknown. 2. We simultaneously recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity in the peroneal nerve (intraneural electrodes) and the ECG (surface electrodes) in seven healthy humans and three patients with sleep apnoea syndrome during NREM sleep. 3. In seven subjects, burst latencies were shortened subsequent to spontaneous K complexes (1.297 +/- 0.024 s, mean +/- s. e.m.) and spontaneous arousals (1.268 +/- 0.044 s) compared with latencies during periods of stable NREM sleep (1.369 +/- 0.023 s). In six subjects who demonstrated spontaneous apnoeas during sleep, apnoea per se did not alter burst latency relative to sleep with stable electroencephalogram (EEG) and breathing (1.313 +/- 0.038 vs. 1.342 +/- 0.026 s); however, following apnoea-induced EEG perturbations, burst latencies were reduced (1.214 +/- 0.034 s). 4. Arousal-induced reduction in sympathetic burst latency may reflect a temporary diminution of baroreflex buffering of sympathetic outflow. If so, the magnitude of arterial pressure perturbations during sleep (e.g. those caused by sleep disordered breathing and periodic leg movements) may be augmented by arousal. (+info)The vigilance promoting drug modafinil increases extracellular glutamate levels in the medial preoptic area and the posterior hypothalamus of the conscious rat: prevention by local GABAA receptor blockade. (3/2081)
The effects of modafinil on glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission in the rat medial preoptic area (MPA) and posterior hypothalamus (PH), are analysed. Modafinil (30-300 mg/kg) increased glutamate and decreased GABA levels in the MPA and PH. Local perfusion with the GABAA agonist muscimol (10 microM), reduced, while the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (1 microM and 10 microM) increased glutamate levels. The modafinil (100 mg/kg)-induced increase of glutamate levels was antagonized by local perfusion with bicuculline (1 microM). When glutamate levels were increased by the local perfusion with the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-PDC (0.5 mM), modafinil produced an additional enhancement of glutamate levels. Modafinil (1-33 microM) failed to affect [3H]glutamate uptake in hypothalamic synaptosomes and slices. These findings show that modafinil increases glutamate and decreases GABA levels in MPA and PH. The evidence that bicuculline counteracts the modafinil-induced increase of glutamate levels strengthens the evidence for an inhibitory GABA/glutamate interaction in the above regions controlling the sleep-wakefulness cycle. (+info)Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness. (4/2081)
Alertness and performance on a wide variety of tasks are impaired immediately upon waking from sleep due to sleep inertia, which has been found to dissipate in an asymptotic manner following waketime. It has been suggested that behavioural or environmental factors, as well as sleep stage at awakening, may affect the severity of sleep inertia. In order to determine the time course of sleep inertia dissipation under normal entrained conditions, subjective alertness and cognitive throughput were measured during the first 4 h after habitual waketime from a full 8-h sleep episode on 3 consecutive days. We investigated whether this time course was affected by either sleep stage at awakening or behavioural/environmental factors. Sleep inertia dissipated in an asymptotic manner and took 2-4 h to near the asymptote. Saturating exponential functions fitted the sleep inertia data well, with time constants of 0.67 h for subjective alertness and 1.17 h for cognitive performance. Most awakenings occurred out of stage rapid eye movement (REM), 2 or 1 sleep, and no effect of sleep stage at awakening on either the severity of sleep inertia or the time course of its dissipation could be detected. Subjective alertness and cognitive throughput were significantly impaired upon awakening regardless of whether subjects got out of bed, ate breakfast, showered and were exposed to ordinary indoor room light (approximately 150 lux) or whether subjects participated in a constant routine (CR) protocol in which they remained in bed, ate small hourly snacks and were exposed to very dim light (10-15 lux). These findings allow for the refinement of models of alertness and performance, and have important implications for the scheduling of work immediately upon awakening in many occupational settings. (+info)Fentanyl and morphine, but not remifentanil, inhibit acetylcholine release in pontine regions modulating arousal. (5/2081)
BACKGROUND: Opioids inhibit the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep and decrease acetylcholine (ACh) release in medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) regions contributing to REM sleep generation. It is not known whether opioids decrease ACh release by acting on cholinergic cell bodies or on cholinergic axon terminals. This study used in vivo microdialysis to test the hypothesis that opioids decrease ACh levels at cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) and LDT axon terminals in the mPRF. METHODS: Nine male cats were anesthetized with halothane, and ACh levels within the mPRF or LDT were assayed using microdialysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). ACh levels were analyzed in response to dialysis of the mPRF and LDT with Ringer's solution (control), followed by dialysis with Ringer's solution containing morphine sulfate (MSO4) or naloxone. ACh in the mPRF also was measured during either dialysis delivery or intravenous infusion of remifentanil and during dialysis delivery of fentanyl. RESULTS: Compared with dialysis of Ringer's solution, microdialysis with MSO4 decreased ACh by 23% in the mPRF and by 30% in the LDT. This significant decrease in ACh was antagonized by naloxone. MSO4 and fentanyl each caused a dose-dependent decrease in mPRF ACh when delivered by dialysis. Remifentanil delivered by continuous intravenous infusion or by dialysis into the mPRF did not alter mPRF ACh. CONCLUSIONS: Morphine inhibits ACh at the cholinergic cell body region (LDT) and the terminal field in the mPRF. ACh in the mPRF was not altered by remifentanil and was significantly decreased by fentanyl. Thus, MSO4 and fentanyl disrupt cholinergic neurotransmission in the LDT-mPRF network known to modulate REM sleep and cortical electroencephalographic activation. These data are consistent with the possibility that inhibition of pontine cholinergic neurotransmission contributes to arousal state disruption by opioids. (+info)Cognitive functioning in people with epilepsy plus severe learning disabilities: a systematic analysis of predictors of daytime arousal and attention. (6/2081)
In spite of the high prevalence of epilepsy and the importance of preserving cognitive function in people with learning disabilities, this population has received relatively little research attention. This study sets out systematically to investigate possible predictive factors of inter-ictal states of arousal and attention. The daytime function of 28 people with epilepsy and severe learning disabilities was assessed by performance on a two-choice reaction time vigilance task, behavioural analysis of time-sampled video recordings taken in naturalistic settings, and carer ratings on visual analogue scales. This methodology yielded eight discrete functional measures, from which two further index measures were derived after principal components analysis. A range of clinical and psychosocial assessments was completed and subjects had 36 hour ambulatory EEG and sleep EEG monitoring. Regression models identified significant predictors of cognitive function from a range of potential explanatory variables i.e. demographic, clinical, pharmacological, background EEG rhythms and sleep parameters. Results indicated that greater severity of learning disability, longer bedtime periods, poor sleep efficiency, frequent seizures and antiepileptic drug polytherapy were significant predictor variables. Explained variance (adjusted R2) was greater than 50% for six of 10 outcome variables (range up to 85%). Furthermore, significant regression equations (P < 0.05) were obtained for all but one variable. Thus, these results appear reasonably robust. Results support an interactional model of daytime arousal and attention in people with epilepsy plus severe learning disabilities. Inter-ictal cognitive function appears to be mediated by a combination of organic, circadian (sleep wake), clinical and pharmacological factors. (+info)Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of cardinal posttraumatic stress symptoms in school-age children. (7/2081)
OBJECTIVES: This report examines the reliability and validity of Darryl, a cartoon-based measure of the cardinal symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: We measured exposure to community violence through the reports of children and their parents and then administered Darryl to a sample of 110 children aged 7 to 9 residing in urban neighborhoods with high crime rates. RESULTS: Darryl's reliability is excellent overall and is acceptable for the reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal subscales, considered separately. Child reports of exposure to community violence were significantly associated with child reports of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Darryl possesses acceptable psychometric properties in a sample of children with frequent exposure to community violence. (+info)Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat. (8/2081)
To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 micrograms) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals. Although body weight was comparably reduced (-8%) and plasma glycerol was comparably increased (142 and 17%, respectively) in leptin-treated and pair-fed animals relative to controls, increases in plasma fatty acids and ketones were only detected (132 and 234%, respectively) in pair-fed rats. Resting energy expenditure (-15%) and gastrointestinal fill (-50%) were reduced by pair-feeding relative to the ad libitum group, but they were not reduced by leptin treatment. Relative to controls, leptin increased hypothalamic mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 61%) and for proopiomelanocortin (POMC; 31%) but did not reduce mRNA for neuropeptide Y. These results suggest that CNS leptin prevents metabolic/gastrointestinal responses to caloric restriction by activating hypothalamic CRH- and POMC-containing pathways and raise the possibility that these peripheral responses to CNS leptin administration contribute to leptin's anorexigenic action. (+info)In a medical or physiological context, "arousal" refers to the state of being awake and responsive to stimuli. It involves the activation of the nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system, which prepares the body for action. Arousal levels can vary from low (such as during sleep) to high (such as during states of excitement or stress). In clinical settings, changes in arousal may be assessed to help diagnose conditions such as coma, brain injury, or sleep disorders. It is also used in the context of sexual response, where it refers to the level of physical and mental awareness and readiness for sexual activity.
