Aptamers nucleotide. Medical search

Nucleotide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

Peptide sequences, generated by iterative rounds of SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE, that bind to a target molecule specifically and with high affinity.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Purines attached to a RIBOSE and a phosphate that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The techniques used to produce molecules exhibiting properties that conform to the demands of the experimenter. These techniques combine methods of generating structural changes with methods of selection. They are also used to examine proposed mechanisms of evolution under in vitro selection conditions.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.

Molecules of DNA that possess enzymatic activity.

Protein factors that promote the exchange of GTP for GDP bound to GTP-BINDING PROTEINS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A method for determining points of contact between interacting proteins or binding sites of proteins to nucleic acids. Protein footprinting utilizes a protein cutting reagent or protease. Protein cleavage is inhibited where the proteins, or nucleic acids and protein, contact each other. After completion of the cutting reaction, the remaining peptide fragments are analyzed by electrophoresis.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A 60-kDa extracellular protein of Streptomyces avidinii with four high-affinity biotin binding sites. Unlike AVIDIN, streptavidin has a near neutral isoelectric point and is free of carbohydrate side chains.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

A technology, in which sets of reactions for solution or solid-phase synthesis, is used to create molecular libraries for analysis of compounds on a large scale.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Part of a MESSENGER RNA molecule that undergoes a conformation change upon binding a specific metabolite or other small molecule thereby regulating the messenger RNA's transcription, post-transcriptional processing, transport, translation, or stability in response to varying levels of the metabolite or other small molecule.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

An enzyme formed from PROTHROMBIN that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.

A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A family of RNA plant viruses that infect a wide range of herbaceous and woody plant species. There are at least eight genera including POTEXVIRUS and CARLAVIRUS, both of which are highly immunogenic.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

The study of fluid channels and chambers of tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION and used in MICROCHEMISTRY and INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Adenine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The reconstruction of a continuous two-stranded DNA molecule without mismatch from a molecule which contained damaged regions. The major repair mechanisms are excision repair, in which defective regions in one strand are excised and resynthesized using the complementary base pairing information in the intact strand; photoreactivation repair, in which the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet light are eliminated; and post-replication repair, in which the primary lesions are not repaired, but the gaps in one daughter duplex are filled in by incorporation of portions of the other (undamaged) daughter duplex. Excision repair and post-replication repair are sometimes referred to as "dark repair" because they do not require light.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Methods utilizing the principles of MICROFLUIDICS for sample handling, reagent mixing, and separation and detection of specific components in fluids.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Guanine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Application of locked nucleic acids to improve aptamer in vivo stability and targeting function. (1/893)

Aptamers are powerful candidates for molecular imaging applications due to a number of attractive features, including rapid blood clearance and tumor penetration. We carried out structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies with the Tenascin-C binding aptamer TTA1, which is a promising candidate for application in tumor imaging with radioisotopes. The aim was to improve its in vivo stability and target binding. We investigated the effect of thermal stabilization of the presumed non-binding double-stranded stem region on binding affinity and resistance against nucleolytic degradation. To achieve maximal thermal stem stabilization melting experiments with model hexanucleotide duplexes consisting of unmodified RNA, 2'-O-methyl RNA (2'-OMe), 2'-Fluoro RNA (2'-F) or Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) were initially carried out. Extremely high melting temperatures have been found for an LNA/LNA duplex. TTA1 derivatives with LNA and 2'-OMe modifications within the non-binding stem have subsequently been synthesized. Especially, the LNA-modified TTA1 derivative exhibited significant stem stabilization and markedly improved plasma stability while maintaining its binding affinity to the target. In addition, higher tumor uptake and longer blood retention was found in tumor-bearing nude mice. Thus, our strategy to introduce LNA modifications after the selection procedure is likely to be generally applicable to improve the in vivo stability of aptamers without compromising their binding properties. (+info)

Optical absorption assay for strand-exchange reactions in unlabeled nucleic acids. (2/893)

The nucleic acid exchange reaction is a common feature for genetic recombination, DNA replication and transcription. Due to the fact that in the strand-exchange reactions the reactant and product molecules have similar or identical nucleotide sequences, the reaction is undetectable. As a rule, the nucleic acids with radioactive or fluorescence labels are used in such studies. Besides the fact that the labels can perturb the reaction and pose a health risk to the investigators, the assays usually involve extra experimental steps: quenching the reaction, separation, visualization and quantification of the products. Here, we describe a straightforward, direct and precise method to study strand-exchange reaction of unlabeled nucleic acids by real-time measurements of optical absorption. The method takes advantage of the property of some guanine-rich oligonucleotides to adopt monomolecular quadruplex conformation in the presence of certain cations. The conformation is characterized by significant absorption in long-wavelength range of the ultraviolet region where usually other secondary structures are transparent. The 'signal' oligonucleotide is incorporated into reactant duplex by annealing with target sequence. Adding the replacement sequence initiates the release of the 'signal' oligonucleotide into solution, which is accompanied by ultraviolet absorption in long-wavelength range. (+info)

Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. (3/893)

BACKGROUND: Pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, was evaluated in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: We conducted two concurrent, prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, dose-ranging, controlled clinical trials using broad entry criteria. Intravitreous injection into one eye per patient of pegaptanib (at a dose of 0.3 mg, 1.0 mg, or 3.0 mg) or sham injections were administered every 6 weeks over a period of 48 weeks. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who had lost fewer than 15 letters of visual acuity at 54 weeks. RESULTS: In the combined analysis of the primary end point (for a total of 1186 patients), efficacy was demonstrated, without a dose-response relationship, for all three doses of pegaptanib (P<0.001 for the comparison of 0.3 mg with sham injection; P<0.001 for the comparison of 1.0 mg with sham injection; and P=0.03 for the comparison of 3.0 mg with sham injection). In the group given pegaptanib at 0.3 mg, 70 percent of patients lost fewer than 15 letters of visual acuity, as compared with 55 percent among the controls (P<0.001). The risk of severe loss of visual acuity (loss of 30 letters or more) was reduced from 22 percent in the sham-injection group to 10 percent in the group receiving 0.3 mg of pegaptanib (P<0.001). More patients receiving pegaptanib (0.3 mg), as compared with sham injection, maintained their visual acuity or gained acuity (33 percent vs. 23 percent; P=0.003). As early as six weeks after beginning therapy with the study drug, and at all subsequent points, the mean visual acuity among patients receiving 0.3 mg of pegaptanib was better than in those receiving sham injections (P<0.002). Among the adverse events that occurred, endophthalmitis (in 1.3 percent of patients), traumatic injury to the lens (in 0.7 percent), and retinal detachment (in 0.6 percent) were the most serious and required vigilance. These events were associated with a severe loss of visual acuity in 0.1 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Pegaptanib appears to be an effective therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Its long-term safety is not known. (+info)

NMR structures of double loops of an RNA aptamer against mammalian initiation factor 4A. (4/893)

A high affinity RNA aptamer (APT58, 58 nt long) against mammalian initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) requires nearly its entire nucleotide sequence for efficient binding. Since splitting either APT58 or eIF4A into two domains diminishes the affinity for each other, it is suggested that multiple interactions or a global interaction between the two molecules accounts for the high affinity. To understand the structural basis of APT58's global recognition of eIF4A, we determined the solution structure of two essential nucleotide loops (AUCGCA and ACAUAGA) within the aptamer using NMR spectroscopy. The AUCGCA loop is stabilized by a U-turn motif and contains a non-canonical A:A base pair (the single hydrogen bond mismatch: Hoogsteen/Sugar-edge). On the other hand, the ACAUAGA loop is stabilized by an AUA tri-nucleotide loop motif and contains the other type of A:A base pair (single hydrogen bond mismatch: Watson-Crick/Watson-Crick). Considering the known structural and functional properties of APT58, we propose that the AUCGCA loop is directly involved in the interaction with eIF4A, while the flexibility of the ACAUAGA loop is important to support this interaction. The Watson-Crick edges of C7 and C9 in the AUCGCA loop may directly interact with eIF4A. (+info)

Development of an automated in vitro selection protocol to obtain RNA-based aptamers: identification of a biostable substance P antagonist. (5/893)

We have developed an automated SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment) process that allows the execution of in vitro selection cycles without any direct manual intervention steps. The automated selection protocol is designed to provide for high flexibility and versatility in terms of choice of buffers and reagents as well as stringency of selection conditions. Employing the automated SELEX process, we have identified RNA aptamers to the mirror-image configuration (d-peptide) of substance P. The peptide substance P belongs to the tachykinin family and exerts various biologically important functions, such as peripheral vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction and pain transmission. The aptamer that was identified most frequently was truncated to the 44mer SUP-A-004. The mirror-image configuration of SUP-A-004, the so-called Spiegelmer, has been shown to bind to naturally occurring l-substance P displaying a K(d) of 40 nM and to inhibit (IC50 of 45 nM) l-substance P-mediated Ca2+ release in a cell culture assay. (+info)

Proximity extension of circular DNA aptamers with real-time protein detection. (6/893)

Multivalent circular aptamers or 'captamers' have recently been introduced through the merger of aptameric recognition functions with the basic principles of DNA nanotechnology. Aptamers have strong utility as protein-binding motifs for diagnostic applications, where their ease of discovery, thermal stability and low cost make them ideal components for incorporation into targeted protein assays. Here we report upon a property specific to circular DNA aptamers: their intrinsic compatibility with a highly sensitive protein detection method termed the 'proximity extension' assay. The circular DNA architecture facilitates the integration of multiple functional elements into a single molecule: aptameric target recognition, nucleic acid hybridization specificity and rolling circle amplification. Successful exploitation of these properties is demonstrated for the molecular analysis of thrombin, with the assay delivering a detection limit nearly three orders of magnitude below the dissociation constants of the two contributing aptamer-thrombin interactions. Real-time signal amplification and detection under isothermal conditions points towards potential clinical applications, with both fluorescent and bioelectronic methods of detection achieved. This application elaborates the pleiotropic properties of circular DNA aptamers beyond the stability, potency and multitargeting characteristics described earlier. (+info)

