AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and Processes
Area PostremaCerebral VentriclesMedulla OblongataSolitary NucleusFourth VentricleEmeticsEstradiol AntagonistsBrain StemProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosVomitingShrewsVagus NerveSubfornical OrganMethiothepinPressoreceptorsRats, Sprague-DawleyOncogene Proteins v-fosMicroinjectionsInjections, IntraventricularDenervationNeuromyelitis OpticaBlood PressureCarotid SinusParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusSympathetic Nervous SystemArabinoseNeuronsFerretsArginine VasopressinLarge-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha SubunitsHeart RateAutoradiographyStomachBaroreflexAngiotensin IIVasopressinsGenes, fos
Area Postrema
A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS; SPINAL CORD; and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor.
Cerebral Ventricles
Four CSF-filled (see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) cavities within the cerebral hemispheres (LATERAL VENTRICLES), in the midline (THIRD VENTRICLE) and within the PONS and MEDULLA OBLONGATA (FOURTH VENTRICLE).
Medulla Oblongata
The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.
Solitary Nucleus
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Fourth Ventricle
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Emetics
Agents that cause vomiting. They may act directly on the gastrointestinal tract, bringing about emesis through local irritant effects, or indirectly, through their effects on the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the postremal area near the medulla.
Estradiol Antagonists
Compounds which inhibit or antagonize the biosynthesis or action of estradiol.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
Shrews
Vagus Nerve
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Subfornical Organ
A structure, situated close to the intraventricular foramen, which induces DRINKING BEHAVIOR after stimulation with ANGIOTENSIN II.
Methiothepin
A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.
Pressoreceptors
Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Oncogene Proteins v-fos
Transforming proteins coded by fos oncogenes. These proteins have been found in the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses which induce osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The FBJ-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p55-kDa protein and the FBR-MSV v-fos gene encodes a p75-kDa fusion protein.
Microinjections
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Injections, Intraventricular
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Denervation
The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.
Blood Pressure
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Carotid Sinus
The dilated portion of the common carotid artery at its bifurcation into external and internal carotids. It contains baroreceptors which, when stimulated, cause slowing of the heart, vasodilatation, and a fall in blood pressure.
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Sympathetic Nervous System
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Arabinose
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Ferrets
Semidomesticated variety of European polecat much used for hunting RODENTS and/or RABBITS and as a laboratory animal. It is in the subfamily Mustelinae, family MUSTELIDAE.
Arginine Vasopressin
The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel alpha Subunits
The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.
Heart Rate
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Autoradiography
The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Stomach
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Baroreflex
A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.
Angiotensin II
An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.
Vasopressins
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
Genes, fos
Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment in the area postrema on morphine-induced emesis in ferrets. (1/46)

To investigate the role of catecholamine release in emesis, we examined the effects of pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) administered into the area postrema in morphine-induced emesis in ferrets. In the 6-OH-DA pre-treated animals, the latency to the first emetic response induced by morphine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) was significantly prolonged and the number of retches and emetic episodes was markedly reduced. In the medulla oblongata, the levels of dopamine and homovanilic acid were reduced by 6-OH-DA pretreatment. These results suggest that catecholamine release in the medulla oblongata, mainly dopamine release, may play an important role in morphine-induced emesis in ferrets.  (+info)

Role of the area postrema in angiotensin II modulation of baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious mice. (2/46)

This study reports the effects of angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopression (AVP), phenylephrine (PE), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on baroreflex control of heart rate in the presence and absence of the area postrema (AP) in conscious mice. In intact, sham-lesioned mice, baroreflex-induced decreases in heart rate due to increases in arterial pressure with intravenous infusions of ANG II were significantly less than those observed with similar increases in arterial pressure with PE (slope: -3.0 +/- 0.9 vs. -8.1 +/- 1.5 beats x min(-1) x mmHg(-1)). Baroreflex-induced decreases in heart rate due to increases in arterial pressure with intravenous infusions of AVP were the same as those observed with PE in sham animals (slope: -5.8 +/- 0.7 vs. -8.1 +/- 1.5 beats x min(-1) x mmHg(-1)). After the AP was lesioned, the slope of baroreflex inhibition of heart rate was the same whether pressure was increased with ANG II, AVP, or PE. The slope of the baroreflex-induced increases in heart rate due to decreases in arterial blood pressure with SNP were the same in sham- and AP-lesioned animals. These results indicate that, similar to other species, in mice the ability of ANG II to acutely reset baroreflex control of heart rate is dependent on an intact AP.  (+info)

Glucagon-like peptide-1-responsive catecholamine neurons in the area postrema link peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 with central autonomic control sites. (3/46)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) released from the gut is an incretin that stimulates insulin secretion. GLP-1 is also a brain neuropeptide that has diverse central actions, including inhibition of food and water intake, gastric emptying, and stimulation of neuroendocrine responses characteristic of visceral illness. Both intravenous and intracerebroventricular administration of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists increase blood pressure and heart rate and induce Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in autonomic regulatory sites in the rat brain. The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ and has been implicated in processing visceral sensory information. GLP-1Rs are densely expressed in the AP, and peripheral GLP-1R agonists induce Fos-IR in AP neurons to a greater degree than intracerebroventricular administration. Because the AP lacks a blood-brain barrier, we hypothesized that the AP is a key site for peripheral GLP-1 to activate central autonomic regulatory sites. In this study, we found that many tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons in the AP expressed GLP-1Rs and Fos-IR after intravenous GLP-1R agonists. Furthermore, intravenous but not intracerebroventricular GLP-1R agonists induced TH transcription in the AP in vivo. In addition, GLP-1R agonists directly activated TH transcription in an in vitro cell system. Finally, we found that GLP-1-responsive TH neurons in the AP innervate autonomic control sites, including the parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of solitary tract, and ventrolateral medulla. These findings suggest that catecholamine neurons in the AP link peripheral GLP-1 and central autonomic control sites that mediate the diverse neuroendocrine and autonomic actions of peripheral GLP-1.  (+info)

Roles of substance P and NK(1) receptor in the brainstem in the development of emesis. (4/46)

The emetic response is primarily a protective reflex occurring in a wide variety of vertebrates in response to the ingestion of toxic compounds. The role of the nuclei in the brainstem, including the area postrema, nucleus tractus solitarius, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the central pattern generator for vomiting, as well as the involvement of the abdominal visceral innervation relevant to the emetic reflex, have all been discussed by many researchers. The introduction of serotonin 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists into clinical practice allowed for a dramatic improvement in the management of vomiting. However, vomiting still remains a significant problem. The mechanism of the emetic response is even more complicated than was first thought. This review attempts to bring together some of the evidence suggesting the roles of substance P and its receptor, neurokinin NK(1) receptor, in the brainstem nuclei in the development of emesis. Accordingly, NK(1)-receptor antagonists might represent novel drugs for the management of major types of emesis.  (+info)

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol selectively acts on CB1 receptors in specific regions of dorsal vagal complex to inhibit emesis in ferrets. (5/46)

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, receptor specificity, and site of action of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in the ferret. THC (0.05-1 mg/kg ip) dose-dependently inhibited the emetic actions of cisplatin. The ED50 for retching was approximately 0.1 mg/kg and for vomiting was 0.05 mg/kg. A specific cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist SR-141716A (5 mg/kg ip) reversed the effect of THC, whereas the CB2 receptor antagonist SR-144528 (5 mg/kg ip) was ineffective. THC applied to the surface of the brain stem was sufficient to inhibit emesis induced by intragastric hypertonic saline. The site of action of THC in the brain stem was further assessed using Fos immunohistochemistry. Fos expression induced by cisplatin in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and the medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but not other subnuclei of the NTS, was significantly reduced by THC rostral to obex. At the level of the obex, THC reduced Fos expression in the area postrema and the dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. The highest density of CB1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in the DMNX and the medial subnucleus of the NTS. Lower densities were observed in the area postrema and dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. Caudal to obex, there was moderate density of staining in the commissural subnucleus of the NTS. These results show that THC selectively acts at CB1 receptors to reduce neuronal activation in response to emetic stimuli in specific regions of the dorsal vagal complex.  (+info)

17 beta-Estradiol inhibits angiotensin II activation of area postrema neurons. (6/46)

It is well established that the area postrema, as a circumventricular organ, is susceptible to modulation by circulating hormones and peptides. Furthermore, activation of the area postrema has been shown to modulate central neurons involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and blood pressure. In particular, the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown to inhibit baroreflex regulation of heart rate and increase sympathetic outflow and blood pressure via activation of area postrema neurons. Estrogen is thought to protect against hypertension in both humans and animal models and has been shown in a number of systems to alter the effects of ANG II. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of estrogen on ANG II activation of area postrema neurons. In this study, the effects of ANG II and KCl on fura 2-measured cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) responses in cultured area postrema neurons in the presence and absence of 12-h exposure to 100 nM 17 beta-estradiol (E2) were evaluated. In neurons incubated in control vehicle media, 50 nM ANG II increased [Ca2+]i by 92 +/- 12%. In neurons preincubated with 100 nM E2, ANG II increased [Ca2+]i by only 68 +/- 11%, for a total inhibition of the ANG II-evoked response of 24%. Coapplication of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI-182,780 did not inhibit the effects of E2. In the same cells in which the effects of E2 on ANG II-evoked responses were tested, the effects of incubation in E on the depolarization-induced increased [Ca2+2]i due to 60 mM KCl were also tested. Incubation of the cells with 100 nM E increased the KCl-evoked [Ca2+2]i response, and this response was blocked by ICI-182,780. These results suggest that in the area postrema, estrogen may utilize multiple pathways to modulate neural activity and responses to ANG II.  (+info)

Role of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) in pacemaker activity in area postrema neurons of rat brain slices. (7/46)

