Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2: Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.bcl-2-Associated X Protein: A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.Iron Regulatory Protein 1: A multifunctional iron-sulfur protein that is both an iron regulatory protein and cytoplasmic form of aconitate hydratase. It binds to iron regulatory elements found on mRNAs involved in iron metabolism and regulates their translation. Its RNA binding ability and its aconitate hydrolase activity are dependent upon availability of IRON.Caspases: A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.Iron Regulatory Protein 2: A multifunctional iron-sulfur protein that is both an iron regulatory protein and cytoplasmic form of aconitate hydratase. It binds to iron regulatory elements found on mRNAs involved in iron metabolism and regulates their translation. Its rate of degradation is increased in the presence of IRON.Caspase 3: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins: A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat.DNA Fragmentation: Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.Leucine-Responsive Regulatory Protein: A LEUCINE and DNA-binding protein that is found primarily in BACTERIA and ARCHAEA. It regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION involved in METABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS in response to the increased concentration of LEUCINE.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.In Situ Nick-End Labeling: An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein: An inhibitor of apoptosis protein that is translated by a rare cap-independent mechanism. It blocks caspase-mediated cellular destruction by inhibiting CASPASE 3; CASPASE 7; and CASPASE 9.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Apoptosis Inducing Factor: A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation.Iron-Regulatory Proteins: Proteins that regulate cellular and organismal iron homeostasis. They play an important biological role by maintaining iron levels that are adequate for metabolic need, but below the toxicity threshold.CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein: An APOPTOSIS-regulating protein that is structurally related to CASPASE 8 and competes with CASPASE 8 for binding to FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Two forms of CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulating protein exist, a long form containing a caspase-like enzymatically inactive domain and a short form which lacks the caspase-like domain.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Caspase 9: A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.Caspase Inhibitors: Endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit CASPASES or prevent their activation.Tumor Suppressor Protein p53: Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Caspase 8: A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Fas Ligand Protein: A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.bcl-X Protein: A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors: Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.Annexin A5: A protein of the annexin family isolated from human PLACENTA and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones: Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.Antigens, CD55: GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.RNA, Small Interfering: Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Jurkat Cells: A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Reactive Oxygen Species: Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Repressor Proteins: Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.HL-60 Cells: A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)PhosphoproteinsUp-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: A transmembrane-protein belonging to the TNF family of intercellular signaling proteins. It is a widely expressed ligand that activates APOPTOSIS by binding to TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND RECEPTORS. The membrane-bound form of the protein can be cleaved by specific CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES to form a soluble ligand form.GTP-Binding Proteins: Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.Antigens, CD59: Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Immediate-Early Proteins: Proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Trans-Activators: Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.Mice, Inbred C57BLRecombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.Caspase 7: A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 3 and CASPASE 10. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial: The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Glucokinase: A group of enzymes that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and D-glucose to ADP and D-glucose 6-phosphate. They are found in invertebrates and microorganisms, and are highly specific for glucose. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.2.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Genes, bcl-2: The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.DNA Damage: Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.Cytochrome c Group: A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt: A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.Genes, Regulator: Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein: A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS.Neoplasm Proteins: Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.Necrosis: The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Staurosporine: An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein: A member of the myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) protein family with multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. In hematopoietic cells, it is located mainly in the nucleus, and in non-hematopoietic cells, primarily in the cytoplasm with a punctate nuclear localization. MLF1 plays a role in cell cycle differentiation.Cysteine Endopeptidases: ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.Antigens, CD46: A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein: A member of the Bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds MEMBRANES. It is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage.PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins: A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21: A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.Operon: In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Aconitate Hydratase: An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Antigens, CD47: A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.bcl-Associated Death Protein: A pro-apoptotic protein and member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by PHOSPHORYLATION. Unphosphorylated Bad protein inhibits the activity of BCL-XL PROTEIN.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Tumor Suppressor Proteins: Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic: Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.Ceramides: Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand: Tumor necrosis factor receptor family members that are widely expressed and play a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. The receptors are specific for TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND and signal via conserved death domains that associate with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.Transcriptional Activation: Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.Caspase 2: A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its caspase recruitment domain with CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 2 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating effector pro-caspases. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Cyclins: A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein: A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing: A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymesU937 Cells: A human cell line established from a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (HISTIOCYTIC LYMPHOMA, DIFFUSE) and displaying many monocytic characteristics. It serves as an in vitro model for MONOCYTE and MACROPHAGE differentiation.