Vertebrate telomere repeat DNAs favor external loop propeller quadruplex structures in the presence of high concentrations of potassium. (7/893)

The circular dichroism, CD, spectra of the telomere repeats of vertebrates, d(TTAGGG), indicate that parallel type quadruplex structures or disordered single-stranded structures are formed in low salt. Anti-parallel quadruplex structures are favored in the presence of high concentrations, 140 mM, of sodium. External loop, also known as propeller, parallel type structures are favored in the presence of high concentrations, 100 mM, of potassium in the presence of either 5 or 140 mM sodium. The cation dependence of the CD spectra of the vertebrate telomere repeat DNAs is distinctly different from that of the telomere repeats of Tetrahymena and Oxytricha as well as that of the thrombin binding aptamer. These results indicate that the external loop structures may be present in vertebrate telomeres under the conditions of high potassium and low sodium concentration found in nuclei. (+info)

Structural characterization of an anti-gp120 RNA aptamer that neutralizes R5 strains of HIV-1. (8/893)

We recently described the isolation of 2'-fluoropyrimidine-substituted RNA aptamers that bind specifically to the surface glycoprotein (gp 120) of the R5 strain, HIV-1(Ba-L), as presented in a previous study. These aptamers potently neutralize HIV-1 infectivity in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both tissue culture lab-adapted strains and diverse R5 clinical isolates from multiple clades. Here, we report a detailed structural characterization of one such neutralizing aptamer, B40, using enzymatic and chemical probing methods. We identify the minimal region of the aptamer essential for binding gp120 and accordingly design a 77-nucleotide truncated aptamer, B40t77. We then quantitatively analyze the binding affinity and neutralization potency of the parental and truncated (minimal) aptamer, and show them to be comparable. Furthermore, using results from secondary structure analysis, RNA mutagenesis and BIAcore surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding assays, we hypothesize that a folded RNA structure is required to present specific nucleotide sequences to allow gp120-recognition and binding. The information gained from this study may provide leads for development of novel anti-HIV-1 therapies and can be used to extend our understanding of the molecular interactions between the virus and its host cell. (+info)

SPR imaging platform would be a good choice to characterize aptamer -protein interactions. To study the aptamer-protein ... Thiol groups are introduced on DNA nucleotides by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Target oligonucleotides having a primary amine ... The interaction of thrombin and the aptamer can be monitored on microarray in real-time during injections of thrombin at ... Daniel, C; Roupioz, Y; Gasparutti, D; Livache, T; Buhot, A (2013). "Solution-Phase vs Surface-Phase Aptamer-Protein Affinity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_resonance_microscopy

Aptamers have emerged as a novel category in the field of bioreceptors due to their wide applications ranging from biosensing ... Nucleotides with chemically modified sugars and bases have been incorporated into SELEX reactions to increase the chemical ... If a good binding affinity for the selected aptamer is not a concern, then an excess of target can be used to increase the ... There are aptamer applications for which a short sequence, and thus primer truncation, is desirable. An advancement on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_evolution_of_ligands_by_exponential_enrichment

These nucleotide regions in the crcB RNA motif play important roles in the aptamer binding region for fluoride. Upon binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_riboswitch

BNA nucleotides can be incorporated into DNA or RNA oligonucleotides at any desired position. Such oligomers are synthesized ... design and synthesis of RNA aptamers; siRNA; antisense probes; diagnostics; isolation; microarray analysis; Northern blotting; ... A bridged nucleic acid (BNA) is a modified RNA nucleotide. They are sometimes also referred to as constrained or inaccessible ... BNAs are structurally rigid oligo-nucleotides with increased binding affinities and stability. Chemical structures of BNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridged_nucleic_acid

incorporated modified nucleotides in aptamers to introduce new confrontational features and high affinity interactions from the ... uses ACE to investigate protein-protein interactions using aptamers. A α-thrombin binding aptamer was labeled with 6- ... Aptamer-based affinity capillary electrophoresis is utilized for the analysis and modifications of specific affinity reagents. ... Modified aptamers ideally exhibit and high binding affinity, specificity, and nuclease resistance. Ren et al. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_electrophoresis

Another example of an RNA aptamer therapeutic is NOX-A12, a 45 nucleotide RNA aptamer that is in clinical trials for chronic ... Broadly, aptamers are small molecules composed of either single-stranded DNA or RNA and are typically 20-100 nucleotides in ... In order to combat some of the in vivo limitations of RNA aptamers, various modifications can be added to the nucleotides to ... Originally approved in 2004 to treat age-related macular degeneration, Pegaptanib is a 28 nucleotide RNA aptamer that acts as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_therapeutics

Moreover, Chemically modified nucleotides in siRNA therapeutics improve chemical stability and efficacy, assist in targeting ... aptamers, peptides and antibodies have been covalently linked to siRNA in order to improve cellular uptake and target specific ... Oligonucleotides are single or double-stranded sequences of DNA or RNA of less than 30 nucleotides in length. Small interfering ... Elbashir, S M (2011). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells". Nature. 411 (6836 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular_delivery

PreQ1-I has a distinctly small aptamer, ranging from 25 to 45 nucleotides long, compared to the structures of PreQ1-II ... with an average of 58 nucleotides composing its aptamer, which forms as many as five base-paired substructures. PreQ1-III ... Binding of preQ1 to the aptamer domain promotes the sequestration of a part of SD sequence at the 5' end to the P2 stem of the ... In the native mRNA structure, binding of preQ1 to the aptamer region in the riboswitch leads to the formation of a terminator ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PreQ1_riboswitch

... but lacks most of the highly conserved nucleotides of SAM-III class. SAM-VI aptamers bind the cofactor S-adenosylmethinine SAM ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM-VI_riboswitch

This would include the evolution of TNA aptamers that can bind to specific small molecule and protein targets, as well as the ... These structures demonstrate imperfect recognition of the incoming TNA nucleotide triphosphate and support the need for further ... 140, 5706-5713, (2018). Rangel, A. E., Chen, Z., Ayele, T. M. & Heemstra, J. M. In vitro selection of an XNA aptamer capable of ... The availability of TNA polymerases have enabled the in vitro selection of biologically stable TNA aptamers to both small ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threose_nucleic_acid

Mutagenesis confirmed that changing nucleotides within the loop regions of this riboswitch altered the specificity for ligand ... classed as novel riboswitches as they deviate in sequence and structure within the loops regions that are required in aptamer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoplasma_florum_riboswitch

... aptamers, nucleotide MeSH D13.695.578.424.450 - oligodeoxyribonucleotides MeSH D13.695.578.424.450.275 - dna primers MeSH ... thymine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.740.706.788 - thymidine monophosphate MeSH D13.695.740.850 - uracil nucleotides MeSH D13.695. ... deoxyguanine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.201.200 - deoxyuracil nucleotides MeSH D13.695.201.200.270 - fluorodeoxyuridylate MeSH ... deoxyadenine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.201.150 - deoxycytosine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.201.150.200 - deoxycytidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D13)

Several nucleotide positions are highly conserved, with many around the terminal loops involved in the pseudoknot interaction. ... a mechanism commonly used in engineered aptamers but not previously observed in nature. Cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitches are a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_di-GMP-II_riboswitch

Allows construction of Cas9 complexes with protein binding cassettes, artificial aptamers, pools of random sequences as well as ... 80-250 nucleotides) to overcome this limitation. CRISPR-Display can therefore add larger RNA domains, like natural and lncRNA ... artificial aptamers and small molecules with varying size. While all the complexes were functional and viable, and successfully ... insert sequence was also determined through a set of unique sgRNA variants displaying cassettes of 25 random nucleotides. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR-Display

The function of the FMN riboswitch is twofold; first, riboswitches contain an aptamer component, which allows this RNA molecule ... FMN riboswitches also have various magnesium and potassium ions dispersed throughout the nucleotide structure, some of which ... and forms several water-mediated contacts with neighboring nucleotides. ... also suggest that these conformational changes in the structure of the FMN riboswitch are localized to specific nucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMN_riboswitch

... is an anticoagulation system cosisting of two drugs: pegnivacogin, a single-stranded 31-nucleotide aptamer that binds and ... Sinha, Gunjan (2013-12-01). "Regado's aptamer lines up against anticoagulants". Nature Biotechnology. 31 (12): 1060. doi: ... a novel actively controlled factor IX inhibitor using RNA aptamer technology for treatment of acute coronary syndrome". Future ... inhibits Factor IXa, and anivamersen, a complementary sequence reversal 15-nucleotide control agent. REG1 mechanism of action ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REG1

... can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to nucleotides other than A, C, G and U. In eukaryotes, ... structure RNA virus DNA History of RNA Biology List of RNA Biologists RNA Society Macromolecule RNA-based evolution Aptamer RNA ... Each nucleotide in RNA contains a ribose sugar, with carbons numbered 1' through 5'. A base is attached to the 1' position, in ... Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA

... in position 74 of the aptamer domain, it has been found that conversion of a cytosine to a uracil changes an aptamer from being ... Such a conversion is owed to the ability of a nucleotide in position 74 to Watson-Crick base pair with the ligand in the ... The xpt guanine riboswitch aptamer is stabilized by guanine in a way that allows the riboswitch to more easily bind magnesium, ... In the absence of adenine, the aptamer domain of the riboswitch instead associates with the riboswitch expression platform, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_riboswitch

... alongside the four naturally occurring nucleotides, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, ... In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic ... 2006). "An unnatural hydrophobic base pair system: site-specific incorporation of nucleotide analogs into DNA and RNA". Nat. ... In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiology

... and aptamer (nucleotide) complex among many other interesting studies. Molecular dynamics is used in many fields of science. ... and a 1063 nucleotide single stranded RNA genome. One key finding is that the capsid is very unstable when there is no RNA ... RNA structure in the ribosome and other large systems has been modeled with one pseudo-atom per nucleotide. Virtual cell ... "Electrical Stimulus Controlled Binding/Unbinding of Human Thrombin-Aptamer Complex". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 37449. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics

Strands of DNA and RNA are formed by stringing together long chains of molecules called nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of ... One experiment conducted at the University of Florida led to the production of an XNA aptamer by the AEGIS-SELEX (artificially ... Using a genetic code of six XNAs rather than the four naturally occurring DNA nucleotide bases yields endless opportunities for ... in XNA nucleotides, the deoxyribose and ribose sugar groups of DNA and RNA have been replaced with other chemical structures. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno_nucleic_acid

... lacking the first and the last nucleotides of 29-mer form) nucleotides. This aptamer recognizes the exosite II of thrombin, ... Despite that this aptamer only shows moderate effect on fibrinogen regulation, the affinity of this aptamer is slightly higher ... The aptamer HD22 (also known as HTDQ) is an optimized aptamer with 29 (5'-AGTCCGTGGTAGGGCAGGTTGGGGTGACT-3') or 27 ( ... These two aptamers have high affinity and good specificity and have been widely studied and used for the development of aptamer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-thrombin_aptamers

Each three-nucleotide codon is translated into one of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. There is at least one tRNA for ... In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic ... The 3'-end of the tRNA is mutated from CCA to CGA, while two cytidine nucleotides in the ribosomes A- and P-sites are mutated ... However, by co-mutating the binding nucleotides in such a way, that they can still base pair, the translational fidelity can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_genetic_code

AUCGAUUGAGCUCUAGCG UAGCUAACUCGAGAUCGC Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish ... In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic ... Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non- ... The nucleotides, which encoded RNA and proteins, were successfully replicated in vitro. Since then, Benner's team has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair

Spinach is an 84-nucleotide-long structure with two helical strands and an internal bulge with a G-quadruplex motif. It is at ... The aptamer was designed to be an RNA mimic of green fluorescent protein (GFP); similar to GFP for proteins, Spinach can be ... This aptamer was created using Systematic Evolution for Ligands by EXponential enrichment, or SELEX, which is also known as in ... Spinach is a synthetically derived RNA aptamer born out of the need for a way of studying the role of RNAs at the cellular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach_aptamer

The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of ... The hachimoji DNA system produced one type of catalytic RNA (ribozyme or aptamer) in vitro. Natural DNA is a molecule carrying ... DNA and RNA are naturally composed of four nucleotide bases that form hydrogen bonds in order to pair. Hachimoji DNA uses an ... In natural DNA, each nucleotide is composed of one of four nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachimoji_DNA

SELEX is a well known selection method for fabrication and selection of nucleotide aptamers. SELEX is relatively limited by the ... When the probe surface neighboring an aptamer is blocked by an adjacent aptamer, the redox tag on the target-bound aptamer will ... The concentration of aptamer in solution that incubates a clean probe is found to be proportional to the density of aptamers ... In this method, libraries of aptamers are separated into aptamer particles and separated by FACS based on affinity. Only the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_aptamer-based_biosensors

L-RNA aptamers are a form of aptamers. Due to their L-nucleotides, they are highly resistant to degradation by nucleases. L-RNA ... L-RNA aptamers themselves have low antigenicity. In contrast to other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers have high stability in blood ... such as PEGylated L-RNA aptamers, show a prolonged plasma half-life. Unlike other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers are not directly ... This information is used for the synthesis of the oligonucleotide's enantiomer, the L-RNA aptamer, using L-nucleotides. L-RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Ribonucleic_acid_aptamer

He isolated the first aptamer (term he used for the first time). He isolated RNA enzymes with RNA ligase activity directly from ... Phosphorimidazolides were first proposed to be critical for early-earth nucleotide polymerization by Leslie E. Orgel and ... "The Mechanism of Nonenzymatic Template Copying with Imidazole-Activated Nucleotides". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak

"Optimers as next-generation aptamers". YouTube. Aptamer Group. Retrieved 2021-08-09. "Optimer platform". Aptamer Group. ... The Optimer is trimmed to contain only this sequence, removing additional free non-target binding nucleotide bases. This ... "Aptamer Group, Mologic Ink Deal to Develop Coronavirus Antigen Test". 360Dx. Retrieved 2020-12-02. "APTAMER GROUP AND CYTIVA TO ... Aptamer Group. Retrieved 2021-08-09. "Rapid identification and development of SARS-CoV-2 selective Optimers". Aptamer Group. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimer_ligand

The main difficulty in using aptamer-based drug delivery is sourcing unique aptamers and other multimers for specific ... Φ29 forms a replication complex involving the p3 terminal protein, the dAMP nucleotide, and its own DNA polymerase to ... incorporates a motor for the delivery of therapeutic molecules like ribozymes and aptamers. The small size of pRNA-derived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_virus_phi29

Yao F, An Y, Li X, Li Z, Duan J, Yang XD (2020-03-27). "Targeted Therapy of Colon Cancer by Aptamer-Guided Holliday Junctions ... Cruciform DNA structures require at least a six nucleotide sequence of inverted repeats to form a structure consisting of a ... This opening has several adenine and thymine nucleotides distal to the inverted repeat. As the unwound section gets larger, ... "Targeted delivery of doxorubicin to cancer cells by a cruciform DNA nanostructure composed of AS1411 and FOXM1 aptamers". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciform_DNA

... es are often conceptually divided into two parts: an aptamer and an expression platform. The aptamer directly binds ... but have more significant differences than a single nucleotide mutation. SAH riboswitches bind S-adenosylhomocysteine to ... as it contains contiguous dual aptamers. Though no longer shown to be cooperative, the cause of dual aptamers still remains ... of the relevant genes and the success of procedures to create artificial small molecule-binding RNAs called aptamers. In 2002, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboswitch

Oki, T.; Yoshimoto, A.; Sato, S.; Takamatsu, A. (1975-12-18). "Purine nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase from Streptomyces ... "Self-Assembled Signaling Aptamer DNA Arrays for Protein Detection". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (32): 5296-5301 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_detection

... s are typically 21 nucleotides in length with a 2 nucleotide overhang at the 3' end of each strand, the same structure as ... saRNA by Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma-specific RNA Aptamers Inhibits Tumor Growth In Vivo". Molecular Therapy. 24 (6): 1106 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaRNA

Ouellet E, Foley JH, Conway EM, Haynes C (August 2015). "Hi-Fi SELEX: A High-Fidelity Digital-PCR Based Therapeutic Aptamer ... Wood-Bouwens CM, Ji HP (2018). "Single Color Multiplexed ddPCR Copy Number Measurements and Single Nucleotide Variant ... Partitioning in digital PCR increases sensitivity and allows for detection of rare events, especially single nucleotide ... occurs when a biomarker exists within a background of a highly abundant counterpart that differs by only a single nucleotide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction

The structure of a nucleic acid molecule consists of a sequence of nucleotides distinguished by which nucleobase they contain. ... and aptamers, which can bind to specific proteins or small molecules. Structural DNA nanotechnology, sometimes abbreviated as ... an actual sequence of nucleotides that will form into the desired structure must be devised. Nucleic acid design is the process ... and the limited chemical diversity of the four nucleotides as compared to the twenty proteinogenic amino acids. The sequences ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology

Aptamer - Oligonucleotide or peptide molecules that bind specific targets Ribozyme - Type of RNA molecules Systematic evolution ... The 10-23 DNAzyme contains a 15-nucleotide catalytic core that is flanked by two substrate recognition domains. This DNAzyme ... Spill F, Weinstein ZB, Irani Shemirani A, Ho N, Desai D, Zaman MH (October 2016). "Controlling uncertainty in aptamer selection ... Travascio P, Li Y, Sen D (September 1998). "DNA-enhanced peroxidase activity of a DNA-aptamer-hemin complex". Chemistry & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribozyme

March 2008). "Single-nucleotide-specific siRNA targeting in a dominant-negative skin model". The Journal of Investigative ... However recently a large Phase III trial of PEGylated RNA aptamer against factor IX had to be discontinued by Regado ... The mRNA molecule is then cut precisely by cleaving the phosphodiester bond between the target nucleotides which are paired to ... Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T (May 2001). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_interfering_RNA

These structures include riboswitches, ribozymes, interaction sites, and aptamers. Aptamer structures allow the binding of ... This is largely a result of four different nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and uracil (U), and ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_origami

They consist of artificial peptides or proteins, or aptamer-based nucleic acid molecules with a molar mass of about 3 to 20 kDa ... SHM results in approximately one nucleotide change per variable gene, per cell division. As a consequence, any daughter B cells ... Affimer Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies Antibody mimetic Aptamer Colostrum ELISA Humoral immunity ... This mechanism relies on conserved nucleotide motifs, called switch (S) regions, found in DNA upstream of each constant region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

The type of RNA editing that is most prevalent in higher eukaryotes converts adenosine nucleotides into inosine in dsRNAs via ... Kruspe, S; Giangrande, P (2017). "Aptamer-siRNA Chimeras: Discovery, Progress, and Future Prospects". Biomedicines. 5 (4): 45. ... RNAi has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences (e.g., viruses or transposons) and also ... 2001). "Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells". Nature. 411 (6836): 494-498. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

... and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) long. Although each individual nucleotide is very small, a DNA polymer can be ... DNA and other nucleic acids are the basis of aptamers, synthetic oligonucleotide ligands for specific target molecules used in ... and T to call the four DNA nucleotides Nucleic acid sequence - Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid Ribosomal DNA ... The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds (known as the phospho-diester linkage) between the sugar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

... the second and third nucleotides form a turn in the RNA strand and a base-pair between the first and fourth nucleotides ... The core of malachite green aptamer is also a kind of base quadruplex with a different hydrogen bonding pattern (See Figure). ... Stem-loops can vary greatly in size and sequence, but tetraloops of four nucleotides are very common and they usually belong to ... For example, in GNRA-tetraloop interactions, the second nucleotide of the tetraloop stacks directly on an A-platform motif (see ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_tertiary_structure

The drug filled DNA tube is held shut by a DNA aptamer, configured to identify and seek certain diseased related protein. Once ... "Revealing the structures of megadalton-scale DNA complexes with nucleotide resolution". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 6229. ... the origami nanobots get to the infected cells, the aptamers break apart and release the drug. The first disease model the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_origami

