AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Arcuate NucleusCell NucleusPro-OpiomelanocortinHypothalamusNeuropeptide YKisspeptinsAgouti-Related ProteinNeurokinin BParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusNeuronsVentromedial Hypothalamic NucleusHypothalamus, MiddleAppetite RegulationEatingLeptinSolitary NucleusAnorexiaHyperphagiaReceptors, Leptinalpha-MSHDorsomedial Hypothalamic NucleusMelanocortinsPreoptic AreaNucleus AccumbensRats, Sprague-DawleyReceptors, Neuropeptide YSodium GlutamateHypothalamic Area, LateralFeeding BehaviorDynorphinsNeuroanatomical Tract-Tracing TechniquesProto-Oncogene Proteins c-fosThalamic NucleiMedian EminenceNeuropeptidesMelanocyte-Stimulating HormonesInjections, IntraventricularReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 3beta-EndorphinCochlear NucleusGhrelinGalanin-Like PeptideNeuronal Tract-TracersImmunohistochemistryRaphe NucleiReceptors, Neurokinin-3GalaninGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneRNA, MessengerEnergy MetabolismCerebellar NucleiIn Situ HybridizationSeptal NucleiActive Transport, Cell NucleusCaudate NucleusNeural PathwaysThird VentricleOvariectomyReceptor, Melanocortin, Type 4Receptors, GhrelinBrain StemMicroinjectionsPeptide YYPhodopusRespiratory System AbnormalitiesFood DeprivationReceptors, MelanocortinRats, WistarTyrosine 3-MonooxygenaseHypothalamic HormonesElectroacupunctureSuprachiasmatic NucleusEstradiolStilbamidinesRed NucleusBrainTrigeminal NucleiPeptide HormonesFourth VentricleBody WeightSubthalamic NucleusAppetite DepressantsNeurosecretory SystemsMedulla OblongataLuteinizing HormoneSupraoptic NucleusGreen Fluorescent ProteinsGlutamate Decarboxylasegamma-Aminobutyric AcidMice, Inbred C57BLGene Expression RegulationSatiety ResponseCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneMidline Thalamic NucleiPeriaqueductal GraySignal TransductionFastingMice, TransgenicAnimals, NewbornSerotonergic Neurons
Arcuate Nucleus
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Pro-Opiomelanocortin
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Hypothalamus
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Neuropeptide Y
A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.
Kisspeptins
Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.
Agouti-Related Protein
A secreted protein of approximately 131 amino acids that is related to AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN and is also an antagonist of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR activity. It is expressed primarily in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the ADRENAL GLAND. As a paracrine signaling molecule, AGRP is known to regulate food intake and body weight. Elevated AGRP has been associated with OBESITY.
Neurokinin B
A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
A nucleus of the middle hypothalamus, the largest cell group of the tuberal region with small-to-medium size cells.
Hypothalamus, Middle
Middle portion of the hypothalamus containing the arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial nuclei, the TUBER CINEREUM and the PITUITARY GLAND.
Appetite Regulation
Physiologic mechanisms which regulate or control the appetite and food intake.
Eating
The consumption of edible substances.
Leptin
A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.
Solitary Nucleus
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.
Hyperphagia
Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.
Receptors, Leptin
Cell surface receptors for obesity factor (LEPTIN), a hormone secreted by the WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Upon leptin-receptor interaction, the signal is mediated through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to regulate food intake, energy balance and fat storage.
alpha-MSH
A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.
Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
An aggregation of cells in the middle hypothalamus dorsal to the ventromedial nucleus and bordering the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Melanocortins
Peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which can stimulate MELANOCYTES or CORTICOTROPHS. Melanocortins include ACTH; ALPHA-MSH; and other peptides such as BETA-MSH and GAMMA-MSH, derived from other fragments of POMC. These peptides act through a variety of MELANOCORTIN RECEPTORS to control different functions including steroidogenesis, energy homeostasis, feeding, and skin pigmentation.
Preoptic Area
Region of hypothalamus between the ANTERIOR COMMISSURE and OPTIC CHIASM.
Nucleus Accumbens
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Receptors, Neuropeptide Y
Cell surface proteins that bind neuropeptide Y with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells.
Sodium Glutamate
One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.
Hypothalamic Area, Lateral
Area in the hypothalamus bounded medially by the mammillothalamic tract and the anterior column of the FORNIX (BRAIN). The medial edge of the INTERNAL CAPSULE and the subthalamic region form its lateral boundary. It contains the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, lateral tuberal nuclei, and fibers of the MEDIAL FOREBRAIN BUNDLE.
Feeding Behavior
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
Dynorphins
A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.
Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques
Methods used to label and follow the course of NEURAL PATHWAYS by AXONAL TRANSPORT of injected NEURONAL TRACT-TRACERS.
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos
Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.
Thalamic Nuclei
Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.
Median Eminence
Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.
Neuropeptides
Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones
Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.
Injections, Intraventricular
Injections into the cerebral ventricles.
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH; GAMMA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.
beta-Endorphin
A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.
Cochlear Nucleus
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
Ghrelin
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
Galanin-Like Peptide
A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.
Neuronal Tract-Tracers
Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Raphe Nuclei
Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Receptors, Neurokinin-3
A class of cell surface receptors for tachykinins that prefers neurokinin B (neurokinin beta, neuromedin K) over other tachykinins. Neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. They have been found in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.
Galanin
A neuropeptide of 29-30 amino acids depending on the species. Galanin is widely distributed throughout the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and INTESTINES. There are various subtypes of GALANIN RECEPTORS implicating roles of galanin in regulating FOOD INTAKE; pain perception; memory; and other neuroendocrine functions.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Energy Metabolism
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
Cerebellar Nuclei
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
In Situ Hybridization
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Septal Nuclei
Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Caudate Nucleus
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Neural Pathways
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
Third Ventricle
A narrow cleft inferior to the CORPUS CALLOSUM, within the DIENCEPHALON, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the HYPOTHALAMUS, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by EPENDYMA. It communicates with the FOURTH VENTRICLE by the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT, and with the LATERAL VENTRICLES by the interventricular foramina.
Ovariectomy
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4
A melanocortin receptor subtype found primarily in BRAIN. It shows specificity for ALPHA-MSH; BETA-MSH and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE.
Receptors, Ghrelin
Transmembrane proteins that recognize and bind GHRELIN, a potent stimulator of GROWTH HORMONE secretion and food intake in mammals. Ghrelin receptors are found in the pituitary and HYPOTHALAMUS. They belong to the family of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Microinjections
The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.
Peptide YY
A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.
Phodopus
A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.
Respiratory System Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the respiratory system.
Food Deprivation
The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.
Receptors, Melanocortin
A family of G-protein-coupled receptors that have specificity for MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES and ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. There are several subtypes of melanocortin receptors, each having a distinct ligand specificity profile and tissue localization.
Rats, Wistar
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.
Hypothalamic Hormones
Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.
Electroacupuncture
A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.
Estradiol
The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.
Stilbamidines
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
Red Nucleus
A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Trigeminal Nuclei
Nuclei of the trigeminal nerve situated in the brain stem. They include the nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS, SPINAL), the principal sensory nucleus, the mesencephalic nucleus, and the motor nucleus.
Peptide Hormones
Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.
Fourth Ventricle
An irregularly shaped cavity in the RHOMBENCEPHALON, located between the MEDULLA OBLONGATA; the PONS; and the isthmus in front, and the CEREBELLUM behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the SUBARACHNOID SPACE.
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Subthalamic Nucleus
Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.
Appetite Depressants
Agents that are used to suppress appetite.
Neurosecretory Systems
A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.
Medulla Oblongata
The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.
Luteinizing Hormone
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Supraoptic Nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus overlying the beginning of the OPTIC TRACT.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Satiety Response
Behavioral response associated with the achieving of gratification.
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.
Midline Thalamic Nuclei
Small, nonspecific nerve cells scattered in the periventricular GRAY MATTER, separating the medial part of the thalamus from the EPENDYMA of the THIRD VENTRICLE. The group includes the paraventricular nucleus, paratenial nucleus, reuniens nucleus, rhomboidal nucleus, and subfascular nucleus.
Periaqueductal Gray
Central gray matter surrounding the CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT in the MESENCEPHALON. Physiologically it is probably involved in RAGE reactions, the LORDOSIS REFLEX; FEEDING responses, bladder tonus, and pain.
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Fasting
Abstaining from all food.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Serotonergic Neurons
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is SEROTONIN.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Estrous Cycle
The period of cyclic physiological and behavior changes in non-primate female mammals that exhibit ESTRUS. The estrous cycle generally consists of 4 or 5 distinct periods corresponding to the endocrine status (PROESTRUS; ESTRUS; METESTRUS; DIESTRUS; and ANESTRUS).
Cytoplasm
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Splanchnic Nerves
The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.
Renilla
A genus of bioluminescent marine invertebrates in the family Renillidae, order Pennatulacea, class ANTHOZOA. It contains Renilla LUCIFERASE which oxidizes coelenterazine resulting in LUMINESCENCE.
Feedback, Physiological
A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.
GABA Agents
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABAergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Pituitary Hormones
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
Cholinergic Neurons
Neurons whose primary neurotransmitter is ACETYLCHOLINE.
Dopamine
One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.
Afferent Pathways
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Olivary Nucleus
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
Glutamic Acid
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Berberine Alkaloids
A group of related plant alkaloids that contain the BERBERINE heterocyclic ring structure.
Enkephalins
One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.
Nerve Tissue Proteins
Homeostasis
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
Appetite
Natural recurring desire for food. Alterations may be induced by APPETITE DEPRESSANTS or APPETITE STIMULANTS.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Vagus Nerve
The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx).
Rats, Zucker
Two populations of Zucker rats have been cited in research--the "fatty" or obese and the lean. The "fatty" rat (Rattus norvegicus) appeared as a spontaneous mutant. The obese condition appears to be due to a single recessive gene.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Orchiectomy
The surgical removal of one or both testicles.
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Infusions, Intraventricular
The delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity of the brain.
Insulin
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone
A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Antagonistic effects of extract from leaves of ginkgo biloba on glutamate neurotoxicity. (1/497)

AIM: To determine whether the extract of leaves of Ginkgo biloba L (EGb) and several active constituents of EGb have protective effects against glutamate (Glu)-induced neuronal damage. METHODS: Microscopy and image analysis of nucleus areas in the arcuate nuclei (AN) of mice were made. The neuronal viability in primary cultures from mouse cerebral cortex was assessed using MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] staining and the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of single neuron was measured using Fura-2. RESULTS: EGb (2.5 mg.L-1) and its constituent ginkgolide B (Gin B, 2 mg.L-1) protected the neuronal viability against Glu-induced injury, and prevented the Glu-induced elevation in [Ca2+]i. EGb (3-10 mg.kg-1) attenuated the decrease of nucleus areas in arcuate nuclei induced by Glu (1 g.kg-1, s.c.). CONCLUSION: EGb and Gin B prevent neurons from Glu neurotoxicity through reduction of the rise in [Ca2+]i.  (+info)

Multiple neuropeptide Y receptors regulate K+ and Ca2+ channels in acutely isolated neurons from the rat arcuate nucleus. (2/497)

We examined the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and related peptides on Ca2+ and K+ currents in acutely isolated neurons from the arcuate nucleus of the rat. NPY analogues that activated all of the known NPY receptors (Y1-Y5), produced voltage-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ currents and activation of inwardly rectifying K+ currents in arcuate neurons. Both of these effects could occur simultaneously in the same cells. In some cells, activation of Y4 NPY receptors also caused oscillations in [Ca2+]i. NPY hyperpolarized arcuate neurons through the activation of a K+ conductance and increased the spike threshold. Molecular biological studies indicated that arcuate neurons possessed all of the previously cloned NPY receptor types (Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5). Thus activation of multiple types NPY receptors on arcuate neurons can regulate both Ca2+ and K+ conductances leading to a reduction in neuronal excitability and a suppression of neurotransmitter release.  (+info)

Analgesia-producing mechanism of processed Aconiti tuber: role of dynorphin, an endogenous kappa-opioid ligand, in the rodent spinal cord. (3/497)