To clarify the functional properties of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) as a pacemaker current in area postrema neurons, whole-cell recordings were made in visually identified cells in rat brain slices. The activation of Ih was identified in approximately 62 % of area postrema neurons tested. The cells displaying Ih showed a depolarizing "sag" in responses to hyperpolarizing current injection in current-clamp mode. The reversal potential for the Ih was -36 mV, and this was shown to depend on the external concentration of Na+ and K+ ions. Extracellular Cs+ ions (2 mM) and ZD7288 (100 microM), a potent selective Ih channel antagonist, blocked Ih and induced a membrane potential hyperpolarization, suggesting the sustained activation of Ih near the resting potential and a contribution from Ih to membrane potential maintenance at more depolarized levels. In contrast, extracellular Ba2+ ions caused a depolarization of the membrane potential, suggesting the blockade of inward rectifier K+ currents. ZD7288 decreased the spontaneous discharge rate by prolonging the slow depolarization between two spikes, with minimal effect on the amplitude of the afterhyperpolarization or action potential waveforms. Ih stabilized the latency of rebound action potentials. Ih was weakly activated by external 8-bromoadenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (1 mM) or forskolin (50-100 microM), indicating that the Ih channel subtypes in area postrema cells could be modulated by intracellular cAMP. Our findings indicate that Ih contributes to the subthreshold membrane and firing properties of rat area postrema neurons and may regulate their resting membrane potential and firing patterns.  (+info)

Effect of intracarotid administration of adrenomedullin on the spontaneous electrical activity of area postrema neurons in sino-aortic denervated rats. (8/46)

To observe the effect of intracarotid administration of adrenomedullin (AM) on the spontaneous electrical activity of area postrema (AP) neurons, 78 spontaneous active units were recorded from 63 sino-aortic denervated Sprague-Dawley rats using extracellular recording technique. The results obtained are as follows. (1) Following intracarotid administration of AM (0.3 nmol/kg), the discharge rate of 47 out of 78 units increased markedly from 2.99+/-0.24 to 4.79+/-0.29 spikes/s (P<0.001), 20 units decreased from 3.24+/-0.46 to 1.97+/-0.37 spikes/s (P<0.001), and the remaining 11 showed no response. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) did not change throughout the experimentation. (2) Pretreatment with intracarotid administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist CGRP8-37 (3 nmol/kg) did not change the effects of AM. (3) Following intracarotid injection of NO precursor L-arginine (30 mg/kg), the excitatory effect of AM was attenuated. The above results indicate that AM can excite spontaneous electrical activity of AP neurons, this effect is not mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor but may be attenuated by NO precursor L-arginine.  (+info)