Hairpin aptamers are attached to the tetra loop and the stem loop 2 of the sgRNA to become binding sites for dimerized MS2 ... See: Guide RNA, CRISPR A small guide RNA (sgRNA), or gRNA is an RNA with around 20 nucleotides used to direct Cas9 or dCas9 to ... The spacer region has nucleotides that are complementary to those found on the target genes, often in the promoter region. The ... Similar to its unmutated form, dCas9 is used in CRISPR systems along with gRNAs to target specific genes or nucleotides ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR_activation

Likewise, the spinach aptamer is an engineered RNA sequence which can bind GFP chromophore chemical mimics, thereby conferring ... Kricka LJ, Fortina P (April 2009). "Analytical ancestry: "firsts" in fluorescent labeling of nucleosides, nucleotides, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_tag

Downstream-peptide RNAs overlap a predicted non-coding RNA called yfr6 that is over 200 nucleotides in length, but it was ... Ames TD, Breaker RR (January 2011). "Bacterial aptamers that selectively bind glutamine". RNA Biol. 8 (1): 82-89. doi:10.4161/ ... The most striking similarity is the nucleotide conservation within the P1 stem of both motifs, and this and other similarities ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream-peptide_motif

L-RNA aptamers are a form of aptamers. Due to their L-nucleotides, they are highly resistant to degradation by nucleases. L-RNA ... L-RNA aptamers themselves have low antigenicity. In contrast to other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers have high stability in blood ... such as PEGylated L-RNA aptamers, show a prolonged plasma half-life. Unlike other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers are not directly ... This information is used for the synthesis of the oligonucleotides enantiomer, the L-RNA aptamer, using L-nucleotides. L-RNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-Ribonucleic_acid_aptamer

Split aptamers which are inactive until the halves are brought within close proximity can become useful for visualizing the ... Here, we design and test several sets of F30 Broccoli aptamer splits, that we call fluorets, to compare their relative ... RNA aptamers selected to bind fluorophores and activate their fluorescence offer a simple and modular way to visualize native ... Broccoli Aptamer and Fluoret Assembly. F30-Broccoli RNA or Broc and Coli RNA strands composed of unmodified nucleotides were ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/12/3178

Nucleotide Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 46% * Mutant Medicine and Dentistry 41% ... A synthetic biology approach to fighting Francisella tularensis: Development of aptamer presenting DNA-nanorings. *Brady, R L ( ...

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/projects/a-synthetic-biology-approach-to-fighting-francisella-tularensis-d

Aptamers are synthetic oligonucleotides selected from a random nucleotide library by the combination of combinatorial chemistry ... Aptamers are immobilized at the gold layer sputtered on a glass prism. The binding of the analyte with aptamers resulted in the ... High efficiency of aptamer selection and the specificity of target interactions make it possible to avoid labor- and time- ... Meanwhile, aptamers are more stable toward oxidation and hydrolysis than antibodies and can be easily modified by the ...

https://www.innovations-report.com/agricultural-and-forestry-science/aptasensors-helpful-in-detection-of-mycotoxins/

R06, an RNA aptamer, was previously shown to form a kissing complex with the TAR (trans-activating responsive) hairpin of HIV-1 ... the structure of a given RNA can be maintained via compensatory base-pair changes that occur among covarying nucleotides in ... Aptamers interacting with RNA hairpins through loop-loop (so-called kissing) interactions have been described as an alternative ... Aptamers Targeted to an RNA Hairpin Show Improved Specificity Compared to that of Complementary Oligonucleotides † ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabien-Darfeuille

Base-modified nucleotides are better substrates for DNA polymerases than sugar-modified nucleotides due to the steric gate of ... By providing the additional interactions that are not available in a canonical nucleic acid aptamer, next-generation aptamers ... Aptamers are short nucleic acids that can bind with high affinity to a variety of biological targets through shape ... This aptamer shows 6.5-fold and 9-fold higher binding affinities than the appropriate control sequences which contain non- ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.786228

Aptamer-Assisted Delivery of Nucleotides with Tumor-Suppressing Properties for Targeted Cancer Therapies ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/crossref-citedby/533862

Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising such anti-TNF aptamers and methods for the using the same for ... Nucleic acid aptamers that bind to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). ... Either one or both of the two aptamers in a dimer may comprise a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The two anti-TNF aptamers ... 5. The nucleic acid aptamer of claim 1, wherein the aptamer consists of 40-100 nucleotides. ...

https://patents.justia.com/patent/11447778

In the absence of DA, FAM-aptamer was adsorbed on the surface of GO through π-π stacking interactions between nucleotide bases ... Consequently, the aptamer remains adsorbed on the GO surface inducing the fluorescence quenching. In particular, the aptamer ... FAM-modified aptamer is adsorbed onto the surface of GO via hydrophobic and π-π stacking interaction between the nucleotide ... any known aptamer can be engineered into a molecular aptamer beacon (MBA) that shows a FRET in response to a specific biomarker ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-922691/v1

Solution NMR structure of the GTP binding Class II RNA aptamer-ligand-complex containing a protonated adenine nucleotide with a ... aptamer / protonated adenine / GTP. Function / homology. GUANOSINE-5-TRIPHOSPHATE / RNA / RNA (> 10). Function and homology ... Protonated Adenine Nucleotide with a Highly Shifted pKa Value Stabilizes the Tertiary Structure of a GTP-Binding RNA Aptamer.. ... PDB-5lwj: Solution NMR structure of the GTP binding Class II RNA aptamer-li... - ...

https://pdbj.org/emnavi/quick.php?id=pdb-5lwj

Nucleotide Aptamers Medicine & Life Sciences 22% * Microfluidics Engineering & Materials Science 16% * Molecules Engineering & ... A sequence of electrode deprotection and aptamer incubation steps were used to assemble anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamers and anti-TNF-α ... A sequence of electrode deprotection and aptamer incubation steps were used to assemble anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamers and anti-TNF-α ... A sequence of electrode deprotection and aptamer incubation steps were used to assemble anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamers and anti-TNF-α ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/simultaneous-detection-of-cell-secreted-tnf-%CE%B1-and-ifn-%CE%B3-using-mic

... cholerae GEMM RNAs to determine whether they function as aptamers for cyclic di-GMP. A 110-nucleotide Vc2 RNA construct (110 ...

https://bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu/bionumber.aspx?s=n&v=5&id=110866

A library template was synthesized as ssDNA containing a central random region of 40 nucleotides (DNA library: 5-CAC CTA ATA ... The suspensions were washed twice to remove unbound aptamers, then the EN2-aptamer complexes were obtained using binding buffer ... 5- FAM modified aptamers were heated at 95 °C for 5 min then cooled on ice for 1 h in binding buffer prior to use. First, 100 ... Home›Coefficient of Variation›Aptamer-antibody hybrid ELONA that uses hybridization chain reaction to detect a urinary ...

https://www.swvrc.org/aptamer-antibody-hybrid-elona-that-uses-hybridization-chain-reaction-to-detect-a-urinary-biomarker-en2-for-bladder-and-prostate-cancer/

... ribozymes and aptamers. Here, critical advancements have come through the advancement of nucleotide analogues with improved ... Substitution of C for G on the last 3-end nucleotide placement in the MG led to nondetection of RNA transcription or ... Deletions and nucleotide substitutions within the MG 5 end that disrupted terminal complementarity abolished chloramphenicol ... properties over organic nucleotides and lately a number of these such as for example phosphorothioates (8,9), 2-O-Me (10,11), 2 ...

http://www.columbiagypsy.net/category/ghs-r1a-receptors/

Conversion of RNA Aptamer into Modified DNA Aptamers Provides for Prolonged Stability and Enhanced Antitumor Activity. Amero, P ...

https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/persons/zhihui-wang/publications/?ordering=type&descending=false

Nucleotide Aptamers 100% * Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors 58% * SELEX Aptamer Technique 37% ... Development of a Monomeric Inhibitory RNA Aptamer Specific for FGFR3 that Acts as an Activator When Dimerized. Kamatkar, N., ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/jean-m-hebert/publications/

An RNA aptamer to the xanthine/guanine base with a distinctive mode of purine recognition. Kiga, D., Futamura, Y., Sakamoto, K. ... Shifted positioning of the anticodon nucleotide residues of amber suppressor tRNA species by Escherichia coli arginyl-tRNA ... In vitro selection of a photoresponsive peptide aptamer to glutathione-immobilized microbeads. Tada, S., Zang, Q., Wang, W., ...

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/ja/persons/daisuke-kiga/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle

Nucleotide Aptamers 9% * Effects of Fish Oil on Alcoholic Liver Disease in Rats Based on Pathological Mechanisms. Yang, S. ... The Build of Functional Protein Molecular Shuttles by Using a Genetically Engineered Kinesin and Nucleic Acid Aptamers - with ...

https://tmu.pure.elsevier.com/en/organisations/taipei-medical-university-2/projects/?ordering=startDate&descending=true&page=144

... by diminishing the aptamer density and by introducing PR-104 a spacer molecule which consists of 14 additional nucleotides. The ... The aptamer V7t1 was covalently immobilized on polystyrene magnetic beads in a controlled orientation resulting in a ... Conclusions A new aptamer-based affinity purification platform for the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor was developed and ... this work demonstrates that the aptamer V7t1 is a promising alternative to heparin for VEGF affinity purification. ...

http://littleheroesfoundation.org/?p=368

Design of nucleotide aptamers Global Experts from Bangladesh. Global Experts in Subject. ...

https://biography.omicsonline.org/bangladesh/jahangirnagar-university/sharif-md-anisuzzaman-1984047

This study uses an RNA aptamer i.e. a nucleotide sequence with a unique 3D structure, that is bound by a bacterial ... Finally, by constructing an shRNA-aptamer fusion molecule against cyclin B1 and CDK-1 they were able to show light-dependent ... These findings were extended to an shRNA-aptamer targeting an eGFP reporter. Here they also optimise the hinge region present ... between the aptamer hairpin and dsRNA targeting sequence to find marked differences based on the nucleotides chosen. For ...

https://prelights.biologists.com/highlights/optoribogenetic-control-of-regulatory-rna-molecules/