The analgesia-producing mechanism of processed Aconiti tuber was examined using rodents whose nociceptive threshold was decreased by loading repeated cold stress (RCS). The antinociceptive effect of processed Aconiti tuber (0.3 g/kg, p.o.) in RCS-loaded mice was antagonized by pretreatment with a kappa-opioid antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine (10 mg/kg, s.c.), and was abolished by an intrathecal injection of anti-dynorphin antiserum (5 microg). The Aconiti tuber-induced antinociception was inhibited by both dexamethasone (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and a dopamine D2 antagonist, sulpiride (10 mg/kg, i.p.), in RCS-loaded mice, and it was eliminated by both an electric lesion of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (HARN) and a highly selective dopamine D2 antagonist, eticlopride (0.05 microg), administered into the HARN in RCS-loaded rats. These results suggest that the analgesic effect of processed Aconiti tuber was produced via the stimulation of kappa-opioid receptors by dynorphin released in the spinal cord. It was also shown that dopamine D2 receptors in the HARN were involved in the expression of the analgesic activity of processed Aconiti tuber.  (+info)

STZ-induced diabetes decreases and insulin normalizes POMC mRNA in arcuate nucleus and pituitary in rats. (4/497)

Effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and insulin on opioid peptide gene expression were examined in rats. In experiment 1, three groups were administered STZ (75 mg/kg ip single injection). Two groups were killed at either 2 or 4 wk. In the third group, insulin treatment (7.0 IU/kg x 1 day for 3 wk) was initiated 1 wk after STZ injection. STZ induced hyperphagia and reduced weight gain. Insulin decreased food intake and increased body weight relative to diabetes. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA in arcuate nucleus (Arc) and pituitary decreased in diabetes and normalized after insulin treatment. Prodynorphin (proDyn) mRNA increased in diabetes and normalized in the pituitary after insulin but not in the Arc. Diabetes did not alter proenkephalin (proEnk) expression in the Arc or pituitary, nor dynorphin A1-17 or beta-endorphin in paraventricular nucleus (PVN). alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide levels were decreased in the PVN and normalized following insulin treatment. Diabetes increased Arc neuropeptide Y mRNA, and insulin suppressed this increase. In experiment 2, insulin (2.5 IU/kg sc) daily for 1 wk in normal rats increased Arc POMC mRNA, but not proDyn and proEnk mRNA. These results suggest that Arc POMC expression and PVN alpha-MSH peptide levels decrease in diabetes. Also, insulin may influence Arc and pituitary POMC activity in neurons that regulate energy metabolism.  (+info)

Expression of preproopiomelanocortin mRNA and preprodynorphin mRNA in brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats. (5/497)

AIM: To compare the expressions of prepropiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA and preprodynorphin (PPD) mRNA between 16-wk-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). METHODS: The expression of POMC mRNA and PPD mRNA were detected with nonradioactive in situ hybridization by digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe. RESULTS: POMC mRNA mainly was expressed in arcuate nucleus, compared with WKY, SHR had higher level of POMC mRNA (542). PPD mRNA was found in hippocampus, hypothalamus, central gray, nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and thoracic spinal cord (T4-T6). Compared with WKY, PPD mRNA level of SHR decreased in dentate gyrus (2342), NTS (381), and medial preoptic area (467); no difference was observed in arcuate nucleus (263), thoracic spinal cord (750-1800) and CA1, CA2, CA3 of hippocampus (1674, 2014, 2626). CONCLUSION: Increase of POMC mRNA in arcuate nucleus and decrease of PPD mRNA in dentate gyrus of SHR may be associated with the genesis of spontaneous hypertension.  (+info)

Distribution of estrogen receptor-beta messenger ribonucleic acid in the male sheep hypothalamus. (6/497)

As a first step in determining possible influences of the newly discovered estrogen receptor (ER)-beta on reproduction, we have localized mRNA for ER-beta within the male sheep hypothalamus using in situ hybridization and a rat ER-beta cRNA probe. Highest amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the preoptic area (POA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, and supraoptic nucleus. Relatively moderate amounts of hybridization signal were observed in the retrochiasmatic area (RCH), anterior hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. Only a low level of hybridization signal was observed in the ventromedial hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and arcuate nucleus. The presence of ER-beta mRNA in several areas of the male sheep hypothalamus suggests multiple functions for this receptor. The distribution of ER-beta in the ovine hypothalamus was similar to that described for the rat, suggesting a high degree of functional conservation across species. A role for ER-beta in influencing reproduction is suggested by its presence in the POA and RCH, regions of the hypothalamus that control reproduction.  (+info)

Pre- and postsynaptic actions of opioid and orphan opioid agonists in the rat arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus in vitro. (7/497)

1. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording from neurones in an in vitro slice preparation, we have examined opioid- and orphanin FQ (OFQ)-mediated modulation of synaptic transmission in the rat arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). 2. Application of OFQ activated a Ba2+-sensitive and inwardly rectifying K+ conductance in approximately 50 % of arcuate nucleus neurones and approximately 95 % of VMH neurones. The OFQ-activated current was blocked by the nociceptin antagonist [Phe1Psi(CH2NH)Gly2]-nociceptin(1-13) NH2 (NCA), a peptide that on its own exhibited only weak agonist activity at high concentrations (> 1 microM). Similar current activation was observed with the mu agonist DAMGO but not delta (DPDPE) or kappa (U69593) agonists. 3. In arcuate nucleus neurones, DAMGO (1 microM), U69593 (1 microM) and OFQ (100 nM to 1 microM) but not DPDPE (1 microM) were found to depress the amplitude of electrically evoked glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and decrease the magnitude of paired-pulse depression, indicating that opioid receptors were located presynaptically. 4. In VMH neurones, DAMGO strongly depressed the EPSC amplitude in all cells examined. DAMGO decreased the magnitude of paired-pulse depression, indicating that mu receptors were located presynaptically. U69593 weakly depressed the EPSC while OFQ and DPDPE had no effect. 5. In VMH neurones, DAMGO depressed the frequency of miniature EPSCs (-58 %) in the presence of tetrodotoxin and Cd2+ (100 microM), suggesting that the actions of mu receptors could be mediated by an inhibition of the synaptic vesicle release process downstream of Ca2+ entry. 6. The data presented show that presynaptic modulation of excitatory neurotransmission in the arcuate nucleus occurs through mu, kappa and the orphan opioid ORL-1 receptors while in the VMH presynaptic modulation only occurs through mu opioid receptors. Additionally, postsynaptic mu and ORL-1 receptors in both the arcuate nucleus and VMH modulate neuronal excitability through activation of a K+ conductance.  (+info)

Expression of the Huntington's disease gene is regulated in astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of postpartum rats. (8/497)

Huntington's disease (HD) is one of a number of neurodegenerative disorders caused by expansion of polyglutamine-encoding CAG repeats within specific genes. Huntingtin, the protein product of the HD gene, is widely expressed in neural and nonneural human and rodent tissue. The function of the wild-type or mutated form of huntingtin is currently unknown. We have observed that relative to naive and male animals, huntingtin protein was significantly increased in the arcuate nucleus of postpartum rats. Using an oligonucleotide probe, in situ and Northern blot hybridization confirmed the expression of huntingtin mRNA. Quantification of the in situ hybridization signal in the arcuate nucleus revealed an approximate sevenfold increase in the expression of huntingtin mRNA in postpartum, lactating animals compared with naive female or male animals. Emulsion autoradiography and immunohistochemistry revealed that the cells with elevated huntingtin expression had a stellate conformation that morphologically resembled astrocytes. Dual label immunofluorescence immunohistochemistry demonstrated the colocalization of huntingtin and glial fibrillary acidic protein in these cells, confirming that they were astrocytes. Astrocytes expressing huntingtin were consistently found in close apposition to neuronal soma, suggesting interactions between these cell types. During the perinatal and postnatal period, the hypothalamus undergoes alterations in metabolic function. Our results support the idea of glia-induced metabolic changes in the hypothalamus. These results provide the first demonstration of naturally occurring changes in the expression of the Huntington's disease gene in the brain and suggest that huntingtin may play an important role in the processes that regulate neuroendocrine function.  (+info)

Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a...Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a...
Enhancement of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) and Constancy of Kiss1 mRNAs Expression in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in a Model of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat
https://gmj.ir/index.php/gmj/article/view/1070
Local synaptic release of glutamate from neurons in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleusLocal synaptic release of glutamate from neurons in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus
1. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) contains neuroendocrine neurons that regulate endocrine secretions by releasing substances which control anterior pituitary hormonal release into the portal blood stream. Many neuroactive substances have been identified in the ARC, but the existence of excit …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9130170/?dopt=Abstract
Insulin Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus | DiabetesInsulin Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus | Diabetes
In peripheral tissues, insulin signaling involves activation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme system. In the hypothalamus, insulin functions with leptin as an afferent adiposity signal important for the regulation of body fat stores and hepatic glucose metabolism. To test the hypothesis that hypothalamic insulin action involves intracellular PI3K signaling, we used histochemical and biochemical methods to determine the effect of insulin on hypothalamic IRS-PI3K activity. Here, we report that insulin induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1 and -2, increases binding of activated IRS-1 and -2 to the regulatory subunit of PI3K, and activates protein kinase B/Akt, a downstream target of PI3K. Using an immunohistochemical technique to detect PI 3,4,5-triphosphate, the main product of PI3K activity, we further demonstrate that in the arcuate nucleus, insulin-induced PI3K activity occurs preferentially within cells that ...
https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/52/2/227.abstract
A G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Is Involved in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis | Journal of NeuroscienceA G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Is Involved in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis | Journal of Neuroscience
For the first time we have identified a nonsteroidal compound, STX, which selectively targets the mER and is more potent than E2 in activating a membrane delimited pathway in hypothalamic arcuate neurons. STX is fully efficacious in ERα and ERβ knock-out mice and has no proliferative effects on reproductive organs, yet it is effective in reducing the weight gain associated with hypoestrogenic states. Although we found that other arcuate neurons express this mER signaling pathway (Qiu et al., 2003), this pathway is involved in heterologous desensitization of the μ-opioid (autoreceptor) and GABAB receptors in POMC neurons and therefore would play a critical role in dictating the level of excitability POMC neurons. These neurons appear to be the critical relay neurons in the melanocortin pathway, and their activity ultimately dictates the level of excitability in feeding circuits (Saper et al., 2002; Jobst et al., 2004; Cone, 2005).. Presently, we have characterized an mER that is Gq-coupled ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/21/5649.long
Acta Physiologica Sinica 2000 Issue 3 Melatonin attenuates the intensity of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus...Acta Physiologica Sinica 2000 Issue 3 Melatonin attenuates the intensity of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus...
Acta Physiologica Sinica Melatonin attenuates the intensity of β-endorphin immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus of rat hypothalamus 2000 Issue 0371-0874
http://oriprobe.com/journals/shenglxb/2000_3.html
Arcuate Nucleus definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.comArcuate Nucleus definition | Psychology Glossary | alleydog.com
Psychology definition for Arcuate Nucleus in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students. Help us get better.
https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Arcuate+Nucleus
The extracellular N-terminal domain of G-protein coupled receptor 83 regulates signaling properties and is an intramolecular...The extracellular N-terminal domain of G-protein coupled receptor 83 regulates signaling properties and is an intramolecular...
Recently, the orphan G-protein coupled receptor 83 (GPR83) was identified as a new participant in body weight regulation. This receptor is highly expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and is regulated in response to nutrient availability. Gpr83 knock-out mice are protected from diet-induced obesity. Moreover, in a previous study, we designed and characterized several artificial constitutively activating mutations (CAMs) in GPR83. A particular CAM was located in the extracellular N-terminal domain (eNDo) that is highly conserved among GPR83 orthologs. This suggests the contribution of this receptor part into regulation of signaling, which needed a more detailed investigation. In this present study, therefore, we further explored the role of the eNDo in regulating GPR83-signaling and demonstrate a proof-of-principle approach in that deletion mutants are characterized by a strong increase in basal Gq/11-mediated signaling, whilst none of the additionally characterized signaling pathways (Gs, Gi,
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-0500-7-913
GLP-1R signaling directly activates arcuate nucleus kisspeptin action in brain slices but does not rescue luteinizing hormone...GLP-1R signaling directly activates arcuate nucleus kisspeptin action in brain slices but does not rescue luteinizing hormone...
TY - JOUR. T1 - GLP-1R signaling directly activates arcuate nucleus kisspeptin action in brain slices but does not rescue luteinizing hormone inhibition in ovariectomized mice during negative energy balance. AU - Heppner, Kristy M.. AU - Baquero, Arian F.. AU - Bennett, Camdin M.. AU - Lindsley, Sarah R.. AU - Kirigiti, Melissa A.. AU - Bennett, Baylin. AU - Bosch, Martha A.. AU - Mercer, Aaron J.. AU - Ronnekleiv, Oline. AU - True, Cadence. AU - Grove, Kevin. AU - Smith, M (Susan). PY - 2017/1/5. Y1 - 2017/1/5. N2 - Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are key components of the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis, as they regulate the basal pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). ARC Kiss1 action is dependent on energy status, and unmasking metabolic factors responsible for modulating ARC Kiss1 neurons is of great importance. One possible factor is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), an anorexigenic neuropeptide produced by brainstem ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/glp-1r-signaling-directly-activates-arcuate-nucleus-kisspeptin-ac
The arcuate nucleus as a primary site of satiety effect of leptin in rats<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The arcuate nucleus as a primary site of satiety effect of leptin in rats. AU - Satoh, Noriko. AU - Ogawa, Yoshihiro. AU - Katsuura, Goro. AU - Hayase, Minoru. AU - Tsuji, Tetsuo. AU - Imagawa, Keiichi. AU - Yoshimasa, Yasunao. AU - Nishi, Shigeo. AU - Hosoda, Kiminori. AU - Nakao, Kazuwa. PY - 1997/4/10. Y1 - 1997/4/10. N2 - The obese (ob) gene encodes a fat cell-derived circulating satiety factor (leptin) that is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In the present study, we examined effects of i.c.v. injection of recombinant human leptin on food intake and body weight gain in rats. We also studied effects of direct microinjections of leptin into the arcuate nucleus (Arc), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), and lateral hypothalamus (LH). A single i.c.v. injection of recombinant human leptin (0.25-2.0 μg/rat) reduced significantly and dose-dependently food intake and body weight gain in rats. Microinjections (0.125-0.5 μg/site) into the bilateral Arc, VMH, and LH ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-arcuate-nucleus-as-a-primary-site-of-satiety-effect-of-leptin
LPS immune challenge reduces arcuate nucleus TSHR and CART mRNA and elevates plasma CART peptides | BMC Neuroscience | Full TextLPS immune challenge reduces arcuate nucleus TSHR and CART mRNA and elevates plasma CART peptides | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
The aim was to examine the impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation on expression of mRNA for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and its ligands in CNS areas of relevance for feeding controls and metabolism. Lipopolysaccharide effects on plasma levels of TSH and CART peptides were also examined. Lipopolysaccharide (150-200 μg/mouse) was injected in C57BL/6J mice and tissue and plasma samples taken after 24 h. To establish if plasma increase in CART peptide levels were prostanoid dependent, indomethacin was given via the drinking water beginning 48 h prior to LPS. We evaluated mRNA expression for CART, TSHR, TSHβ, and thyrostimulin in brain and pituitary extracts. Plasma levels of TSH, CARTp, and serum amyloid P component were analyzed by ELISA. Lipopolysaccharide suppressed TSHR mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and the pituitary. CART mRNA expression was reduced in the arcuate nucleus but elevated in the pituitary of mice
https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12868-019-0539-z
Most recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword arcuate nucleus | Read by QxMD
The study explored effects of brexpiprazole (partial D2/5-HT1A agonist, 5-HT2A and α1B/2C-adrenoceptor antagonist) in rats exposed to predator scent stress (PSS), a proposed model of PTSD-like phenotype. Brexpiprazole (3.0mg/kg, PO), escitalopram (5.0mg/kg, IP) and their combination were administered twice daily for 14 days, starting 14 days after exposure to PSS or sham-PSS, shortly after a situational stress reminder. One day after last treatment behavioral responsivity was assessed. Brexpiprazole+escitalopram-treated rats spent more time in open arms, entered open arms more often and exhibited a lower anxiety index in the elevated plus maze than vehicle-treated, PSS-exposed rats ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/74257
Nayna Sanathara | Department of Pharmacology | School of Medicine | University of California, Irvine
Sanathara NM, Moreas J, Mahavongtrakul M, Sinchak K. Estradiol upregulates progesterone receptor and orphanin FQ colocalization in arcuate nucleus neurons and opioid receptor-like receptor-1 expression in proopiomelanocortin neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology. 2014;100(2-3):103-18. PMCID: 4225187 ...
http://pharmacology.uci.edu/alumni-profiles/sanathara1.asp
Glucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | DiabetesGlucose Sensing in Pancreatic β-Cells | Diabetes
Within the hypothalamus, an important role can be attributed to the ARC nucleus, which contains two important populations of cells with antagonistic effects on food intake (7). The first consists of appetite-stimulating cells that express two orexigenic peptides: NPY, an agonist of NPY receptors, and Agouti-related protein (AgRP), the antagonist of the melanocortin receptors (types 3 [MC3-R] and 4 [MC4-R]). These cells project to different hypothalamic nuclei, such as the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the LHA (Fig. 3), which in turn are linked to centers regulating appetite and energy expenditure (7,88). It was mentioned earlier that some of these cells express both GK and GLUT2 and, thus, may be capable of directly monitoring nutrient homeostasis via measurement of plasma glucose levels. A second population of ARC neurons produces the anorectic peptide α-MSH, an end product of POMC processing (89), and the cocaine/amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) ...
https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/50/1/1?ijkey=a68f821dae9fc84c58815b1f4f1ba8b16bc88b91&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
The design of barriers in the hypothalamus allows the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus to enjoy private milieus: the...The design of barriers in the hypothalamus allows the median eminence and the arcuate nucleus to enjoy private milieus: the...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093161?dopt=Abstract
求精准翻译 - 检索知识交流版 -丁香园论坛求精准翻译 - 检索知识交流版 -丁香园论坛
The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight lossLiraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the tr
http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/topic/43989661?onlyHost=1
Glucokinase activation enhances sugar craving in rodents | EurekAlert! Science NewsGlucokinase activation enhances sugar craving in rodents | EurekAlert! Science News
A new study in the Journal of Clinical Investigation reveals that activation of an enzyme, glucokinase, in a region of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus specifically increases glucose uptake.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-12/joci-gae120514.php
The temporal sequence of gut peptide-central nervous system interactions tracked in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging :...The temporal sequence of gut peptide-central nervous system interactions tracked in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging :...
Hormonal satiety signals secreted by the gut play a pivotal role in the physiological control of appetite. However, therapeutic exploitation of the gut-brain axis requires greater insight into the interaction of gut hormones with CNS circuits of appetite control. Using the manganese ion (Mn2+) as an activity-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, we showed an increase in signal intensity (SI) in key appetite-regulatory regions of the hypothalamus, including the arcuate, paraventricular, and ventromedial nuclei, after peripheral injection of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Conversely, administration of the anorexigenic hormone peptide YY3-36 caused a reduction in SI. In both cases, the changes in SI recorded in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus preceded the effect of these peptides on food intake. Intravenous Mn2+ itself did not significantly alter ghrelin-mediated expression of the immediate early gene product c-Fos, nor did it cause abnormalities of behavior or metabolic ...
https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9196z/the-temporal-sequence-of-gut-peptide-central-nervous-system-interactions-tracked-in-vivo-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging
Items where Author is Liposits, Zsolt - Repository of the Academys LibraryItems where Author is Liposits, Zsolt - Repository of the Academys Library
Sárvári, Miklós and Kalló, Imre and Hrabovszky, Erik and Solymosi, Norbert and Liposits, Zsolt (2017) Ovariectomy Alters Gene Expression of the Hippocampal Formation in Middle-Aged Rats. Endocrinology, 158 (1). pp. 69-83. ISSN 0013-7227 (print), 1945-7170 (online) Vastagh, Csaba and Rodolosse, Annie and Solymosi, Norbert and Liposits, Zsolt (2016) Altered Expression of Genes Encoding Neurotransmitter Receptors in GnRH Neurons of Proestrous Mice. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 10. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1662-5102, ESSN: 1662-5102 Molnár, Csilla and Sárvári, Miklós and Vastagh, Csaba and Maurnyi, Csilla and Fekete, Csaba and Liposits, Zsolt and Hrabovszky, Erik (2016) Altered gene expression profile of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of male mice suggests profound developmental changes in peptidergic signaling. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY. ISSN 0028-3835 (In Press) Bálint, Flóra and Liposits, Zsolt and Farkas, Imre (2016) Estrogen Receptor Beta and 2-arachidonoylglycerol Mediate the Suppressive ...
http://real.mtak.hu/view/creators/Liposits=3AZsolt=3A=3A.html
LPS immune challenge redu… - Göteborgs universitetLPS immune challenge redu… - Göteborgs universitet
The aim was to examine the impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation on expression of mRNA for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and its ligands in CNS areas of relevance for feeding controls and metabolism. Lipopolysaccharide effects on plasma levels of TSH and CART peptides were also examined.Lipopolysaccharide (150-200 μg/mouse) was injected in C57BL/6J mice and tissue and plasma samples taken after 24 h. To establish if plasma increase in CART peptide levels were prostanoid dependent, indomethacin was given via the drinking water beginning 48 h prior to LPS. We evaluated mRNA expression for CART, TSHR, TSHβ, and thyrostimulin in brain and pituitary extracts. Plasma levels of TSH, CARTp, and serum amyloid P component were analyzed by ELISA.Lipopolysaccharide suppressed TSHR mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and the pituitary. CART mRNA expression was reduced in the arcuate nucleus but elevated in the pituitary of ...
https://www.gu.se/forskning/publikation/?print=true&publicationId=287613
In The End - Have your say about the film » In The End: a documentary about end-of-life decision...
I firmly believe that the medical system is not managing end of life care with compassion and recognition of patients `right to choose a dignified and peaceful death if quality of life is lost and this has been recorded in an advance care directive whilst of sound mind. I find it very difficult to believe that anyone with an ounce of compassion can deny those who have lost quality of life be it degeneration or terminal illness the right to make a choice for a dignified and peaceful death provided this has been documented in an advance care directive whilst of sound mind.. When the end is nigh, it is best to avoid hospital; the health system is geared to actively treating patients, not to recognize the dying.. I would like to have a tattoo on my chest If I should lose quality of life please let me die with dignity. There are thousands of patients in hospitals and nursing homes with no quality of life lingering on indefinitely awaiting the blessing of death to release them from their ...
http://in-the-end.com.au/end-of-life-decision-making/
