Areca
A plant genus of the family ARECACEAE. Members contain ARECOLINE and CATECHIN. The leaves and nuts have been used as masticatories, stimulants, and astringents in traditional medicine. The common name of betel is also used for PIPER BETLE. The common name of catechu is sometimes used for ACACIA CATECHU.
Arecoline
An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.
Nuts
Botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. In common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. Of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. Walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. Brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp.
Piper betle
Micronesia
Tobacco, Smokeless
Mouth Mucosa
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Plant Extracts
Oesophageal subepithelial fibrosis: an extension of oral submucosal fibrosis. (1/206)
Fifty-five patients with oral submucosal fibrosis and an equal number of patients with no evidence of the disease were studied. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and any abnormality was noted. Multiple oesophageal biopsies were obtained from the upper end of the oesophagus and from any endoscopically observed abnormality. The histological changes in the two groups were assessed blindly by an experienced histopathologist. Histological abnormalities were noted in the oesophageal mucosa in 2% of controls and 66% of patients with oral submucosal fibrosis (p < 0.0001). In the control group, acanthosis was seen in one patient, while in the patient group atrophy of the squamous epithelium was evident in 52%, hyperkeratosis in 52%, parakeratosis in 30%, dyskeratosis in 14%, acanthosis in 14%, and papillomatosis and mild dysplasia in 2% patients. Subepithelial collagenization was seen in 32 (64%) patients. The oesophageal abnormalities were seen more frequently in patients who had consumed Pan masala, Gutka, betel nut, tobacco or a combination of some or all of these, with or without betel leaf, for > or = 5 years compared to those consuming them for a shorter period of time (91% vs 46%, p < 0.001). It is concluded that oral submucosal fibrosis is not a disease confined to the oral cavity; the oesophagus may also be involved in about two-thirds of patients. (+info)Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotypes as risk factors for oral leukoplakia in ethnic Indian betel quid/tobacco chewers. (2/206)
Oral cancer is the most common cancer in males and third most common in females in India, the main causative agent being the use of chewing tobacco with or without betel quid (BQ). However, nothing is known about the role of the host metabolic genes in oral cancer in ethnic Indian population. In this study, the prevalence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes (GSTM1*2 and GSTT1*2) in oral premalignant leukoplakia cases and controls was ascertained in genomic DNA by a multiplex PCR technique. Biopsies taken from 98 oral leukoplakia patients and exfoliated cells from 82 healthy controls both of Indian ethnicity were analysed. GSTM1*1 (active) was present in 83% and GSTT1*1 (active) was present in 78% of all control subjects, while prevalence of GSTM1*2 and GSTT1*2 null genotypes was significantly higher among oral leukoplakia cases. The prevalence of GSTM1*2 in leukoplakia cases was 81.6% compared with 17% in controls [odds ratio (OR), 22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1047] and GSTT1*2 was 75.5% in the cases versus 22% in controls (OR, 11; 95% CI, 5-22). Combined null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 prevailed in 60.2% of the cases with none detected in controls. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 enzymes are both known to catalyse detoxification of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation products and tobacco-derived carcinogens that have been found in the saliva of BQ/tobacco chewers. Our results, still requiring confirmation by a larger study, demonstrate that the null genotypes of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 increase with high penetrance, separately or in combination, the risk for developing leukoplakia in an Indian ethnic population. (+info)Antigenic relationship between four airborne palm pollen grains from Calcutta, India. (3/206)
The pollen grains of Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera and Phoenix sylvestris, all belonging to the family Aracaceae (Palmae), are airborne and found to be potent in causing human respiratory allergy. The present study was undertaken to discover the antigenic relationship, if any, in the four relevant palm pollen grains. The study was conducted by using Borassus and Phoenix antisera raised in rabbit. These antisera were used in rabbit IgG specific ELISA-inhibition and rocket immunoelectro-phoresis (RIE) assays for all four palm pollen extracts. In ELISA-inhibition, a distinct inhibition was obtained with comparable amount of soluble pollen protein. The RIE precipitin bands also revealed the presence of common antigenic components in the palm pollen. After isolation and purification, such common antigens may be useful in allergen immunotherapy in asthmatics. (+info)Safrole-like DNA adducts in oral tissue from oral cancer patients with a betel quid chewing history. (4/206)
Betel quid (BQ) chewing has been associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Piper betel inflorescence, which contains 15 mg/g safrole, is a unique ingredient of BQ in Taiwan. Chewing such prepared BQ may contribute to safrole exposure in human beings (420 microM safrole in saliva). Safrole is a known rodent hepatocarcinogen, yet its carcinogenicity in human beings is largely undetermined. In this study, using a (32)P-post-labeling method, we have found a high frequency of safrole-like DNA adducts in BQ-associated OSCC (77%, 23/30) and non-cancerous matched tissue (NCMT) (97%, 29/30). This was in contrast to the absence (< 1/10(9) nucleotides) of such adducts in all of non-BQ-associated OSCC and their paired NCMT (P < 0.001). Six of seven OSF also exhibited the same safrole-like DNA adduct. The DNA adduct levels in OSF and NCMT were significantly higher than in OSCC (P < 0.05). Using co-chromatography and rechromatography techniques, we further demonstrated that these adducts were identical to synthetic safrole-dGMP adducts as well as DNA adducts from 1'-hydroxysafrole-treated HepG2 cells. These results suggest that safrole forms stable safrole-DNA adducts in human oral tissue following BQ chewing, which may contribute to oral carcinogenesis. (+info)Risk factors for leukoplakia and malignant transformation to oral carcinoma: a leukoplakia cohort in Taiwan. (5/206)