XOGI Repositorio Institucional de la UAM Lerma: Circulating glucagon like peptide 1, (GLP-1) inhibits eating in male rats by...
To address the neural mediation of the eating-inhibitory effect of circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), we investigated the effects of 1) intra-fourth ventricular infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-9 or 2) area postrema lesion on the eating-inhibitory effect of intrameal hepatic portal vein (HPV) GLP-1 infusion in adult male rats. To evaluate the physiological relevance of the observed effect we examined 3) the influence of GLP-1 on flavor acceptance in a 2-bottle conditioned flavor avoidance test, and 4) measured active GLP-1 in the HPV and vena cava (VC) in relation to a meal and in the VC after HPV GLP-1 infusion. Intrameal HPV GLP-1 infusion (1 nmol/kg body weight-5 min) specifically reduced ongoing meal size by almost 40% (P , .05). Intra-fourth ventricular exendin-9 (10 μg/rat) itself did not affect eating, but attenuated (P , .05) the satiating effect of HPV GLP-1. Area postrema lesion also blocked (P , .05) the eating-inhibitory effect of HPV GLP-1. Pairing ...
http://xogi.ler.uam.mx:10080/handle/20.500.12222/36
NEUROCONTROL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS - UC Davis
The specific aims of the studies proposed in each of the five research units are related in a broad sense to the cardiovascular responses to exercise. Dr. Longhurst will investigate the mechanisms of activation of single unit ischemically and reperfusion sensitive cardiac sympathetic and vagal afferents by reactive oxygen species. Dr. Kaufman will be investigating the contribution of central command and the exercise presser reflex to single unit sympathetic outflow to regional vascular beds (skin, muscle and kidney). Dr. Bonham proposes to study facilitative interactions between area postrema neurons and baroreceptor or cardiopulmonary afferents in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), the potential contribution of neurons in the parabrachial nucleus and the potential neurotransmitters/neuromodulator(s) involved in the interactions. Dr. Kappagoda will investigate the role of pulmonary vagal afferents in transmitting information to the central nervous system during pulmonary congestion and edema. ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/projects/neurocontrol-of-cardiovascular-and-respiratory-systems
Amylin and Leptin: Co-Regulators of Energy Homeostasis and Neuronal Development - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveAmylin and Leptin: Co-Regulators of Energy Homeostasis and Neuronal Development - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
While the regulation of energy homeostasis by amylin is already well-characterized, emerging data suggest that amylin is also crucial for the development of neural pathways in the hypothalamus and caudal hindbrain (area postrema, AP; nucleus tractus solitarius, NTS). Exciting new findings demonstrate crucial amylin-leptin interactions in altering the activity of specific hypothalamic and AP neurons, and a role for amylin as a novel class of leptin sensitizers which enhance leptin signaling in both leptin-sensitive and -resistant individuals, in part by stimulating IL-6 production by hypothalamic microglia. This review summarizes these findings and provides a hypothetical framework for future studies to elucidate the mechanisms by which amylin and leptin act individually and as co-conspirators to alter energy homeostasis and neuronal development. ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/133590/
Plus it
Ablation of the areas postrema in 10 dogs caused a highly significant reduction in the pressor response to intravenous infusions of angiotensin yet was without significant effect on the pressor response to intravenous infusions of noradrenaline. The reduction in the pressor response to angiotensin is almost certainly due to abolition of the specific central autonomic effects of the hormone which are dependent on the integrity of the areas postrema. It is suggested that this central effect also contributes to the cardiovascular response to endogenous angiotensin.. ...
http://www.bmj.com/content/1/5744/324
Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice | PNASHematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice | PNAS
The results reported here confirm that cells derived from the bone marrow can migrate into the brains of adult mice. Furthermore, we have found that this migration is rapid, with numerous cells present by the third day after transplant. These new cells are distributed throughout the brain, and appear to reside within the parenchyma, because perfusion with PBS does not remove them. Occasional donor marrow-derived cells were found in association with vascular structures. Moreover, densities of donor cells in the parenchyma paralleled the capillary density of a given region. For instance, cortex, with fewer capillaries, had a lower cell density than the more vascularized choroid plexus. Regions with a higher capillary density, such as the area postrema, also had the highest density of marrow-derived cells within the parenchyma.. Double-labeling analyses show that at least some bone marrow-derived cells acquire microglial antigenic markers. However, we also observed many cells positively labeled by ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/94/8/4080?ijkey=3283e481ecacfcfb775ddaf393b6b19f837a4483&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
KAKEN - Researchers | HIRAI Yoshiyuki (40344519)KAKEN - Researchers | HIRAI Yoshiyuki (40344519)
Affiliation：北海道大学,歯学研究科(研究院),助教, Research Field：Functional basic dentistry,Morphological basic dentistry, Keywords：パッチクランプ,嘔吐,悪心,脳スライス,最後野,ヒスチジン,rats,化学受容性嘔吐誘発域,味覚嫌悪学習,area postrema, # of Research Projects：3, # of Research Products：48
https://nrid.nii.ac.jp/nrid/1000040344519/
Area postrema | definition of area postrema by Medical dictionaryArea postrema | definition of area postrema by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of area postrema in the Medical Dictionary? area postrema explanation free. What is area postrema? Meaning of area postrema medical term. What does area postrema mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/area+postrema
Category:Area postrema
A small, rounded eminence on each side o … * A small, rounded eminence on each side of the FOURTH VENTRICLE, which receives nerve fibers from the SOLITARY NUCLEUS; SPINAL CORD; and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA. The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor. (MSH) * one of the ventricular organs, a highly vascular mound of tissue along the margin of the caudal part of the fourth ventricle; consists of many large capillaries, many glial, and some small nerve cells; receives fibers directly from the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves; its efferent fibers go directly to the nucleus solitarius and the parabrachial nuclei and indirectly to other areas; it lies outside of the blood brain barrier and appears to function as a chemoreceptor trigger zone for emesis. (CSP) emoreceptor trigger zone for emesis. (CSP) ...
http://neurolex.org/wiki/Special:Browse/:Category:Area-20postrema
What Really Causes Motion Sickness? - Nausea HelpWhat Really Causes Motion Sickness? - Nausea Help
Theres a portion of your brain known as the area postrema that tries to handle things when this imbalance occurs. (It serves a number of other functions, too, such as helping you to vomit when youve been poisoned.) Part of its main job in regard to motion sickness is to resolve conflicts between what you see and what you feel in your vestibular system.. For example, if you feel motion in your body, your inner ear will send a signal to the area postrema that lets it know youre moving. If your eye doesnt see it, and thinks that everything is standing still, the area postrema assumes that one of your senses is, essentially, hallucinating. Your brain assumes youve ingested a toxin of some sort, and tries to induce vomiting to clear that toxin.. Solutions. There are a number of potential remedies for motion sickness, from sea bands to ginger products to herbal remedies and more. If you suffer regularly from motion sickness, look into some of these options. Not only will you avoid some of the ...
http://www.nauseahelp.com/what-really-causes-motion-sickness.html
JCI - The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight lossJCI - The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully understood how liraglutide induces weight loss or to what degree liraglutide acts directly in the brain. Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate GLP-1-producing neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body weight reduction in rats was independent of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and paraventricular nucleus. Peripheral injection of fluorescently labeled liraglutide in mice revealed the presence of the drug in the circumventricular organs. Moreover, labeled liraglutide bound neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other discrete sites in the hypothalamus. GLP-1R was necessary for liraglutide uptake in the brain, as liraglutide binding was not seen in ...
https://516shouji.com.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/75276/figure/2
Halopéridol dans la prévention et le traitement des nausées et vomissements : une revue systématique des essais randomisés et...
1. Borison HL, Wang SC. Physiology and pharmacology of vomiting. Pharmacol Rev 1953; 5:193-230. 2. Alvarez WC. Reverse peristalsis in the bowel, a precursor of vomiting. JAMA 1925; 85:1051-1054. 3. Borison HL, Wang SC. Further Studies on the Vomiting Center. Federation Proceedings 1950; 9:14-15. 4. Goldberg SL. The afferent paths of nerves involved in the vomiting reflex induced by distension of the isolated pyloric pouch. Am J Physiol 1931; 99:156- 5. Borison HL. Area postrema - chemoreceptor circumventricular organ of the medulla-oblongata. Prog Neurobiol 1989; 32:351-390. 6. Henzi I, Walder B, Tramèr MR. Metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Br J Anaesth 1999; 83:761-771. 7. Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Eberhart LH. Dimenhydrinate for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:238-44. 8. ...
http://hmamedicalclinic.com/d/doc.rero.ch1.html
Chemotherapy | Medic Debate
Stimulation of the vomiting center results in the coordination of responses from the diaphragm, salivary glands, cranial nerves, and gastrointestinal muscles to produce the interruption of respiration and forced expulsion of stomach contents known as retching and vomiting. The vomiting center is stimulated directly by afferent input from the vagal and splanchnic nerves, the pharynx, the cerebral cortex, cholinergic and histamine stimulation from the vestibular system, and efferent input from the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). The CTZ is in the area postrema, outside the blood-brain barrier, and is thus susceptible to stimulation by substances present in the blood or cerebral spinal fluid. The neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin stimulate the vomiting center indirectly via stimulation of the CTZ.. The 5-HT3 inhibitors are the most effective antiemetics and constitute the single greatest advance in the management of nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer. These drugs are designed to ...
http://medicdebate.s702.sureserver.com/node/159
Plus itPlus it
The methods of preparing the brainstem slices and the identification of NTS neurons have been described previously (Baptista et al., 2005a,b, 2007). Briefly, 25- to 35-d-old Sprague Dawley rats of either sex were anesthetized with isoflurane (abolition of the foot pinch withdrawal reflex) before being killed by administration of a bilateral pneumothorax. After removal, the brainstem was glued to the platform of a vibratome, and three to four coronal slices (300 μm thick) were cut starting from the caudal area postrema and moving rostrally. The slices were incubated at 30 ± 1°C in Krebs solution (in mm: 126 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 MgCl2, 2.4 CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, and 5 dextrose, maintained at pH 7.4 by bubbling with 95% O2-5% CO2) bubbled with 95% O2/5% CO2 for 60-90 min before use. A single slice was then transferred to a perfusion chamber (volume, 500 μl; Michigan Precision Instruments, Parma, MI), kept in place with a nylon mesh, and maintained at 35 ± 1°C by perfusion with warmed ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/19/4957
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Dapagliflozin small molecule kinase inhibitor - IDH mutations in liver cell plasticity and biliary cancerDapagliflozin small molecule kinase inhibitor - IDH mutations in liver cell plasticity and biliary cancer
Background Circumventricular organs (CVO) are cerebral areas with imperfect endothelial blood-brain barrier (BBB) and for that reason thought to be gates to the mind. program. Subsequently, the cells distribution of fluorescence-labeled Gf aswell as the degree of cellular swelling was evaluated in related histological slices. Results We could show that the Gf signal intensity of the choroid plexus, the subfornicular organ and the area postrema increased significantly during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, correlating with (1) disease severity and (2) the delay Dapagliflozin small molecule kinase inhibitor of disease onset after immunization. For the choroid plexus, the extent of Gf enhancement served as a diagnostic criterion to distinguish between diseased and healthy control mice with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 80%. Furthermore, Gf improved the detection of lesions, being particularly sensitive to optic neuritis. In correlated histological slices, Gf initially ...
http://idh-inhibitors.com/tag/dapagliflozin-small-molecule-kinase-inhibitor/
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With the advent of more intensive glucose management, hypoglycemia has emerged as a primary limitation in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. It is now recognized that the increased incidence of hypoglycemia derives not only from imperfect insulin replacement but also from impaired counterregulation and hypoglycemic unawareness (1). The latter two observations have led to a renewed interest in the mechanisms underlying hypoglycemic detection. As a result of intensive research over the past decade, the traditional hypothalamocentric model of glucose sensing has been replaced with one emphasizing a widespread neural network involving numerous aspects of the central nervous system, as well as peripheral sensory input. Thus, in addition to the ventromedial hypothalamus, the paraventricular hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus all appear to play important roles (2,3). In the periphery, important glucose sensors have been ...