Estradiol protects proopiomelanocortin neurons against insulin resistance<...Estradiol protects proopiomelanocortin neurons against insulin resistance<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Estradiol protects proopiomelanocortin neurons against insulin resistance. AU - Qiu, Jian. AU - Bosch, Martha A.. AU - Meza, Cecilia. AU - Navarro, Uyen Vy. AU - Nestor, Casey C.. AU - Wagner, Edward J.. AU - Ronnekleiv, Oline. AU - Kelly, Martin. PY - 2018/2/1. Y1 - 2018/2/1. N2 - Insulin resistance is at the core of the metabolic syndrome, and men exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than women in early adult life, but this sex advantage diminishes sharply when women reach the postmenopausal state. Because 17β-estradiol (E2) augments the excitability of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of E2 against insulin resistance in POMC neurons from diet-induced obese (DIO) female and male mice. The efficacy of insulin to activate canonical transient receptor potential 5 (TRPC5) channels and depolarize POMC neurons was significantly reduced in DIO male mice but not in DIO female mice. However, the insulin ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/estradiol-protects-proopiomelanocortin-neurons-against-insulin-re
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
https://moju67.cn.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/130340/figure/5
JCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behaviorJCI - Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding behavior
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
https://yinyuanyx.cn.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/130340/pdf
JCI - Citations to Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding...JCI - Citations to Extrahypothalamic GABAergic nociceptin-expressing neurons regulate AgRP neuron activity to control feeding...
Arcuate nucleus agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons play a central role in feeding and are under complex regulation by both homeostatic hormonal and nutrient signals and hypothalamic neuronal pathways. Feeding may also be influenced by environmental cues, sensory inputs, and other behaviors, implying the involvement of higher brain regions. However, whether such pathways modulate feeding through direct synaptic control of AgRP neuron activity is unknown. Here, we show that nociceptin-expressing neurons in the anterior bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (aBNST) make direct GABAergic inputs onto AgRP neurons. We found that activation of these neurons inhibited AgRP neurons and feeding. The activity of these neurons increased upon food availability, and their ablation resulted in obesity. Furthermore, these neurons received afferent inputs from a range of upstream brain regions as well as hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, aBNST GABAergic nociceptin neurons may act as a gateway to feeding behavior ...
https://www.jci.org/articles/view/130340/citations
Prader-Willi syndrome - WikipediaPrader-Willi syndrome - Wikipedia
PWS is frequently associated with a constant, extreme, ravenous, insatiable appetite, which persists no matter how much the patient eats, often resulting in morbid obesity. Caregivers need to strictly limit the patients access to food, usually by installing locks on refrigerators and on all closets and cabinets where food is stored.[20] It is the most common genetic cause of morbid obesity in children.[21] Currently, no consensus exists as to the cause for this symptom, although genetic abnormalities in chromosome 15 disrupt the normal functioning of the hypothalamus.[15] Given that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulates many basic processes, including appetite, a link may well exist. In the hypothalamus of people with PWS, nerve cells that produce oxytocin, a hormone thought to contribute to satiety, have been found to be abnormal. People with PWS have high ghrelin levels, which are thought to directly contribute to the increased appetite, hyperphagia, and obesity seen in this ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome
JCI - The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight lossJCI - The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog marketed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Besides lowering blood glucose, liraglutide also reduces body weight. It is not fully understood how liraglutide induces weight loss or to what degree liraglutide acts directly in the brain. Here, we determined that liraglutide does not activate GLP-1-producing neurons in the hindbrain, and liraglutide-dependent body weight reduction in rats was independent of GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the vagus nerve, area postrema, and paraventricular nucleus. Peripheral injection of fluorescently labeled liraglutide in mice revealed the presence of the drug in the circumventricular organs. Moreover, labeled liraglutide bound neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and other discrete sites in the hypothalamus. GLP-1R was necessary for liraglutide uptake in the brain, as liraglutide binding was not seen in ...
https://516shouji.com.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/75276/figure/2
Involvement of nitric oxide in disease-related anorexia - Zurich Open Repository and ArchiveInvolvement of nitric oxide in disease-related anorexia - Zurich Open Repository and Archive
The nitric oxide (NO) producing enzyme inducible NO synthase isoform (iNOS) is strongly upregulated under inflammatory conditions in the arcuate nucleus, a hypothalamic key structure for the control of food intake and energy balance. This project aims to prove the concept that a pharmacological blockade of iNOS attenuates anorexia and associated disease symptoms induced by the proinflammatory endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We also analyzed the association between LPS-induced anorexia and pSTAT3-formation in the arcuate nucleus and in hindbrain feeding centers (AP/NTS region). pSTAT3 is a cytokine dependent transcription factor, which is suggested to control iNOS expression. Findings and conclusions: NO contributes to LPS-induced anorexia because anorexia is attenuated by the specific iNOS-inhibitor 1400W. In addition, 1400W treatment also ameliorates other LPS-induced symptoms (e.g. adipsia, fever, inactivity). LPS treatment induces a time-dependent pSTAT3 formation in the ARC and the ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/34219/
Proopiomelanocortin deficiency | definition of proopiomelanocortin deficiency by Medical dictionaryProopiomelanocortin deficiency | definition of proopiomelanocortin deficiency by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of proopiomelanocortin deficiency in the Medical Dictionary? proopiomelanocortin deficiency explanation free. What is proopiomelanocortin deficiency? Meaning of proopiomelanocortin deficiency medical term. What does proopiomelanocortin deficiency mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/proopiomelanocortin+deficiency
DiVA - Search resultDiVA - Search result
The protein fragment nesfatin-1 was recently implicated in the control of food intake. Central administration of this fragment results in anorexia and reduced body weight gain, whereas antisense or immunological nesfatin-1 antagonism causes increased food intake and overweight. Nesfatin-1 is derived from the precursor nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2). To identify the neurocircuitry underpinning the catabolic effects of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, we have used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to map the distribution of this protein and its mRNA in the rat CNS and performed double-labeling experiments to localize its expression to functionally defined neuronal populations. These experiments confirm previous observations but also present several novel NUCB2 cell populations. Both NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-like immunoreactivity was most concentrated in the hypothalamus, in the supraoptic, paraventricular, periventricular and arcuate nuclei and the lateral hypothalamic area/perifornical region. Additionally, ...
http://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22organisationId%22%3A%226110%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&language=en&query=
Stimulate the Mind, Fight Cancer | Science SignalingStimulate the Mind, Fight Cancer | Science Signaling
Cao et al. investigated the effect of enriched housing environments on tumor growth (see also Kappeler and Meaney). Mice living in enriched environments (EE mice) developed fewer, smaller, and slower-growing tumors when subcutaneously injected with B16 melanoma cells than control mice in standard group housing. In addition, EE mice showed altered serum concentrations of various circulating factors, such as increased adiponectin and decreased leptin concentrations. Sera from EE mice inhibited the in vitro proliferation of B16 melanoma cells, an effect also seen with sera from control mice pretreated with a neutralizing antibody directed against leptin. Gene expression analysis of nuclei in the hypothalamus revealed that the abundance of the mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was higher in the arcuate nuclei of EE mice compared with that in control mice. Overexpression of BDNF in the hypothalamus resulted in decreased serum leptin concentrations and smaller tumors, whereas ...
http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/3/131/ec217
Hormone Might Help Restore Female ... ( Kisspeptin spurs healthy ovulation re...)Hormone Might Help Restore Female ... ( Kisspeptin spurs healthy ovulation re...)
Health,...Kisspeptin spurs healthy ovulation researchers explain ...TUESDAY March 17 (HealthDay News) -- A hormone called kisspeptin may ...The study included 10 women who were not menstruating and were inferti...The women who received kisspeptin had a 48-fold increase in LH and a 1...,Hormone,Might,Help,Restore,Female,Fertility,,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Hormone-Might-Help-Restore-Female-Fertility--39813-1/
Aborted Arc - TV TropesAborted Arc - TV Tropes
The Aborted Arc trope as used in popular culture. When a Story Arc disappears off the face of the storyline without warning, never to be heard from again.
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AbortedArc
Dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus | definition of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus by Medical dictionaryDorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus | definition of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus in the Medical Dictionary? dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus explanation free. What is dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus? Meaning of dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus medical term. What does dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dorsomedial+nucleus+of+hypothalamus
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 knockout mice are refractory to growth hormone-negative feedback on arcuate neuronsSomatostatin receptor subtype 2 knockout mice are refractory to growth hormone-negative feedback on arcuate neurons
The pulsatile nature of GH release is apparently regulated by alternating sequential changes in two hypothalamic hormones, GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin. Entrainment of this pulsatility appears to involve GH-mediated negative feedback. Recently a new receptor involved in GH release was cloned. Activation of this receptor by GH-releasing peptides and MK-0677 initiates and amplifies GH pulsatility and is associated with increased Fos immunoreactivity and electrical activity in GHRH containing arcuate neurons. We show that pretreating mice with GH blocks activation of these neurons by MK-0677. Similarly, octreotide inhibited the action of MK-0677. To determine whether this GH-mediated negative feedback on GHRH neurons was direct, or by GH stimulation of somatostatin release from periventricular neurons, we selectively inactivated the gene for one of the five specific somatostatin receptor subtypes (subtype 2). In the knockout mice, both GH and octreotide failed to inhibit MK-0677 ...
https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote125713
Agouti-related peptide - WikipediaAgouti-related peptide - Wikipedia
Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesised only in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene. AgRP is a paracrine signalling molecule made up of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesised in the skin that controls coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide
Identification of proopiomelanocortin neurones in rat hypothalamus by in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization. - Semantic ScholarIdentification of proopiomelanocortin neurones in rat hypothalamus by in situ cDNA-mRNA hybridization. - Semantic Scholar
Ardrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin and the melanotropins (MSHs) are all derived from a single large precursor molecule, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) by individual processing through a series of co- and post-translational modifications. Although the primary site of synthesis is in the pituitary, POMC-derived peptides have been identified in various tissues, notably the brain (see refs 6, 7 for review). A major question concerning brain POMC is whether it is synthesized within the central nervous system (CNS) itself or whether it is taken up from plasma flowing in a retrograde fashion from the pituitary. POMC peptides have been detected immunohistochemically and biochemically in the medial basal hypothalamus, the amygdala and throughout the brain stem. POMC peptide-containing cell bodies have been identified only in two cell groups, however, principally in the periarcuate region of the hypothalamus and to a lesser extent in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. These and other observations
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Identification-of-proopiomelanocortin-neurones-in-Gee-Chen/5097b013b32630aefdf51838ba10f6b73e848ab6
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are Activate by Suzanne M. Appleyard, Timothy W. Bailey et al.Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are Activate by Suzanne M. Appleyard, Timothy W. Bailey et al.
The nucleustractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons are involved or what mechanisms are responsible. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are good candidates for GI integration, because disruption of the POMC gene leads to severe obesity and hyperphagia. Here, we used POMC- enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice to identify NTS POMC neurons. Intraperitoneal administration of cholecystokinin (CCK) induced c-fos gene expression in NTS POMC-EGFP neurons, suggesting that they are activated by afferents stimulated by the satiety hormone. We tested the synaptic relationship of these neurons to visceral afferents and their modulation by CCK and opioids using patch recordings in horizontal brain slices. Electrical activation of the solitary tract (ST)
https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/bio_fac/34/
The additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelins orexigenic effect in ratsThe additive effect of allopregnanolone on ghrelins orexigenic effect in rats
article{957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787, abstract = {,p,The progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (AlloP), is a GABA,sub,A,/sub, receptor modulating steroid and is known to have orexigenic and pro-obesity effects. The neurobiological mechanisms underpinning these effects are most likely due to enhanced GABAergic signaling in the lateral arcuate nucleus (ARC) and medial paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Inspired by the finding that GABAergic signaling is also important for the orexigenic effects of the circulating hormone, ghrelin, we sought to determine the extent to which AlloP (one of the most potent endogenous GABA,sub,A,/sub,-receptor modulators) operates alongside ghrelin to enhance food intake. Male rats with ad libitum access to standard chow were injected intravenously with AlloP and/or ghrelin, alone or in combination. The intake of the standard chow was greater after AlloP 1 mg/kg together with ghrelin 30 μg/kg than with 30 μg/kg ghrelin alone. Food intake ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/957131c7-5da4-4ef9-89f1-411e13214787
Letteratura Scientifica 2007 | BollettinoginendoLetteratura Scientifica 2007 | Bollettinoginendo
Follicular development and ovulation are suppressed during lactation in various mammalian species, mainly due to the suppression of pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion. Metastin (kisspeptin-54), a KiSS-1 gene product, is an endogenous ligand for GPR54, a G-protein-coupled receptor, and suggested to play a critical role in regulating the gonadal axis. The present study therefore aims to determine whether metastin (kisspeptin-54)-GPR54 signaling in discrete brain areas is inhibited by the suckling stimulus that causes suppression of LH secretion in lactating rats. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the KiSS-1 mRNA level was significantly lower in the arcuate nucleus (ARC)-median eminence region in lactating ovariectomized (OVX) and estrogen-treated OVX rats than in nonlactating controls. KiSS-1 mRNA in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus was kept at a low level in both lactating and nonlactating rats despite estrogen treatment. GPR54mRNAlevels were significantly lower in lactating than nonlactating ...
http://bollettinoginendo.it/2007/11/letteratura-scientifica-2007/
Medical Advisor Journals by Kyle J. Norton: Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT): Metabolic syndrome: a brain diseaseMedical Advisor Journals by Kyle J. Norton: Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT): Metabolic syndrome: a brain disease
According to the study by The TsimTsoum Institute, Krakow, Silesia, Poland, increased sympathetic activity, with increased secretion of catecholamine, cortisol, and serotonin can cause oxidative stress, which may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as the hypothalamus and macrophages, and the liver may release pro-inflammatory cytokines. These, in conjunction with an underlying deficiency in long chain PUFA, may damage the arcuate nucleus as well as neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and insulin receptors in the brain, especially during fetal life, infancy, and childhood, resulting in their dysfunction(32 ...
https://theplus-health.blogspot.com/2017/04/hormone-serotonin-or-5_21.html
Plus it
Although central nervous system has been implicated in glucocorticoid-induced fat mass gain, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The aim of our current study was to investigate the possible involvement of hypothalamic serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) in glucocorticoid-increased adiposity. It is well-known that SGK1 expression is induced by acute glucocorticoid treatment, interestingly, we found its expression was decreased in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, including POMC neurons, following chronic dexamethasone (Dex) treatment. To study a role of SGK1 in POMC neurons, mice with development or adult-onset SGK1 deletion in POMC neurons (PSKO) were then produced. As observed in Dex-treated mice, PSKO mice exhibited increased adiposity and decreased energy expenditure. Consistently, mice overexpressing constitutively active SGK1 in POMC neurons (PSOE) had the opposite phenotype and prevented from Dex-increased adiposity. Finally, Dex decreased hypothalamic ...