Aptamers, NucleotideBiosensing TechniquesElectrochemical TechniquesEuropiumHumansLimit of DetectionLinear ModelsLuminescent ... In the presence of exonuclease, aptamer was selectively digested and TB could be released for target recycling. Extended dsDNA ... In the presence of exonuclease, aptamer was selectively digested and TB could be released for target recycling. Extended dsDNA ... Subsequently, the hybrid between the capture probe and the complementary thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) was aimed at obtaining ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/26005759/Application_of_Europium_Multiwalled_Carbon_Nanotubes_as_Novel_Luminophores_in_an_Electrochemiluminescent_Aptasensor_for_Thrombin_Using_Multiple_Amplification_Strategies_

Nucleotide Aptamers 10% * Capsid Proteins 8% * Biotin 7% * Ligases 7% * Protein Domains 7% ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/%CE%B2-actin-mrna-interactome-mapping-by-proximity-biotinylation/fingerprints/

Development of RNA aptamers targeting Ebola virus VP35. Binning, J. M., Wang, T., Luthra, P., Shabman, R. S., Borek, D. M., Liu ... Aptamers in virology: Recent advances and challenges. Binning, J. M., Leung, D. W. & Amarasinghe, G. K., 2012, In: Frontiers in ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/persons/gaya-amarasinghe/publications/?ordering=type&descending=true

Wachowius, F.; Höbartner, C.: Probing essential nucleobase functional groups in aptamers and deoxyribozymes by nucleotide ... Wachowius, F.; Javadi Zarnaghi, F.; Höbartner, C.: Combinatorial mutation interference analysis reveals functional nucleotides ...

https://www.mpinat.mpg.de/publication-search/642977?person=%2Fpersons%2Fresource%2Fpersons31230

c) fluorescence images of aptamer-based nanosensors in the. Pas cher commander stéroïdes en ligne expédition dans le monde ... Structural symmetry of dna nucleotides and steroid hormones. Thumbnail image of schaper charles dna steroid symmetry 20200316 ... E1: estrone; e2: estradiol; er: estrogen receptor; t: testosterone;. (c) fluorescence images of aptamer-based nanosensors in ... Structural symmetry of dna nucleotides and steroid hormones. Thumbnail image of schaper charles dna steroid symmetry 20200316. ...

https://www.va-irene.com/profile/kivikiesel3/profile

Multiple aptamer-based assay formats including a single and multiplex aptamer-based assay, an aptamer sandwich assay and a " ... process and oligonucleotides having one or more base modified nucleotides (single type or dual type base modified nucleotides) ... Specific nucleic acid aptamer sequence motifs ("sequence families"). *Methods for treating a condition or disease with a ... Methods for detecting and quantifying a single target or multiple targets in a biological sample with an aptamer (SomaScan ...

https://somalogic.com/list-of-patents/

Nucleosides and nucleotides remain one of the most fruitful drug classes, providing about 50% of antiviral drugs and 20% of ... Nucleosides and Nucleotides: synthetic and biological chemistry 17 April 2015, London, United Kingdom ... Nucleoside and nucleotide chemistry constitute a vibrant field of research for both synthetic and biological chemists. This ... ProTides and phosphorodiamidates as nucleotide pro-drug forms: from the lab to clinical use ...

https://www.rsc.org/events/detail/12126/nucleosides-and-nucleotides-synthetic-and-biological-chemistry

... and RNA-like systems built from eight nucleotide ... We report DNA- and RNA-like systems built from eight nucleotide ... Hachimoji DNA was then transcribed to give hachimoji RNA in the form of a functioning fluorescent hachimoji aptamer. These ...

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...363..884H

By providing the additional interactions that are not available in a canonical nucleic acid aptamer, next-generation aptamers with high target binding affinity and kinetic are anticipated. (bl.uk)
Accordingly, one aspect of the present disclosure features a nucleic acid aptamer that binds TNF and neutralizes the activity of TNF (anti-TNF aptamer). (justia.com)
For example, an anti-TNF nucleic acid aptamer may consist of 40-100 nts. (justia.com)
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid aptamer comprises a nucleic acid motif having the nucleotide sequence of 5′-GCGCCACTACAGGGGAGCTGCCATTCGAATAGGTGGGCCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 1). (justia.com)
In one example, the nucleic acid aptamer comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. (justia.com)
In another example, the nucleic acid aptamer consists of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. (justia.com)
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid aptamer is conjugated to a polyethylene (PEG) moiety (e.g., a PEG moiety with a molecular weight of about 15-40 kDa). (justia.com)
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid aptamer is in a dimeric format containing two copies of the nucleic acid aptamer. (justia.com)
In some embodiments, a PEG moiety links the two copies of the nucleic acid aptamer. (justia.com)
In some embodiments, the nucleic acid aptamer is conjugated to a detectable label. (justia.com)

Unlike other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers are not directly made using systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), as L-nucleic acids are not amenable to enzymatic methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used in SELEX. (wikipedia.org)
For their uses in SELEX to discover next-generation aptamer, the acceptance of chemically functionalised triphosphates by DNA polymerase is firstly examined. (bl.uk)
Especially, 5-propargylamino-iodotriazole-dUTP (5-ITZ-dUTP), a monomer which can potentially allow aptamers to form halogen bonding interaction is used in SELEX. (bl.uk)
Aptamers are developed through the SELEX process and over the years these have become primary tools for aptamer synthesis. (mamul.am)
Over the past three decades, since the invention of SELEX by Larry Gold and Jack William in the 1990, the technology has seen several modifications to streamline and standardized aptamer-isolation process. (mamul.am)
Herein, we apply rG4-SELEX to develop a novel L-RNA aptamer, L-Apt.8f, which binds to APP 3′UTR D-rG4 strongly with subnanomolar affinity. (edu.hk)
Nucleic acid aptamers, with a length in the range of 10-100 nucleotides (nt), are identified from an in vitro selection process, systemic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). (creative-biolabs.com)
A typical SELEX process flow for aptamer screening includes repetition selection cycle and amplification. (creative-biolabs.com)
Cell-SELEX identifies aptamers that specifically bind to a certain cell type based on unique cell membrane extracellular characteristics. (creative-biolabs.com)
They are usually selected from vast oligonucleotide-libraries in an in vitro process termed SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), wherein the oligonucleotides that bind most readily to the target are amplified and their nucleotide sequence is finally identified. (gabionline.net)
Aside from this immediate software in protein purification, identification of this DNA aptamer demonstrates the feasibility of using SELEX to develop aptamers that block specific antibodies. (icics2010.org)
Despite being simple, this method may contribute to the process of aptamer design in the future to reduce the number of sequences in the initial SELEX pool, by generating more sequences with similar nucleotides distribution or introducing minor mutations, or through coupling with other more sophisticated approaches. (alliedacademies.com)
Aptamers are created via an selection technique called Systematic Progression of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) with the recurring partitioning of binders from a big collection of oligonucleotides having a short variety of 1013C1015 arbitrary sequences30,31. (bollywooddvds.com)
Each circular of aptamer selection in SELEX is conducted by eluting and binding aptamers from focus on substances or cells, leading to selecting aptamers in the collection with high specificity and affinity because of their goals32,33. (bollywooddvds.com)
Aptamers derive from the combinatorial approach to selection, or SELEX (for Selective Development of Ligands by EXponential enrichment). (globaltechbiz.com)
Traditional SELEX-based aptamer development requires multiple rounds of amplification that result in PCR bias. (raptamer.com)
Like its fellow aptamer company Archemix , NOXXON, a Berlin-based, VC-backed private company holds a license to SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment), a patented method for generating potent aptamer binders. (bostonbiotechwatch.com)

Like other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers are able to bind molecules such as peptides, proteins, and substances of low molecular weight. (wikipedia.org)
Here we have utilised an aptamer-based proteomics approach to profile 1,129 proteins in the serum of wild-type and mdx (dystrophin deficient) mice. (ox.ac.uk)
The DNA aptamer and Flag peptide competed for binding to the M2 antibody, thereby permitting the aptamer to elute Flag-tagged proteins from an immobilized M2 antibody, a generally used process in protein purification. (icics2010.org)
The outcomes obtained with this research indicate the fantastic potential for the usage of aptamers to identify MGB1 and MGB2 proteins biomarkers, indicated on the top of breasts CTCs. (bollywooddvds.com)
Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr. (embl.de)
Caught in action: selecting Peptide aptamers against intrinsically disordered proteins in live cells. (vu.nl)
The lead aptamer demonstrates pM level affinity, high specificity against homolog proteins, and high potency in blocking target signaling. (aptitudemedical.com)
That's no small feat. The ribosome is a molecular behemoth, made up of three large RNA fragments, consisting of approximately 2900 nucleotide building blocks in total, along with 54 proteins. (drugs.watch)
Small peptides, especially those derived from natural proteins as inhibitory peptide aptamers (iPAs), can produce highly effective and selective blockade of specific nociceptive molecular pathways to reduce pain with minimal off-target effects. (lww.com)

Aptamers are short nucleic acids that can bind with high affinity to a variety of biological targets through shape complementary. (bl.uk)
However, by adding the target, the aptamer undergoes a conformational change to bind to DA with high affinity, resulting in a fluorescence recovery. (researchsquare.com)
Nucleic acid aptamers that bind to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF). (justia.com)
Target molecule is incubated along with the oligonucleotide library allowing for nucleic acids to bind to them resulting in the formation of aptamers. (mamul.am)
However, selected aptamers cannot bind the same protein expressed from eukaryotic cells because glycosylation, a post-translational modification present only in eukaryotic systems, significantly alters the structure of the target protein. (duke.edu)
Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotide sequences of approximately 20 - 100 nucleotides that bind specific target molecules with high affinity 1,2 . (quantabiodesign.com)
As biotechnology is rapidly developing, a plethora of generated aptamers now can bind many kinds of targets, ranging from simple inorganic molecules to large protein complexes, and even entire cells. (creative-biolabs.com)
Aptamers are short single-stranded DNA- or RNA-based oligonucleotides that can selectively bind to small molecular ligands or protein targets with high affinity and specificity. (creative-biolabs.com)
Aptamers are short, single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) oligonucleotides, which can take on certain three-dimensional conformations that allow them to bind to a specific target. (gabionline.net)
In total, six aptamers were found to reliably bind to rituximab within a robust experimental setup. (gabionline.net)
One of the aptamers was found to also bind to the IgG1 monoclonal antibodies adalimumab and bevacizumab, as well as to the glycosylated Fc fragment of rituximab, suggesting that this aptamer binds to antibody constant regions. (gabionline.net)
Nucleotide polymers are also able to bind to each other, through hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. (ftloscience.com)
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotide sequences that specifically bind to target molecules. (researchsquare.com)
In Burke's lab, she works with ribonucleic acid (RNA) aptamers - artificial RNA molecules that bind a particular target. (missouri.edu)
Its specificity towards various types of the i-motif was confirmed via ELISA and bio-layer interferometry (BLI) which showed that iMab did not bind to any similar structures and molecules (most importantly, it did not bind to various DNA G4 quadruplex forms, such as promoter G4s c-MYC44, BCL245, VEGF, telomeric 2JSM47, 2GKU and aptamer G4 TBA) (Zeraati et al. (absoluteantibody.com)