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/1/21
Metoclopramide: Pharm effectsMetoclopramide: Pharm effects
Numerous systems in the body produce signals to induce vomiting. Some of these systems include the cerebral cortex, vestibular system, and GI tract. Additionally, the Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ), located in the area postrema on the floor of the fourth ventricle, is not protected by a true blood-brain barrier and is therefore exposed to toxins and neurotransmitters in the blood. The signals that these systems send are organized into the action of emesis by the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) in the medulla.. Metoclopramide is a D2 receptor antagonist as well as 5-HT3 antagonist and 5-HT4 agonist. Through its anti-dopaminergic and anti-serotonergic effects, it blocks the communication between the CTZ and NTS and thereby acts as an potent antiemetic. Additionally, its antagonist effect on dopamine receptors combined with its agonistic effects on 5-HT4 receptors yield increased GI motility and contractility. Given these pharmacologic effects, metoclopramide can be used as both an antiemetic ...
http://www.openanesthesia.org/metoclopramide-pharm-effects/
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The organization of the central neuronal circuitry that produces vomiting was explored by mapping the distribution of c-fos protein (Fos)-like immunoreactivity (FLI) as a monitor of functional activity. The brainstem and spinal cord were examined in cats administered multiple emetic drugs (cisplatin, lobeline, protoveratrine, naloxone, apomorphine) or control saline injections. Some animals were decerebrated, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated to avoid possible Fos expression induced by sensory feedback or fluid depletion during vomiting. Fictive vomiting was identified in these animals by a characteristic pattern of respiratory muscle nerve (phrenic and abdominal) coactivation. Tissues were immunoprocessed using an antibody raised against amino acids 1-131 of Fos and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. Enhanced nuclear FLI was observed in experimental animals along portions of the sensorimotor emetic reflex arc, including the nodose ganglia, area postrema, nuclei of the solitary ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/14/2/871
Most recent papers with the keyword Cancer cachexia | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword Cancer cachexia | Read by QxMD
The cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) is a frequent and severe condition in cancer patients. Currently, no pharmacological treatment is approved for the therapy of CACS. Centrally, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is expressed in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and is implicated in malaise, nausea and food aversion. The NTS is reciprocally connected to brain sites implicated in the control of energy balance including the area postrema (AP), which mediates CACS in certain tumour models. Given the role of GLP-1 as a mediator of anorexia under acute sickness conditions, we hypothesized that brainstem GLP-1 signalling might play a role in the mediation of CACS ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/19635
Yes! sex matters: Sex, the brain and blood pressure<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Yes! sex matters. T2 - Sex, the brain and blood pressure. AU - Hay, Meredith. AU - Xue, Baojian. AU - Johnson, Alan Kim. PY - 2014. Y1 - 2014. N2 - The role of the brain in hypertension between the sexes is known to be important especially with regards to the effects of circulating sex hormones. A number of different brain regions important for regulation of sympathetic outflow and blood pressure express estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ). Estradiol, acting predominantly via the ERα, inhibits angiotensin II activation of the area postrema and subfornical organ neurons and inhibits reactive oxygen generation that is required for the development of Angiotensin II-induced neurogenic hypertension. Estradiol activation of ERβ within the paraventricular nucleus and the rostral ventral lateral medulla inhibits these neurons and inhibits angiotensin II, or aldosterone induced increases in sympathetic outflow and hypertension. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms ...
https://arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/yes-sex-matters-sex-the-brain-and-blood-pressure
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N-acetyl-4-aminoantipyrine and sulfaguanidine slowly penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid and the brain proper, but enter the water space of the adenohypophysis, the neurohypophysis, the area postrema and the intercolumnar tubercle almost as readily as they penetrate the water space of liver and muscle. These results indicate that the blood-brain barrier does not exist in these brain regions.. ...
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/133/3/332
BrainImmune: Brain-Immune Interactions Resource | Tag Archive | sympathetic nervous systemBrainImmune: Brain-Immune Interactions Resource | Tag Archive | sympathetic nervous system
Posted on May 11, 2015 By Ilia Elenkov Neuroendocrine Immunology News. A recent study published in Hypertension demonstrates that cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α acting at the level of the subfornical organ induce the expression of inflammatory and excitatory mediators that subsequently drive sympathetic nervous system activation. The subfornical organ (SFO), a highly vascularized structure is a circumventricular organ that lacks […] ...
http://www.brainimmune.com/tag/sympathetic-nervous-system/
Month: January 2010 | Intuyu ConsultingMonth: January 2010 | Intuyu Consulting
I had a fascinating conversation yesterday whilst I was at Rowellyn Park Primary coaching Grade 5 and 6 teachers in developing inquiry based units. Janette Lewellyn, the school principal, had invited Mike Scadden from Brain Stems (http://www.brainstems.co.nz/) to work with the teachers the following day and Mike happened to be in the room as I ...
https://intuyuconsulting.com.au/2010/01/
Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary reticular formation in the rat...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary reticular formation in the rat. AU - Herbert, Horst. AU - Moga, Margaret M.. AU - Saper, Clifford B.. PY - 1990/3/22. Y1 - 1990/3/22. N2 - We examined the subnuclear organization of projections to the parabrachial nucleus (PB) from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), area postrema, and medullary reticular formation in the rat by using the anterograde and retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase conjugate and anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin. Different functional regions of the NTS/area postrema complex and medullary reticular formation were found to innervate largely nonoverlapping zones in the PB. The general visceral part of the NTS, including the medial, parvicellular, intermediate, and commissural NTS subnuclei and the core of the area postrema, projects to restricted terminal zones in the inner portion of the ...
https://indiana.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/connections-of-the-parabrachial-nucleus-with-the-nucleus-of-the-s
Fos expression in brain stem nuclei of pregnant rats after hydralazine- induced hypotension<...Fos expression in brain stem nuclei of pregnant rats after hydralazine- induced hypotension<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Fos expression in brain stem nuclei of pregnant rats after hydralazine- induced hypotension. AU - Curtis, Kathleen. AU - Cunningham, J. Thomas. AU - Heesch, Cheryl M.. PY - 1999/8/1. Y1 - 1999/8/1. N2 - Fos and dopamine β-hydroxylase immunoreactivity were evaluated in the brain stems of 21-day pregnant and virgin female rats injected with either hydralazine (HDZ; 10 mg/kg iv) or vehicle. HDZ produced significant hypotension in both groups, although baseline blood pressure was lower in pregnant rats (96 ± 2.5 mmHg) than in virgin female rats (121 ± 2.8 mmHg). There were no differences in Fos immunoreactivity in the brain stems of pregnant and virgin female rats after vehicle treatment. HDZ-induced hypotension significantly increased Fos expression in both groups; however, the magnitude of the increases differed in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVL), the area postrema (AP), and the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL). Fos expression after HDZ in pregnant rats was augmented ...
https://scholars.okstate.edu/en/publications/fos-expression-in-brain-stem-nuclei-of-pregnant-rats-after-hydral
Multiple Sclerosis Research: Calling all Neuros. Info on NMOMultiple Sclerosis Research: Calling all Neuros. Info on NMO
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory CNS syndrome distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) that is associated with serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG). Prior NMO diagnostic criteria required optic nerve and spinal cord involvement but more restricted or more extensive CNS involvement may occur. The International Panel for NMO Diagnosis (IPND) was convened to develop revised diagnostic criteria using systematic literature reviews and electronic surveys to facilitate consensus. The new nomenclature defines the unifying term NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which is stratified further by serologic testing (NMOSD with or without AQP4-IgG). The core clinical characteristics required for patients with NMOSD with AQP4-IgG include clinical syndromes or MRI findings related to optic nerve, spinal cord, area postrema, other brainstem, diencephalic, or cerebral presentations. More stringent clinical criteria, with additional neuroimaging findings, are required for diagnosis of ...
http://multiple-sclerosis-research.blogspot.com/2015/06/calling-all-neuros-info-on-nmo.html
Central Mineralocorticoid Receptors and the Role of Angiotensin II and Glutamate in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Rats With...Central Mineralocorticoid Receptors and the Role of Angiotensin II and Glutamate in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Rats With...
Consistent with previous studies,2,7,20 subcutaneous infusion of Ang II caused a dose-related increase in BP. Water intake was also higher in Ang II hypertensive rats, likely from the effects of circulating Ang II on AT1 receptors in circumventricular organs of the lamina terminalis (LT) that lack a blood-brain barrier, such as the subfornical organ (SFO).21. In contrast to absent effects in normal rats,11-13 infusion of candesartan or kynurenate in the PVN lowered BP in rats after subcutaneous Ang II for 2 weeks. These findings are consistent with other models of chronic sympathetic hyperactivity9,11,12 and indicate that increased glutamate and AT1-receptor activation in the PVN contributes to the maintenance of elevated BP from a chronic increase in circulating Ang II. Angiotensinergic and glutamatergic sympathoexcitatory pathways between the LT and PVN likely contribute to these effects of circulating Ang II. Regions in the circumventricular organs of the LT, that is, SFO and organum ...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/61/5/1083
Primary Faculty/Secondary Faculty | Department of PharmacologyPrimary Faculty/Secondary Faculty | Department of Pharmacology
Our laboratory has been focused on understanding how inflammation, and in particular, the adaptive immune response contributes to hypertension. Several years ago, we found that T cells are essential for the development of hypertension. We have shown that various hypertensive stimuli, including angiotensin II, norepinephrine and DOCA-salt cause activation of T cells and leads to their accumulation in the perivascular fat and kidneys. Our data indicate that T cell-derived cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-a enhance vasoconstriction and sodium retention, leading to the hypertensive phenotype. Central signals derived from the circumventricular organs contribute to T cell activation, and manipulation of signals from this region affect T cell activation and the eventual elevation in blood pressure caused by angiotensin II. We are attempting to understand mechanisms involved in T cell activation in response to hypertensive stimuli. We have recently shown that gamma-ketoaldehydes, or isoketals adduct to ...
https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/pharmacology/people/primary-facultysecondary-faculty?vid=harrisdg
α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreas...α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreas...
α-MSH overexpression in the nucleus tractus solitarius decreases fat mass and elevates heart rate.: The POMC pathway is involved in the regulation of energy and
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/msh-overexpression-nucleus-tractus-solitarius-decreases-fat-mass-elevates-heart-rate-a3fd5afa
Vagal afferent fibres determine the oxytocin-induced modulation of gastric tone<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Vagal afferent fibres determine the oxytocin-induced modulation of gastric tone. AU - Holmes, Gregory M.. AU - Browning, Kirsteen N.. AU - Babic, Tanja. AU - Fortna, Samuel R.. AU - Coleman, F. Holly. AU - Travagli, R. Alberto. PY - 2013/6/1. Y1 - 2013/6/1. N2 - Oxytocin (OXT) inputs to the dorsal vagal complex (DVC; nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and area postrema) decrease gastric tone and motility. Our first aim was to investigate the mechanism(s) of OXT-induced gastric relaxation. We demonstrated recently that vagal afferent inputs modulate NTS-DMV synapses involved in gastric and pancreatic reflexes via group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Our second aim was to investigate whether group II mGluRs similarly influence the response of vagal motoneurons to OXT. Microinjection of OXT in the DVC decreased gastric tone in a dose-dependent manner. The OXT-induced gastric relaxation was enhanced following bethanechol and ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/vagal-afferent-fibres-determine-the-oxytocin-induced-modulation-o
Chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h Fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (Suncus...Chemotherapy agent cisplatin induces 48-h Fos expression in the brain of a vomiting species, the house musk shrew (Suncus...