http://hw-f5-diabetes.highwire.org/content/early/2018/01/08/db17-1069
GHRELIN, MORE THAN A NATURAL OREXIGENIC FACTORGHRELIN, MORE THAN A NATURAL OREXIGENIC FACTOR
One of the main actions of ghrelin, which attracted the interest of researchers mainly due to its possible therapeutic potential, is its orexigenic action. It is recognized that ghrelin transmits hunger signals from the periphery to the central nervous system. Thus, it enhances appetite, increases food intake and reduces energy consumption, with consequent weight gain(41). The discovery of GOAT, enzyme responsible for ghrelin acylation(11) was a step forward in understanding the role played by acyl-modification in the physiology of ghrelin. The GOAT-ghrelin system acts as a nutrient sensor informing the body of the presence of nutrients(42). The central site of ghrelin action is the hypothalamus (mainly the arcuate nucleus, with increased expression of NPY and AgRP orexigenic peptide), where ghrelin and leptin exert antagonistic effects, the two molecules being in competitive interaction(43,44). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that ghrelin is involved in meal initiation/promotion of food ...
http://www.medicina-interna.ro/articol.php?articol=991&lang=ro
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | biochemistry | Britannica.comgonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | biochemistry | Britannica.com
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): GnRH a neurohormone consisting of 10 amino acids that is produced in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus. GnRH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of the two gonadotropins...
https://www.britannica.com/science/gonadotropin-releasing-hormone
So You Completed The Leptin Rx? Whats Next? - Dr. Jack KruseSo You Completed The Leptin Rx? Whats Next? - Dr. Jack Kruse
Once you have added the Leptin Rx to your ancestral template and you have successfully experienced all the small wins that I mentioned in the Leptin FAQs blog, what should you do next? If you recall reading the blog on how the leptin Rx works, it basically is a plan to make your gastrointestinal tract perform visceral exercises that it is not accustomed to performing, in order to cause neuroplastic changes in your hypothalamus arcuate nucleus. It uses the vagus nerve as the stimulator to send these new messages to the brain. After a period of time, the inflammation will slowly dissipate at the median eminence, and these afferent signals will force expression of certain genes that have been repressed since we were in utero. These genes and pathways are hardwired into our DNA at conception, and used until the child is 12-24 months old. After this time, they are not expressed any longer, because transgenerational epigenetics favors instead the use of the leptin receptor from an evolutionary ...
https://jackkruse.com/so-you-completed-the-leptin-rx-what-is-next-2/?replytocom=35003
So You Completed The Leptin Rx? Whats Next? - Dr. Jack KruseSo You Completed The Leptin Rx? Whats Next? - Dr. Jack Kruse
Once you have added the Leptin Rx to your ancestral template and you have successfully experienced all the small wins that I mentioned in the Leptin FAQs blog, what should you do next? If you recall reading the blog on how the leptin Rx works, it basically is a plan to make your gastrointestinal tract perform visceral exercises that it is not accustomed to performing, in order to cause neuroplastic changes in your hypothalamus arcuate nucleus. It uses the vagus nerve as the stimulator to send these new messages to the brain. After a period of time, the inflammation will slowly dissipate at the median eminence, and these afferent signals will force expression of certain genes that have been repressed since we were in utero. These genes and pathways are hardwired into our DNA at conception, and used until the child is 12-24 months old. After this time, they are not expressed any longer, because transgenerational epigenetics favors instead the use of the leptin receptor from an evolutionary ...
https://jackkruse.com/so-you-completed-the-leptin-rx-what-is-next-2/?replytocom=34752
Ghrelin通过弓状核区域α型雌二醇受体神经元介导雌性小鼠采食调控
摘要 Ghrelin作为一种具有特殊功能的能量调控因子，在能量代谢平衡以及生殖调控研究中被广泛关注，然而其在小鼠性周期变化过程中发挥调控的机制尚不明确。本研究通过腹腔注射ghrelin研究其对小鼠性周期不同阶段采食量及血清中雌二醇浓度的影响，并运用免疫荧光技术鉴定了ghrelin与弓状核（arcuate nucleus，ARC）区域分布的α型雌二醇受体（estrogen receptor α，ERα）神经元之间的共表达情况。结果表明，ghrelin（50 μg·kg-1）注射后的2 ...
http://manu22.magtech.com.cn/Jweb_xmsy/CN/abstract/abstract14523.shtml
Kindkes Scrap Notes: Glucose sensing by POMC neurons regulates glucose homeostasis and is impaired in obesity
We also found that glucose sensing by POMC neurons became defective in obese mice on a high-fat diet, suggesting that loss of glucose sensing by neurons has a role in the development of type 2 diabetes ...
http://kindkehealthnotes.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/glucose-sensing-by-pomc-neurons.html
Arc 1800 Ski Pass | Erna Low AUArc 1800 Ski Pass | Erna Low AU
Get the Best Value for Money Ski Pass in Arc 1800. Pre-book your Arc 1800 Lift Pass with Erna Low AU and Make the Most of Your Ski Holidays.
https://www.ernalow.co.uk/en-au/france/arc-1800/ski-passes
Arc Number - All The TropesArc Number - All The Tropes
This is the number that pops up over and over again in a given work, often in seemingly unrelated contexts. Sometimes the number really is significant; sometimes, its just an in-joke or Stock Shout-Outs. That is, its the numeric equivalent of Arc Words.
https://allthetropes.org/wiki/Arc_Number
Leptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - StrathprintsLeptin secretion and hypothalamic neuropeptide and receptor gene expression in sheep - Strathprints
Peripheral and hypothalamic mechanisms underlying the hyperphagia of lactation have been investigated in sheep. Sheep were fed ad libitum and killed at 6 and 18 days of lactation; ad libitum-fed nonlactating sheep were killed as controls. Despite increased food intake, lactating ewes were in negative energy balance. Lactation decreased plasma leptin and adipose tissue leptin mRNA concentrations. OB-Rb gene expression, determined by in situ hybridization, was increased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) at both stages of lactation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) was increased by lactation in both the ARC and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), although increased gene expression in the DMH was only apparent at day 18 of lactation. Gene expression was decreased for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the ARC and VMH and for proopiomelanocortin in ARC during lactation. Agouti-related peptide gene expression was increased in the ARC, and ...
https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/5482/
Plus itPlus it
Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. In addition, orexin deficiency also cause abnormalities in energy homeostasis and reward systems. Orexin activates waking active monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem regions to maintain a long, consolidated waking period. Orexin neurons receive abundant input from the limbic system. Orexin neurons also have reciprocal links with the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, which regulates feeding. Moreover, the responsiveness of orexin neurons to peripheral metabolic cues, such as leptin and glucose, suggest that these neurons have important role as a link between the energy homeostasis and vigilance states. Orexin neurons also have a link with the dopaminergic reward ...
http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/61/2/162
The NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasisThe NPY/AgRP neuron and energy homeostasis
Kennedy hypothesized nearly 50 y ago that negative feedback regulation of body fat stores involves hormones that circulate in proportion to adiposity and enter the brain, where they exert inhibitory effects on food intake and energy balance. Recent studies implicate leptin and insulin as adiposity …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11840217/?dopt=Abstract
JoVE Author Search: Cardinali LI
Prolactin, Arcuate Nucleus, Brain, Cells, Gestation, Hypothalamus, Leptin, Leptin Receptor, Light, Mice, Mouse, Neurons, Nucleus Of The Solitary Tract, Populations, Pregnancy, Preoptic Area, Prolactin Receptors, Rodents, Transducer
http://labindex.jove.com/author/Cardinali-LI
Plus itPlus it
These procedures were conducted as described previously (Ibrahim et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008, 2009). Briefly, four 250 μm basal hypothalamic slices were cut on a vibratome and placed in an auxiliary chamber containing oxygenated aCSF. The slices were allowed to recover for 1-2 h in the auxiliary chamber. Thereafter, the arcuate nucleus and median eminence was microdissected and incubated in 10 ml of aCSF, pH 7.3, 300 mOsm, containing 1 mg/ml protease for ∼15 min at 37°C. The tissue was then washed four times in low-calcium CSF (1 mm CaCl2) and two times in aCSF. The cells were isolated by trituration with flame-polished Pasteur pipettes, dispersed onto a 60 mm glass-bottomed Petri dish, and perfused continuously with aCSF at a rate of 2.0 ml/min. The dispersed, bipolar or unipolar fluorescent cells were visualized using a Leitz inverted fluorescent microscope, patched, and then harvested with gentle suction to the pipette using the Xenoworks manipulator system (Sutter ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/33/11825
Towards understanding the neuronal heterogeneity in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) - Kölner UniversitätsPublikationsServerTowards understanding the neuronal heterogeneity in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) - Kölner UniversitätsPublikationsServer
Die Universität zu Köln ist eine Exzellenzuniversität mit dem klassischen Fächerspektrum einer Volluniversität. Als eine der größen Hochschulen Europas arbeitet sie in Forschung und Lehre auch international auf höchstem Niveau.
https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/8507/
h2g2 - First Kiss, Last Kiss, Best Kiss and Worst Kiss - Edited Entryh2g2 - First Kiss, Last Kiss, Best Kiss and Worst Kiss - Edited Entry
First Kiss, Last Kiss, Best Kiss and Worst Kiss, from the edited h2g2, the Unconventional Guide to Life, the Universe and Everything
https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A1053901
kisspeptin antibodykisspeptin antibody
The present framework of radiological safety of occupational uncovered medical employees decreased the eye-lens equal dose restrict from 150 to 20 mSv…. ...
https://www.postgenomeconsortium.com/category/kisspeptin-antibody/
Anti-Aging Research: Kisspeptin
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https://advancedrejuvenationinstitute.com/anti-aging/anti-aging-research-kisspeptin.html
Mental Viagra a step closer - NZ...Mental Viagra a step closer - NZ...
The hormone kisspeptin essentially switches on the desire to reproduce and is thought to be responsible for the sexual appetite of young people.
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=11788028
한국균학회지 |간행물 | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
http://kisseng.kstudy.com/journal/journal-view.asp?key1=2990&key2=5017
조현병 환자 배우자의 돌봄 경험 | 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) | KISS조현병 환자 배우자의 돌봄 경험 | 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
https://kiss.kstudy.com/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=3451355
아동청소년기 따돌림 경험 유형에 따른 대학생의 대인관계 문제와 정신건강 | 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) | KISS아동청소년기 따돌림 경험 유형에 따른 대학생의 대인관계 문제와 정신건강 | 한국간호과학회 정신간호학회(구 대한간호학회정신간호학회) | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
https://kiss.kstudy.com/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=3451356
세무와 회계저널 |간행물 | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
https://kisseng.kstudy.com/journal/journal-view.asp?key1=28257&key2=3381
전통 수산발효식품의 향기성분에 관한 연구 | 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) | KISS전통 수산발효식품의 향기성분에 관한 연구 | 한국수산과학회(구 한국수산학회) | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
http://search.koreanstudies.net/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=3792184
Stereoscope를 이용한 미세종자류 한약재 외부형태 감별연구(제3보(報)) - 사원자(沙苑子)와 황기자(黃芪子), 정력자(葶藶子)- | 대한본초학회 | KISSStereoscope를 이용한 미세종자류 한약재 외부형태 감별연구(제3보(報)) - 사원자(沙苑子)와 황기자(黃芪子), 정력자(葶藶子)- | 대한본초학회 | KISS
학술논문검색사이트 KISS는 학술논문,연구논문,연구자료,학술지 등 다양한 자료를 서비스하며, 주제별, 등재별, 인용지수, 인기논문, 이슈논문 등 다양한 키워드의 논문을 제공하여 빠른 학술검색 및 인용이 가능하도록 서비스합니다.
http://search.koreanstudies.net/thesis/thesis-view.asp?key=3677981
The Way To Realize Tiny Goodreads 918Kiss
在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...
http://www.dellemimose.it/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=752584
One Surprisingly Effective Way To Goodreads 918KissOne Surprisingly Effective Way To Goodreads 918Kiss
在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...
http://www.laboratoriodellessere.it/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=433364
Several Factors To Maintain With A Top Rated Goodreads 918Kiss
在应用程序中可以找到许多流行的游戏，例如，大蓝角老虎机游戏，Safari热老虎机游戏，泰国天堂老虎机游戏，红熊老虎机游戏，爱尔兰运气老虎机游戏等。这些游戏大多数都是著名的，并且访问的频率是其中排名最高的，因为您可以轻松地获得大赢，超级大赢，超大赢。 ...
https://www.progettoarte.info/en/component/k2/itemlist/user/328008
Arcuate nucleusArcuate nucleus
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH, ARC, or infundibular nucleus) is an aggregation of neurons in the ... The arcuate nucleus also contains a population of specialized ependymal cells, called tanycytes. Astrocytes in the arcuate ... NPY/AgRP neurons and POMC/CART neurons make up two groups of neurons in the arcuate nucleus that are centrally involved in the ... The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus
Arcuate nucleus (medulla)Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
... the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. These nuclei are the ... Arcuate nuclei are capable of chemosensitivity and have a proven role in the respiratory center controlling the breathing rate ... Diagram showing the course of the arcuate fibers. The formatio reticularis of the medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse ... They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)
DopamineDopamine
The arcuate nucleus and the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus have dopamine neurons that form an important projection ... the arcuate nucleus (group 12); the zona incerta (group 13) and the periventricular nucleus (group 14). The substantia nigra is ... Dopamine produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus is secreted into the hypophyseal portal system of the median eminence, ... The zona incerta, grouped between the arcuate and periventricular nuclei, projects to several areas of the hypothalamus, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine
Pathophysiology of obesityPathophysiology of obesity
Both groups of arcuate nucleus neurons are regulated in part by leptin. Leptin inhibits the NPY/AgRP group while stimulating ... The arcuate nucleus contains two distinct groups of neurons. The first group coexpresses neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti- ... The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that has outputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_obesity
ObesityObesity
Both groups of arcuate nucleus neurons are regulated in part by leptin. Leptin inhibits the NPY/AgRP group while stimulating ... The arcuate nucleus contains two distinct groups of neurons. The first group coexpresses neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti- ... The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that has outputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity
Nesfatin-1Nesfatin-1
Nesfatin/NUCB2 is expressed in the appetite-control hypothalamic nuclei such as paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus ... Nesfatin-1 immunopositive neurons are also located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Nesfatin-1 immunoreactive neurons in the ARC ... Price, Christopher J.; Samson, Willis K.; Ferguson, Alastair V. (2008). "Nesfatin-1 inhibits NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus ... Nesfatin-1 immunoreactivity was also found in the brainstem nuclei such as nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and Dorsal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesfatin-1
EatingEating
Leptin targets the receptors on the arcuate nucleus and suppresses the secretion of MCH and orexin. The arcuate nucleus also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating
Michael Warren SchwartzMichael Warren Schwartz
Leptin increases proopimelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus. Diabetes. 46:2119-2123, 1997. Hahn T ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Warren_Schwartz
AstrocyteAstrocyte
FABP7+ astrocytes are in close contact with neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that are responsive to a hormone ... Gömöri-positive astrocytes are much more abundant within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and in the hippocampus than in ... arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and in the dorsal medulla, just beneath the area postrema. Gomori-positive cytoplasmic ... "Composition of Gomori-positive inclusions in astrocytes of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: GOMORI-POSITIVE INCLUSIONS IN ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte
ChromatolysisChromatolysis
... particularly in the pontine nuclei and the cerebellar dentate nuclei. Nuclei of cranial nerves, arcuate nuclei, and posterior ... The event of chromatolysis is also characterized by a prominent migration of the nucleus towards the periphery of the cell and ... The loss of staining begins near the nucleus and spreads toward the axon hillock. The basophilic rim is formed as chromatolysis ... In neurons receiving axonal transection, central chromatolysis is observed in the area between the nucleus and the axon hillock ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatolysis
OpioidOpioid
... including in particular the arcuate nucleus and in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus. Endomorphin ... α-neo-endorphin is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus. met-enkephalin is widely distributed in the CNS and in ... cells in the arcuate nucleus, in the brainstem and in immune cells, and acts through μ-opioid receptors. β-endorphin has many ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid
Neurokinin BNeurokinin B
It has been found that in brain of females, the arcuate nucleus contains twice as many connections to NKB neurons than males. ... Neurokinin B is expressed along with the peptides kisspeptin and dynorphin A in the neuronal cells of the arcuate nucleus. Five ... NKB found mostly in the arcuate nucleus in humans, is found mostly in the monkey hypothalamus. By injecting NKB analogs ... Studies show that in postmenopausal woman there is an increased expression of tachykinin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. In ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurokinin_B