The effects of betel nut chewing, smoking and alcohol on the occurrence of leukoplakia and its malignant transformation to oral carcinoma were quantified in a leukoplakia cohort (n = 435) from one medical centre between 1988 and 1998 in Taiwan. Sixty oral carcinomas were ascertained in this cohort. A case-control study within the leukoplakia cohort was used to study, risk factors. Using the Weibull survival model, the incidence of malignant transformation of leukoplakia was shown to increase with follow-up years. After adjustment for other relevant risk factors, betel nut chewing (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 4.59; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-16.86) remained a significant risk factor for malignant transformation. Results from the case-control study showed that the adjusted odds ratios for betel nut chewing and smoking on the occurrence of leukoplakia were 17.43 (95% CI 1.94-156.27) and 3.22 (95% CI 1.06-9.78), respectively. Similar findings were observed when daily frequency and duration were taken into account. This implies that cessation of smoking may reduce by 36% leukoplakia cases, while elimination of betel nuts may prevent 62% of leukoplakia and 26% of malignant transformation to oral carcinoma in the underlying population. (+info)Areca nut extract up-regulates prostaglandin production, cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression of human oral keratinocytes. (6/206)
There are about 600 million betel quid (BQ) chewers in the world. BQ chewing is associated with increased incidence of oral cancer and submucous fibrosis. In this study, areca nut (AN) extract (200-800 microg/ml) induced the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production by 1. 4-3.4-fold and 6-keto-PGF(1 alpha) production by 1.1-1.7-fold of gingival keratinocytes (GK), respectively, following 24 h of exposure. Exposure of GK to AN extract (>400 microg/ml) led to cell retraction and intracellular vacuoles formation. At concentrations of 800 and 1200 microg/ml, AN extract induced cell death at 21-24 and 32-52% as detected by MTT assay and cellular lactate dehydrogenase release, respectively. Interestingly, AN-induced morphological changes of GK are reversible. GK can still proliferate following exposure to AN extract. Cytotoxicity of AN extract cannot be inhibited by indomethacin (1 microM) and aspirin (50 microM), indicating that prostaglandin (PG) production is not the major factor responsible for AN cytotoxicity. PGE(2) exhibited little effect on the growth of GK at concentrations ranging from 100-1000 pg/ml. Stimulating GK production of PGs by AN extract could be due to induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and protein production. These results suggest that AN ingredients are critical in the pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer via their stimulatory effects on the PGs, COX-2 production and associated tissue inflammatory responses. AN cytotoxicity to GK is not directly mediated by COX-2 stimulation and PG production. (+info)Induction of MDM2-P2 transcripts correlates with stabilized wild-type p53 in betel- and tobacco-related human oral cancer. (7/206)
MDM2, a critical element of cellular homeostasis mechanisms, is involved in complex interactions with important cell-cycle and stress-response regulators including p53. The mdm2-P2 promoter is a transcriptional target of p53. The aim of this study was to determine the association between mdm2-P2 transcripts and the status of the p53 gene in betel- and tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) to understand the mechanism of deregulation of MDM2 and p53 expression and their prognostic implications in oral tumorigenesis. Elevated levels of MDM2 proteins were observed in 11 of 25 (44%) oral hyperplastic lesions, nine of 15 (60%) dysplastic lesions, and 71 of 100 (71%) SCCs. The intriguing feature of the study was the identification and different subcellular localization of three isoforms of MDM2 (ie, 90 kd, 76 kd, and 57 kd) in oral SCCs and their correlation with p53 overexpression in each tumor. The hallmark of the study was the detection of mdm2-P2 transcripts in 12 of 20 oral SCCs overexpressing both MDM2 and p53 proteins while harboring wild-type p53 alleles. Furthermore, mdm2 amplification was an infrequent event in betel- and tobacco-associated oral tumorigenesis. The differential compartmentalization of the three isoforms of MDM2 suggests that each has a distinct function, potentially in the regulation of p53 and other gene products implicated in oral tumorigenesis. In conclusion, we report herein the first evidence suggesting that enhanced translation of mdm2-P2 transcripts (S-mdm2) may represent an important mechanism of overexpression and consequent stabilization and functional inactivation of wild-type p53 serving as an adverse prognosticator in betel- and tobacco-related oral cancer. The clinical significance of the functional inactivation of wild-type p53 by MDM2 is underscored by the significantly shorter median disease-free survival time (16 months) observed in p53/MDM2-positive cases as compared to those which did not show co-expression of these proteins (median time, 26 months; P = 0.02). (+info)Effects of chewing betel nut (Areca catechu) on the symptoms of people with schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia. (8/206)
BACKGROUND: Although millions of people with schizophrenia live in betel chewing regions, the effects of betel chewing on their symptoms are unknown. Betel nut alkaloids include potent muscarinic cholinomimetics: recent research suggests that these agents may be therapeutic in schizophrenia. AIMS: To compare the primary and extrapyramidal symptom profiles and substance-using habits of betel chewing v. non-chewing people with schizophrenia. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of 70 people with schizophrenia. Symptom ratings measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS), and demographic and substance-use data, were compared for 40 chewers and 30 non-chewers of betel nut. RESULTS: Betel chewers with schizophrenia scored significantly lower on the positive (P = 0.001) and negative (P = 0.002) sub-scales of the PANSS than did non-chewers. There were no significant differences in extrapyramidal symptoms or tardive dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS: Betel chewing is associated with milder symptomatology and avoidance of more harmful recreational drugs. These initial results indicate that longitudinal research is merited. (+info) Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic condition that affects the mouth and throat, causing scarring and stiffness of the mucous membranes lining the oral cavity. It is also known as "tropical gingivitis" or "pemphigus-like lesions."