Specifically, we are combining data from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and copy number variations (CNVs) to cluster different samples of a pathogen in order to understand their relatedness. (sfusurj.com)
The Eclipse Quencher is a new non-fluorescent quencher that allows DNA detection probes to be used for real time PCR applications such as measuring gene expression or detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). (glenresearch.com)
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene have been associated with various diseases including immunoglobulin A nephropathy. (anticorps-enligne.fr)

This indicates a high unmet need of patients thus, paving a way for aptamer - based solutions due to their advantages over traditional antibody-based therapies. (mamul.am)
Flexibility of aptamers offer wider applications as they can be developed against molecules as small as 60 Daltons this means aptamers can target molecules that are ten times smaller than antibody targets. (mamul.am)
On one hand, in the clinic of cancer therapy, aptamer-based therapeutics is gaining momentum, which can be used as conventional therapeutic drugs in the same way as monoclonal antibody. (creative-biolabs.com)
was to assess whether aptamers can be used to evaluate potential structural differences of the therapeutic IgG1 antibody rituximab [2]. (gabionline.net)
In some full cases, the peptide aptamer from the antinuclear autoantibodies competitively, stopping antibody-mediated injury [10 thus, 11]. (icics2010.org)
In comparison to their NAV3 broadly-used antibody Fucoxanthin counterparts, aptamers have exclusive properties for the reason that they could be synthesized and also have the capability to end up being chemically improved conveniently, making aptamers far more convenient to make use of as molecular probes for several applications34C36. (bollywooddvds.com)
In contrast to chemically modified or antibody-based hot start polymerases, NEB's One Taq Hot Start utilizes aptamer technology. (neb.com)
Aptitude scientists published a paper in Angewandte Chemie, reporting unprecedented aptamer specificity and superior performance to commercial antibody product, enabled by our proprietary Multi-Parameter Particle Display technology. (aptitudemedical.com)

Nucleotide aptamer binds to polymerase through non-covalent bond to inhibit polymerase activity. (lifetopstar.com)
E88, a new cyclic-di-GMP class I riboswitch aptamer from Clostridium tetani, has a similar fold to the prototypical class I riboswitch, Vc2, but differentially binds to c-di-GMP analogs. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Moreover, the hOX40 aptamer-streptavidin complex has an apparent binding affinity of ~50 nM for hOX40 on activated T cells as determined by flow cytometry and specifically binds activated human T cells. (duke.edu)
The aptamer binds to Taq DNA Polymerase and inhibits the enzyme activity at temperatures below 45°C. This ensures full hot-start functionality. (biotechrabbit.com)

The affinity of L-RNA aptamers to their target molecules often lies in the pico to nanomolar range and is thus comparable to antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Aptamer molecules were thiolated for assembly on gold and were functionalized with methylene blue redox reporter for electrochemical signal transduction. (elsevier.com)
Additionally, aptamers do not require immune response and binding of tertiary aptamer structures to target molecules. (mamul.am)
Nucleic acid aptamers have low immunogenicity and can be synthesized chemically in large quantities (mg up to kg) at very high purity and much lower cost than antibodies or other biologically derived therapeutic molecules. (quantabiodesign.com)
Because of their high affinity for targeted molecules, nucleic acid aptamers have fewer off-target effects than antibodies 1,2 . (quantabiodesign.com)
With distinctive advantages, aptamers become ideal candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, purification of target molecules from complex mixtures, biosensor design, etc . (creative-biolabs.com)
In theory, aptamers can be generated for virtually any target molecule irrespective of size or immunogenicity, and they can distinguish between molecules that differ by as little as one methyl group. (gabionline.net)
Aptamers, the single-stranded nucleic acid analogs of antibodies, hold a great promise in molecular diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug targeting, due to their sensitivity and high selectivity toward target molecules. (alliedacademies.com)
When a cell repli- Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers (from cates itself, identical copies of DNA molecules the Greek word poly, meaning "several", and are produced, therefore the hereditary line of mer, meaning "unit"), that store and transmit descent is conserved, and the genetic informa- genetic information. (docslib.org)

L-RNA aptamers, built using L-ribose, are the enantiomers of natural oligonucleotides, which are made with D-ribose. (wikipedia.org)
Oligonucleotides having a single type or dual type base modified nucleotides (e.g. (somalogic.com)
We offer the Nap-dU CE-Phosphoramidite (NACN5-001) which can be used to incorporate functional diversity into oligonucleotides for aptamer research. (biosearchtech.com)
these include antibodies (SERS-CoV- or MERS-CoV-specific), cytokines (cytokines, interferons, interleukins and lymphokines) and RNA therapies (siRNAs, RNA aptamers, ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides). (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
These are synthetic, brief (15C100 nucleotides long) one stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that recognize molecular goals, such as for example biomarkers, through a distinctive three-dimensional interaction with the mark with high specificity30 and affinity. (bollywooddvds.com)
RNA oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-MOE modifications phosphoramidites have shown to be more nuclease resistant, with lower toxicity, and slightly increased hybridization affinities, making them well suited for therapeutic in vivo applications, such as ASO, siRNA, and aptamers. (antikoerper-online.de)

Promisingly, a G-quadruplex streptavidin aptamer containing nine 5-ITZ-dUTPs which has a high affinity to the target is discovered. (bl.uk)
4.?Conclusions A new aptamer-based affinity purification platform for the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor was developed and optimized in a small scale by utilizing magnetic beads. (littleheroesfoundation.org)
The aptamer V7t1 was covalently immobilized on polystyrene magnetic beads in a controlled orientation resulting in a functionally active stationary affinity matrix which concomitantly exhibits low unspecific binding. (littleheroesfoundation.org)
In summary, this work demonstrates that the aptamer V7t1 is a promising alternative to heparin for VEGF affinity purification. (littleheroesfoundation.org)
The interaction between TB and its aptamer led to the dissociation of dsDNA because TB has a higher affinity to TBA than the complementary strands. (unboundmedicine.com)
Representative aptamer E21 has a dissociation constant (Kd) of 33x10(-9) m, and exhibits high affinity and specificity for EGFRvIII in ELISA and surface plasmon resonance assays. (duke.edu)
The project will involve in vitro selection of aptamers with modified nucleotides towards various protein targets, affinity screening of the best aptamer candidates and further developments. (researchjobs.cz)
Aptamers as nucleic acid based affinity ligands are more promising than monoclonal antibodies. (ajmb.org)
Results: Results showed that the binding affinity of the 44 nucleotide aptamer was more than 81 nucleotide aptamer sequence. (ajmb.org)
As a result, this aptamer could be optimized in order to develop aptamer based affinity chromatography process for this form of recombinant coagulation factor VIIa. (ajmb.org)
Discussion: Aptamers with shorter length of sequence could show higher affinity in target binding, as they could adapt more easily to suitable conformation according to target interaction. (ajmb.org)
Another practical method of stop antinuclear antibodies could be to make use of DNA aptamers, provided the high-affinity of the antibodies for proof and DNA of nucleotide bottom specificity. (icics2010.org)
By combining Partile Display with non-natural nucleotides, Aptitude can harness greatly expanded chemical diversity to enable improved affinity, specificity and success rate. (aptitudemedical.com)
Aptitude has developed Multi-Parameter Particle Display, enabling simultaneous quantitative measurement of the affinity, specificity, and other desired properties of each aptamer candidate. (aptitudemedical.com)

In mouse types of systemic lupus erythematosus, tries were designed to stop the function of the cross-reacting antibodies using peptide aptamers, produced either off their cognate peptide self-antigens or from phage screen libraries [10, 11]. (icics2010.org)

biotechrabbit ApStarTaq™ DNA Polymerase is an aptamer based hot-start enzyme and the first-choice for fast PCR reactions. (biotechrabbit.com)
An aptamer-based hot-start formulation of the included blood-resistant DNA polymerase prevents false amplification. (mypols.de)
LAROVA provides the pivotal ingredients nucleotides, enzymes and additives for diagnostic and research Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) and related applications. (larova.com)

Subsequently, the hybrid between the capture probe and the complementary thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) was aimed at obtaining double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). (unboundmedicine.com)
On the other hand, since the first DNA thrombin aptamer was isolated in 1992, recent research has found that the rapid onset of action and short half-life in vivo suggest that the thrombin aptamer may be useful in anticoagulation with extracorporeal circuits and acute clinical settings like surgical interventions. (creative-biolabs.com)
Aptamers could also successfully differentiate between native and heat-treated thrombin, whereas antibodies could not [1]. (gabionline.net)
Conformationally rigid nucleoside probes help understand the role of sugar pucker and nucleobase orientation in the thrombin-binding aptamer. (ub.es)
The use of conformationally rigid nucleoside probes to study the role of sugar pucker and nucleobase orientation in the thrombin binding aptamer. (ub.es)
Specific loop modifications of the thrombin-binding aptamer trigger the formation of parallel structures. (ub.es)