Paryphanta busbyiParyphanta busbyi
There is a sculpture on the nucleus containing oblique and arcuate radial plaits. The succeeding two whorls are distinctly ... The columella is very oblique, slightly arcuate, and shortly reflexed above. Umbilicus broad, perspective and deep. The width ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryphanta_busbyi
PubertyPuberty
... with de-inhibition of the pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus. This inhibition of the arcuate nucleus is an ongoing active ... The arcuate nucleus is affected and controlled by neuronal input from other areas of the brain and hormonal input from the ... The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is the driver of the reproductive system. It has neurons which generate and release ... Neurons of the arcuate nucleus secrete gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) into the blood of the pituitary portal system. An ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puberty
MenarcheMenarche
Disinhibition of the GnRH pulse generator in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Secretion of estrogen by the ovaries in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menarche
Anterior external arcuate fibersAnterior external arcuate fibers
This is named the arcuate nucleus, and is serially continuous above with the pontine nuclei in the pons; it contains small ... The anterior external arcuate fibers (ventral external arcuate fibers) vary as to their prominence: in some cases they form an ... As the fibers arch across the pyramid, they enclose a small nucleus which lies in front of and medial to the pyramid. ... fusiform (spindle-shaped) cells, around which some of the arcuate fibers end, and from which others arise. The reticular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_external_arcuate_fibers
Median preoptic nucleusMedian preoptic nucleus
Although not only the SCN but also the arcuate nucleus (ARC), are involved in the Tb setting through afferents to the ... The median preoptic nucleus is located dorsal to the other three nuclei of the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus. The ... Activation of the median preoptic nucleus leads to stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The afferents to this area ... When combined with lesions on other preoptic hypothalamic nuclei, however, damage to the median preoptic nucleus causes an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_preoptic_nucleus
ProopiomelanocortinProopiomelanocortin
"Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus" (PDF). Nature. 411 (6836): 480-4. ... the anterior pituitary gland Melanotrope cells of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland Neurons in the arcuate nucleus ... α-MSH produced by neurons in the ventromedial nucleus has important roles in the regulation of appetite (POMC neuron ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin
TanycyteTanycyte
β1 and β2 tanycytes are found nearer the arcuate nucleus and the median eminence. Currently, it is thought that there are two ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanycyte
Medial lemniscusMedial lemniscus
The internal arcuate fibers are composed of axons of nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus. The axons of the nucleus gracilis ... Fibres from these nuclei will pass to the contralateral side of the brainstem, as the internal arcuate fibres. At the open ... The medial lemniscus carries axons from most of the body and synapses in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, at ... The cuneate and gracile nuclei reside at the closed (lower) medulla, so the lemniscus is not formed at this level. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_lemniscus
Galanin-like peptideGalanin-like peptide
It is a 60-amino acid polypeptide produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland. It is ... and dopamine-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus". Regulatory Peptides. 145 (1-3): 165-8. doi:10.1016/j.regpep. ... "Galanin-like peptide stimulates food intake via activation of neuropeptide Y neurons in the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin-like_peptide
GhrelinGhrelin
February 2010). "Novel insight in distribution of nesfatin-1 and phospho-mTOR in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of ... Hewson AK, Tung LY, Connell DW, Tookman L, Dickson SL (December 2002). "The rat arcuate nucleus integrates peripheral signals ... Ghrelin activates cells in the anterior pituitary gland and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, including neuropeptide Y neurons that ... increase body weight and fat mass by triggering receptors in the arcuate nucleus that include neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin
Neuropeptide YNeuropeptide Y
... specifically in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and dentate gyrus. The arcuate nucleus has been found to have one of the highest ... Minor RK, Chang JW, de Cabo R (February 2009). "Hungry for life: How the arcuate nucleus and neuropeptide Y may play a critical ... Furthermore, in situ hybridization results from the study showed the highest cellular levels of NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus ... Pomonis JD, Levine AS, Billington CJ (July 1997). "Interaction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y
NeuropeptideNeuropeptide
Lau J, Farzi A, Qi Y, Heilbronn R, Mietzsch M, Shi YC, Herzog H (January 2018). "CART neurons in the arcuate nucleus and ... in the arcuate nucleus) Acetylcholine VIP Substance P Dopamine Cholecystokinin Neurotensin Glucagon-like peptide-1 (in the ... that act as hormones In one subpoplation of the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, three anorectic peptides are co-expressed ... Vasopressin co-exists with dynorphin and galanin in magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide
Growth hormone-releasing hormoneGrowth hormone-releasing hormone
It is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. GHRH first appears in the human ... August 2020). "Insulin synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates pituitary growth hormone ... GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal ... allowing the free catalytic subunits to translocate to the nucleus and phosphorylate the transcription factor cAMP response ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone–releasing_hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGonadotropin-releasing hormone
"Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone
Agouti-related peptideAgouti-related peptide
It is synthesized in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the ... This hormone acts in the arcuate nucleus and inhibits the AgRP/NPY neuron from releasing orexigenic peptides. Ghrelin has ... "Leptin modulates the intrinsic excitability of AgRP/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus". The Journal of ... mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 125 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related_peptide
MelanocortinMelanocortin
The only neurons known to release melanocortins are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Accordingly, there is a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin
Prader-Willi syndromePrader-Willi syndrome
Given that the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus regulates many basic processes, including appetite, a link may well exist. In the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader–Willi_syndrome
Melanocyte-stimulating hormoneMelanocyte-stimulating hormone
441 Some neurons in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus make and secrete α-MSH in response to leptin;: 626 : 419 α-MSH is also ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone
Spinal cordSpinal cord
The collection of secondary axons that do this are known as internal arcuate fibers. The internal arcuate fibers decussate and ... From here, the information is brought to deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the fastigial and interposed nuclei. From the ... either the nucleus gracilis or the nucleus cuneatus, depending on the pathway it took. At this point, the secondary axon leaves ... The midbrain nuclei include four motor tracts that send upper motor neuronal axons down the spinal cord to lower motor neurons ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord
VagotomyVagotomy
The circuit begins with an area of the hypothalamus, the arcuate nucleus, that has outputs to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagotomy
GlaucomaGlaucoma
Ring or Double arcuate scotoma: Two arcuate scotomas join to form a Ring or Double arcuate scotoma. This defect is seen in ... One of them underwent phacoemulsification with small particle nucleus drops. Some cases can be resolved with some medication, ... Arcuate or Bjerrum's scotoma: It is formed at later stages of glaucoma by extension of Seidel's scotoma in an area either above ... Roenne's central nasal step: It is created when two arcuate scotomas run in different arcs to form a right angled defect. This ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma
ClavatulaClavatula
The operculum is semioval with its nucleus about the middle, on the inner side. The foot is large, short and obtuse behind. The ... The columellar lip is smooth, arcuate, and callous behind. The outer lip is thin and arcuated, with the anal sinus situated ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavatula
SomatostatinSomatostatin
In particular, populations of somatostatin neurons occur in the arcuate nucleus, the hippocampus, and the brainstem nucleus of ... through Its Receptors on Neuropeptide Y Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus and Somatostatin Neurons in the Periventricular Nucleus ... The somatostatin neurons in the periventricular nucleus mediate negative feedback effects of growth hormone on its own release ... Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons project to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin
Food-entrainable oscillatorFood-entrainable oscillator
... in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It has been proposed that AMPK is an internal oscillator of nutrients as opposed to ... Gooley JJ, Schomer A, Saper CB (March 2006). "The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is critical for the expression of food- ... suggests that the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMH) may be involved in the generation of the food anticipatory activity ( ... Further research of FAA in the 1970s documented that an autonomous circadian oscillator outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food-entrainable_oscillator
Cirsonella densilirataCirsonella densilirata
The arcuate columella is slightly expanded toward the narrow perforation, sometimes partly concealing it. The horny operculum ... is multispiral with a central nucleus. This marine species is endemic to New Zealand and was found off South Island. Rosenberg ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirsonella_densilirata
Outline of the human brainOutline of the human brain
Central nucleus of the amygdala serves as the major output nucleus of the amygdala and participates in receiving and processing ... Arcuate fasciculus - the neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex ... Other areas include: amygdala, prefrontal cortex affect; amygdala and nucleus accumbens, (stimulus salience), nucleus accumbens ... Nucleus accumbens part of the pleasure center, is a collection of neurons and forms the main part of the ventral striatum. It ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_human_brain
LeptinLeptin
... binds to neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus in such a way as to decrease the activity of these neurons ... Leptin acts on cell receptors in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, as well as other parts of the hypothalamus and ... An important contributor to leptin resistance is changes to leptin receptor signalling, particularly in the arcuate nucleus, ... Once leptin has bound to the Ob-Rb receptor, it activates the stat3, which is phosphorylated and travels to the nucleus to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptin
Index of anatomy articlesIndex of anatomy articles
... arachnoid arachnoid granulation arbor vitae archicerebellum archicortex archipallium archistriatum arcuate line arcuate nucleus ... notochord nuchal ligament nucleus nucleus accumbens nucleus ambiguus nucleus fastigius nucleus of Luys nucleus pulposus nucleus ... soleus solitary nucleus solitary tract somatic somatic motor nuclei somite spasm spasticity specific sensory nucleus of ... lateral cuneate nucleus lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus lateral fissure lateral funiculus lateral geniculate body or nucleus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles
ThalamusThalamus
Lateral group of the thalamic nuclei. Medial group of the thalamic nuclei. 5-HT7 receptor Krista and Tatiana Hogan - conjoined ... Orioli, PJ; Strick, PL (1989). "Cerebellar connections with the motor cortex and the arcuate premotor area: An analysis ... and includes the lateral nuclei, the pulvinar and the medial and lateral geniculate nuclei. There are areas of white matter in ... Thalamic nuclei have strong reciprocal connections with the cerebral cortex, forming thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits that are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalamus
Central melanocortin systemCentral melanocortin system
... neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. ... effect appears to result from nicotine's stimulation of α3β4 nAChR receptors located in the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus ... The changes were revealed in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), hypothalamus and striatum; and these changes are likely the result ... hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein or proopiomelanocortin and that originate in the arcuate nucleus. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_melanocortin_system
NeuroendocrinologyNeuroendocrinology
The GHRH neurons are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, whereas the somatostatin cells involved in growth ... The cell bodies of the oxytocin and vasopressin neurons are in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus of the ... Leng, G.; Moos, F. C.; Armstrong, W. E. (2010-05-01). "The Adaptive Brain: Glenn Hatton and the Supraoptic Nucleus". Journal of ... In 1974, Walters and Hatton investigated the effect of water dehydration by electrically stimulating the supraoptic nucleus-the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology
Pleurotomella hermineaPleurotomella herminea
Obscure incremental lines arcuate on the anal fasciole. The spiral sculpture on the spire consists of three or more threads, ... The protoconch is nucleus eroded. The shell contains eight whorls. The suture is distinct, preceded by an obscure thickened ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurotomella_herminea
Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathwayDorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
The axons of second-order neurons of the gracile and cuneate nuclei are known as the internal arcuate fibers and when they ... The first-order axons make contact with second-order neurons of the dorsal column nuclei (the gracile nucleus and the cuneate ... synapse on the second-order neurons in the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus known together as the dorsal column nuclei; ... where they end in the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus. The two ascending tracts meet at the level of the sixth thoracic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_column–medial_lemniscus_pathway
Hunger (physiology)Hunger (physiology)
The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a part of the brain, is the main regulatory organ for the human appetite. Many brain ... Opioid receptor-related processes in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum affect the palatability of foods. The nucleus ... neurons located in the arcuate nucleus. Similarly, the hormones leptin and insulin suppress appetite through effects on AgRP ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)
Karl Friedrich BurdachKarl Friedrich Burdach
He differentiated the caudate nucleus from the putamen and identified the globus pallidus and its inner and outer segments. ... of the arcuate fasciculus, the term amygdala, and in 1800 the name "Biology" in the modern sense of the term. He used the word ... "The arcuate fasciculus and the disconnection theme in language and aphasia: History and current state". Cortex. 44 (8): 953-61 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Burdach
Ganesa panamensisGanesa panamensis
The nucleus is lost. The shell contains about two and a half subsequent inflated whorls. The suture is distinct. The whorl in ... The outer lip is sharp, the inner arcuate and slightly thickened, the body with a thin callus. The operculum has a pale horn ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesa_panamensis
Falsimargarita gemmaFalsimargarita gemma
The globose nucleus is white, smooth and porcellanous. The next whorl contains four spirals; the third has seven, not all equal ... The shell is sculptured also with fine arcuate lines of growth, which are coarser towards the suture, giving a somewhat ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsimargarita_gemma
RossiteriaRossiteria
The columella is arcuate, obliquely plicate, terminating in a strong anterior tooth. Species within the genus Rossiteria ... include: Rossiteria nucleolus (Pilsbry, 1903) Rossiteria nucleus (Philippi, 1849) Rossiteria pseudonucleolus Poppe, Tagaro & ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiteria
Pulsatile secretionPulsatile secretion
... from which the neurons that populate the pariventricular and arcuate nuclei originate. These neurons project to the median ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsatile_secretion
Aforia persimilisAforia persimilis
The anterior part of the lip is arcuate, protractive. The body with the sculpture erased is white and polished. The columella ... The acute spire contains eight whorls, exclusive of the (lost) nucleus, each carrying a peripheral keel. The suture is distinct ... The operculum is brown, oval, the exterior imbricately lamellose with the nucleus inside the apical end which is bluntly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aforia_persimilis
Constantin von MonakowConstantin von Monakow