Etiology:
The exact cause of OSF is not known, but it is believed to be related to repeated trauma to the mucous membranes in the mouth, such as from sharp teeth or rough fillings, and chronic exposure to certain chemicals or allergens. It is more common in people who smoke or chew tobacco, and those who have a family history of the condition.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of OSF can vary in severity, but may include:
* Redness and irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth and throat
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking due to stiffness of the membranes
* Pain or discomfort when eating or drinking hot or spicy foods
* Open sores or ulcers on the tongue, lips, or inside the cheeks
* White patches or plaques on the mucous membranes
* Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue due to scarring and stiffness
Diagnosis:
OSF is typically diagnosed based on a physical examination of the mouth and throat, as well as a review of the patient's medical history. A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.
Treatment:
There is no cure for OSF, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the condition. Treatment options may include:
* Medications to reduce inflammation and pain, such as corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Mouthwashes or topical treatments to reduce irritation and promote healing
* Dental treatments, such as filling or crowning teeth that are causing trauma to the mucous membranes
* Dietary modifications to avoid hot or spicy foods and drinks
* Speech therapy to improve jaw mobility and swallowing function.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for OSF is generally poor, as the condition can be severe and difficult to manage. In some cases, OSF may lead to serious complications such as infection, sepsis, or respiratory failure. However, with prompt and appropriate treatment, patients with OSF may experience some improvement in their symptoms and quality of life.
Prevention:
There is no known prevention for OSF, but good oral hygiene practices and avoiding hot or spicy foods and drinks may help reduce the risk of developing the condition.
Other Names:
Orthokeratotic oral lichen planus, chronic benign migratory glossitis, oral lichenoid contact dermatitis, oral mucosal lesions, stomatitis, ulcerative, and vesiculobullous.
Mouth neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, floor of the mouth, and gums. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Mouth neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation, tobacco use, and certain viral infections.
Types of mouth neoplasms include:
1. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): This is the most common type of mouth cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually occurs on the tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is slow-growing and typically affects the gums or the outer surface of the tongue.
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects the salivary glands. It can infiltrate surrounding tissues and cause significant destruction of nearby structures.
4. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This type of cancer is relatively rare and occurs most commonly on the tongue or the floor of the mouth. It can be benign or malignant, and its behavior varies depending on the type.
5. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the mouth. It typically occurs in the tongue or the lips.
Symptoms of mouth neoplasms can include:
* A sore or ulcer that does not heal
* A lump or mass in the mouth
* Bleeding or pain in the mouth
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or tingling in the mouth
Diagnosis of mouth neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes in patients with mouth neoplasms.
Areca
... brachypoda J.Dransf. Areca caliso Becc. Areca camarinensis Becc. Areca catechu L. Areca celebica Burret Areca chaiana J. ... Areca costulata Becc. Areca dayung J.Dransf. Areca furcata Becc. Areca glandiformis Lam. Areca guppyana Becc. Areca gurita ... Areca macrocalyx Zipp. ex Blume Areca macrocarpa Becc. Areca minuta Scheff. Areca montana Ridl. Areca multifida Burret Areca ... Areca torulo Becc. Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. Areca tunku J.Dransf. & C.K.Lim Areca vestiaria Giseke Areca vidaliana ...
Areca nut
Areca fruits hanging from the palm. Areca nuts in a market. Areca nut plantation in India. Areca Nuts, also known as "Betal ... The areca nut (/ˈærɪkə/ or /əˈriːkə/) is the seed of the areca palm (Areca catechu), which grows in much of the tropical ... In Bhutan, the areca nut is called doma. The soft and moist raw areca nut is very potent. When chewed it can cause palpitation ... Areca nuts as sold in Hainan, China. In India (the largest consumer of areca nut) and the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the ...
Areca novohibernica
... is a plant species native to the Solomon Islands and the Bismarck Archipelago in the Pacific Ocean east of ... Areca, Flora of the Solomon Islands (archipelago), Flora of the Bismarck Archipelago, Vulnerable plants, Taxa named by Odoardo ...
Areca glandiformis
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. ... Johnson, D. (1998). "Areca glandiformis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38187A10099336. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK. ... Areca, Endemic flora of the Maluku Islands, Data deficient plants, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot, All stub articles, ...
Areca hutchinsoniana
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only on the island of Mindanao in the ... EDC) (2020). "Areca hutchinsoniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39025A153536510. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3. ... Areca, Flora of Mindanao, Endangered plants, Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot, All stub ...