Sleep arousal disorders are a category of sleep disorders that involve the partial or complete awakening from sleep, often accompanied by confusion and disorientation. These disorders are characterized by an abnormal arousal process during sleep, which can result in brief periods of wakefulness or full awakenings. The most common types of sleep arousal disorders include sleepwalking (somnambulism), sleep talking (somniloquy), and night terrors (pavor nocturnus).
In sleepwalking, the individual may get out of bed and walk around while still asleep, often with a blank stare and without any memory of the event. Sleep talking can occur in various levels of sleep and may range from simple sounds to complex conversations. Night terrors are episodes of intense fear and agitation during sleep, often accompanied by screams or cries for help, rapid heart rate, and sweating.
These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, anxiety, fever, certain medications, alcohol consumption, and underlying medical conditions such as sleep apnea or restless leg syndrome. They can also occur as a result of genetic predisposition. Sleep arousal disorders can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life, leading to fatigue, daytime sleepiness, impaired cognitive function, and decreased overall well-being. Treatment options may include behavioral therapy, medication, or addressing any underlying medical conditions.
Erotica is a genre of literature, art, photographs, films, or other media that depicts sexual subject matter in an artistic or aesthetically appealing way. It is intended to evoke sexual feelings and can be used as a means of exploring one's own sexuality or enhancing a romantic relationship. Erotica differs from pornography in that it generally places greater emphasis on the emotional, romantic, or sensual aspects of sexuality, rather than simply focusing on explicit sexual acts.
It is important to note that what may be considered erotic by one person may not be perceived as such by another, and individual preferences can vary widely. Additionally, while some people find erotica to be a healthy and enjoyable form of sexual expression, others may have reservations about its use due to personal, cultural, or religious beliefs.
In medical contexts, the term "erotica" is not typically used, as it is more commonly found in discussions related to art, literature, and media. However, mental health professionals may discuss clients' experiences with erotica as part of a broader conversation about sexuality, relationships, and personal values.
Sleep stages are distinct patterns of brain activity that occur during sleep, as measured by an electroencephalogram (EEG). They are part of the sleep cycle and are used to describe the different types of sleep that humans go through during a normal night's rest. The sleep cycle includes several repeating stages:
1. Stage 1 (N1): This is the lightest stage of sleep, where you transition from wakefulness to sleep. During this stage, muscle activity and brain waves begin to slow down.
2. Stage 2 (N2): In this stage, your heart rate slows, body temperature decreases, and eye movements stop. Brain wave activity becomes slower, with occasional bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles.
3. Stage 3 (N3): Also known as deep non-REM sleep, this stage is characterized by slow delta waves. It is during this stage that the body undergoes restorative processes such as tissue repair, growth, and immune function enhancement.
4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep: This is the stage where dreaming typically occurs. Your eyes move rapidly beneath closed eyelids, heart rate and respiration become irregular, and brain wave activity increases to levels similar to wakefulness. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation and learning.
The sleep cycle progresses through these stages multiple times during the night, with REM sleep periods becoming longer towards morning. Understanding sleep stages is crucial in diagnosing and treating various sleep disorders.
Sleep is a complex physiological process characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, reduced voluntary muscle activity, and decreased interaction with the environment. It's typically associated with specific stages that can be identified through electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. These stages include rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, associated with dreaming, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which is further divided into three stages.
Sleep serves a variety of functions, including restoration and strengthening of the immune system, support for growth and development in children and adolescents, consolidation of memory, learning, and emotional regulation. The lack of sufficient sleep or poor quality sleep can lead to significant health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even cognitive decline.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) defines sleep as "a period of daily recurring natural rest during which consciousness is suspended and metabolic processes are reduced." However, it's important to note that the exact mechanisms and purposes of sleep are still being researched and debated among scientists.
Libido, in medical and psychological terms, refers to a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity. This term was first introduced by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, where he described it as one of the three components of human personality. Libido is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, and can vary significantly among individuals. It's important to note that a low or absent libido does not necessarily indicate an underlying medical issue, but could be a result of various factors such as stress, fatigue, relationship issues, mental health disorders, or hormonal imbalances. If you have concerns about your libido, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for a proper evaluation and guidance.
Hibernation is a state of significantly reduced metabolic activity in animals, generally characterized by a lower body temperature and slower breathing rate. This physiological adaptation allows animals to survive periods of extreme cold or food scarcity. During hibernation, an animal's body temperature can drop close to the ambient temperature, and its heart rate and respiratory rate can decrease significantly. Hibernating animals also store energy in the form of fat reserves, which they use up during this period of reduced activity. This state can last for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the species. Examples of animals that hibernate include bears, bats, and groundhogs.
Polysomnography (PSG) is a comprehensive sleep study that monitors various body functions during sleep, including brain activity, eye movement, muscle tone, heart rate, respirations, and oxygen levels. It is typically conducted in a sleep laboratory under the supervision of a trained technologist. The data collected during PSG is used to diagnose and manage various sleep disorders such as sleep-related breathing disorders (e.g., sleep apnea), movement disorders (e.g., periodic limb movement disorder), parasomnias, and narcolepsy.
The study usually involves the attachment of electrodes to different parts of the body, such as the scalp, face, chest, and legs, to record electrical signals from the brain, eye movements, muscle activity, and heartbeats. Additionally, sensors may be placed on or near the nose and mouth to measure airflow, and a belt may be worn around the chest and abdomen to monitor breathing efforts. Oxygen levels are also monitored through a sensor attached to the finger or ear.
Polysomnography is often recommended when a sleep disorder is suspected based on symptoms or medical history, and other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive. The results of the study can help guide treatment decisions and improve overall sleep health.
Wakefulness is a state of consciousness in which an individual is alert and aware of their surroundings. It is characterized by the ability to perceive, process, and respond to stimuli in a purposeful manner. In a medical context, wakefulness is often assessed using measures such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) to evaluate brain activity patterns associated with consciousness.
Wakefulness is regulated by several interconnected neural networks that promote arousal and attention. These networks include the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), which consists of a group of neurons located in the brainstem that project to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, as well as other regions involved in regulating arousal and attention, such as the basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
Disorders of wakefulness can result from various underlying conditions, including neurological disorders, sleep disorders, medication side effects, or other medical conditions that affect brain function. Examples of such disorders include narcolepsy, insomnia, hypersomnia, and various forms of encephalopathy or brain injury.
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.
EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.
EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), also known as Electrodermal Activity (EDA), is a physiological response that reflects the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. It measures changes in the electrical properties of the skin, which are influenced by the sweat gland activity. GSR is often used as an indicator of emotional arousal or psychological stress in various research and clinical settings.
REM sleep, or Rapid Eye Movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, low muscle tone, and active brain activity. It is one of the two main types of sleep along with non-REM sleep and is marked by vivid dreaming, increased brain metabolism, and altered brain wave patterns. REM sleep is often referred to as "paradoxical sleep" because of the seemingly contradictory nature of its characteristics - an active brain in a state of relaxation. It is thought to play a role in memory consolidation, learning, and mood regulation. A typical night's sleep cycle includes several episodes of REM sleep, with each episode becoming longer as the night progresses.
Emotions are complex psychological states that involve three distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions can be short-lived, such as a flash of anger, or more long-lasting, such as enduring sadness. They can also vary in intensity, from mild irritation to intense joy or fear.
Emotions are often distinguished from other psychological states, such as moods and temperament, which may be less specific and more enduring. Emotions are typically thought to have a clear cause or object, such as feeling happy when you receive good news or feeling anxious before a job interview.
There are many different emotions that people can experience, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and shame. These emotions are often thought to serve important adaptive functions, helping individuals respond to challenges and opportunities in their environment.
In medical contexts, emotions may be relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of various mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorder. Abnormalities in emotional processing and regulation have been implicated in many psychiatric illnesses, and therapies that target these processes may be effective in treating these conditions.
An orgasm is a complex response to sexual stimulation that involves a series of physiological changes, including muscle contractions in the pelvic region, increased heart rate and blood pressure, and a release of endorphins and other neurotransmitters. It is often accompanied by intense feelings of pleasure and can be followed by a sense of relaxation. In men, orgasm is typically associated with ejaculation, but they are actually two distinct processes. While both males and females can experience orgasm, the specific physiological events that occur during an orgasm can vary between individuals and sexes.
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive method used to measure changes in blood volume in the microvascular bed of tissue, typically the skin. It is based on the principle that light absorption and reflection by the skin change as the amount of blood in the capillaries changes due to the cardiac cycle.