His name is lent to "Monakow's nucleus" (lateral cuneate nucleus) and to the "bundle of Monakow" (rubrospinal fasciculus). In ... He was responsible for identifying the arcuate fasciculus as the fibre tract that connected the Broca's and Wernicke's speech ... The arcuate fasciculus and the disconnection theme in language and aphasia: history and current state. Cortex. 44(8):953-61. ... A History of Explorations Into Brain Function by Stanley Finger Medilexicon Accessory cuneate nucleus [2] Mondofacto Dictionary ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_von_Monakow
Calliostoma palmeriCalliostoma palmeri
The white columella is arcuate. The tooth-like process has a blue color. The nucleus consists of two and a half whorls, flesh ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliostoma_palmeri
Spinocerebellar tractSpinocerebellar tract
... dorsal external arcuate fibers or cuneocerebellar tract) take origin in the accessory cuneate nucleus; they pass to the ... In this context, the "cuneo-" derives from the accessory cuneate nucleus, not the cuneate nucleus. (The two nuclei are related ... The posterior external arcuate fibers carry proprioceptive information from the upper limbs and neck. It is an analogue to the ... Axon fibers from Clarke's Nucleus convey this proprioceptive information in the spinal cord in the peripheral region of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract
Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha
... by way increasing expression of kisspeptin in neurons of the arcuate nucleus and anteroventral periventricular nucleus. ... In the brain, ERα is found in hypothalamus, and preoptic area, and arcuate nucleus, all three of which have been linked to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha
Brocas areaBroca's area
The tumor and the surgery destroyed the left inferior and middle frontal gyrus, the head of the caudate nucleus, the anterior ... Arcuate fasciculus connects Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Human brain dissection video (24 sec). Demonstrating the location ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca's_area
The peptide orphanin FQ inhibits β-endorphin neurons and neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by activating...The peptide orphanin FQ inhibits β-endorphin neurons and neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by activating...
The present study examined the effects of OFQ on neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus, using ... The present study examined the effects of OFQ on neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus, using ... The present study examined the effects of OFQ on neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus, using ... The present study examined the effects of OFQ on neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the mediobasal hypothalamus, using ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-peptide-orphanin-fq-inhibits-%CE%B2-endorphin-neurons-and-neurosec-2
Topographic mapping of VMH -| arcuate nucleus microcircuits and their reorganization by fasting - CSHL Scientific Digital...Topographic mapping of VMH -| arcuate nucleus microcircuits and their reorganization by fasting - CSHL Scientific Digital...
Sternson, S. M., Shepherd, G. M. G., Friedman, J. M. (October 2005) Topographic mapping of VMH -, arcuate nucleus microcircuits ... In the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus ( ARC), pro-opiomelanocortin ( POMC) neurons inhibit feeding and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) ... Topographic mapping of VMH -, arcuate nucleus microcircuits and their reorganization by fasting ... ventromedial nucleus mammalian neurons neuropeptide-y leptin rats obesity lesions hypothalamus organization connections. ...
http://repository.cshl.edu/id/eprint/22716/
The Effect of Goldthioglucos (GTF) On the Hypothalmic Arcuate Nucleus. A Study With Intravascular Injected Tracers and Electron...The Effect of Goldthioglucos (GTF) On the Hypothalmic Arcuate Nucleus. A Study With Intravascular Injected Tracers and Electron...
The Effect of Goldthioglucos (GTF) On the Hypothalmic Arcuate Nucleus. A Study With Intravascular Injected Tracers and Electron ... The Effect of Goldthioglucos (GTF) On the Hypothalmic Arcuate Nucleus. A Study With Intravascular Injected Tracers and Electron ...
https://augusta.openrepository.com/handle/10675.2/624188?show=full
Endocrine System Anatomy: Overview, Gross AnatomyEndocrine System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy
An intrinsic pulse generator is located in the arcuate nucleus. LHRH neurons also receive important inhibitory neural signals ... The major nerve tracts of the neurohypophysis arise from relatively large-celled paired nuclei-the supraoptic nucleus is ... The paraventricular nucleus secretes AVP (arginine vasopressin), also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which regulates the ... located above the optic tract, and the paraventricular nucleus is located on the each side of third ventricle. ...
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948709-overview
Effects of silenced Ttf1 on genes expression of Kiss1 and GnRH in neuronal cells and arcuate nucleus of female rats
... ZANG Shao- ... Effects of silenced Ttf1 on genes expression of Kiss1 and GnRH in neuronal cells and arcuate nucleus of female rats[J]. JOURNAL ... expressions in neuronal cells and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) of female rats. Methods · Three shRNAs (TTF1-shRNA1, TTF1- ...
https://xuebao.shsmu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract12806.shtml
Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis | NatureGut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis | Nature
Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin. Science 304, 110-115 (2004). ... Chen, C. H. & Rogers, R. C. Peptide YY and the Y2 agonist PYY-(13-36) inhibit neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus ... Neuropeptide Y and peptide YY inhibit excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. J. Physiol ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05484?error=cookies_not_supported&code=62881fb1-dda2-4d42-8e26-ec455b5b7040
PDF] Anatomical and biochemical studies of the opioid peptides and related substances in the brain | Semantic ScholarPDF] Anatomical and biochemical studies of the opioid peptides and related substances in the brain | Semantic Scholar
Estradiol target sites immunoreactive for β-endorphin in the arcuate nucleus of rat and mouse hypothalamus. *G. Jirikowski, I. ... Immunocytochemical evidence that the same neurons in the human infundibular nucleus are stained with anti-endorphins and ...
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Anatomical-and-biochemical-studies-of-the-opioid-in-Watson-Akil/777e1e319a1f683e92e544699317f200132e4fc1
IJMS | Special Issue : Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related DisordersIJMS | Special Issue : Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Aging and Age-Related Disorders
Leptin-induced pSTAT3 signaling in the arcuate nucleus was attenuated. Dysregulated energy homeostasis including hyperphagia ...
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/inflammaging_oxidative_stress
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSHMESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2008 MeSH
Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area Postrema A8.186.211.865.467.500.286. ... Vestibular Nuclei A8.186.211.865.428.600.800. Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral A8.186.211.865.428.600.800.800. Visual Cortex A8.186. ... Suprachiasmatic Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.342.625 A8.186.211.730.317.357.342.625. Supraoptic Nucleus A8.186.211.730. ... Red Nucleus A8.186.211.653.822.642. Reperfusion Injury C14.907.553.700 C14.907.725. Resins, Plant D5.750.78.740 D5.750.78.840. ...
https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2008.htm
Tissue expression of AGPAT4 - Staining in hypothalamus - The Human Protein AtlasTissue expression of AGPAT4 - Staining in hypothalamus - The Human Protein Atlas
Arcuate nucleus. nTPM: 9.8 1961. Female, age 42, unknown. 10.0. 2226. Male, age 75, left hemisphere. 9.7. ...
http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000026652-AGPAT4/tissue/hypothalamus
Search Results | Development | The Company of BiologistsSearch Results | Development | The Company of Biologists
The LIM-homeobox transcription factor Isl1 plays crucial roles in the development of multiple arcuate nucleus neurons ...
https://journals.biologists.com/dev/search-results?f_AllAuthors=Bora+Lee
PDF) Interleukin-6 contributes to early fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization in micePDF) Interleukin-6 contributes to early fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization in mice
Hypothalamic arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) were isolated by the punching technique. Target mRNAs were ...
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261325922_Interleukin-6_contributes_to_early_fasting-induced_free_fatty_acid_mobilization_in_mice
Anterior pituitary - wikidocAnterior pituitary - wikidoc
arcuate nucleus neuroendocrine neurons. stimulates secretion of growth hormone Somatostatin. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone ... neuroendocrine neurons of the arcuate nucleus. inhibits secretion of prolactin Gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Luteinising- ... neuroendocrine neurons in the medial preoptic and arcuate nuclei. stimulates secretion of LH and FSH ... neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus. inhibits secretion of growth hormone Thyrotropin-releasing hormone. ...
https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Anterior_pituitary
Mind over Meal: Does Weight-Loss Surgery Rewire Gut-Brain Connections? - Scientific AmericanMind over Meal: Does Weight-Loss Surgery Rewire Gut-Brain Connections? - Scientific American
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin, which stimulates a region within the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus. This ... a means of controlling living tissue using light-to activate or silence specific neurons in the brain stem parabrachial nucleus ... in activity was seen in a connection leading from stomach-sensing neurons in the brain stem to the lateral parabrachial nucleus ...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mind-over-meal-does-weight-loss-surgery-rewire-gut-brain-connections/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=40f7131c-d173-40fb-9c32-14a377d6fac8
Universitat Jaume I
Consequences of arcuate nucleus lesion using goldthioglucose and monosodium glutamate on the locomotion observed after ethanol ... Locomotor stimulant effects of ethanol injected into the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus: further support for a role of an ... B-endorphin mechanisms in ethanol effects: The role of the hypotalamic Arcuate Nucleus Carla Sanchis Segura, Marta Asunta ... Involvement of the Beta-Endorphin Neurons of the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus in Ethanol-Induced Place Preference Conditioning ...
https://www.uji.es/departaments/com/base/estructura/personal?p_departamento=97&p_profesor=4849
etx-adrenal-ch1-fig3 - Endotext
ARC: arcuate nucleus; PVN: paraventricular nucleus; LHA: lateral hypothalamic area; CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH ...
https://www.endotext.org/chapter/stress-endocrine-physiology-and-pathophysiology/etx-adrenal-ch1-fig3-2/
Methylation in Young Brains May Be Key to Obesity: Mouse Study | The Scientist Magazine®Methylation in Young Brains May Be Key to Obesity: Mouse Study | The Scientist Magazine®
arcuate nucleus. BMI. brain. brain development. DNA demethylation. DNA methylation. epigenetics. glia. gwas. hypothalamus. ... The small bright triangular patch of cells at the bottom is the arcuate nucleus. Image courtesy of Drs. Harry Mackay and Robert ... The team found that neurons and glia of the arcuate nucleus undergo extensive methylation between day 12 and day 35. These ... This finding suggests that epigenetic maturation in the arcuate nucleus turns off genes needed for neurodevelopment, "because ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/methylation-in-young-brains-may-be-key-to-obesity-mouse-study-70649
Hypogonadism: Practice Essentials, Background, PathophysiologyHypogonadism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
A hypothalamic pulse generator resides in the arcuate nucleus, which releases luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone (LHRH ...
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/922038-overview
Table of Contents - November 18, 2015, 35 (46) | Journal of NeuroscienceTable of Contents - November 18, 2015, 35 (46) | Journal of Neuroscience
Role of the Suprachiasmatic and Arcuate Nuclei in Diurnal Temperature Regulation in the Rat Mara Alaide Guzmán-Ruiz, Arlen ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/35/46
Frontiers | Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine IrisinFrontiers | Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin
In primates Irisin is highly expressed in hypothalamic arcuate and ventromedial nuclei (Wahab et al., 2019). However, the roles ... Membrane receptors transduce the information from external environment to the nucleus. Some receptors are internalized into the ... in rodent brains Irisin was detected in especially high level in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and vestibular nuclei of the ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.649929/full
Publications | OHSUPublications | OHSU
The arcuate nucleus: A site of synergism between Angiotensin II and leptin to increase sympathetic nerve activity and blood ... Deletion of Stim1 in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Kiss1 neurons potentiates synchronous GCaMP activity and protects against ... Arcuate and Preoptic kisspeptin neurons exhibit differential projections to hypothalamic nuclei and exert opposite postsynaptic ... Arcuate neuropeptide Y inhibits sympathetic nerve activity via multiple neuropathways. J Clin Invest. 2017 Jun 30;127(7):2868- ...
https://www.ohsu.edu/school-of-medicine/chemical-physiology-and-biochemistry/publications
Volume 76 Issue 3 | Biology of ReproductionVolume 76 Issue 3 | Biology of Reproduction
Thus, an increase in progesterone was associated with increased POMC gene expression in the arcuate nucleus and PENK in the ... Rather, POMC (but not PENK) gene expression in the arcuate nucleus was significantly higher in estradiol-treated animals than ... While enkephalin neurons may not play a role in estrogen positive feedback, increases in POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus at ... Further, the increase in POMC was restricted to regions of the arcuate nucleus that contain steroid sensitive beta-endorphin ...
https://bioone.org/journals/biology-of-reproduction/volume-76/issue-3
Диссертация на тему «Роль нейронов медиобазального гипоталамуса, синтезирующих дофамин, в центральной регуляции репродуктивной...Диссертация на тему «Роль нейронов медиобазального гипоталамуса, синтезирующих дофамин, в центральной регуляции репродуктивной...
Ugrumov M, Melnikova V, Ershov P, Balan I, Calas A. 2002(b). in the rat arcuate nucleus: ontogenesis and functional ... Hrabovszky E, Liposits Z. 1994(a). Adrenergic innervation of dopamine neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat. ... Magoul R, Onteniente B, Benjelloun W, Tramu G. 1993(a). Tachykinergic afferents to the rat arcuate nucleus. A combined ... Kisspeptin immunoreactive cells of the ovine preoptic area and arcuate nucleus co-express estrogen receptor alpha.Neurosci Lett ...
https://www.dissercat.com/content/rol-neironov-mediobazalnogo-gipotalamusa-sinteziruyushchikh-dofamin-v-tsentralnoi-regulyatsi
Table of Contents - March 01, 2017, 4 (2) | eNeuroTable of Contents - March 01, 2017, 4 (2) | eNeuro
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Interaction with the Arcuate Nucleus; Essential for Organizing Physiological Rhythms Frederik N. Buijs ... Distinct Neural Properties in the Low-Frequency Region of the Chicken Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis Xiaoyu Wang, Hui Hong, ... Laminar Localization and Projection-Specific Properties of Presubicular Neurons Targeting the Lateral Mammillary Nucleus, ... Role in Synaptic and Extrasynaptic Communication in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus James C. Walton, John K. McNeill, Khallyl A. ...
https://www.eneuro.org/content/4/2
John-Olov Jansson,John-Olov Jansson,
Interrelation between interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and body fat regulating circuits of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. ... nuclei. Anna Benrick, Erik Schéle, S B Pinnock, Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm, Suzanne L. Dickson, Linda Karlsson-Lindahl, John- ... Nucleus Fredrik Anesten, Devesh Mishra, Adria Dalmau Gasull, Linda Engström-Ruud, Jakob Bellman, Vilborg Palsdottir, F Zhang, S ... GLP-1 Receptor Stimulation of the Lateral Parabrachial Nucleus Reduces Food Intake: Neuroanatomical, Electrophysiological, and ...
https://www.gu.se/om-universitetet/hitta-person/john-olovjansson
VII - Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Flashcards by Joanna felix | BrainscapeVII - Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Flashcards by Joanna felix | Brainscape
... nuclei (C) multinucleated, with 8 to 20 nuclei (D) studded with reddish brown cytoplasmic granules ... The nuclei are displaced away from the lumen, which appears to have a limiting membrane. *SEE SLIDE 7.17 ... Biopsy of the nodules showed small round cells with dark nuclei scanty cytoplasm, some forming rosettes arranged in a finely ... The eye is enucleated, and the tumor shows sheets of small round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. ...
https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/vii-genetic-and-pediatric-diseases-4791198/packs/5046589
World Journal of Gastroenterology - Baishideng Publishing GroupWorld Journal of Gastroenterology - Baishideng Publishing Group
AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022;915: ...
https://wjgnet.com/1007-9327/CitedArticlesInF6?id=10.1155%2F2020%2F4913785
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Implications in Obesity | IntechOpenGlucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Implications in Obesity | IntechOpen
The arcuate nucleus contains neurons with NPY/AgRP and POMC, which have opposing effects on energy homeostasis. Thus, NPY ... Kohno D, Sone H, Minokoshi Y, Yada T. Ghrelin raises (Ca2+)i via AMPK in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus NPY neurons. Biochem ... The activated forms of mTOR and S6K1 are localized mainly in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei [119], being co-localized ... 88]. Increases in α2-AMPK activities in arcuate-ventromedial and paraventricular nuclei are also detected during insulin- ...
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44429
Find Research outputs - The University of Aberdeen Research PortalFind Research outputs - The University of Aberdeen Research Portal