Areca whitfordii
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in the Philippines. It is threatened ... EDC) (2020). "Areca whitfordii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39029A153536623. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS ... Areca, Endemic flora of the Philippines, Vulnerable flora of Asia, Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari, Taxonomy articles created by ...
Areca parens
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only on the island of Luzon in the ... EDC) (2020). "Areca parens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39028A153536580. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS. ... Areca, Flora of Luzon, Endemic flora of the Philippines, Vulnerable flora of Asia, Plants described in 1919, Taxa named by ...
Areca catechu
... is grown for its commercially important seed crop, the areca nut. The areca nut is also popular for chewing ... India Areca nuts from India Flora de Filipinas Areca catechu farm in Kerala, India Young "betel" nuts in Malaysia Areca nut at ... made of the leaf of Areca catechu in Kerala Hat_ palathoppi (inner view) made of the leaf of Areca catechu in Kerala Areca nut ... fruits and buds in a single frame Betel nut palm trunk New buds of Areca catechu An Areca catechu plantation in Taiwan Areca ...
Areca (disambiguation)
Areca is a genus of single-stemmed palms. Areca may also refer to: Areca nut, also known as betel nut, from the species Areca ... catechu Areca palm, a common name for Dypsis lutescens Areca Backup, software Arecaceae, the palm family This disambiguation ... Look up areca in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... page lists articles associated with the title Areca. If an ...
Areca chaiana
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is a tree endemic to Borneo. It is threatened by ... Dransfield, J. (1998). "Areca chaiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38946A10158487. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998. ... Areca, Endemic flora of Borneo, Trees of Borneo, Data deficient plants, Plants described in 1984, Taxonomy articles created by ...
Areca triandra
... , the wild areca palm, is a palm which is often used as ornamental plant. It is native to India, Bangladesh, ... "Areca triandra". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department ... Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,Areca triandra Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes ... Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Areca triandra". IUCN Red ...
Areca ipot
... , the Ipot palm, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is endemic to the Philippines. It is ... EDC) (2020). "Areca ipot". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39026A153536542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS. ... Areca, Endemic flora of the Philippines, Endangered flora of Asia, Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari, Taxonomy articles created by ...
Areca gurita
... is an extant species of single-stemmed palm tree (genus Areca) indigenous to the Malaysian state of Sarawak on ... "Areca gurita Heatubun, Phytotaxa 28: 15 (2011)". Palmweb: Palms of the World Online. 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-13. "Arecaceae ... doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.28.1.2. Wheeler, Quentin (2012-09-09). "New to Nature No 83: Areca gurita". The Observer. Guardian Media ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with 'species' microformats, Areca, ...
Areca andersonii
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is a tree endemic to Borneo. It is threatened by ... IPNI: Areca andersonii J.Dransf. Kew Bull. 39(1): 6. 1984 (15 May 1984) International Plant Name Index. Retrieved 15 March 2019 ... Dransfield, J. (1998). "Areca andersonii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38953A10158865. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK. ... Areca, Endemic flora of Borneo, Trees of Borneo, Plants described in 1984, Data deficient plants, Taxonomy articles created by ...
Areca concinna
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Sri Lanka. It is threatened by ... Johnson, D. (1998). "Areca concinna". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T38186A10099202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998. ... Areca, Flora of Sri Lanka, Endangered plants, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot, All stub articles, Areceae stubs). ...
Areca vestiaria
"Areca vestiaria - Palmpedia - Palm Grower's Guide". www.palmpedia.net. Retrieved 2017-11-26. "Areca vestiaria - Pacsoa". www. ... Areca vestiaria (pinang yaki or pinang merah) is a species of palm native to the rainforests of eastern Indonesia especially ... Simbala, Herny (September 2017). "Bioactive compounds in Pinang Yaki (Areca vestiaria) fruit as potential source of ... Areca, Trees of the Maluku Islands, Trees of Sulawesi, Medicinal plants of Asia, Contraception for males, All stub articles, ...
Areca palm
... is a common name for several plants and may refer to: Areca, a genus of palms Dypsis lutescens, a palm which is a ... popular houseplant Areca catechu, also known as the betel palm, is sometimes referred to as an "areca" palm, particularly in ...
Areca Backup
Areca is downloadable pre-packaged for Linux and Windows 2000/Windows XP and Windows Vista. But it also runs on any other ... Areca Backup is an Open Source personal file backup software developed in Java. It is released under the GNU General Public ... Backup types Areca can handle the following types of backups: Full Backup: When a full backup is performed, ALL files are ... Areca Backup does not support VSS (Volume Shadow Copy Service) and cannot backup files that are locked by other programs, but ...
Areca nut production in India
Areca nut (Areca catechu), a tropical crop, is popularly known as betel nut, as its common usage in the country is for ... "Commodity: Areca Nut". crnindia.com. Retrieved 31 May 2016. "Production / Crops:Areca nuts". FAO. Retrieved 30 November 2019. ... Areca nut, as a maritime species, is grown in areas of up to 400 kilometres (250 mi) inland from the coast of India at an ... The areca nut tree grows as a single stem, and has generally a height of about 30 metres (98 ft). The fruit, which bears the ...