Cancer chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, potently produce nausea and vomiting. Acute effects of these treatments are partly controlled by antiemetic drugs, but the delayed effects (|24 h), especially nausea, are more difficult to treat. It is unknown what brain pathways produce this delayed sickness. Our prior data show that brain Fos expression is increased for at least 48 h after cisplatin treatment in the rat, a nonvomiting species. Here, we extend these observations by using house musk shrews (Suncus murinus), a species with an emetic response. Compared with saline injection, cisplatin treatment (30 mg/kg ip) induced Fos expression in hindbrain areas known to play a role in the generation of emesis, the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN), the area postrema, and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), for up to 48 h. Cisplatin also stimulated Fos expression in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the midbrain and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) for at least 48 h after treatment. When animals
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Chemotherapy-agent-cisplatin-induces-48-h-Fos-expr-Jonghe-Horn/0cd3d7ef25e3d8f90819de6e07e732d251467cf7
Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in autonomic cell groups of the medulla oblongata of the rat<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 in autonomic cell groups of the medulla oblongata of the rat. AU - Pamidimukkala, Jaya. AU - Hoang, Caroline J.. AU - Hay, Meredith. PY - 2002/12/6. Y1 - 2002/12/6. N2 - Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the medulla oblongata have been suggested to have a functional role in the regulation of cardiovascular baroreflexes. The present study examines the localization of mGluR8 autonomic nuclei of the medulla of the rat. mGluR8 immunoreactivity was observed in the cell bodies and/or processes of the dorsolateral, interstitial, medial, intermediate, ventral, ventrolateral, subpostremal, commissural, parvicellular and gelatinosus subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The intensity of mGluR8 staining was highest in the commissural and interstitial subnuclei at the level of the area postrema. Commissural NTS is involved in regulation of baro-, and chemo-reflexes whereas the interstitial nucleus mediates respiratory ...
https://arizona.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/expression-of-metabotropic-glutamate-receptor-8-in-autonomic-cell
Chemoreceptor trigger zone - WikipediaChemoreceptor trigger zone - Wikipedia
The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) is an area of the medulla oblongata that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, and communicates with other structures in the vomiting center to initiate vomiting. The CTZ is located within the area postrema, which is on the floor of the fourth ventricle and is outside of the blood-brain barrier. It is also part of the vomiting center itself. The neurotransmitters implicated in the control of nausea and vomiting include acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine (H-1 receptor), substance P (NK-1 receptor), and serotonin (5-HT3 receptor). There are also opioid receptors present, which may be involved in the mechanism by which opiates cause nausea and vomiting. The blood brain barrier is not as developed here, therefore drugs such as dopamine which cannot normally enter the CNS may still stimulate the CTZ. The CTZ is in the medulla oblongata, which is phylogenetically the oldest part of the nervous system.[citation needed] Early lifeforms developed a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor_trigger_zone
Fluoridegate - Page 3 - Science and Technology - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion ForumsFluoridegate - Page 3 - Science and Technology - Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums
And yet you said, and I quote; ok, so you accept that some people with ill functioning BBB such as diabetics (who drink more than most) and those with fevers and certain conditions etc would be affected by toxic fluoride going direct to the brain. that alone is reason enough not to fluoridate, but you didnt address the central points. you are the one who claims to be a medical doctor, so you should know these things.. If you could answer the questions I posted (here they are again; What areas? Where? Which parts of the brain? How does the impact of fenestrations play on movement of things across the BBB? Does fenestration or sinusoid matter? What about diaphragms? Could you discuss the ramifications of different junctional complexes on the BBB? How about protein structure for those complexes; Claudins? Occuldins?. Can you discuss briefly the function of the Choroid plexus? Its relation to the BBB? What about Circumventricular organs? How does changes in the BBB affect thees organs? Infection ...
https://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/topic/198633-fluoridegate/page/3/?tab=comments
dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) - Allie: Related PubMed Info.dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) - Allie: Related PubMed Info.
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http://allie.dbcls.jp/pubmed/DMN
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Activation of Hindbrain Neurons Is Mediated by Portal-Mesenteric Vein Glucosensors During Slow-Onset Hypoglycemia | DiabetesActivation of Hindbrain Neurons Is Mediated by Portal-Mesenteric Vein Glucosensors During Slow-Onset Hypoglycemia | Diabetes
Hypoglycemic detection at the portal-mesenteric vein (PMV) appears mediated by spinal afferents and is critical for the counter-regulatory response (CRR) to slow-onset, but not rapid-onset, hypoglycemia. Since rapid-onset hypoglycemia induces Fos protein expression in discrete brain regions, we hypothesized that denervation of the PMV or lesioning spinal afferents would suppress Fos expression in the dorsal medulla during slow-onset hypoglycemia, revealing a central nervous system reliance on PMV glucosensors. Rats undergoing PMV deafferentation via capsaicin, celiac-superior mesenteric ganglionectomy (CSMG), or total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (TSV) were exposed to hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamps where glycemia was lowered slowly over 60-75 min. In response to hypoglycemia, control animals demonstrated a robust CRR along with marked Fos expression in the area postrema, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Fos expression was suppressed by 65-92% in ...
https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/8/2866.short
The Neural Mechanism by Which the Dorsal Vagal Complex Mediates the Regulation of the Gastric Motility by Weishu (RN12) and...The Neural Mechanism by Which the Dorsal Vagal Complex Mediates the Regulation of the Gastric Motility by Weishu (RN12) and...
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (eCAM) is an international peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that seeks to understand the sources and to encourage rigorous research in this new, yet ancient world of complementary and alternative medicine.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/291764/
Reactions of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosotoluene-P-Sulfonamide (Mnts) With 3,6-Dibromo-Carbazole and Its Corresponding Nitranion » ...Reactions of N-Methyl-N-Nitrosotoluene-P-Sulfonamide (Mnts) With 3,6-Dibromo-Carbazole and Its Corresponding Nitranion » ...
Reaction of N-methyl-N-nitrosotoluene-p-sulfonamide (MNTS, 1) with 3,6-dibromocarbazole (2) in dry acetonitrile gave N-methyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (4) and N-nitroso-3,6-dibromocarbazole (5), whereas with the corresponding nitranion (3) gave N-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-3,6-dibromocarbazole (6). The results are rationalized in terms of direct nucleophilic substitution mechanism occurring on respective sites. The effects of solvents and added metal ions are also discussed.
http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/156856700x00624
Sex Difference and Testosterone Modulation: MATERIALS AND METHODS(9)Sex Difference and Testosterone Modulation: MATERIALS AND METHODS(9)
Fos-IR was counted in ule cell layer of the MOB because previous work in the rat showed that Fos-IR was augmented in this layer after exposure to peppermint
http://www.levelofhealth.com/testosterone/sex-difference-and-testosterone-modulation-materials-and-methods9.html
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MRI of the Spinal CordMRI of the Spinal Cord
We present recent clinical and diagnostic advances in spinal cord imaging. Because of the overlap of different pathologic entities, good knowledge of clinical information is necessary. Degenerative diseases of the spine can sometimes be misleading when the question of a possible tumor rises. The essentials of spinal cord tumors are discussed.. In patients with suspicion of demyelinating disease, the following considerations are of importance: multiple sclerosis (MS) should be differentiated from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and AQP4 and MOG-antibodies should be searched for. There is a growing body of evidence that there is an overlap between NMOSD and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM).. Acute transverse myelitis is often a diagnosis of exclusion after viral myelitis or autoimmune causes have been excluded. The involvement of specific areas can give an indication for the diagnosis, e.g., area postrema or conus medullaris. New MRI equipment enables more robust ...
https://www.jbsr.be/articles/10.5334/jbr-btr.1419/
Fixed-Combination Netupitant/Palonosetron for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting - The ASCO PostFixed-Combination Netupitant/Palonosetron for Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting - The ASCO Post
P = .001).. How It Works. Palonosetron (available in single-agent form as Aloxi) is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that exhibits strong binding affinity for this receptor and little or no affinity for other receptors. 5-HT3 receptors are located on the nerve terminals of the vagus in the periphery and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema.. Chemotherapeutic agents produce nausea and vomiting by stimulating the release of serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine. Serotonin then activates 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferents to initiate the vomiting reflex. Development of acute emesis depends on serotonin, and its 5-HT3 receptors have been shown to selectively stimulate the emetic response.. Netupitant is a selective antagonist of substance P/neurokinin 1 receptors. Delayed emesis is largely associated with substance P activation of tachykinin family neurokinin 1 receptors, distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Netupitant ...
http://www.ascopost.com/issues/november-15-2014/fixed-combination-netupitantpalonosetron-for-prevention-of-chemotherapy-induced-nausea-and-vomiting/
Training-Induced Pressure Fall in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Is Associated With Reduced Angiotensinogen mRNA Expression...Training-Induced Pressure Fall in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Is Associated With Reduced Angiotensinogen mRNA Expression...
Original observations, regarding the effects of exercise training on brain RAS, arise from this study. We described that exercise training does not change NTS AT1A mRNA receptor expression in hypertensive or normotensive rats but it completely normalizes the increased Aogen expression within this area in the SHR group. In addition, we showed in hypertensive rats that reduced Aogen mRNA density after training is correlated with arterial pressure fall and that training completely blocks the positive correlation between Aogen mRNA levels and MAP reduction or HR decrease observed in sedentary groups. We also confirmed that blunting effect of training on brain RAS overactivity (increased Aogen mRNA levels in the SHR group) is specific for dorsal brain stem areas involved in cardiovascular control as the NTS and area postrema.. The present results showing overactivity of the brain RAS in sedentary SHR (increased both Aogen and AT1A mRNA expression) confirmed previous observations on increased RAS ...
http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/50/4/780
DMV: All DMV FormsDMV: All DMV Forms
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http://www.ct.gov/dmv/cwp/view.asp?a=818&q=327640
Canadean Spirits Strategies Congress | The Events Resource & Exhibitions Suppliers Directory
Canadean Spirits Strategies Congress, organized by the Arena International Events Group will take place from 31st October to the 1st November 2017 in London, United Kingdom.
http://exhibitions.co.uk/event/canadean-spirits-strategies-congress-0
The Ultimate Guide To youtube palace white cdThe Ultimate Guide To youtube palace white cd
The time period circumventricular organs refers back to the extremely-vascularized, specialised tissues dispersed principally alongside the midline of the ventricular procedure through the forebrain to your hindbrain, bordering the 3rd and 4th ventricles. The CVOs incorporate the pineal gland, median eminence, neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary), subfornical organ, space postrema, subcommissural organ, organum vasculosum in the lamina terminalis, along with the choroid plexus. The intermediate and neural lobes from the pituitary are sometimes provided and note the posterior pituitary releases neurohormones like oxytocin and vasopressin into your blood. The subcommissural organ contacts the third ventricle masking the posterior commissure. It comprises a posh of neurosecretory ependymal cells recognized check here to secrete a variety of glycoproteins into your CSF ...
http://johnathansrsid.ampedpages.com/The-Ultimate-Guide-To-youtube-palace-white-cd-11410709
6]-Gingerol >= 98 % HPLC | 23513-14-6 | Sigma...6]-Gingerol >= 98 % HPLC | 23513-14-6 | Sigma...
[6]-Gingerol ≥98% (HPLC); CAS Number: 23513-14-6; Synonym: 3-Decanone, 5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, (5S)-, 5-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-decanone, 6-Gingerol; Linear Formula: C17H26O4; find Sigma-Aldrich-G1046 MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich.
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/g1046?lang=en®ion=US
DMV Oakland Coliseum Field Office Extends Closure - California DMVDMV Oakland Coliseum Field Office Extends Closure - California DMV
The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) website uses Google™ Translate to provide automatic translation of its web pages. This translation application tool is provided for purposes of information and convenience only. Google™ Translate is a free third-party service, which is not controlled by the DMV. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by Google™ Translate and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the pages resulting from the use of the translation application tool.. The web pages currently in English on the DMV website are the official and accurate source for the program information and services the DMV provides. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated website, please refer to the English version.. The following pages provided on ...