Such an anti-TNF aptamer may comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 85% (e.g., at least 90%, at least 95% or above) identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. (justia.com)
A sequence of electrode deprotection and aptamer incubation steps were used to assemble anti-IFN-γ DNA aptamers and anti-TNF-α RNA aptamers on individually addressable half-ring electrodes. (elsevier.com)
This study uses an RNA aptamer i.e. a nucleotide sequence with a unique 3D structure, that is bound by a bacterial photoreceptor PAL in the presence of blue light (1). (biologists.com)
This aptamer can, in principle, be incorporated into the sequence of any shRNA or miR that targets a gene of interest. (biologists.com)
In HEK293 cells stably expressing mCherry-PAL, they co-express these targetable reporters along with a plasmid expressing the miR-21-aptamer sequence. (biologists.com)
Here they also optimise the hinge region present between the aptamer hairpin and dsRNA targeting sequence to find marked differences based on the nucleotides chosen. (biologists.com)
Aptamers can target cells through the exponential enrichment process, which generates a highly specific DNA sequence by multiple rounds of selection. (creative-biolabs.com)
Molecular modeling involves the prediction of the secondary structure of RNA from its primary nucleotides sequence, then, building a 3D tertiary structure based on this secondary structure. (alliedacademies.com)
In the study, the tyrosine kinase domain of the NT-3 growth factor receptor was used as a target to demonstrate the potential of the bioinformatics methods as promising tools in the area of aptamer design and selection, by employing a complete set of in silico strategies for the development of aptamers, using a simple sequence-based procedure. (alliedacademies.com)
1. A nucleic acid regulatory element for enhancing muscle-specific gene expression comprising at least two diaphragm-specific regulatory elements selected from a diaphragm-specific regulatory element consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 (e.g. (sumobrain.com)
Dph-CRE02) or a functional fragment thereof, a diaphragm-specific regulatory element consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 (e.g. (sumobrain.com)
Dph-CRE04) or a functional fragment thereof, and a diaphragm-specific regulatory consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g. (sumobrain.com)
and a heart- and skeletal muscle-specific regulatory element consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:l (e.g. (sumobrain.com)
2. The nucleic acid regulatory element according to claim 1 comprising at least: a) the diaphragm-specific regulatory consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 (e.g. (sumobrain.com)
The consensus is a representation of conserved sequence and secondary-structure features, the degree of conservation of nucleotides and a summary of covarying positions that retain base-pair complementarity. (biomedcentral.com)
The nucleotide sequence analysis can be provided in cooperation with external partners, either as a standard service, or in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) regulations. (accelero-bioanalytics.com)

This aptamer shows 6.5-fold and 9-fold higher binding affinities than the appropriate control sequences which contain non-halogen bearing nucleotides (5-propargylamino-prototriazole-dU or canonical dT). (bl.uk)
RET, VEGF) located in different regions of DNA (telomeres, centromeres, promoters of proto-oncogenes) which might have distinc nucleotide sequences. (absoluteantibody.com)

Base-modified nucleotides are better substrates for DNA polymerases than sugar-modified nucleotides due to the steric gate of the enzyme. (bl.uk)
Figure 1: Chemical structures of sugar modified nucleotides used in the aptamer generation resulting in increased nuclease resistance : 2'-fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate, 2'-aminouridine-5'-triphosphate, 2'-methoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate and 4'-thiouridine-5'-triphosphate, These are currently not available from Biosearch Technologies as stock items. (biosearchtech.com)

An L-ribonucleic acid aptamer (L-RNA aptamer, trade name Spiegelmer) is an RNA-like molecule built from L-ribose units. (wikipedia.org)
The aptamers binding activity was optimized by diminishing the aptamer density and by introducing PR-104 a spacer molecule which consists of 14 additional nucleotides. (littleheroesfoundation.org)
Finally, by constructing an shRNA-aptamer fusion molecule against cyclin B1 and CDK-1 they were able to show light-dependent changes in cell-cycle arrest, suggesting that their tool is compatible with biologically relevant functional assays. (biologists.com)
Currently, aptamers for small molecule drugs, peptides, dyes and viral particles have been developed successfully. (mamul.am)
The Spinach aptamer was featured as the Molecule of the Month on the Protein Data Bank website. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Mass spectrometry-based analyses of these products revealed only minor differences between Reditux and the originator molecule MabThera, suggesting potential fold differences at the respective aptamer binding site. (gabionline.net)
It's unprecedented that we found an aptamer that can do that, because it's such a minor change to the molecule," Willis said. (missouri.edu)
The method of synthesis and purification of a nucleoside and/or a nucleotide, a modified nucleoside and/or nucleotide, a DNA molecule and an oligonucleotide library comprising said modified nucleoside and/or nucleotide, and the use of said oligonucleotide library"), zgłoszony pod numerem US 15/760,915 w dniu 16 marca 2018 r. (purebiologics.com)

The principle of this aptasensor is based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), where GO was used as energy donor, and a carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled aptamer as acceptor. (researchsquare.com)
In the absence of DA, FAM-aptamer was adsorbed on the surface of GO through π-π stacking interactions between nucleotide bases and the carbon network, leading to a weak FRET and a quenching of the FAM fluorescence. (researchsquare.com)
c) fluorescence images of aptamer-based nanosensors in the. (va-irene.com)
Spectral tuning by a single nucleotide controls the fluorescence properties of a fluorogenic aptamer. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Several aptamer-based molecular beacons have been designed, such as structure-switching signaling aptamer applied for real-time activation and amplification for fluorescence imaging and targeting therapy. (creative-biolabs.com)
The dissociation constant of aptamers was calculated using according to the fluorescence index Prism5 software. (ajmb.org)

Sullenger, B. Nucleic Acid Aptamers as Antithrombotic Agents: Opportunities in Extracellular Therapeutics. (quantabiodesign.com)
Aptamer-functionalized hydrogels can be programmed to release various and multiple therapeutics when needed through specific nucleic acid recognition and complementary hybridization process, as well as to control cell capture and release. (creative-biolabs.com)
Who are the key players engaged in the development of aptamer-based therapeutics and technologies? (concordnewsnow.com)
What is the evolving trend of publications focused on aptamer-based therapeutics and technologies? (concordnewsnow.com)

Further studies to demonstrate halogen bonding in aptamer-target interaction are required to confirm this as the first example of halogen bonding in aptamer-protein interactions. (bl.uk)
To develop targeted therapies for brain tumors, we selected RNA aptamers against the histidine-tagged EGFRvIII ectodomain, using an Escherichia coli system for protein expression and purification. (duke.edu)
Our work establishes the feasibility of disrupting protein post-translational modifications in situ with aptamers. (duke.edu)
In this study, the authors were able to show for the first time that aptamers are suitable for comparison of an originator biopharmaceutical and its biosimilar(s) when analysed in the native protein conformation. (gabionline.net)
Identification of novel, therapy-responsive protein biomarkers in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy by aptamer-based serum proteomics. (ox.ac.uk)
The chimeric structure proposed here consists of an aptamer against the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein (S) and an siRNA against the virus genome. (researchsquare.com)
In all three cases, the selected RNA aptamers interacted selectively with their NBI-74330 related protein focuses on and, in the process, inhibited their blood coagulation activities. (icics2010.org)
Structure-PPi: a module for the annotation of cancer-related single-nucleotide variants at protein-protein interfaces. (vu.nl)
Saporin is a plant enzyme with N-glycosidase activity that depurinates a specific nucleotide in the ribosomal RNA 28S, thus irreversibly blocking protein synthesis. (atsbio.com)

Recently, several research groups have reported aptamer-based tumor marker discovery platforms with versatile development potential or multiplexing capabilities. (creative-biolabs.com)

However, aptamers composed of natural bases are susceptible to nuclease degradation and have a limited range of intermolecular interactions with their targets. (bl.uk)
Due to their small size (30-80 nucleotides), they have enhanced ability to penetrate tissues thus, allowing them to reach specific targets efficiently. (mamul.am)
In this study, we describe the development of an agonistic aptamer that targets human OX40 (hOX40). (duke.edu)

For example, adenine and uridine upstream of the aptamer domain were more effective in blocking shRNA activity. (biologists.com)
A dominating cleavage signature is the location of a uridine two nucleotides downstream in a single-stranded segment, which we rationalize structurally as a key recognition determinant that may favor RNase E catalysis. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

The selection of aptamers involves two steps: upstream screening and downstream truncation. (creative-biolabs.com)

Optical molecular imaging with aptamer-based probes are also a hot topic, which has already been used to image disease associated biomarkers. (creative-biolabs.com)
Aptamers are effective molecular identification probes30. (bollywooddvds.com)
Aptamers can be used for synthetic biology applications, molecular therapies and to investigate origin of life questions. (missouri.edu)
Nevertheless, both RNA and DNA aptamers are important research equipment for dissecting the molecular systems PFI-1 IC50 of viral replication and pathogenesis. (globaltechbiz.com)

An alternative antiviral approach we propose here relies on an aptamer-siRNA-based system for the treatment of COVID-19. (researchsquare.com)
Therefore, the proposed chimeric aptamer-siRNA-based system might be auspicious in the treatment of COVID-19. (researchsquare.com)

Also provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising such anti-TNF aptamers and methods for the using the same for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, for example, alleviating liver injury and monitoring presence of TNF in vivo or in vitro. (justia.com)
The present disclosure is based on the development of anti-TNFα (i.e.: anti-TNF) nucleic acid aptamers, which suppressed TNF signaling in vitro and attenuated TNF-mediated acute liver injury in vivo. (justia.com)
A fluorescent split aptamer for visualizing RNA-RNA assembly in vivo. (lucernatechnologies.com)
PEGylation protects nucleic acid aptamers from enzymatic degradation in vivo and can extend in vivo serum half-life of these aptamers by increasing the hydrodynamic volume 1-4 . (quantabiodesign.com)
Future studies will assess the therapeutic potential of hOX40 aptamers for ex vivo stimulation of antigen specific T cells in conjunction with dendritic cell-based vaccines for adoptive cellular therapy. (duke.edu)
Aptitude has successfully demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the second aptamer program in preclinical animal models, in collaboration with researchers from Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. (aptitudemedical.com)
Aptitude has successfully demonstrated the in vivo efficacy and safety of our first therapeutic aptamer program in two different preclinical animal models. (aptitudemedical.com)
Aptitude has further expanded the capability of Particle Display to uniquely develop fully modified aptamers, which possess optimal in vivo stability for therapeutic applications. (aptitudemedical.com)