Seberang Perai
Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 9789834211301. "The history of Bukit Mertajam, Part II:From rural board to town council". The history ... Areca Books. pp. 218-219. "History". www.mpsp.gov.my. Retrieved 1 May 2017. Marcus Langdon (2013). Penang: The Fourth ... Areca Books. pp. 219, 222. Blackledge, J.P. (6 July 1950). "Province Wellesley Looks Back". The Singapore Free Press. Singapore ...
Dittisham
Areca Books. pp. 216-221. England, Births and Christenings, 1538-1975. Salt Lake City, Utah: FamilySearch, 2013. J.A. Venn ( ...
Perakian Malays
Areca Books. ISBN 98-342-1130-9. Malaysia portal ("Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic ...
Mandailing people
Areca Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-98-342-8344-5. Masri Singarimbun (1975). Kinship, Descent, and Alliance Among the Karo Batak. ...
Eng Chuan Tong Tan Kongsi
Areca Books. 2007. pp. 55-. ISBN 978-983-43661-2-4. "A Guide to Selected Chinese Clan Houses in the George Town World Heritage ...
Susan Hendrik van Sitteren
Ruth Iversen Rollitt (March 23, 2015). Iversen (1 ed.). Areca Books. p. 240. ISBN 978-9675719226. "Iversen and Van Sitteren ...
N.K. Menon
Areca Books. ISBN 9789834283414. admin (2013-07-30). "From Malabaris to Malaysians". Penang Tourism. Retrieved 2019-06-18. ...
History of Penang
Areca Books. pp. 219, 222. Blackledge, J.P. (6 July 1950). "Province Wellesley Looks Back". The Singapore Free Press. Singapore ... Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. "Brief History - Penang Bar Committee". penangbar.org. Retrieved 17 November 2016 ...
Ngah Ibrahim
Areca Books. ISBN 98-342-1130-9. Di mana Ngah Ibrahim disemadi? -- Perak, dakwa anak, Utusan Malaysia 4 September 2006 A ...
Second Guangzhou Uprising
Areca publishing. ISBN 983-42834-8-2, ISBN 978-983-42834-8-3. Pg 50, 62, 122. 王恆偉. (2005) (2006) 中國歷史講堂 #5 清. 中華書局. ISBN 962- ...
Sri Kunj Bihari Temple
Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. "GJAT , JUNE 2016 , VOL 6 ISSUE 1 , 72" (PDF). Universiti Sultan Azlan Shah, MALAYSIA.{{ ... Areca Books. ISBN 978-983-9886-00-9. Jenkins, Gwynn (2008). Contested Space: Cultural Heritage and Identity Reconstructions : ...
Nearly Natural Areca Palm Tree | JOANN
Areca humilis | International Plant Names Index
Areca Nut - PubMed
Areca catechu,/i,), which is found in tropical areas of the Pacific, south Asia and eastern Africa. The major use of areca nut ... is the fruit of the Areca palm (,i, ... is the fruit of the Areca palm (Areca catechu), which is found ... Boucher BJ, Mannan N. Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu. Addict Biol. 2002;7:103-10. [ (Areca or betel nut ... Areca nut and its role in oral submucous fibrosis. Prabhu RV, Prabhu V, Chatra L, Shenai P, Suvarna N, Dandekeri S. Prabhu RV, ...
Browsing Information products by Subject "Areca"
Areca Nut - LiverTox - NCBI Bookshelf
Areca catechu), which is found in tropical areas of the Pacific, south Asia and eastern Africa. The major use of areca nut is ... Areca nut has also been used as an extract in traditional medicine as a cathartic or as treatment of intestinal parasites. ... Areca nut has not been linked to cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, but epidemiologic studies from Asia have ... Areca nut, commonly known as betel nut, is the fruit of the Areca palm ( ...
Enjoy your dream vacation in Riu Arecas - RIU.com | Blog
... and the best service at the Adults Only hotel Riu Arecas in Costa de Adeje, Tenerife. ... Enjoy your dream vacation in Riu Arecas. date_range 12 April, 2016 label Hotel in Tenerife, Riu Arecas, vacations in tenerife ... The Riu Arecas was built in an 18,000 square metre garden in an elegant contemporary style in which white and blue are the ... Make a reservation for your holiday at the Riu Arecas in Tenerife! ...
Areca Palm Tree - Green - Pack of 2 - (CRG-900PTLS) | silkplantsdirect.com
- Silk Plants Direct
These majestic green artificial Areca palm trees can give a royal vibe to your space and be the defining feature of your ... HomeArtificial Areca Palm TreeSilk Plants Direct Areca Palm Tree - Green - Pack of 1. Previous product Silk Plants Direct Areca ... Silk Plants Direct Areca Artificial Palm Tree - Pack of 1. $217.99 ($217.99 per piece) Add to cartAdd to cart ... Silk Plants Direct Areca Palm Artificial Tree - Pack of 1. $300.99 ($300.99 per piece) Add to cartAdd to cart ...
Areca vidaliana Becc., Philipp. J. Sci., C 2: 222 (1907) | PALMweb
Areca Palm / Betelnut (Areca catechu) | The Delicious | Fruits & Nuts | Tropical fruit - Samen & Saatgut
... is made out of the seeds of the Areca Palm (Betelnuts). Therefore, some seed parts are wrapped in a fresh leaf of the betel ... arecabetelbuyonuez de arecapalma de arecapalma de betel. Italian names:. palma di betel. ... areca nut palmareca palmbetel palmbetel treeindian nutpinang palm. French names:. aréquierpalmier à bétel. Spanish names:. ... a. faufela. hortensisa. macrocarpaareca catechu. German names:. arekapalmebetelnusspalmebetelpalmekatechupalme. English names: ...