A PPG sensor consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) that emits light at a specific wavelength, typically red or infrared, and a photodiode detector that measures the intensity of the transmitted or reflected light. The LED is placed in contact with the skin, and as the blood volume in the capillaries changes during the cardiac cycle, the amount of light absorbed or reflected by the skin also changes.
The PPG signal provides information about the cardiovascular system, including heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral vascular tone. It is widely used in medical devices such as pulse oximeters, which measure oxygen saturation in the blood, and wearable devices for monitoring vital signs.
Somnambulism is defined as a parasomnia, which is a type of sleep disorder, that involves walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep. It's more commonly known as sleepwalking. During a sleepwalking episode, a person will have their eyes open and may appear to be awake and aware of their surroundings, but they are actually in a state of low consciousness.
Sleepwalking can range from simply sitting up in bed and looking around, to walking around the house, dressing or undressing, or even leaving the house. Episodes usually occur during deep non-REM sleep early in the night and can last from several minutes to an hour.
Although it is more common in children, especially those between the ages of 3 and 7, somnambulism can also affect adults. Factors that may contribute to sleepwalking include stress, fatigue, fever, certain medications, alcohol consumption, and underlying medical or psychiatric conditions such as sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or dissociative states.
Most of the time, somnambulism is not a cause for concern and does not require treatment. However, if sleepwalking leads to potential harm or injury, or if it frequently disrupts sleep, medical advice should be sought to address any underlying conditions and ensure safety measures are in place during sleep.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Sciuridae" is not a medical term. It is a scientific name in the field of biology, specifically for the family of animals that include squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, and prairie dogs, among others. These are rodents known for their agility in climbing trees and their ability to store food.
Sleep apnea syndromes refer to a group of disorders characterized by abnormal breathing patterns during sleep. These patterns can result in repeated pauses in breathing (apneas) or shallow breaths (hypopneas), causing interruptions in sleep and decreased oxygen supply to the body. There are three main types of sleep apnea syndromes:
1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): This is the most common form, caused by the collapse or obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, often due to relaxation of the muscles in the throat and tongue.
2. Central Sleep Apnea (CSA): This type is less common and results from the brain's failure to send proper signals to the breathing muscles. It can be associated with conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or certain medications.
3. Complex/Mixed Sleep Apnea: In some cases, a person may experience both obstructive and central sleep apnea symptoms, known as complex or mixed sleep apnea.
Symptoms of sleep apnea syndromes can include loud snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, morning headaches, difficulty concentrating, and mood changes. Diagnosis typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography) to monitor breathing patterns, heart rate, brain activity, and other physiological factors during sleep. Treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, or even surgery in severe cases.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder that occurs when the upper airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, leading to pauses in breathing or shallow breaths. These episodes, known as apneas or hypopneas, can last for 10 seconds or longer and may occur multiple times throughout the night, disrupting normal sleep patterns and causing oxygen levels in the blood to drop.
The obstruction in OSA is typically caused by the relaxation of the muscles in the back of the throat during sleep, which allows the soft tissues to collapse and block the airway. This can result in snoring, choking, gasping for air, or awakening from sleep with a start.
Contributing factors to OSA may include obesity, large neck circumference, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, alcohol consumption, smoking, and use of sedatives or muscle relaxants. Untreated OSA can lead to serious health consequences such as high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cognitive impairment. Treatment options for OSA include lifestyle changes, oral appliances, positive airway pressure therapy, and surgery.
Sexual dysfunctions, psychological, refer to disorders that affect a person's ability to engage in sexual activity due to psychological factors. These factors can include stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, past traumatic experiences, and negative attitudes towards sex.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) identifies several types of sexual dysfunctions that can be caused by psychological factors:
1. Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder - characterized by a lack of interest in sexual activity or an inability to become sexually aroused.
2. Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - characterized by a persistent or recurrent lack of desire for sexual activity in men.
3. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - characterized by an inability to become physically aroused during sexual activity.
4. Male Erectile Disorder - characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain an erection.
5. Female Orgasmic Disorder - characterized by a delay in or absence of orgasm despite adequate stimulation.
6. Male Orgasmic Disorder - characterized by a delay in or absence of orgasm after sufficient sexual stimulation and desire.
7. Premature (Early) Ejaculation - characterized by ejaculation that occurs before the person wishes it to, leading to distress or frustration.
8. Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder - characterized by pain or discomfort during vaginal penetration.
These disorders can cause significant distress and impact a person's quality of life, relationships, and overall well-being. Treatment for psychological sexual dysfunctions typically involves psychotherapy, counseling, and education to address the underlying psychological factors contributing to the disorder.
Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders that involve unwanted physical events or experiences that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, or waking up. These behaviors can include abnormal movements, talk, emotions, perceptions, or dreams. Parasomnias can be caused by various factors such as stress, alcohol, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. Some examples of parasomnias are sleepwalking, night terrors, sleep talking, and REM sleep behavior disorder. These disorders can disrupt sleep and cause distress to the individual and their bed partner.
Respiratory rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. It is typically measured by counting the number of times the chest rises and falls in one minute. Normal respiratory rate at rest for an adult ranges from 12 to 20 breaths per minute. An increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) or decreased respiratory rate (bradypnea) can be a sign of various medical conditions, such as lung disease, heart failure, or neurological disorders. It is an important vital sign that should be regularly monitored in clinical settings.
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that are used by neurons to communicate with each other and with other cells in the body. They are produced in the cell body of a neuron, processed from larger precursor proteins, and then transported to the nerve terminal where they are stored in secretory vesicles. When the neuron is stimulated, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space.
Neuropeptides can act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, depending on their target receptors and the duration of their effects. They play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including pain perception, appetite regulation, stress response, and social behavior. Some neuropeptides also have hormonal functions, such as oxytocin and vasopressin, which are produced in the hypothalamus and released into the bloodstream to regulate reproductive and cardiovascular function, respectively.
There are hundreds of different neuropeptides that have been identified in the nervous system, and many of them have multiple functions and interact with other signaling molecules to modulate neural activity. Dysregulation of neuropeptide systems has been implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as chronic pain, addiction, depression, and anxiety.
Estivation is a term used in biology and medicine to refer to a period of reduced metabolic activity and dormancy that some animals exhibit during periods of hot and dry weather, similar to hibernation but adapted to warm conditions. It is most commonly seen in certain species of reptiles, amphibians, insects, and other invertebrates.
During estivation, the animal seeks out a sheltered location and reduces its activity levels, body temperature, and metabolic rate to conserve energy and water. It may also produce specialized protective structures, such as mucus-covered shells or cocoons, to prevent dehydration and protect against predators.
Estivation can last for several weeks or months, depending on the species and environmental conditions. In some cases, estivation may be triggered by changes in temperature, humidity, food availability, or other factors. The specific physiological mechanisms that underlie estivation are not fully understood, but they likely involve complex interactions between the nervous system, endocrine system, and other regulatory pathways.
Sleep deprivation is a condition that occurs when an individual fails to get sufficient quality sleep or the recommended amount of sleep, typically 7-9 hours for adults. This can lead to various physical and mental health issues. It can be acute, lasting for one night or a few days, or chronic, persisting over a longer period.
The consequences of sleep deprivation include:
1. Fatigue and lack of energy
2. Difficulty concentrating or remembering things
3. Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
4. Weakened immune system
5. Increased appetite and potential weight gain
6. Higher risk of accidents due to decreased reaction time
7. Health problems like high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease over time
Sleep deprivation can be caused by various factors, including stress, shift work, sleep disorders like insomnia or sleep apnea, poor sleep hygiene, and certain medications. It's essential to address the underlying causes of sleep deprivation to ensure proper rest and overall well-being.
In medical and psychological terms, "affect" refers to a person's emotional or expressive state, mood, or dispositions that are outwardly manifested in their behavior, facial expressions, demeanor, or speech. Affect can be described as being congruent or incongruent with an individual's thoughts and experiences.
There are different types of affect, including:
1. Neutral affect: When a person shows no apparent emotion or displays minimal emotional expressiveness.
2. Positive affect: When a person exhibits positive emotions such as happiness, excitement, or enthusiasm.
3. Negative affect: When a person experiences and displays negative emotions like sadness, anger, or fear.
4. Blunted affect: When a person's emotional response is noticeably reduced or diminished, often observed in individuals with certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia.
5. Flat affect: When a person has an almost complete absence of emotional expressiveness, which can be indicative of severe depression or other mental health disorders.
6. Labile affect: When a person's emotional state fluctuates rapidly and frequently between positive and negative emotions, often observed in individuals with certain neurological conditions or mood disorders.
Clinicians may assess a patient's affect during an interview or examination to help diagnose mental health conditions, evaluate treatment progress, or monitor overall well-being.
Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the resting potential of the eye and the changes in this potential that occur with eye movements. It involves placing electrodes near the eyes to detect the small electric fields generated by the movement of the eyeball within the surrounding socket. This technique is used in research and clinical settings to study eye movements and their control, as well as in certain diagnostic applications such as assessing the function of the oculomotor system in patients with neurological disorders.
Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.
Masturbation is the self-stimulation of the genitals to achieve sexual pleasure or orgasm. It's a normal and healthy sexual behavior that is commonly practiced by people of all ages, gender identities, and sexual orientations. Masturbation is generally considered safe and has few, if any, negative physical side effects.
It's important to note that masturbation is a personal choice, and individuals should feel comfortable and unpressured in their decision to engage in this behavior or not. Some people may choose not to masturbate due to personal, cultural, or religious beliefs, while others may find it to be a valuable way to explore their bodies, learn about their sexual responses, and relieve sexual tension.
If you have any concerns or questions about masturbation, it's always a good idea to speak with a healthcare provider who can provide you with accurate information and address any concerns you may have.
Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome, also known as Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD), is a condition characterized by recurring involuntary jerking movements of the limbs during sleep, particularly the legs. These movements typically occur every 20-40 seconds and can last for an hour or more throughout the night. They often disrupt normal sleep patterns, causing insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.
The movements are usually jerky, rapid, and rhythmic, involving extension of the big toe and flexion of the ankle, knee, or hip. In some cases, these movements can be so forceful that they cause the person to wake up, although often individuals with this condition may not be aware of their nighttime leg movements.
Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome is different from another common sleep disorder called Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), as RLS primarily causes discomfort or an irresistible urge to move the legs while awake and still, whereas Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome involves involuntary movements during sleep. However, up to 80% of people with RLS also have PLMD.
The exact cause of Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome is not fully understood, but it may be associated with abnormalities in the brain's regulation of muscle activity during sleep. Certain medications, neurological conditions, and iron deficiency anemia have been linked to an increased risk of developing this disorder. Treatment options include medication, lifestyle changes, and addressing any underlying medical conditions that may contribute to the development or worsening of symptoms.
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is a region in the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain that plays a crucial role in regulating various autonomic functions and maintaining homeostasis. The LHA is located laterally to the third ventricle and contains several neuronal populations that are involved in diverse physiological processes such as feeding behavior, energy balance, sleep-wake regulation, and neuroendocrine function.
Some of the key neurons found in the LHA include orexin/hypocretin neurons, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, and agouti-related protein (AGRP) neurons. These neurons release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that modulate various physiological functions, including appetite regulation, energy expenditure, and arousal. Dysfunction in the LHA has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as narcolepsy, obesity, and depression.
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness and controls visceral functions. It is divided into two main subdivisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which generally have opposing effects and maintain homeostasis in the body.
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations, often referred to as the "fight or flight" response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolic rate, while also decreasing digestive activity. This response helps the body respond quickly to perceived threats.
The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS), on the other hand, promotes the "rest and digest" state, allowing the body to conserve energy and restore itself after the stress response has subsided. It decreases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, while increasing digestive activity and promoting relaxation.
These two systems work together to maintain balance in the body by adjusting various functions based on internal and external demands. Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System can lead to a variety of symptoms, such as orthostatic hypotension, gastroparesis, and cardiac arrhythmias, among others.
Orexin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions, including wakefulness, energy balance, and reward processing. There are two subtypes of orexin receptors: OX1R (orexin-1 receptor) and OX2R (orexin-2 receptor). These receptors bind to the neuropeptides orexin A and orexin B, which are synthesized in a small group of neurons located in the hypothalamus. Activation of these receptors leads to increased wakefulness, appetite stimulation, and reward-seeking behavior, among other effects. Dysregulation of the orexin system has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as narcolepsy, where a loss of orexin-producing neurons results in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus in the brainstem, specifically located in the rostral pons and dorsal to the fourth ventricle. It is the primary site of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) synthesis, storage, and release in the central nervous system. The LC projects its neuronal fibers widely throughout the brain, including the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and spinal cord. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions such as arousal, attention, learning, memory, stress response, and regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. The LC's activity is associated with several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease.
Medical Definition of Respiration:
Respiration, in physiology, is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and gives out carbon dioxide. It's also known as breathing. This process is essential for most forms of life because it provides the necessary oxygen for cellular respiration, where the cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and releases waste products, primarily carbon dioxide.
In humans and other mammals, respiration is a two-stage process:
1. Breathing (or external respiration): This involves the exchange of gases with the environment. Air enters the lungs through the mouth or nose, then passes through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, finally reaching the alveoli where the actual gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
2. Cellular respiration (or internal respiration): This is the process by which cells convert glucose and other nutrients into ATP, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of oxygen. The carbon dioxide produced during this process then diffuses out of the cells and into the bloodstream to be exhaled during breathing.
In summary, respiration is a vital physiological function that enables organisms to obtain the necessary oxygen for cellular metabolism while eliminating waste products like carbon dioxide.
The clitoris is an important female sex organ that is primarily responsible for sexual arousal and pleasure. It is a small, highly sensitive piece of tissue located at the front of the vulva, where the labia minora meet. The clitoris is made up of two parts: the visible part, known as the glans clitoris, and the hidden part, called the corpora cavernosa and crura.
The glans clitoris is a small knob-like structure that is covered by a hood, or prepuce, and is located at the top of the vulva. It contains a high concentration of nerve endings, making it highly sensitive to touch and stimulation. The corpora cavernosa and crura are the internal parts of the clitoris, which are made up of sponge-like erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, leading to clitoral erection.
The clitoris plays a crucial role in female sexual response and pleasure. During sexual arousal, the clitoris swells and becomes more sensitive to touch, which can lead to orgasm. The clitoris is also an important source of sexual pleasure during masturbation and partnered sexual activity. Despite its importance in female sexuality, the clitoris has historically been overlooked or stigmatized in many cultures, leading to a lack of understanding and education about this vital organ.
Pedophilia is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent has a primary or exclusive sexual attraction to prepubescent children, typically younger than 13 years of age. The diagnosis is based on the presence of these feelings, not on any actions taken by the individual. Engaging in sexual activity with a prepubescent child is illegal and considered child abuse, regardless of whether the person has pedophilia.
It's important to note that having pedophilic feelings does not necessarily mean an individual will act on them. Some people with pedophilia are able to maintain celibacy and never engage in sexual activities with children. However, it's crucial for individuals with these feelings to seek professional help to ensure they don't harm others and to address their own emotional and psychological challenges.
Electromyography (EMG) is a medical diagnostic procedure that measures the electrical activity of skeletal muscles during contraction and at rest. It involves inserting a thin needle electrode into the muscle to record the electrical signals generated by the muscle fibers. These signals are then displayed on an oscilloscope and may be heard through a speaker.
EMG can help diagnose various neuromuscular disorders, such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, and can distinguish between muscle and nerve disorders. It is often used in conjunction with other diagnostic tests, such as nerve conduction studies, to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the nervous system.
EMG is typically performed by a neurologist or a physiatrist, and the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain, although this is usually minimal. The results of an EMG can help guide treatment decisions and monitor the progression of neuromuscular conditions over time.
Neuropeptide receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to neuropeptides, which are small signaling molecules made up of short chains of amino acids. These receptors play an important role in the nervous system by mediating the effects of neuropeptides on various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, pain perception, and hormone release.
Neuropeptide receptors are typically composed of seven transmembrane domains and are classified into several families based on their structure and function. Some examples of neuropeptide receptor families include the opioid receptors, somatostatin receptors, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors.
When a neuropeptide binds to its specific receptor, it activates a signaling pathway within the cell that leads to various cellular responses. These responses can include changes in gene expression, ion channel activity, and enzyme function. Overall, the activation of neuropeptide receptors helps to regulate many important functions in the body, including mood, appetite, and pain sensation.
Penile erection is a physiological response that involves the engagement of the corpus cavernosum and spongiosum (erectile tissue) of the penis with blood, leading to its stiffness and rigidity. This process is primarily regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is influenced by factors such as sexual arousal, emotional state, and certain medications or medical conditions. A penile erection may also occur in non-sexual situations, such as during sleep (nocturnal penile tumescence) or due to other physical stimuli.
Habituation, psychophysiologic, refers to the decrease in autonomic nervous system response to repeated exposure to a stimulus. It is a form of learning that occurs when an individual is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly over time, leading to a reduced reaction or no reaction at all. This process involves the decreased responsiveness of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
Examples of psychophysiologic habituation include the decreased heart rate and skin conductance response that occurs with repeated exposure to a startling stimulus, such as a loud noise. This form of habituation is thought to be an adaptive mechanism that allows individuals to respond appropriately to novel or important stimuli while reducing the response to non-significant or irrelevant stimuli.