https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/news-and-media/dmv-oakland-coliseum-field-office-extends-closure/
WAC 132Z-116-020
Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.10.560 and 28B.50.140(10). WSR 19-12-006, § 132Z-116-020, filed 5/22/19, effective 6/22/19. Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.50.140. WSR 15-07-109, § 132Z-116-020, filed 3/18/15, effective 4/18/15. Statutory Authority: RCW 28B.50.140(10). WSR 02-11-048, § 132Z-116-020, filed 5/9/02, effective 6/9/02 ...
https://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=132Z-116-020
FISIOLOGI PERNAFASANFISIOLOGI PERNAFASAN
FISIOLOGI PERNAFASAN (Respirasi) Merupakan Fungsi Paru (Tractus Respiratorius) Mencakup 2 proses Pernafasan luar (ekstern...
https://ml.scribd.com/doc/39100770/FISIOLOGI-PERNAFASAN
Area postremaArea postrema
The area postrema acts to directly monitor the chemical status of the organism. Lesions of the area postrema are sometimes ... Damage to the area postrema, caused primarily by lesioning or ablation, prevents the normal functions of the area postrema from ... In a morphological study, area postrema capillaries in the ventral subregion of area postrema were shown to be relatively ... The CTZ was anatomically located in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata. The area postrema had been anatomically ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_postrema
Vagal trigoneVagal trigone
The vagal trigone is separated from the area postrema by a narrow strip of thickened ependyma - the funiculus separans. Mirza M ... Area Postrema. StatPearls; Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31334969.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagal_trigone
Circumventricular organsCircumventricular organs
Relatively little is known about the function of the area postrema in humans. However, there is strong evidence that the area ... The area postrema is located in the caudal medulla oblongata near the junction of the brainstem and the spinal cord. In humans ... The area postrema also has integrative capacities that enable it to send major and minor efferents to sections of the brain ... The sensory organs include the area postrema, the subfornical organ, and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis, all having ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumventricular_organs
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorderNeuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Lesions in the area postrema of the medulla oblongata can cause vomiting or hiccups, as well as pain and tonic spasms. ... There is broad consensus that AQP4/NMO-IgG initially enters the brain via BBB-deficient sites such as the area postrema, where ... The increased BBB permeability at the area postrema helps explain involvement there. AQP4 is present in tissues outside the ... In NMOSD, areas of brain tissue that appear normal in conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can show damage in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica_spectrum_disorder
Maria Carmela LicoMaria Carmela Lico
Menescal De Oliveira, L; Lico, M. C. (1977). "Pain modulation in the adrenergically stimulated area postrema in the alert ... including the area postrema, the caudate and the medial forebrain bundle. After James Reston, while accompanying Richard Nixon ... "Inhibition of the response to pain by the action of serotonin and carbachol topically applied to the area postrema of conscious ... an area which, at the Instituto, was under the leadership of Miguel Rolando Covian. Since Covian had recently moved to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Carmela_Lico
AntiemeticAntiemetic
H1 receptors in central areas include area postrema and vomiting center in the vestibular nucleus. Also, many of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic
Viral meningitisViral meningitis
Increased cranial pressure from viral meningitis stimulates the area postrema, which causes nausea and vomiting. Widened pulse ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_meningitis
DisgustDisgust
Eckel, L. A.; Ossenkopp, K. P. (1996). "Area Postrema mediates the formation of rapid conditioned palatability shifts to a ... Other studies have shown that lesions to the area postrema and the parabrachial nucleus of the pons but not the nucleus of the ... The posterior insula is characterized by connections with auditory, somatosensory, and premotor areas, and is not related to ... both areas of the brain that deal with emotion processing. It was found that racial prejudice elicited disgusted facial ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust
BrainstemBrainstem
Another important medullary structure is the area postrema whose functions include the control of vomiting. Cross-section of ... Ventral tegmental area: A dopaminergic nucleus, known as group A10 cells is located close to the midline on the floor of the ... Duret haemorrhages are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the ... The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is composed of paired cerebral peduncles. These transmit axons of upper motor neurons. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem
VomitingVomiting
... known as the area postrema, stimulation of which can lead to vomiting. The area postrema is a circumventricular organ and as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting
ThirstThirst
The area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii signal to the subfornical organ and to the lateral parabrachial nucleus. The ... Arterial baroreceptors sense a decreased arterial pressure, and signal to the central nervous system in the area postrema and ... In addition, there are visceral osmoreceptors which project to the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii in the brain. ... Cardiopulmonary receptors sense a decreased blood volume, and signal to area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii. Osmometric ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst
Cortical coolingCortical cooling
Wang, Y., & Chambers, K. C. (2001). The role of the dura in conditioned taste avoidance induced by cooling the area postrema of ... The vPS lies adjacent to the pMS, and these areas were previously surmised to receive networks from other visual areas. ... when primary visual cortical areas 17 and 18 are removed at birth, the neural functions of these areas are redistributed across ... Each device can cool a range of tissue areas from less than 10 mm3 to 75 mm3. Although it may be considered a hassle to have to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_cooling
Blood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrier
Such zones exist at the border of the area postrema-nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), and median eminence-hypothalamic arcuate ... Included among CVOs having highly permeable capillaries are the area postrema, subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina ... Permeable capillaries of the sensory CVOs (area postrema, subfornical organ, vascular organ of the lamina terminalis) enable ... instead of being ferried across the BBB into the targeted area. Nanotechnology is under preliminary research for its potential ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–brain_barrier
NauseaNausea
The CTZ is located in the area postrema in the floor of the fourth ventricle within the brain. This area is outside the blood ... These areas are activated by elevated intracranial pressure, irritation of the meninges (i.e. blood or infection), and extreme ... Central nervous system (CNS): Stimuli can affect areas of the CNS including the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea
Motion sicknessMotion sickness
The area postrema in the brain is responsible for inducing vomiting when poisons are detected, and for resolving conflicts ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sickness
Lateral hypothalamusLateral hypothalamus
... area postrema, and dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is colocalized on orexinergic projection neurons ... a recent study demonstrated that the area postrema and nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) are necessary for orexin- ... In addition to the histaminergic nucleus, the orexin system also projects onto the ventral tegmental area dopamine nucleus, ... Orexin neurons with cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) project throughout the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus
Vascular organ of lamina terminalisVascular organ of lamina terminalis
... and area postrema). VOLT capillaries do not have a blood-brain barrier, and so neurons in this region can respond to ... and the area postrema in the brainstem. The VOLT, median eminence, and subfornical organ are interconnected with the mid- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_organ_of_lamina_terminalis
Trigger zoneTrigger zone
The chemoreceptor trigger zone is within the area postrema of the medulla oblongata in which many types of chemical stimulation ... This area was first identified and named in 1951 by Herbert L. Borison and Kenneth R. Brizzee. Parts of cells, rather than ... In neuroscience and neurology, a trigger zone is an area in the body, or of a cell, in which a specific type of stimulation ... In 1940, for example, Morison and Dempsey observed that a small area of the cerebral cortex could be triggered when electrical ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigger_zone
NaegleriasisNaegleriasis
The increase in intracranial pressure stimulates the area postrema to create nausea sensations which may lead to brain ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naegleriasis
AmylinAmylin
These actions, which are mostly carried out via a glucose-sensitive part of the brain stem, the area postrema, may be over- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylin
5-HT3 antagonist5-HT3 antagonist
... and the area postrema itself. Serotonin is released by the enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine in response to ... a subtype of serotonin receptor found in terminals of the vagus nerve and in certain areas of the brain. With the notable ... on responses to injection of a neurokinin agonist into the ventral tegmental area of the rat brain". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 138 (2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist
CatecholamineCatecholamine
... to the area postrema and from a nucleus in the dorsal region of the solitary tract. Dopamine is the first catecholamine ... is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferasePhenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
... to the area postrema and from a nucleus in the dorsal region of the solitary tract. PNMT's normal function and defects are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase
OndansetronOndansetron
... are present both peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron
DopamineDopamine
Nausea and vomiting are largely determined by activity in the area postrema in the medulla of the brainstem, in a region known ... The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is another midbrain area. The most prominent group of VTA dopaminergic neurons projects to the ... The dopaminergic areas they identified are the substantia nigra (groups 8 and 9); the ventral tegmental area (group 10); the ... This has two parts-an input area called the pars compacta and an output area the pars reticulata. The dopaminergic neurons are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
AcepromazineAcepromazine
... in the area postrema) and the solitary nucleus (in the medulla oblongata) allow it to have an antiemetic effect. The most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acepromazine
GranulocyteGranulocyte
MCs can be located in various areas, such as the pituitary stalk, the pineal gland, the area postrema, the choroid plexus, ... Both of these mechanisms allow blood-clotting elements to be delivered to the infected area (this begins the recovery process ... suggests areas of importance for novel therapy research. Increasing evidence also indicates that MCs participate in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte
VCVC
... area postrema), a structure in the brain Vital capacity, a maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC
Ingestive behaviorsIngestive behaviors
Signals from the tongue, stomach, small intestine and liver are received by the area postrema and nucleus of the solitary tract ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestive_behaviors
ChemoreceptorChemoreceptor
... area postrema) to induce vomiting.[citation needed] Primary cilia play important roles in chemosensation. In adult tissues, ... For example, antennae on moths are made up of long feathery hairs that increase sensory surface area. Each long hair from the ... The chemoreceptor trigger zone is an area of the medulla in the brain that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor
Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions | NeurologyNeuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions | Neurology
Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions. Nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. B.F.Gh. Popescu, V.A. Lennon ... Conclusions: These neuropathologic findings suggest the area postrema may be a selective target of the disease process in NMO, ... The odds of nausea/vomiting being documented clinically was 16-fold greater in NMO cases with area postrema lesions (95% ... exhibited unilateral or bilateral lesions involving the area postrema and the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle. These ...
https://n.neurology.org/content/76/14/1229.long
The antiaggressive effect of lithium is abolished by area postrema lesion<...
... that thermal lesion of the area postrema abolishes Lis ability to condition taste aversions and [2] that area postrema lesion ... that thermal lesion of the area postrema abolishes Lis ability to condition taste aversions and [2] that area postrema lesion ... that thermal lesion of the area postrema abolishes Lis ability to condition taste aversions and [2] that area postrema lesion ... that thermal lesion of the area postrema abolishes Lis ability to condition taste aversions and [2] that area postrema lesion ...
https://scholars.ttu.edu/en/publications/the-antiaggressive-effect-of-lithium-is-abolished-by-area-postrem
Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat<...
"Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat",. abstract = "It is demonstrated that some neurons within the area ... Adachi, A., & Kobashi, M. (1985). Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat. Neuroscience Letters, 55(2), 137- ... Adachi, A & Kobashi, M 1985, Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 55, no. 2 ... It is demonstrated that some neurons within the area postrema, if not all, are responsive to glucose or sodium ions applied ...
https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/chemosensitive-neurons-within-the-area-postrema-of-the-rat
Area Postrema Syndrome | Neurology Clinical PracticeArea Postrema Syndrome | Neurology Clinical Practice
Area Postrema Syndrome. An Initial Presentation of Double-Seropositive AQP4 and MOG Antibodies. Abhay Ranjan, Sanaullah ...
https://cp.neurology.org/content/12/4/e82/tab-article-info
Tissue expression of NDUFAB1 - Staining in medulla oblongata - The Human Protein AtlasTissue expression of NDUFAB1 - Staining in medulla oblongata - The Human Protein Atlas
Area postrema. nTPM: 94.8 2799. Male, age 61, both hemispheres. 98.0. 2054. Male, age 76, both hemispheres. 93.5. ...
http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000004779-NDUFAB1/tissue/medulla+oblongata
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway...Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway...
Area postrema syndrome requires dorsal medulla/area postrema MRI lesions. *Acute brainstem syndrome requires associated peri- ... Area postrema syndrome requires dorsal medulla/area postrema MRI lesions. *Acute brainstem syndrome requires associated peri- ... Can be normal or show nonspecific lesions; classic lesions may also be found in the area postrema, region of the 3rd/4th ... Can be normal or show nonspecific lesions; classic lesions may also be found in the area postrema, region of the 3rd/4th ...
https://www.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166034/what-is-the-role-of-multiple-sclerosis-ms-in-the-development-of-diplopia
Rubrospinal tractRubrospinal tract
Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group raphe/reticular: Sensory decussation • Reticular formation ( ...
https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Rubrospinal_tract.html
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSHMESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
Area Postrema A8.186.211.865.467.500.286. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia. C14.280.67.845.940.350 C14.280.238.28. ... Preoptic Area A8.186.211.730.385.357.342.450 A8.186.211.730.317.357.342.450. Pro-Opiomelanocortin D6.472.699.631.525.475 D6.472 ... Ventral Tegmental Area A8.186.211.653.822.820. Ventral Thalamic Nuclei A8.186.211.730.385.826.701.900 A8.186.211.730.317.826. ... Hypothalamic Area, Lateral A8.186.211.730.385.357.300 A8.186.211.730.317.357.300. Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System A8.186.211.730 ...
https://decs.bvs.br/I/mnchg2008.htm
Brain tissue expression of STK4 in medulla oblongata - The Human Protein AtlasBrain tissue expression of STK4 in medulla oblongata - The Human Protein Atlas
Area postrema. nTPM: 8.0 2306. Male, age 80, both hemispheres. 8.8. 2799. Male, age 61, both hemispheres. 8.2. ...
https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000101109-STK4/brain/medulla+oblongata
Chemical sympathectomy attenuates myenteric but not dorsal vagal complex Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by cholecystokinin-8...
keywords = "Area postrema, C-Fos, Chemical sympathectomy, Cholecystokinin, Dorsal vagal complex, Enteric nervous system, ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/chemical-sympathectomy-attenuates-myenteric-but-not-dorsal-vagal--3
Early predictors of perinatal brain damage: the role of neurobiomarkersEarly predictors of perinatal brain damage: the role of neurobiomarkers
Adrenomedullin microinjection into the area postrema in- creases blood pressure. Am J Physiol 1997;272:1698-703.Search in ... data on the assessment of S100B and other biomarkers in maternal blood in high-risk pregnancies will remain a key area of ...
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2019-0725/html
Oxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus regulate fluid intake | Nature NeuroscienceOxytocin-receptor-expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus regulate fluid intake | Nature Neuroscience
Previous research has suggested that the NTS and the adjacent area postrema modulate fluid intake and provide substantial input ... Oxytocin activation of neurons in ventral tegmental area and interfascicular nucleus of mouse midbrain. Neuropharmacology 77, ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-017-0014-z?error=cookies_not_supported
Characterizing pediatric-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in British Columbia | British Columbia Medical JournalCharacterizing pediatric-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in British Columbia | British Columbia Medical Journal
This could be explained by the possibility that the area postrema is one of the main targeting sites in NMOSD.[16,17] The area ... Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions: Nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 2011;76:1229-1237. ... This can be explained by the lack of tight endothelial cell junctions in the area postrema, which makes it vulnerable to ... of patients with NMOSD showed lesions on the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle and the area postrema, resulting in ...
https://bcmj.org/articles/characterizing-pediatric-onset-neuromyelitis-optica-spectrum-disorder-british-columbia
Horizontal Transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease in Reindeer - Volume 22, Number 12-December 2016 - Emerging Infectious...
PrPSc was present in the brain but restricted to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and area postrema. ... delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/12/16-0635_article
Viral Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, EtiologyViral Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
The virus may cross the BBB directly at the capillary endothelial level or through natural defects, such as the area postrema ... The diagnosis is suggested by the history of tick bite or outdoor activity in these areas of endemic disease, and the presence ... Persons at highest risk of infection are laboratory workers, pet owners, or persons living in nonhygienic areas. ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1168529
JPMA - Journal Of Pakistan Medical AssociationJPMA - Journal Of Pakistan Medical Association
Neural-immune interface in the rat area postrema. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1415-34.. 31. Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immunology ... Center-based prevalence of anxiety and depression in women of the northern areas of Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2000; 50:138-40. ...
https://jpma.org.pk/article-details/4302?article_id=4302
The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology ...The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology ...
AP area postrema, 10N nucleus of vagus, 12N hypoglossal nucleus. Scale a-e, 1.0 mm; f 500 µm ... and the area postrema (AP) (Fig. 3d, e). The nucleus ambiguus (Amb) was also EYFP-positive (Fig. 3d). Interestingly, EYFP- ... The square indicates the preBötC region, and corresponds to the area in b. b An enlarged image of the preBötC. The square ... The study located the areas that were wholly synaptically involved, including the contralateral premotor areas [36]. ...
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12576-016-0475-y
Plus itPlus it
... area postrema (ap), and inferior olivary nucleus (ion). The laminar pattern found in the cortex of young rats is still evident ... Expression occurred throughout all areas of the cerebral cortex (Fig. 2Ba-e ). In the neocortex, the pattern established after ... Electrophysiological Imaging of Functional Architecture in the Cortical Middle Temporal Visual Area of Cebus apella Monkey ... White bands show the location of proteins with GAP activity detected as areas of increased hydrolysis of [γ32P]-GTP-Rac. ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/14/5191
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Implications in Obesity | IntechOpenGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Implications in Obesity | IntechOpen
Glucagon-like peptide I receptors in the subfornical organ and the area postrema are accessible to circulating glucagon-like ... it could enter the brain by binding to blood-brain-barrier-free organs such as the subfornical organ and the area postrema [43 ... is a heterogeneous area that receives a multitude of neuronal inputs from many areas known to be important in the regulation of ... since GLP-1R mRNA has been located in brain areas related to the control of thirst, such as the preoptic area, glial cells ...
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44429
Brain And Behavior An Introduction to Biological 4th Edit...Brain And Behavior An Introduction to Biological 4th Edit...
If toxins enter the blood, the area postrema may induce vomiting to rid the stomach of the contents. ... If you had the inability to taste your food, which brain area might be having a problem?. *Insular area of the frontal lobe (*) ... If someone stimulated your area postrema, you would begin uncontrollably eating. (F) ... Jamie had a stroke, and as a result, she lost her preoptic area of the hypothalamus. What would be the most significant change ...
https://selldocshero.com/brain-and-behavior-an-introduction-to-biological-4th-edition-test-bank-a
Free Trial) Antioxidants Supplements For Weight Loss || Jewish Ledger
... h after treatment 193 The effects of various gut hormones on food intake are attenuated by lesions of the area postrema 194 or ...
http://www.jewishledger.com/weight/z5uwKwrx-antioxidants-supplements-for-weight-loss/
Find Research outputs - Augusta University Research Profiles
Lucas Kipps Profile | Stanford ProfilesLucas Kipp's Profile | Stanford Profiles
We describe a unique case in which a 50-year-old woman presented with recurrent acute brainstem syndrome, area postrema ... sex and brain tissue volumes or cord cross-sectional area (CSA).RESULTS: Patients showed lower NDI in the brain normal- ...
https://profiles.stanford.edu/lucas-kipp
Find Scholarly Works - University of Arizona
17-β-Estradiol modulation of area postrema potassium currents. Li, Z. & Hay, M., 2000, In: Journal of neurophysiology. 84, 3, p ... 17β-estradiol inhibits angiotensin II activation of area postrema neurons. Pamidimukkala, J. & Hay, M., Oct 1 2003, In: ...
https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2018&publicationYear=2020&publicationYear=2021&author=77352c7a-35e6-40c6-a9f7-0e02eedf3824&format=&nofollow=true&page=6&ordering=title&descending=false
Code System Concept
Entire area postrema Active Synonym false false 512397012 Area postrema Active Synonym false false ... Entire area postrema (body structure). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Entire area postrema (body structure). ...
https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=369039005
Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: definition, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, insights into acute and long-term management ...Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: definition, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, insights into acute and long-term management ...
The sensation of nausea is through the stimulation of area postrema in the brainstem or chemoreceptor trigger zone by the vagus ... postulated that cannabinoids normally exert their antiemetic properties via central cannabinoid receptors in the area postrema ...
https://jim.bmj.com/content/68/8/1309
1 - Multi terminal Binary Option instaforex
... ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus solitary tract, and area postrema (Rodriguez De Fonseca et al. You should do nothing ... Desert areas, characterized by no rain for long periods, exposed to strong winds carrying sand and salt, and subjected to ... 308 drop areas, 302303 Drop Column Fields, 304 Drop Row Fields, 304 expandingcollapsing, 307 exporting, 307 Field list, 302, ... 463 drop areas, 465466 dynamic aspects, 467 Binart, changing, 468 fields, dragging, 465 filter fields, 465 illustrated, 464 ...
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Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway...
Area postrema syndrome requires dorsal medulla/area postrema MRI lesions. *Acute brainstem syndrome requires associated peri- ... Area postrema syndrome requires dorsal medulla/area postrema MRI lesions. *Acute brainstem syndrome requires associated peri- ... Can be normal or show nonspecific lesions; classic lesions may also be found in the area postrema, region of the 3rd/4th ... Can be normal or show nonspecific lesions; classic lesions may also be found in the area postrema, region of the 3rd/4th ...
https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1214270-166029/what-is-the-prognosis-of-optic-neuritis-in-multiple-sclerosis-ms
Pediatric Neurology
Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in Neuromyelitis Optica. ... This months editors Choice selection is "Area Postrema: Fetal Maturation, Tumors, Vomiting Center, Growth, Role in ... the area postrema plays an important role in numerous normal and abnormal brain functions. ... three infants aged three to 18 months and three infants with lesions to trace the morphological maturation of the area postrema ...
https://www.pedneur.com/content/editorsChoiceCollection
NeuronsNucleusMedullaSyndromeVagusAQP4LesionsAngiotensinClinicalRegionBrainEnglishSizeChemoreceptorCircumventricularMedulla oblongataPinealDorsalBrainstemNucleus tractusAutonomicRatsReceptorCerebellumSyndromeNauseaLateralBrain StemInferiorSpinal cordComprisesCirculationBlood pressureFoundBodyResearchNoteEntryTypeExpressionFibersSuperiorSectionsStructureComponentsPainPrimary
Neurons3
  • It is demonstrated that some neurons within the area postrema, if not all, are responsive to glucose or sodium ions applied topically by means of microelectro-osmotic techniques. (elsevier.com)
  • Adachi, A & Kobashi, M 1985, ' Chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat ', Neuroscience Letters , vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 137-140. (elsevier.com)
  • The pFRG at least partially (the ventral and medial parts) overlaps the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), which has been identified as an area in which neurons with projections to the ventral respiratory group (VRG) originate [ 2 , 3 ]. (springer.com)
Nucleus1
  • This is consistent with histological analysis that revealed axonal degeneration of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and area postrema (AP) of the medulla. (princeton.edu)
Medulla1