Areca Plates Market Trends, Share, Scope, and Forecast by 2030
Areca Plates Market report by TMR comprises an elaborated executive summary that offers a snapshot of the market undercurrents ... Areca Plates Market. Areca Plates Market- Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, 2020 - 2030. * ... Areca Plates Market is one of the substitutes for plastics. Areca leaves containers are gaining importance all over the world, ... Areca Plates Market: Market Dynamics. Generally the target market for areca plates market is outdoor social occasions that ...
Areca - Ladelle
We have been creating and designing quality kitchen & homewares for over 30 years. For many people, our iconic tea towels have been a staple in homes across the globe. From plates to barware and everything in between, we are now excited to bring you our growing collection of homewares and lifestyle goods. ...
Areca Bowls: Buy Eco-Friendly Bowl Online - Best Price & Fast Delive
Shop from a wide range of Eco-Friendly Areca Bowls with Lid available in various Shapes & Sizes ... Round Areca containers, Square Areca Leaf Bowls, Heart Shaped Areca Bowls and Deep Areca Leaf Container in Tamil Nadu. Produced ... Areca Food Containers Online in Bangalore - pirsq.com. We are produce and exporters of areca leaf plates and bowls, we offer ... Whats more, our Areca Leaf Bowls are manufactured utilizing the most recent Areca Leaf Bowl Making Machinery. In this manner, ...
Areca Nut Box
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Areca Woven Blanket - mcqueenindependent
Designed to be beautiful as well as practical, our blankets are heavyweight and large enough to use as a bedspread for a small double bed, a throw to snuggle on the couch with, or even a picnic blanket big enough to share with friends. • Measures 180 x 220cm • Includes fringing detail on all 4 sides • Woven in a cot
Areca Palm | Mysite 1
Areca palm - 130 cm
Buy the most beautiful Areca palm online at Studioplant. ✓Mix & Match with pot ✓Pay later. Shop now! ... Areca palms love the sunlight but cant stand direct sunlight. Water regularly and taking care of Areca will not be a problem ... Officially its full name is Areca Chrysalidocarpus Dypsis Lutescens. A mouthful, isnt it? Thats why we use Areca palm, as it ... This Areca palm is one of our most favorite houseplants. It may look like a Kentia palm, but theyre not the same. Its soft ...
Areca Nut | Editorials Hindi
Areca Palm - Tibia Fanart
Areca Palm can be found in the Rathleton City area. Look around the stores, service buildings, and walk to the magistrate. You ... CURIOSITY: Areca Palms and Ficus Benjamin can also be found on fairly popular hunting spots like Undead Elite Gladiators and ... Youll find Areca Palms scattered throughout the various buildings where NPCs provide services to players. ... push Areca Palm on this SQM, and surround it with e.g. Trough. After logging in we will be "trapped" on the same SQM as the ...
Areca Palm - Blooming Plants
Areca catechu var. nigra
Areca catechu L.. Sp. Pl. 2: 1189. 1753 [1 May 1753]. Synonymy: 14 *Areca catechu L. ... Cite this page: "Areca catechu var. nigra" Text available under a CC-BY-SA Creative Commons Attribution License. www.llifle.com ... Areca catechu var. nigra Giseke. Prael. Ord. Nat. Pl. 73 1792. Family: ARECACEAE ... Accepted Scientific Name: Areca catechu L.. Sp. Pl. 2: 1189. 1753 [1 May 1753] L.. ...
Areca recurvata - Floribunda Palms & Exotics
Umetna palma Areca 225 cm
Značilnosti Areca je rod rastlin v družini Areca, ki obsega približno 50 vrst. Številna debla palm so grmičasto razvejana, ... Areca je rod rastlin v družini Areca, ki obsega približno 50 vrst. Številna debla palm so grmičasto razvejana, listi so ... Naša umetna palma Areca, vključno z lončkom za rože, je visoka 225 cm. Na voljo je v osnovnem plastičnem loncu s premerom 25,4 ... Palma Areca ima 5 debel, ki so izdelana iz plastike in na površini prekrita z lubjem naravnega lesa. Na palmi je 47 naravnih ...
46804005 Plante, Areca palme,
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Homestead Areca Palm - South Florida Hedge Plants
Buy Betel Online | Supari | Areca Catechu | Trustherb
Be the first to review "Areca Palm - Areca Nut Palm - Betel Palm - Indian Nut - Supari - Areca Catechu" Cancel reply. Your ... Areca Palm - Areca Nut Palm - Betel Palm - Indian Nut - Supari - Areca Catechu. ... Areca palm (Areca catechu), also called Supari, is an ayurvedic plant in which the leaves and nuts have various medicinal ...