It's worth noting that habituation can also occur in other systems and contexts, such as sensory habituation (decreased response to repeated sensory stimulation) or cognitive habituation (reduced attention or memory for repeated exposure to a stimulus). However, the term "psychophysiologic habituation" specifically refers to the decreased autonomic nervous system response that occurs with repeated exposure to a stimulus.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.
ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.
ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.
Respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the various mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and functions that occur in the respiratory system during breathing and gas exchange. These phenomena include:
1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, which is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. Gas Exchange: The diffusion of oxygen (O2) from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream into the alveoli.
3. Respiratory Mechanics: The physical properties and forces that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs, such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and chest wall elasticity.
4. Control of Breathing: The regulation of ventilation by the central nervous system through the integration of sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood through the regulation of CO2 elimination and bicarbonate balance by the respiratory and renal systems.
6. Oxygen Transport: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and its delivery to the tissues for metabolic processes.
7. Defense Mechanisms: The various protective mechanisms that prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens and foreign particles into the respiratory system, such as mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune responses.
The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:
1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.
The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.
Plethysmography is a non-invasive medical technique used to measure changes in volume or blood flow within an organ or body part, typically in the lungs or extremities. There are several types of plethysmography, including:
1. **Whole Body Plethysmography (WBP):** This type of plethysmography is used to assess lung function and volumes by measuring changes in pressure within a sealed chamber that contains the patient's entire body except for their head. The patient breathes normally while wearing a nose clip, allowing technicians to analyze respiratory patterns, airflow, and lung volume changes.
2. **Segmental or Local Plethysmography:** This technique measures volume or blood flow changes in specific body parts, such as the limbs or digits. It can help diagnose and monitor conditions affecting peripheral circulation, like deep vein thrombosis, arterial occlusive disease, or Raynaud's phenomenon.
3. **Impedance Plethysmography (IPG):** This non-invasive method uses electrical impedance to estimate changes in blood volume within an organ or body part. By applying a small electrical current and measuring the opposition to flow (impedance), technicians can determine variations in blood volume, which can help diagnose conditions like deep vein thrombosis or heart failure.
4. **Optical Plethysmography:** This technique uses light to measure changes in blood volume, typically in the skin or mucous membranes. By shining a light on the area and analyzing the reflected or transmitted light, technicians can detect variations in blood volume related to cardiac output, respiration, or other physiological factors.
Overall, plethysmography is an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions affecting circulation, respiratory function, and organ volumes.
Pulmonary ventilation, also known as pulmonary respiration or simply ventilation, is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange. It involves two main phases: inhalation (or inspiration) and exhalation (or expiration). During inhalation, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest volume to increase and the pressure inside the chest to decrease, which then draws air into the lungs. Conversely, during exhalation, these muscles relax, causing the chest volume to decrease and the pressure inside the chest to increase, which pushes air out of the lungs. This process ensures that oxygen-rich air from the atmosphere enters the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs), where it can diffuse into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide-rich air from the bloodstream in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli is expelled out of the body.
Night terrors, also known as sleep terrors, are a type of parasomnia characterized by extreme fear, panic, and intense feelings of dread during sleep. They are different from nightmares, which occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep and can be remembered upon waking. In contrast, night terrors typically happen during deep non-REM sleep (stage 3 or 4) and individuals usually have no recollection of the event upon waking.
During a night terror episode, a person may sit up in bed, scream, thrash around, and exhibit signs of intense fear. Their heart rate and breathing may increase dramatically, and they might be difficult to awaken or console. Episodes can last from several minutes to half an hour, after which the individual typically returns to sleep without fully waking up.
Night terrors are more common in children than adults, with about 1-6% of children experiencing them at some point. While they can be distressing for both the person experiencing them and their loved ones, night terrors are generally not harmful and do not typically indicate underlying psychological or medical issues. However, if night terrors occur frequently, interfere with sleep quality, or cause significant distress, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and guidance on potential treatment options.
Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.
In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.
However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.
Physiological sexual dysfunction refers to any issues or problems that an individual experiences in their sexual response cycle, which can be broken down into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. These difficulties may include a lack of desire or interest in sex (low libido), difficulty becoming aroused (erectile dysfunction in men or inadequate lubrication in women), challenges reaching orgasm, or pain during sexual activity (dyspareunia).
Physiological sexual dysfunctions can be caused by a variety of factors, including medical conditions (such as diabetes, heart disease, neurological disorders, or hormonal imbalances), medications (including some antidepressants and blood pressure drugs), substance abuse, surgical procedures, or aging. Psychological factors, such as stress, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, or past traumatic experiences, can also contribute to sexual dysfunction.
It is important to note that sexual dysfunctions are common and nothing to be ashamed of. If you are experiencing symptoms of sexual dysfunction, it is recommended that you consult a healthcare professional for an evaluation and appropriate treatment options.
The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of nuclei located deep within the temporal lobe of the brain, specifically in the anterior portion of the temporal lobes and near the hippocampus. It forms a key component of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. The amygdala is involved in the integration of sensory information with emotional responses, memory formation, and decision-making processes.
In response to emotionally charged stimuli, the amygdala can modulate various physiological functions, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and stress hormone release, via its connections to the hypothalamus and brainstem. Additionally, it contributes to social behaviors, including recognizing emotional facial expressions and responding appropriately to social cues. Dysfunctions in amygdala function have been implicated in several psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Trazodone is an antidepressant medication that belongs to the class of drugs called serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs). It works by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, which helps to improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression.
Trazodone is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, but it may also be prescribed for anxiety, insomnia, and other conditions. The medication comes in various forms, including tablets and an extended-release formulation, and is typically taken orally one to three times a day. Common side effects of trazodone include dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation.
It's important to note that trazodone can interact with other medications and substances, so it's essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the drugs you are taking before starting treatment. Additionally, trazodone may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in some people, particularly during the initial stages of treatment, so close monitoring is necessary.
Reaction time, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the time period between the presentation of a stimulus and the subsequent initiation of a response. This complex process involves the central nervous system, particularly the brain, which perceives the stimulus, processes it, and then sends signals to the appropriate muscles or glands to react.
There are different types of reaction times, including simple reaction time (responding to a single, expected stimulus) and choice reaction time (choosing an appropriate response from multiple possibilities). These measures can be used in clinical settings to assess various aspects of neurological function, such as cognitive processing speed, motor control, and alertness.
However, it is important to note that reaction times can be influenced by several factors, including age, fatigue, attention, and the use of certain medications or substances.
Hypothalamic hormones are a group of hormones that are produced and released by the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the brain. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional behavior.
The hypothalamus produces two main types of hormones: releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones. Releasing hormones stimulate the pituitary gland to release its own hormones, while inhibiting hormones prevent the pituitary gland from releasing hormones.
Some examples of hypothalamic hormones include:
* Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.
* Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin, which regulate the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary gland.
* Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn regulate reproductive function.
* Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which regulates the stress response.
* Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH), which regulate the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland, which is involved in lactation.
Overall, hypothalamic hormones play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the body by regulating various physiological processes.
The prone position is a body posture in which an individual lies on their stomach, with their face down and chest facing the floor or bed. This position is often used in medical settings for various purposes, such as during certain surgical procedures, respiratory support, or to alleviate pressure ulcers. It's also important to note that the prone position can have implications for patient safety, particularly in critically ill patients, and should be carefully monitored.
Doxapram is a central stimulant drug that acts on the respiratory system. It is primarily used to stimulate breathing and promote wakefulness in patients who have reduced levels of consciousness or are experiencing respiratory depression due to various causes, such as anesthesia or medication overdose.
Doxapram works by stimulating the respiratory center in the brainstem, increasing the rate and depth of breathing. It also has a mild stimulant effect on the central nervous system, which can help to promote wakefulness and alertness.
The drug is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and inhaled powders. It is typically administered under medical supervision in a hospital or clinical setting due to its potential for causing adverse effects such as agitation, anxiety, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.
It's important to note that doxapram should only be used under the direction of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to serious complications.
Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a type of sleep-disordered breathing characterized by repeated cessations in breathing during sleep due to the brain's failure to transmit signals to the respiratory muscles that control breathing. Unlike obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which results from airway obstruction, CSA occurs when the brain fails to send the necessary signals to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to initiate or maintain respiratory efforts during sleep.
Central sleep apneas are usually associated with decreased oxygen saturation levels and can lead to frequent arousals from sleep, causing excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. CSA is often related to underlying medical conditions such as heart failure, stroke, or brainstem injury, and it may also be caused by the use of certain medications, including opioids.
There are several types of central sleep apnea, including:
1. Primary Central Sleep Apnea: This type occurs without any underlying medical condition or medication use.
2. Cheyne-Stokes Breathing: A pattern of central sleep apnea commonly seen in individuals with heart failure or stroke. It is characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of breathing, with periods of hyperventilation followed by hypoventilation and apnea.