  • G-protein coupled tissue receptors called TRPV1 that are located in the area postrema of the medulla, gastric enteric nerves, and vagal nerves. (unboundmedicine.com)
Syndrome1
  • Additionally, VZV-related LETM was found to be preceded by a previous attack (area postrema syndrome) that was not triggered by VZV. (rarediseaseadvisor.com)
Vagus1
  • Binding of the 5-HT3 ligand, [3H]GR65630, to rat area postrema, vagus nerve and the brains of several species. (bvsalud.org)
AQP41
  • AREAS COVERED: The distinguishing clinical, radiologic, serologic, and cerebrospinal fluid features for common etiologies of ATM, such as multiple sclerosis, aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), and spinal cord sarcoidosis, are covered. (bvsalud.org)
Lesions3
  • Six patients with NMO (40%), but no patients with MS or normal controls, exhibited unilateral or bilateral lesions involving the area postrema and the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle. (neurology.org)
  • The odds of nausea/vomiting being documented clinically was 16-fold greater in NMO cases with area postrema lesions (95% confidence interval 1.43-437, p = 0.02). (neurology.org)
  • The reason for this is typically due to where the lesions are found (ie, if they happen to involve critical areas that subserve vision, strength, and/or coordination, then it is more devastating to the patient from a functional standpoint). (healthcarejourney.com)
Angiotensin2
  • Area postrema is rich in angiotensin II receptors and intravenous (iv) administration of angiotensin II has been reported to elicit emesis. (who.int)
  • It is suggested that presence of a cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier in area postrema most probably prevents access of icv angiotensin II to its receptors which are otherwise accessible on iv administration. (who.int)
Clinical1
  • These neuropathologic findings suggest the area postrema may be a selective target of the disease process in NMO, and are compatible with clinical reports of nausea and vomiting preceding episodes of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis or being the heralding symptom of NMO. (neurology.org)
Region1
  • TH-immunoreactive axons forming axo-axonic juxtapositions with non-TH terminals were also noted to be surrounded by β-A. In the area postrema, a brain region lacking a blood-brain barrier, few β-A occurred adjacent to TH-immunoreactive terminals or elsewhere. (nyu.edu)
Brain1
  • Presentation can differ considerably among different population groups, with optic neuritis and transverse myelitis being most predominant, and combinations of presentations as well as less common area postrema, brain, or brain stem conditions that might manifest as cognitive or other disorders that aren't high on the list of the differential with respect to NMOSD [neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder]. (neurologylive.com)
English1
  • Area meaning in Hindi, Meaning of Area in English Hindi Dictionary. (aamboli.com)
Size2
Chemoreceptor12
  • The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), located in the lateral area postrema is sensitive to blood-borne emetogens. (pharmawiki.in)
  • Area postrema: chemoreceptor circumventricular organ of the medulla oblongata. (meta.org)
  • Serotonin receptors of the 5-HT 3 type are present both peripherally on vagal nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema. (nih.gov)
  • The area postrema lies outside the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and its functions include acting as an emetic chemoreceptor. (nih.gov)
  • The chemoreceptor trigger zone localized in the medullary area postrema (outside the blood brain barrier) is associated with which one(s) of the following receptor system(s)? (pharmacology2000.com)
  • This inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimulation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. (aksci.com)
  • Chemoreceptor trigger zone (area postrema of 4th ventricle): sensitive to drugs/toxins (emetics, radiation), neurotransmitters. (ddxof.com)
  • Humorally mediated emesis results from emetogenic substances in the systemic circulation that activate the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the area postrema. (knowyourbrain.net)
  • The vomiting reflex originates in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema of the brain sending nerve messages to the vomiting centre of the brain. (inhousepharmacy.vu)
  • This causes inhibition of vomiting centre, indirectly at the area postrema level and directly by inhibiting the serotonin activity in area postrema and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). (soltechlife.com)
  • Upon administration to the nostril, granisetron selectively binds to and inhibits 5-HT subtype 3 receptors (5-HT3R) located peripherally on vagus nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema, which may result in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). (blogspot.com)
  • Upon application of the transdermal system (patch) to the skin and the subsequent sustained release of granisetron into the bloodstream, granisetron selectively binds to and inhibits 5-HT subtype 3 (5-HT3) receptors located peripherally on vagus nerve terminals and centrally in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the area postrema, which may result in suppression of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. (blogspot.com)
Circumventricular3
  • The area postrema is a circumventricular brain region positioned on the dorsal surface of the medulla on the floor of the fourth ventricle. (pharmawiki.in)
  • This is the first rigorous case definition to facilitate diagnosis of DA toxicosis in sea otters, and microscopic examination of the pituitary gland, area postrema, other circumventricular organs, and both eyes facilitated confirmation of acute DA Toxicosis inSea otters. (semanticscholar.org)
  • We observed that specific areas of the brain (circumventricular organs [CVOs]) consistently showed the earliest signs of infection with VEEV and WEEV. (boothampitheatre.com)
Medulla oblongata2
  • and adjacent areas of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA . (nih.gov)
  • c-fos expression in the area postrema (AP) and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of medulla oblongata was detected by immunohistochemistry. (bvsalud.org)
Pineal1
  • These areas included the hypothalamus and anterioventral third ventricle (AV3V) region area postrema and the pineal body. (boothampitheatre.com)
Dorsal2
  • The DVC has projections to the hypothalamus and higher cortical centres 190 and comprises the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus DVN, area postrema AP, and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius NTS is an ideal position to integrate peripheral signals due to its close proximity to the AP, which has an incomplete BBB 163. (syntechnology.com)
  • PP has a high affinity for the Y4 receptor, of which expression is found in the area postrema AP, nucleus of the tractus solitarius NTS, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus DVN ARC and PVN 39 An autoradiography study also identified saturable PP binding sites at the interpeduncular nucleus, AP, NTS. (com.kw)
Brainstem2
  • The cerebellum, brainstem and area postrema/nucleus tractus solitarius had the highest binding, whereas the cortex, pituitary and septum had the least binding. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Moreover, its distribution in the CNS is almost entirely limited to a brainstem area termed the area postrema which sits outside the blood-brain barrier. (grantome.com)
Nucleus tractus1
  • GK mRNA was also found in the area postrema/nucleus tractus solitarius region by RT-PCR. (diabetesjournals.org)
Autonomic2
  • It is known that activation of the area postrema is related to the induction of homeostatic autonomic nervous systems, including nausea. (nih.gov)
  • Those are then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to autonomic subsystems and the peripheral nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Rats1
  • 16. Anorexia-cachexia syndrome in hepatoma tumour-bearing rats requires the area postrema but not vagal afferents and is paralleled by increased MIC-1/GDF15. (nih.gov)
Receptor1
  • And also they have a clear action on CGRP, which is somehow free of working on amylin-1 receptor, further increases the constipation and probably nausea in the area postrema. (vjneurology.com)
Cerebellum1
  • The cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem are the four areas that make up the brain. (risingacademy.org)
Syndrome1
  • There was exclusive vomiting in 24.7% prior to onset of clinical syndrome, none of them had area postrema involvement. (onmedica.com)
Nausea2
  • Area Postrema Cell Types that Mediate Nausea-Associated Behaviors. (neurotree.org)
  • Ondansetron and maropitant reduced overall the area under the curve of nausea behaviour score by 90% and 25%, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Lateral3
  • The lateral recess lies opposite the intermediate area. (stanford.edu)
  • This study demonstrated no significant difference between medial versus lateral subsectors of the LCST in terms of number of fibers labeled from the M1 arm/hand area. (thejns.org)
  • The body of the lateral ventricle is connected with the occipital and temporal horns by a wide area named the atrium. (medscape.com)
Brain Stem1
  • In terms of these functions, the brain stem is particularly noticeable in the cranial areas for circulatory and respiration control, pain and temperature regulation, sleep patterns, muscular activity, and sensory management. (risingacademy.org)
Inferior2
  • The modified seven sections include the traditional three sections and four additional sections that include neuroanatomic areas and subsites such as the olfactory bulb, superior colliculus, medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra, and area postrema, to name a few. (nih.gov)
  • This fossa is divided into superior, intermediate and inferior areas which are not labelled in the drawing. (stanford.edu)
Spinal cord1
  • The sympathetic division emerges from the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar areas, terminating around L2-3. (wikipedia.org)
Comprises1
  • Each patients case is reviewed by our multispecialty team, which comprises physicians in all areas of care in a single, convenient location. (knowyourbrain.net)
Circulation2
  • It area postrema is responsible for the circulation of nutrients of the body which located at the end of the bloodstream. (xionlab.com)
  • And, the reason is this: usually, monoclonal antibodies targeting the ligand are confined to circulation and have a negligible effect on amylin-1 receptors, which are located in the area postrema. (vjneurology.com)
Blood pressure1
  • Is the area postrema a control center of blood pressure? (meta.org)
Found1
  • These areas are also where the beginnings of various cranial nerves are found. (risingacademy.org)
Body3
  • While each area has its own distinct traits and functions in accordance with the rest of the body, multiple connecting routes and neurological connections run through different tissues. (risingacademy.org)
  • What happens is that the body has an area postrema, which acts as a safeguard to the body. (xionlab.com)
  • The area postrema is quick at detecting what nutrients are useful and necessary for the body and what is harmful to it. (xionlab.com)
Research2
  • The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. (meta.org)
  • A bioenergetic model that uses age/sex-specific energy requirements was developed to estimate DA doses, assuming ingestion of 2 important vector species: anchovies Engraulis mordax and sardines Sardinops sagax, and highlighted the most relevant areas of research needed for determining a definitive risk of sea lion exposure to DA. (semanticscholar.org)
Note1
  • Of note, area postrema syndromes can be the first presentation of NMOSD and a vomiting illness, subsequently followed by a transverse gunshot, may be misdiagnosed as postinfective. (xvxx.top)
Entry1
  • VEEV and WEEV entry occurred in areas of the CNS where the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was naturally absent. (boothampitheatre.com)
Type1
  • Perfusion-induced oedema does not disrupt perivascular glial sheaths in the rat area postrema: evidence for an inconspicuous type of cell junction? (meta.org)
Expression1
  • Intracarotid glucose infusions stimulated c- fos expression in the same areas that expressed GK. (diabetesjournals.org)
Fibers1
  • This approach labels CST fibers of all sizes, large and small, arising in these areas. (thejns.org)
Superior1
  • Any cell such as pelvic floor surgeons do not provide additional benefit of others in the 1910s, it was superior to the area postrema of the gut. (dsaj.org)
Sections1
  • Area postrema coronal sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, and examined to observe the venom effect in quantity of capillaries and porphology. (jvenomres.co.uk)
Structure1
  • Fine structure of the ependymal cells in the area postrema of the domestic fowl. (meta.org)
Components1
  • These four components constitute greater than 95% of diterpenoid fraction using area normalization method of HPLC-ELSD. (bvsalud.org)
Pain1
  • If such pain and its localization is already complex, then involving extraterritorial areas apart from the head and neck such as the thoracic mediastinum further complicate its diagnosis. (scielo.cl)
Primary1
  • High-resolution anterograde tracers were used in 11 rhesus macaque monkeys to define the course of the corticospinal projection (CSP) through the CVJ and LCST from the arm/hand, shoulder, and leg areas of the primary motor cortex (M1). (thejns.org)
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway...
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: Practice Essentials, Multiple Sclerosis, Afferent Visual Pathway... (medscape.com)
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Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
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Early predictors of perinatal brain damage: the role of neurobiomarkers
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Viral Meningitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
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S2 Episode 5: Weight Management as a Goal in Type 2 Diabetes Care
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The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology ...
The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology ... (link.springer.com)
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Brain And Behavior An Introduction to Biological 4th Edit...
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Lucas Kipp's Profile | Stanford Profiles (profiles.stanford.edu)
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