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Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges | Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
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Endocrine System Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy
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Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis | Nature
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Pharmaceuticals | Free Full-Text | Cannabinoids and Reproduction: A Lasting and Intriguing History
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PDF] Anatomical and biochemical studies of the opioid peptides and related substances in the brain | Semantic Scholar
PDF] Anatomical and biochemical studies of the opioid peptides and related substances in the brain | Semantic Scholar (semanticscholar.org)
PDF) Interleukin-6 contributes to early fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization in mice
PDF) Interleukin-6 contributes to early fasting-induced free fatty acid mobilization in mice (researchgate.net)
Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links | Nature Reviews Nephrology
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Table of Contents - November 18, 2015, 35 (46) | Journal of Neuroscience
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Methylation in Young Brains May Be Key to Obesity: Mouse Study | The Scientist Magazine®
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Hypogonadism: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
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Frontiers | Multiple Roles in Neuroprotection for the Exercise Derived Myokine Irisin
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Диссертация на тему «Роль нейронов медиобазального гипоталамуса, синтезирующих дофамин, в центральной регуляции репродуктивной...
Диссертация на тему «Роль нейронов медиобазального гипоталамуса, синтезирующих дофамин, в центральной регуляции репродуктивной... (dissercat.com)
Table of Contents - March 01, 2017, 4 (2) | eNeuro
Table of Contents - March 01, 2017, 4 (2) | eNeuro (eneuro.org)
John-Olov Jansson,
John-Olov Jansson, (gu.se)
VII - Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Flashcards by Joanna felix | Brainscape
VII - Genetic and Pediatric Diseases Flashcards by Joanna felix | Brainscape (brainscape.com)
World Journal of Gastroenterology - Baishideng Publishing Group
World Journal of Gastroenterology - Baishideng Publishing Group (wjgnet.com)
Find Research outputs - The University of Aberdeen Research Portal
Find Research outputs - The University of Aberdeen Research Portal (abdn.pure.elsevier.com)
Dual midbrain and forebrain origins of thalamic inhibitory interneurons | eLife
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EP3R-Expressing Glutamatergic Preoptic Neurons Mediate Inflammatory Fever | Journal of Neuroscience
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The Role of Hypothalamic Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity | Journal of Neuroscience
The Role of Hypothalamic Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in Diet-Induced Obesity | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Actions of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression and other reproduction-related genes in the brain of the teleost fish European...
Actions of sex steroids on kisspeptin expression and other reproduction-related genes in the brain of the teleost fish European... (journals.biologists.com)
Parkinson-Plus Syndromes: Clues to Diagnosis, Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Parkinson-Plus Syndromes: Clues to Diagnosis, Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (medscape.com)
Parkinson-Plus Syndromes: Clues to Diagnosis, Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Parkinson-Plus Syndromes: Clues to Diagnosis, Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (medscape.com)
Brain And Behavior An Introduction to Biological 4th Edit...
Brain And Behavior An Introduction to Biological 4th Edit... (selldocshero.com)