3. High-Altitude Periodic Breathing: This type occurs at high altitudes due to the reduced oxygen levels and is usually reversible upon returning to lower altitudes.
4. Complex or Mixed Sleep Apnea: A combination of both central and obstructive sleep apneas, often observed in patients with OSA who are treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy. In some cases, the central component may resolve over time with continued CPAP use.
Diagnosis of CSA typically involves a sleep study (polysomnography), which monitors various physiological parameters during sleep, such as brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, heart rate, and breathing patterns. Treatment options for central sleep apnea depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, adjustments in medication dosages, or the use of devices that assist with breathing, such as adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) or bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) therapy.
A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour biological cycle that regulates various physiological and behavioral processes in living organisms. It is driven by the body's internal clock, which is primarily located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus in the brain.
The circadian rhythm controls many aspects of human physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, body temperature, and metabolism. It helps to synchronize these processes with the external environment, particularly the day-night cycle caused by the rotation of the Earth.
Disruptions to the circadian rhythm can have negative effects on health, leading to conditions such as insomnia, sleep disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and even increased risk of chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Factors that can disrupt the circadian rhythm include shift work, jet lag, irregular sleep schedules, and exposure to artificial light at night.
Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.
The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.
It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.
The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, characterized by its intricate folded structure and wrinkled appearance. It is a region of great importance as it plays a key role in higher cognitive functions such as perception, consciousness, thought, memory, language, and attention. The cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres, each containing four lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These areas are responsible for different functions, with some regions specializing in sensory processing while others are involved in motor control or associative functions. The cerebral cortex is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and is covered by a layer of white matter that consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers.
Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.
Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.
Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.
Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.
Arousal
Sexual arousal
Arousal Disasters
Low arousal
Low arousal approach
Misattribution of arousal
Low arousal theory
Sexual arousal disorder
Persistent genital arousal disorder
Female sexual arousal disorder
Confusional arousals
Sexological testing
Dragon Ball Z: Attack of the Saiyans
Sexual desire
Pulling Moves
Slow-wave sleep
Attention
Schizotypy
Violence and video games
Copulation (zoology)
Electrodermal activity
Cock and ball torture
Casey Calvert
Services marketing
Stephen B. Levine
Novelty
Displacement activity
Rosenberg's monitor
Servicescape
Cognitive dissonance
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Bürgerwelle News: Arousal Addictions: The final frontier for families
Arousal Products - Babeland Toy Store
Female Genital Arousal: A Focus on How Rather than Why | Archives of Sexual Behavior
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Effects of Sexual Arousal on Lymphocyte Subset Circulation and Cytokine Production in Man | Neuroimmunomodulation | Karger...
Arousal Oils? So Hot Right Now - Here Are the Best 4 to Try
What Is Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Arousal - Our Blessing from Ra | Joyful Noise Recordings
Jonathan Seet - Arousal Disasters | Zunior.com - Canadian Music Originals
How to Effectively Cure Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - Provestra
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - AllPsych
Sexual Arousal? Only When Cheating on the Spouse : Sam Vaknin : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive
Natural arousal4
- Lube formulas are not designed to support the natural arousal process. (greatist.com)
- This tingling natural arousal oil is shockingly powerful, containing over 50 applications in just 0.17 fluid ounces. (shopinprivate.com)
- Our all-natural arousal gel has been expertly formulated by a woman to be the naturally pure choice for mindful women seeking aroused intimacy. (wickedwandas.ca)
- Apply several drops of all natural arousal gel to clitoris and massage. (wickedwandas.ca)
Autonomic arousal2
- Here, I experimentally tested using video games as stimulus, whether autonomic arousal can alter (amplify) even more complex states, be they pro-social or anti-social. (muni.cz)
- 1972) indicated that when men and women are engaged in tasks which provoked boredom the level of autonomic arousal increases. (cdc.gov)
Cortical2
- Stimulation of these axons and release of serotonin causes cortical arousal and impacts locomotion and mood. (wikipedia.org)
- Vigilancia cortical o disposición de tono, probablemente en respuesta a la estimulación sensitiva por el sistema reticular activador. (bvsalud.org)
Level of arousal2
- The Yerkes-Dodson law states that an optimal level of arousal for performance exists, and too little or too much arousal can adversely affect task performance. (wikipedia.org)
- The sedentary quality of office work reduces the level of arousal and stimulation to the brain through the reticular activation system. (cdc.gov)
Measure of arousal2
- The results show that the neural measure of arousal is positively associated with notability of ads in the population at large, but may be negatively associated with attitude toward these ads. (frontiersin.org)
- This work shows that pupil dilation is a highly sensitive measure of arousal to cocaine cues. (eneuro.org)
Desire and arousal3
- The main predictors of changes in sexual functioning and satisfaction were desire and arousal, highlighting their role as the main "players" in women's sexual health. (eurekalert.org)
- The underlying causes of FSAID can vary and differ between individuals due to several factors affecting sexual satisfaction, desire, and arousal. (everydayhealth.com)
- But in Nagoski's studies, many women work from a model of sexuality where sexual, sensual or romantic contact - touching, kissing, talking - sets desire and arousal in motion, rather than arousal and desire predating any contact. (bustle.com)
Persistent9
- Don't hate me, but over the last year I've been sent more than like 100 different arousal oils from persistent PR folks (the perks of being a sex writer). (greatist.com)
- In an analysis of PSG scores, participants with high nocturnal cognitive arousal (n=9) took 37 minutes longer to fall asleep and 45 minutes longer to reach persistent sleep than those with low cognitive arousal (n=43). (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Predictors of Psychosocial and Functional Outcomes in Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia: Application of the Fear Avoidance Model. (physiciansweekly.com)
- Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD), which affects up to 4.3% of individuals, is a distressing and poorly understood condition characterized by persistent, unwanted, and often painful sensations of genito-pelvic arousal (e.g., throbbing) in the absence of sexual desire. (physiciansweekly.com)
- PERSPECTIVE: This article provides support for the applicability of the Fear Avoidance Model of chronic pain to Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder/Genito-Pelvic Dysesthesia (PGAD/GPD). (physiciansweekly.com)
- Persistent genital arousal disorder is excessive unwanted physical (genital) arousal, involving increased blood flow to the genital organs and, in women, increased vaginal secretions, without any desire for sexual activity. (msdmanuals.com)
- What causes persistent genital arousal disorder is unknown. (msdmanuals.com)
- In persistent genital arousal disorder in women, physical changes that are usually triggered by sexual stimulation occur even though the woman has no wish to engage in sexual activity and is not mentally or emotionally (subjectively) aroused. (msdmanuals.com)
- Doctors diagnose persistent genital arousal disorder based on characteristic symptoms but only when women are greatly distressed by the symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
Symptoms7
- Physiological symptoms of arousal include increased heart rate and blood pressure, among other changes. (springer.com)
- As such, FSIAD is meant to be an umbrella term for all of these symptoms since physical arousal and sexual desire are closely related. (everydayhealth.com)
- Symptoms include a decrease in sexual desire, diminished arousal response, lack of sexual intimacy in a relationship, little sensation in the genitals, little pleasure during sex, rarely thinking about sex. (everydayhealth.com)
- This article will allow you to learn more about the female sexual arousal disorder symptoms and signs. (provestra.com)
- A critical finding from our study is that nocturnal cognitive arousal was more robustly associated with nocturnal wake and indicators of hyperarousal than insomnia diagnosis, depressive symptoms, or even self-reported presleep somatic arousal," concluded the authors. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Using bulk RNA-sequencing from whole blood, we examined the association between gene expression and WTC-related PTSD symptom severity on (i) highest lifetime Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score, (ii) past-month CAPS score, and (iii) PTSD symptom dimensions using a 5-factor model of re-experiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, dysphoric arousal and anxious arousal symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- In particular, we identified 82 genes significantly associated with lifetime anxious arousal symptoms. (cdc.gov)
High arousal2
- The participants reported to the lab on three separate occasions to have their RT, HEC, and DM measured with three different arousal conditions: low arousal (no sound or elevated heart rate), medium arousal (no sound but with elevated heart rate), and high arousal (sound and elevated heart rate). (wku.edu)
- Persons with a high arousal threshold can make adjustments to breathing and to the airway without awakening, thus avoiding the fragmentation and ventilatory overshoot associated with the sleep/wake transition. (medscape.com)