Catechu11
- Areca nut, commonly known as betel nut, is the fruit of the Areca palm ( Areca catechu ), which is found in tropical areas of the Pacific, south Asia and eastern Africa. (nih.gov)
- Areca nut is not a nut but rather the seed containing fruit of the areca palm ( Areca catechu ), which is found in tropical areas of the Pacific, South Asia and Western Africa, where it is frequently cultivated. (nih.gov)
- The only widely accepted medicinal use of Areca catechu at present is in veterinary medicine where it is used as a cathartic and treatment for tapeworm in horses, cattle and dogs. (nih.gov)
- In these areas, areca catechu nut use disorders are common and are the focus of government and public health efforts to decrease its use. (nih.gov)
- Areca catechu var. (llifle.com)
- Areca catechu L. (llifle.com)
- Areca catechu f. communis Becc. (llifle.com)
- Cite this page: "Areca catechu var. (llifle.com)
- Encyclopedia/PALMS_AND_CYCADS/Family/Arecaceae/24203/Areca_catechu_var. (llifle.com)
- Areca catechu L._Gentcare Natural Ingredients Inc. (gentcare.com)
- El nombre común de catechu se emplea en ocasiones para ACACIA CATECHU. (bvsalud.org)
Betel11
- The major use of areca nut is as a recreational stimulant typically chewed wrapped in betel leaves ( Piper betle ), powdered with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), and flavored with mint, clove or tobacco. (nih.gov)
- Areca nut has not been linked to cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, but epidemiologic studies from Asia have found a strong link between habitual betel nut chewing and oral cancer, and it may also increase the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (nih.gov)
- Chewing areca nut for its recreational stimulant effect is the most common use of the herb which is also called betel nut chewing for the betel leaves ( Piper betle ) in which the areca nut is wrapped. (nih.gov)
- Importantly, areca nut has carcinogenic potential in vitro and in vivo, and long term, habitual betel nut chewing has been linked to oral and esophageal cancer. (nih.gov)
- There have been few studies on the clinical effects and adverse effects of betel nut chewing or of extracts of the areca nut. (nih.gov)
- However, there have been no reports of acute liver injury and marked serum aminotransferase elevations attributed to betel nut chewing or of use of areca nut extracts. (nih.gov)
- Here, betel plants trail around areca palms. (magicgardenseeds.com)
- Betel quid and areca nut use is common in Asian and Pacific countries. (nih.gov)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph 85 (2004) examined the carcinogenic effects of betel quid and areca nut chewing and concluded that betel quid, both with and without tobacco, is carcinogenic to humans. (nih.gov)
- This proposed conference will focus on understanding the impact of use of areca nut and betel quid, both with and without tobacco, and all its variants, addiction issues, and the associated cancers and other oral health issues, specifically cancers of the lip, mouth, tongue, pharynx, and esophagus. (nih.gov)
- Tobacco habits other than smoking, betel-quid and areca-nut chewing, and some related nitrosamines / this publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans which met in Lyon, 23-30 October 1984. (who.int)
Tobacco6
- Tobacco and areca nut are used in a variety of forms and with other added ingredients throughout Asia and the Pacific. (nih.gov)
- While both tobacco and areca nut are known carcinogens, other ingredients may also contribute to the toxic or addictive properties of the product. (nih.gov)
- 11. Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines: chemistry, biochemistry, carcinogenicity, and relevance to humans. (nih.gov)
- Most cancers of the oral cavity are attributable totobacco smoking, smokeless tobacco use and areca-nut product use, alone or in combination, andexcessive consumption of alcohol. (who.int)
- Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a white patch or plaque that cannot be rubbed off, cannot be characterized clinically or histologically as any other condition, and is not associated with any physical or chemical causative agent except tobacco or areca nut. (medscape.com)
- A definitive diagnosis of oral leukoplakia is made when any etiologic cause other than tobacco/areca nut use has been excluded and histopathology has not confirmed any other specific disorder. (medscape.com)
Palma1
- Palma Areca ima 5 debel, ki so izdelana iz plastike in na površini prekrita z lubjem naravnega lesa. (hk-green.si)
Macrocarpa1
- Areca macrocarpa Becc. (llifle.com)
Becc1
- Areca vidaliana Becc. (palmweb.org)
Hortensis1
- Areca hortensis Lour. (llifle.com)
Palms2
- You'll find Areca Palms scattered throughout the various buildings where NPCs provide services to players. (tibiafanart.com)
- Areca Palms and Ficus Benjamin can also be found on fairly popular hunting spots like Undead Elite Gladiators and Skeleton Elite Warriors. (tibiafanart.com)
Faufel1
- Areca faufel Gaertn. (llifle.com)
Predominant2
- The Riu Arecas was built in an 18,000 square metre garden in an elegant contemporary style in which white and blue are the predominant colours. (riu.com)
- Produced using predominant review Areca Leaves and reused buybacks, our whole range is dispensable, eco agreeable, sturdy and dependable. (pirsq.com)
Palm7
- Whether you're looking to conjure a refreshing vibe in the setting or you're planning to make your space more welcoming and exquisite, this artificial Areca Palm Tree should definitely be a part of your space. (silkplantsdirect.com)
- Elements which will add delightful height and charm to your room, our silk Areca Palm Tree will be an eye-catching presence in the setting till times to come. (silkplantsdirect.com)
- Crafted from premium quality material, our faux Areca Palm Tree comes in a stunning Green color and will bring exciting details to the space. (silkplantsdirect.com)
- In Asia, the stimulating and mood-lifting 'paan' is made out of the seeds of the Areca Palm (Betelnuts). (magicgardenseeds.com)
- The Areca palm is a very tropical palm that blooms a bright green color if fertilized properly. (cclandscapingandnursery.com)
- Rose Bush on it, you will have to log out on a particular SQM with a wrapped Tibia Store item, push Areca Palm on this SQM, and surround it with e.g. (tibiafanart.com)
- Areca Palm can be found in the Rathleton City area. (tibiafanart.com)
Wendl1