Aptamer development process does not involve animals or living cells thus, making it possible to select aptamers for toxic compounds such as zootoxins and pathogenic bacteria. (mamul.am)

Thus a guanine nucleotide would be abbreviated pGpG. (jenabioscience.com)

Nucleoside and nucleotide chemistry constitute a vibrant field of research for both synthetic and biological chemists. (rsc.org)

In this context, fluorescently-labeled aptamers can be used as bioreceptors to develop several aptasensors using FRET as a detection method. (researchsquare.com)
In this paper, we describe the development of micropatterned electrodes functionalized with electroactive aptamers for multiplexed detection of immune-cell-produced cytokines. (elsevier.com)
Programmable RNA detection with a fluorescent RNA aptamer using optimized three-way junction formation. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Novel technologies using aptamers continue to evolve in precision medicine, providing enormous opportunities for tumor-related biomarker discovery and detection. (creative-biolabs.com)
Hemin-graphene hybrid nanosheets with intrinsic peroxidase-like activity for label-free colorimetric detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism. (semanticscholar.org)

The phosphate and sugar groups are involved in connecting nucleotides with each other, forming a phosphodiester bond. (ftloscience.com)
Single stranded dinucleotides consist of two nucleotides that are linked by a 3'-5' phosphodiester bond via the 3' hydroxyl group of one nucleotide and the 5' hydroxyl group of the other one, just a as bonding occurs in native RNA. (jenabioscience.com)
They are abbreviated as pNpN where N stands for any nucleotide and p indicates the phosphodiester bond and remaining 5' phosphate group, respectively. (jenabioscience.com)

Khoshnejad, M. Synthetic Antibodies: The Emerging Field of Aptamers. (quantabiodesign.com)

Biochemical and genetic analyses were carried out with both V. cholerae GEMM RNAs to determine whether they function as aptamers for cyclic di-GMP. (harvard.edu)
Modular cell-internalizing aptamer nanostructure enables targeted delivery of large functional RNAs in cancer cell lines. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. (cocites.com)
Domain swapping between homologous bacterial small RNAs dissects processing and Hfq binding determinants and uncovers an aptamer for conditional RNase E cleavage. (helmholtz-hzi.de)

Zhang, G. Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes. (quantabiodesign.com)
Aptitude has launched a bispecific therapeutic program which leverages the unique physicochemical properties of aptamers to achieve the effect of combination therapy with a single agent. (aptitudemedical.com)
Aptitude has completed the in vitro discovery of our first fully-modified therapeutic aptamer. (aptitudemedical.com)

Hachimoji DNA was then transcribed to give hachimoji RNA in the form of a functioning fluorescent hachimoji aptamer. (harvard.edu)
RNA structures and cellular applications of fluorescent light-up aptamer. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Development of genetically encodable FRET system using fluorescent RNA aptamers. (lucernatechnologies.com)
Fluorescent RNA aptamers as a tool to study RNA-modifying enzymes. (lucernatechnologies.com)

Today's study builds from your aptamer set chosen by Schneider with half-maximal inhibitory ideals (IC50) of 500 nM. (globaltechbiz.com)

In contrast to other aptamers, L-RNA aptamers have high stability in blood serum, since they are less susceptible to be cleaved hydrolytically by enzymes. (wikipedia.org)

A 110-nucleotide Vc2 RNA construct (110 Vc2) (Fig. 1A) was subjected to in-line probing (17) in the absence or presence of 100mM cyclic di-GMP (Fig.1B). (harvard.edu)
Phosphodiesterase 1 bridges glutamate inputs with NO- and dopamine-induced cyclic nucleotide signals in the striatum. (mpg.de)

Muhammad is focused on employing computational techniques to design and screen for new types of drugs and targeted therapies such as natural extracts from plants and microbes, RNA aptamers, and short peptides instead of conventional chemotherapies. (alliedacademies.com)

Aptamers are an emerging class of highly specific targeting ligands. (diamond.ac.uk)

Aptamers are highly specific and demonstrate high reproducibility due to the fact that they are chemically synthesized. (gabionline.net)

In principle we demonstrate reversibility using luciferase as reporter gene and, thus, do believe that this feature might also apply to other shRNA-PAL aptamer constructs. (biologists.com)
Our work introduces a novel strategy and reports a new L-aptamer candidate to target APP 3′UTR rG4 structure, which laid the foundation for further applying L-RNA as an important class of biomolecule for practical L-aptamer-based targeting and controlling of gene expression in cells. (edu.hk)
Clinical software of RNA aptamers may ultimately take the proper execution of gene therapy, wherein genes that immediate the expression from the restorative aptamer are sent to focus on cells (e.g. (globaltechbiz.com)
It is my belief that nucleic acids, especially aptamers and RNAi but also some other categories, hold huge promise for drug development , a belief that has been validated by pharma interest in some areas (think RNAi) more than in others (gene therapy). (bostonbiotechwatch.com)
Gene expression within the mitochondria of African trypanosomes and other protozoan organisms relies on a nucleotide-specific RNA-editing reaction. (bio-protocol.org)

And several methods have been developed for aptamer truncation, such as the "rational truncation" approach and the hybridization inhibition approach. (creative-biolabs.com)
These data offer insight in to the requirements for broad-spectrum RT inhibition by nucleic acidity aptamers. (globaltechbiz.com)

Probing essential nucleobase functional groups in aptamers and deoxyribozymes by nucleotide analogue interference mapping of DNA. (mpg.de)
Combinatorial mutation interference analysis reveals functional nucleotides required for DNA catalysis. (mpg.de)
Other noteworthy developments in modifications of aptamers, include the addition of functional units of non-nucleic origin and nucleotide modifications, which further improves aptamer performance. (mamul.am)

Due to their L-nucleotides, they are highly resistant to degradation by nucleases. (wikipedia.org)
Studies have shown that 3′ end capping (including PEGylation) helps the oligonucleotide chain resist nuclease degradation, while 5′ end PEGylation reduces renal clearance of the aptamer 3 . (quantabiodesign.com)

To ensure the development of more effective aptamer-based therapies candidates, several players have developed novel aptamer technologies that can be used for research, drug delivery and diagnostic applications. (mamul.am)
iii) Chemical substance derivatization could be readily achieved by existing COG3 artificial solutions to adapt confirmed aptamer to a number of delivery and diagnostic systems. (globaltechbiz.com)
Aptitude has initiated a collaboration with a top diagnostic company to exploit the unique properties of aptamers for applications at the point of care. (aptitudemedical.com)

Each nucleotide consists of 3 main components: A pentose (containing 5 carbons) sugar group, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. (ftloscience.com)

In the presence of exonuclease, aptamer was selectively digested and TB could be released for target recycling. (unboundmedicine.com)
We structurally characterize the aptamer and find that it contains a thermostable and parallel G4 motif, and mutagenesis analysis identifies the key nucleotides that are involved in the target recognition. (edu.hk)
A strategy for overcoming the delivery challenge of siRNAs is combining them with aptamers, which have achieved success in cell-specific delivery of siRNAs and subsequent target RNA cleavage (7,8). (researchsquare.com)
As a result, a 69-nt aptamer was optimized to have a relatively stable structure and acceptable binding score to the target domain. (alliedacademies.com)
These companies have reduced to practice the ability to quickly generate aptamers to almost any target. (bostonbiotechwatch.com)

As those stress conditions led to different recognition patterns, the involvement of distinct aptamer-rituximab binding epitopes can be anticipated. (gabionline.net)

L-RNA aptamers are considered potential drugs and are currently being tested in clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
With great biocompatibility, the use of aptamer-polymer hybrid delivery system is considered as attractive materials for clinical application, which have shown promise in clinical applications for drug delivery. (creative-biolabs.com)
A second generation Rabbit Polyclonal to ARSI of aptamers was developed, and, among these, some have NBI-74330 entered clinical tests in individuals with blood coagulation disorders [15]. (icics2010.org)
Direct clinical software of DNA aptamer inhibitors of RT will PFI-1 IC50 demand additional improvements in delivery to the correct focus on cells. (globaltechbiz.com)
Spiegelmers, the new drug class consisting of mirror-image aptamers created by Germany's NOXXON Pharma , achieved an important clinical milestone this week. (bostonbiotechwatch.com)
Aptitude has entered into a collaboration with a global leader in clinical diagnostics, who is interested in leveraging aptamers' unique properties to address unmet needs in diagnostics. (aptitudemedical.com)

Select a suitable nucleotide substrate for enzymatic DNA Labeling. (jenabioscience.com)

While antibodies are highly effective for a wide range of applications, there are unique aptamer advantages that can overcome some difficult scientific challenges. (mamul.am)
While both RNA and DNA aptamers to RT have already been explained, DNA aptamers present several exclusive advantages and possibilities. (globaltechbiz.com)

Solution NMR structure of the GTP binding Class II RNA aptamer-ligand-complex containing a protonated adenine nucleotide with a highly shifted pKa. (pdbj.org)
A Stably Protonated Adenine Nucleotide with a Highly Shifted pKa Value Stabilizes the Tertiary Structure of a GTP-Binding RNA Aptamer. (pdbj.org)
Willis works on the latter of the three questions and is characterizing features of an RNA aptamer that can discriminate between the two redox states of Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - a nucleotide cofactor that appears along with many others in modern metabolism. (missouri.edu)

Owing to their smaller size than antibodies, aptamers have high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and toxicity, and better transport and tissue penetration properties. (alliedacademies.com)

Nucleosides and nucleotides remain one of the most fruitful drug classes, providing about 50% of antiviral drugs and 20% of cancer drugs used in the UK. (rsc.org)
In addition, aptamers could also be used for targeted delivery of drugs and other genetic elements, such as siRNAs, to the cells. (researchsquare.com)
Generally, aptamers and other nucleic-acid-based drugs have not yet fulfilled their initial promise. (bostonbiotechwatch.com)