Cognitive arousal9
- Higher levels of nocturnal cognitive arousal were associated with prolonged sleep latency, lower sleep efficiency, and shorter total sleep time. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- the most frequent parameter associated with nocturnal cognitive arousal was difficulty falling asleep, according to an article published in Sleep Medicine . (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Forms of cognitive arousal include rumination and worry before bedtime and have been implicated in the etiology of sleep disturbances. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Cognitive arousal has also been linked to an elevated risk for insomnia comorbidities such as anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disease. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Researchers sought to explore the associations of cognitive arousal with objective nocturnal wakefulness and indicators of physiologic hyperarousal in both healthy sleepers and those with insomnia . (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Patients with insomnia disorder reported higher levels of nocturnal cognitive arousal while trying to fall asleep on the adaptation night and baseline night compared to healthy sleepers. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- On the adaptation night, nocturnal cognitive arousal was associated with longer sleep latency, longer wake after sleep onset, and lower sleep efficacy. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- Similarly, participants with high cognitive arousal spent 44 more minutes awake after initial sleep onset than those with low cognitive arousal. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- As insomnia patients endorse high levels of cognitive arousal, our data suggest that ruminative thinking could potentially be an important active ingredient in insomnia with regard to objective sleep disturbance and 24-[hour] hyperarousal. (clinicaladvisor.com)
Wakefulness3
- One example is the ventrolateral preoptic area, which release GABA reuptake inhibitors, which interrupt wakefulness and arousal. (wikipedia.org)
- PSG sleep parameters/nocturnal wakefulness and somatic arousal were recorded for each night. (clinicaladvisor.com)
- While the circuit basis by which orexin neurons contribute to consolidated wakefulness remains unclear, existing models posit that orexin neurons provide their wake-stabilizing influence by exerting excitatory tone on other brain arousal nodes. (escholarship.org)
Increases3
- OPCs exhibit focal and transient Ca 2+ increases within their processes that are enhanced during locomotion-induced increases in arousal. (nature.com)
- The breasts temporarily change in size and sensitivity as arousal increases, so experiment to see how different strokes feel. (wellandgood.com)
- With increases in arousal, muscle tension increases resulting in prolonged static loads. (cdc.gov)
Disorder19
- What Is Female Sexual Interest and Arousal Disorder? (everydayhealth.com)
- Female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD), formerly known as sexual arousal disorder in women, is a type of sexual dysfunction or problem in which there is little to no interest in sexual activity and no response to physical or mental stimulation. (everydayhealth.com)
- Until recently, this type of sexual dysfunction was called female sexual arousal disorder, a condition in which women have trouble getting physically aroused. (everydayhealth.com)
- Today, medical professionals characterize the condition as a merged term for hypoactive sexual desire disorder , a condition where you have no sex drive or low libido, and female sexual arousal disorder after reviewing data that suggests that the distinction between sexual arousal and responsiveness may be difficult to assess. (everydayhealth.com)
- Although there is a shortage of research on female sexual health, sexual concordance, the relationship between genital response and sexual arousal, has been pointed to as one potential factor in female sexual arousal and interest disorder. (everydayhealth.com)
- Female sexual arousal disorder is a fairly common occurrence among women. (provestra.com)
- So what, exactly, is female sexual arousal disorder? (provestra.com)
- Experts describe female sexual arousal disorder as the incapability of a woman to achieve and maintain sufficient sexual pleasure, which may be expressed as an absence of genital lubrication and swelling before and during sex. (provestra.com)
- 4. What Are The Diagnostic Features of Female Sexual Arousal Disorder? (provestra.com)
- Sexual interest/arousal disorder in women is lack of or decreased interest in sexual activity (low libido) and sexual thoughts and/or lack of response to sexual stimulation. (merckmanuals.com)
- Doctors diagnose sexual interest/arousal disorder based on the woman's description of the problem and specific criteria. (merckmanuals.com)
- However, sexual interest/arousal disorder causes interest in sexual activity and response to sexual stimulation to be persistently decreased or absent. (merckmanuals.com)
- In sexual interest/arousal disorder, all or some of these responses are absent or significantly decreased. (merckmanuals.com)
- However, a woman with subjective sexual interest/arousal disorder may have a physical response to sexual stimulation. (merckmanuals.com)
- The cause of sexual interest/arousal disorder is often not known. (merckmanuals.com)
- It's used to not treat a physical issue, but a psychological issue - a lack of libido known as female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD). (bustle.com)
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD), also referred to as hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), is one of the most common sexual disturbances. (medscape.com)
- The terms female sexual interest and arousal disorder (FSIAD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) are often used interchangeably today, reflecting the evolution in terminology. (medscape.com)
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition (DSM-5), redefined FSIAD as a single disorder including prior diagnoses of both HSDD and female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD). (medscape.com)
Physiological response1
- This is heartening news because tapping into and enlarging our capacity for arousal through our senses is no different than cultivating any other physiological response. (goodcleanlove.com)
Physiologic1
- A review published online in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (AJRCCM) describes one such physiologic contributor: a low respiratory arousal threshold (RAT). (medscape.com)
Subjective sexual4
- Genital arousal would thus primarily serve a protective (i.e., avoidance-driven) function and unfold independently from subjective sexual arousal, which is more likely driven by a pleasure (i.e., approach-oriented) motivational focus. (springer.com)
- The preparation hypothesis is unclear about the (evolutionary adaptive) function of subjective sexual arousal and how this relates to genital arousal. (springer.com)
- In the Target Article, several references are made to sexual interest, but subjective sexual arousal needs to be differentiated from sexual desire or interest. (springer.com)
- Subjective sexual arousal, on the other hand, refers to an integrative process of becoming aware of physical signs of arousal, attentional processes, and cognitive elaboration (Both et al. (springer.com)
Baseline2
- According to Hans Eysenck, differences in baseline arousal level lead people to be extraverts or introverts. (wikipedia.org)
- Decreased physiological arousal may allow individuals with WS hold face gaze for prolonged periods of time, but looking at faces does increase baseline arousal level. (stir.ac.uk)
Orgasm5
- Sexual arousal and orgasm induce an increase in sympathetic activity as well as in catecholamine and prolactin plasma concentrations. (karger.com)
- However, the effects of sexual arousal and orgasm on immune functions in man are unknown. (karger.com)
- Sexual arousal and orgasm increased the absolute number of leukocytes, in particular natural killer cells (CD3-CD16+CD56+), in the peripheral blood. (karger.com)
- These findings demonstrate that components of the innate immune system are activated by sexual arousal and orgasm. (karger.com)
- Insert a Shiofuki Female Squirting Arousal Vaginal Suppository Hot Sesame Oil into your pussy when you are about to get hot and heavy, let it dissolve, and slowly work towards a very wet squirting orgasm like you have never felt before. (kanojotoys.com)
Ventrolateral preoptic3
- Neurotransmitters of the arousal system, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, work to inhibit the ventrolateral preoptic area. (wikipedia.org)
- Here we show using in vivo optogenetics, in vitro optogenetic-based circuit mapping, and single-cell transcriptomics that orexin neurons also contribute to arousal maintenance through indirect inhibition of sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. (escholarship.org)
- We further identify and characterize a feedforward circuit through which orexin (and co-released glutamate) acts to indirectly target and inhibit sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic neurons to produce arousal. (escholarship.org)
Differences3
- The central question is: Do we actually need an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the function, underlying dynamics, and gender differences in genital arousal responding? (springer.com)
- Chalk it up to these three differences between how male and female arousal functions. (bustle.com)
- Together, these results show that pupil dilation is sensitive to drug-associated cues during acute stages of abstinence, and that individual animal differences in this behavioral arousal response can be explained by two complementary measures of frontostriatal network activity. (eneuro.org)
Stimulation2
- Tingle Gel Stimulation Plus advanced formula arousal gel! (vibratorwarehouse.com)
- A woman feels little or no arousal in response to any type of sexual stimulation. (merckmanuals.com)
Neural3
- Arousal is mediated by several neural systems. (wikipedia.org)
- In the present study, we specifically investigate the impact of arousal in response to advertisements as measured with EEG and assess the relationship between this "neural arousal" measure and measures of advertising effectiveness in an independent larger sample of the population. (frontiersin.org)
- We found relationships among the level of cocaine cue-evoked neural inhibition, frontostriatal network synchrony, and conditioned arousal measured via pupillometry. (eneuro.org)
Psychological6
- Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception. (wikipedia.org)
- Psychological characteristics of arousal include feelings of vigor, energy, and tension. (springer.com)