- Areca nigra Giseke ex H.Wendl. (llifle.com)
Nuts1
- Adulteration of Areca nuts. (nih.gov)
Login1
- Areca Router Admin Passwords and Login IP Areca is a Router like Linksys, TP-Link and other network brands use as an access point or gateway. (192-168.org)
Containers3
- Areca leaves containers are gaining importance all over the world, it is becoming more environmental friendly. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- We are produce and exporters of areca leaf plates and bowls, we offer exceptional nature of areca leaf containers at low cost, we can make any shapes and sizes according to your prerequisite. (pirsq.com)
- We are Manufacturers, Exporters and Suppliers of a wide exhibit of Areca Food Container, for example, Round Areca containers, Square Areca Leaf Bowls, Heart Shaped Areca Bowls and Deep Areca Leaf Container in Tamil Nadu. (pirsq.com)
Leaves2
- A rising number of multinational service restaurants worldwide is leading in demand for disposable plates like areca leaves. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Changing lifestyle has changed food lifestyles and included trends like takeaway and drive through which urged food deliveries to use disposable plates made up of areca leaves. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Bowl2
Extract3
- Areca nut has also been used as an extract in traditional medicine as a cathartic or as treatment of intestinal parasites. (nih.gov)
- We previously demonstrated the autophagy -inducing activity in the crude extract of areca nut (ANE) and its 30-100 kDa fraction (ANE 30-100 K). This study aimed to analyze whether chronic ANE and ANE 30-100 K stimulations lead to higher stress resistance and autophagic activity in oral cells , and whether the resulting autophagic status in stimulated cells correlates with stress resistance. (bvsalud.org)
- Areca nut extract-stimulated (ANE-s) and ANE 30-100 K-stimulated (30-100 K-s) OECM-1 and Jurkat T cells generally exhibited higher cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil ( 5-FU ) resistances, compared to non-stimulated cells . (bvsalud.org)
Review1
- 14. Areca nut: a review. (nih.gov)
Consumption1
- Areca nut is considered unsafe for human consumption by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and it is not approved for any medical condition. (nih.gov)
China1
- In India and China, areca nut extracts have also been used in traditional medicine as treatment of parasitic diseases and to improve digestion, diarrhea, abdominal distension, dyspepsia and jaundice. (nih.gov)
Term1
- Long-term stimulation of areca nut components results in increased chemoresistance through elevated autophagic activity. (bvsalud.org)
Plates14
- Areca Plates Market is one of the substitutes for plastics. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Ban on the manufacturing of plastic plates in certain geographic regions is offering opportunity for producing and selling areca plates. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The global areca plates market caters to the extensive foodservice industry including all ways of delivery like offline and online foodservice outlets. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- The global areca plates market is witnessing a trend towards sustainable packaging solutions. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Generally the target market for areca plates market is outdoor social occasions that involve buffet tables. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Outdoor social occasions such as social club meetings, marriages, community get together create huge demand for areca plates market for serving food to attendees. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Compartmental plate designs is more popular among end-users and buyers of the areca plates for the retail market segment. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- This trend is spread to the regional and domestic players too, who are also adopting the similar business concept, which further helps to build up more demand for areca plates market across the world. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- This enhanced growth of the areca plates market across the globe. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- With increasing urbanization and dynamic lifestyle, consumers have started preferring the use of areca plates. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Awareness usage of bio-degradable over plastic has increased all over the world considering this in East Asia and South Asia the growth of areca plates market is forecasted to grow fast. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Europe is leading and having strict regulations towards the usage of plastic and rising consumer awareness towards biodegradability is expected to further boost the market for areca plates market in the region. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Areca plates market have better opportunism to grow in the Middle East and African countries. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
- Many small and medium scale organisations all over the world are contributing to promoting areca plates market. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Components1
- The active components of areca nut are thought to be the arecal alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacolin which have cholinergic (predominantly muscarinic) and other psychoactive properties. (nih.gov)
Major1
- 10. Identification in rats of N-nitrosonipecotic acid as a major urinary metabolite of the areca-nut alkaloid-derived nitrosamines, N-nitrosoguvacoline and N-nitrosoguvacine. (nih.gov)
Effects1
- 13. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of areca nut-related compounds in cultured human buccal epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
Market1
- Leading areca plate market players operating in huge amount with innovating in terms of raw material capabilities and packaging designs. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Manufacturers1
- The strategies manufacturers of areca plate's manufacturers are adopting are influencing in a positive way. (transparencymarketresearch.com)
Make1
- A subtropical climate, an enchanting island, volcanoes, "mojo picón", the Costa de Adeje … We imagine that you know what we're talking about, but just in case, we'll stop dropping hints and say it outright: Make a reservation for your holiday at the Riu Arecas in Tenerife ! (riu.com)