- There are both psychological and physiological components to the state of arousal. (springer.com)
- Toward a psychological theory of multidimensional activation (arousal). (springer.com)
- Doctors specializing in sexual dysfunction rule out any other physical or psychological reasons to explain the lack of sexual arousal or interest. (everydayhealth.com)
- My rationale is based on the Excitation transfer theory from previous psychological research which states that, if certain conditions are met, arousal elicited by one stimulus can be mistakenly attributed to another. (muni.cz)
Neurotransmitters1
- Normal female sexual arousal and desire requires alignment of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine and restrained serotonin levels, as unrestrained serotonin inhibits female sexual arousal. (medscape.com)
Sensations3
- Orgasmix is a water-based female arousal gel that can be used on the nipples or clitoris to make mild sensations feel wild! (vibratorwarehouse.com)
- Furthermore, some of these women report having difficulty with the physical sensations of sexual arousal and, therefore, have issues when attempting to be intimate with their partners. (provestra.com)
- Joy for Arousal boosts intimate warmth and tingling sensations, perhaps making you feel a bit giddy. (surpriseparties.com)
Emotion3
- Arousal is also an essential element in many influential theories of emotion, such as the James-Lange theory of emotion or the Circumplex Model. (wikipedia.org)
- For women, chasing away the stomach-churning emotion may be as easy as seeking sexual arousal. (livescience.com)
- Arousal is a fundamental aspect of emotion and is defined as the intensity or level of activation of one's (emotional) response ( Lang and Bradley, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
Stimuli4
- Affect arousal is the state of being activated, either physiologically or psychologically, and is one dimension of our affective response to emotional stimuli. (springer.com)
- Affect arousal describes the state of feeling awake, activated, and highly reactive to stimuli. (springer.com)
- Inspired by evolutionary theory, the preparation hypothesis has been forwarded to explain a common finding in sex research: that genital arousal in women can be automatically activated in response to a variety of sexual stimuli that are non-specific in terms of sexual attraction (Suschinsky & Lalumière, 2011 ). (springer.com)
- Many religious rituals involve highly arousing stimuli and literature suggests that arousal can alter (mainly amplify) various emotions. (muni.cz)
Neurons1
- Orexin neurons inhibit sleep to promote arousal. (escholarship.org)
Cues1
- Here we introduce a behavioral assay of conditioned arousal to cocaine cues involving pupillometry in awake head-restrained mice. (eneuro.org)
Libido1
- This exhilarating arousal cream features a specialty blend of ingredients that stimulate the libido for both men and women. (shopinprivate.com)
Feelings3
- Psychologically, the state of arousal is associated with the subjective experience of feelings including high energy and tension. (springer.com)
- An important component of these ad-evoked feelings is arousal (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
- For most men, the desire for sex and feelings of arousal usually come before any sexual activity - and thus, those feelings drive the search for actual sex. (bustle.com)
Disorders2
- From a clinical angle, these findings give us insight into important problems of sexual arousal and sexual pain disorders - for example, vaginismus and dyspareunia," researcher Charmaine Borg, a psychologist at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands, told LiveScience. (livescience.com)
- Disorders of arousal. (medlineplus.gov)
Emotional1
- For example, it has been shown in laboratory settings that at the individual level arousal can produce residual excitement that serves to intensify later emotional states like aggression, sexual attraction or humour appreciation. (muni.cz)
Enhancer2
- Love Button is an arousal balm and sensual enhancer. (blissconnection.com)
- Horny Honey Arousal Cream is a sexual enhancer that both men and women will enjoy. (shopinprivate.com)
Stimulus1
- PURPOSE: To measure changes in reaction time (RT), hand-eye coordination (HEC), and decision-making (DM) when increasing an athlete's arousal (via increased heart rate and sound stimulus). (wku.edu)
Threshold3
- A specific threshold of increased respiratory effort, in response to derangements in mechanics or gas exchange, triggers an arousal from sleep. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] Sedative medications can also alter the arousal threshold. (medscape.com)
- Cite this: Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Targeting the Low Arousal Threshold - Medscape - Jun 30, 2017. (medscape.com)
Women6
- Perhaps in women with sexual dysfunctions such as dyspareunia or vaginismus, arousal does not impact on disgust," Borg said. (livescience.com)
- They found that women were more likely to experience sexual nonconcordance, where their minds were unaware of the arousal response occurring in their genitals or vice versa. (everydayhealth.com)
- It can also be difficult to say whether or not women have a disease, or they are simply not getting the kind of relationship support necessary from their partners to feel sexual arousal anymore, although they can experience it with others. (provestra.com)
- For women, there also appears to exist a contrast between the physiological and subjective in arousal. (provestra.com)
- How Is Sexual Arousal Different For Women? (bustle.com)
- NCBI performed a study that concluded that 37.5% of women have an arousal problem. (303magazine.com)
Response6
- It is crucial for motivating certain behaviours, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity (the arousal phase of Masters and Johnson's human sexual response cycle). (wikipedia.org)
- But new research raises the interesting question of how a vital but potentially icky activity such as sex can seem pleasant and doable.Perhaps it's because sexual arousal somehow dampens the natural disgust response. (livescience.com)
- The current study adds to previous work by showing a sophisticated way of first estimating how arousal is represented in the brain via an independent task (using EEG), and thereafter using this representation to measure arousal in response to advertisements. (frontiersin.org)
- There are many other theories available that can generate more specific predictions about the activation and regulation of genital arousal rather than endorsing generic hypotheses that can account only for stereotypical response patterns that are insensitive to contextual influences. (springer.com)
- Your arousal response is your body's natural mechanism for accessing pleasure. (goodcleanlove.com)
- There is no measurement for an adequate lubrication-swelling response or agreed upon period it should take for a woman to experience arousal. (provestra.com)
Effectiveness2
- We then estimate the relationship between the identified process (arousal) and external measures of ad effectiveness (as measured by notability and attitude toward the ad). (frontiersin.org)
- Research results are mixed concerning the effectiveness of fear arousal. (cdc.gov)
Hypothesis1
- It seems that the hypothesis is more strongly directed toward explaining low cue-specificity of genital vasocongestion, rather than explaining the weak correlation between different components of sexual arousal. (springer.com)
Female10
- Endless Love Female Arousal Maximum Strength Gel helps is the strongest stimulating formula. (giftespot.com)
- On Arousal Oil is a strong female enhancement serum that helps her get aroused. (shopinprivate.com)
- On Female Arousal Gel is the female arousal gel that will have you turned on in just two minutes. (shopinprivate.com)
- If you've been having a hard time getting aroused lately these are the best edibles for female arousal that can help you turn that around. (303magazine.com)
- Are you looking for edibles to help aid in female arousal? (303magazine.com)
- Exhale Wellness is a one-stop shop for edibles designed to support female health and arousal. (303magazine.com)
- Take the steps to become more in touch with your body and purchase edibles for female arousal through Exhale Wellness today. (303magazine.com)
- BudPop edibles bring a whole new level of female arousal to the table. (303magazine.com)
- Hollyweed is a term used to describe cannabis edibles specifically designed for female arousal. (303magazine.com)
- 3Chi is a revolutionary health and wellness brand providing edibles specifically targeted to enhance female arousal. (303magazine.com)
Oils6
- Who should use On For Her Arousal Oils? (vibratorwarehouse.com)
- Arousal Oils? (greatist.com)
- And, too impatient for the food for sex route, I decided to give all those arousal oils a test drive. (greatist.com)
- Arousal oils are typically formulated to get blood flow moving in the genital direction. (greatist.com)
- Arousal oils are formulated to enhance natural lubrication and typically shouldn't be used for your vagina. (greatist.com)
- Lucky for all of you, I'm sharing a list of all the arousal oils that made my (ahem) cat purr - exactly the way I wanted it to. (greatist.com)
Sensual2
- Sensual Arousal Gel is created to excite the body. (surpriseparties.com)
- Penguin Gummies provide a convenient way to enhance her arousal and make sensual pleasure more enjoyable. (303magazine.com)
Physical1
- Interesting studies have demonstrated that developing your physical arousal mechanism can and does instigate sexual desire. (goodcleanlove.com)
Sexual desire2
- Temporary changes in sexual desire or arousal are common throughout a woman's sexual life. (merckmanuals.com)
- But one issue that often gets lost in the public discussion is how different flibanserin is from 'male Viagra' - mainly because the nature of men's and women's arousal and sexual desire is so different. (bustle.com)
Significantly1
- CONCLUSION: The activities designed to increase arousal in this study did not appear to significantly change cognitive function within the collegiate student-athletes participants. (wku.edu)
Trigger1
- If we can detect anxiety -induced arousal , we can trigger calming activities to allow individuals to cope with and overcome distress. (bvsalud.org)
Dopamine1
- Another arousal system, the dopaminergic system, releases dopamine produced by the substantia nigra. (wikipedia.org)
Dimension2
- Recent field studies, concentrating with greater ecological validity on the collective dimension of arousal, show that participants as well as spectators of religious rituals can share arousal to a great extent, and that highly arousing rituals can promote pro-social behaviour. (muni.cz)
- The distinction in significant genes between total lifetime CAPS score and the anxious arousal symptom dimension of PTSD highlights a potential biological difference in the mechanism underlying the heterogeneity of the PTSD phenotype. (cdc.gov)