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme: A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex: A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor 1: A CARD signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in the mitochondria-stimulated apoptosis (APOPTOSIS, INTRINSIC PATHWAY). It binds to CYTOCHROME C in the CYTOSOL to form an APOPTOSOMAL PROTEIN COMPLEX and activates INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.Complement Inactivator Proteins: Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Cell Line, Transformed: Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases: Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.Iron-Sulfur Proteins: A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.Drug Resistance, Neoplasm: Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor: Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Virulence Factors, Bordetella: A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.Caspase 1: A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.G1 Phase: The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.Mice, Inbred BALB CCytoplasm: The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Pertussis Toxin: One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Culture Media, Serum-Free: CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.Cytosol: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.Immunoprecipitation: The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay: An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.Gene Knockdown Techniques: The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins: A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases: A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
Decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Par-4 in renal cell carcinoma. (1/5488)
Par-4 is a widely expressed leucine zipper protein that confers sensitization to apoptosis induced by exogenous insults. Because the expression of genes that promote apoptosis may be down-regulated during tumorigenesis, we sought to examine the expression of Par-4 in human tumors. We present here evidence that Par-4 protein levels were severely decreased in human renal cell carcinoma specimens relative to normal tubular cells. Replenishment of Par-4 protein levels in renal cell carcinoma cell lines conferred sensitivity to apoptosis. Because apoptosis may serve as a defense mechanism against malignant transformation or progression, decreased expression of Par-4 may contribute to the pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma. (+info)Characterization of a novel mouse cDNA, ES18, involved in apoptotic cell death of T-cells. (2/5488)
Using the modified screening approach in combination with expressed sequence tags, we have identified several novel cDNAs from mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells, whose expression is tissue-restricted and/or developmentally regulated. One of the cDNAs, ES18, is preferentially expressed in lymph node and thymus, and contains noteworthy features of transcriptional regulator. The expression of ES18 transcript was selectively regulated during the apoptosis of T-cell thymoma S49.1 induced by several stimuli. Interestingly, the ES18 transcript was differently regulated in the mutually antagonistic process, between dexamethasone- and A23187-induced cell death of T-cells. Moreover, the message level of ES18 was selectively enhanced by staurosporine, a broad protein kinase inhibitor, but not by other protein kinase inhibitors such as GF109203X and H89. In addition, ES18 transcript was induced by C2-ceramide, which is a mediator of both dexamethasone- and staurosporine-induced apoptotic signaling. We further showed that transient overexpression of ES18 in mouse T-cell lymphoma increased the apoptotic cell death. These data suggest that ES18 may be selectively involved in specific apoptotic processes in mouse T-cells. (+info)Functional analysis of TRAIL receptors using monoclonal antibodies. (3/5488)
mAbs were generated against the extracellular domain of the four known TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptors and tested on a panel of human melanoma cell lines. The specificity of the mAb permitted a precise evaluation of the TRAIL receptors that induce apoptosis (TRAIL-R1 and -R2) compared with the TRAIL receptors that potentially regulate TRAIL-mediated apoptosis (TRAIL-R3 and -R4). Immobilized anti-TRAIL-R1 or -R2 mAbs were cytotoxic to TRAIL-sensitive tumor cells, whereas tumor cells resistant to recombinant TRAIL were also resistant to these mAbs and only became sensitive when cultured with actinomycin D. The anti-TRAIL-R1 and -R2 mAb-induced death was characterized by the activation of intracellular caspases, which could be blocked by carbobenzyloxy-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-fmk) and carbobenzyloxy-Ile-Glu(OMe)-Thr-Asp (OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (zIETD-fmk). When used in solution, one of the anti-TRAIL-R2 mAbs was capable of blocking leucine zipper-human TRAIL binding to TRAIL-R2-expressing cells and prevented TRAIL-induced death of these cells, whereas two of the anti-TRAIL-R1 mAbs could inhibit leucine zipper-human TRAIL binding to TRAIL-R1:Fc. Furthermore, use of the blocking anti-TRAIL-R2 mAb allowed us to demonstrate that the signals transduced through either TRAIL-R1 or TRAIL-R2 were necessary and sufficient to mediate cell death. In contrast, the expression of TRAIL-R3 or TRAIL-R4 did not appear to be a significant factor in determining the resistance or sensitivity of these tumor target cells to the effects of TRAIL. (+info)Involvement of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in human CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (4/5488)
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been identified as a member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells, but its physiological functions are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of TRAIL in human CD4+ T cell clones by utilizing newly established anti-human TRAIL mAbs. Human CD4+ T cell clones, HK12 and 4HM1, exhibited perforin-independent and Fas ligand (FasL)-independent cytotoxicity against certain target cells, including T lymphoma (Jurkat) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines, which are susceptible to TRAIL-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast to FasL, the expression of which was inducible upon anti-CD3 stimulation, TRAIL was constitutively expressed on HK12 and 4HM1 cells, and no further increase was observed after anti-CD3 stimulation. Spontaneous cytotoxic activities of resting HK12 and 4HM1 cells against Jurkat and HaCaT cells were blocked by anti-TRAIL mAb but not by anti-FasL mAb, and bystander cytotoxic activities of anti-CD3-stimulated HK12 and 4HM1 cells were abolished by the combination of anti-TRAIL and anti-FasL mAbs. These results indicate a differential regulation of TRAIL and FasL expression on human CD4+ T cell clones and that TRAIL constitutes an additional pathway of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (+info)The cell death-promoting gene DP5, which interacts with the BCL2 family, is induced during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to amyloid beta protein. (5/5488)
DP5, which contains a BH3 domain, was cloned as a neuronal apoptosis-inducing gene. To confirm that DP5 interacts with members of the Bcl-2 family, 293T cells were transiently co-transfected with DP5 and Bcl-xl cDNA constructs, and immunoprecipitation was carried out. The 30-kDa Bcl-xl was co-immunoprecipitated with Myc-tagged DP5, suggesting that DP5 physically interacts with Bcl-xl in mammalian cells. Previously, we reported that DP5 is induced during neuronal apoptosis in cultured sympathetic neurons. Here, we analyzed DP5 gene expression and the specific interaction of DP5 with Bcl-xl during neuronal death induced by amyloid-beta protein (A beta). DP5 mRNA was induced 6 h after treatment with A beta in cultured rat cortical neurons. The protein encoded by DP5 mRNA showed a specific interaction with Bcl-xl. Induction of DP5 gene expression was blocked by nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, and dantrolene, an inhibitor of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggested that the induction of DP5 mRNA occurs downstream of the increase in cytosolic calcium concentration caused by A beta. Moreover, DP5 specifically interacts with Bcl-xl during neuronal apoptosis following exposure to A beta, and its binding could impair the survival-promoting activities of Bcl-xl. Thus, the induction of DP5 mRNA and the interaction of DP5 and Bcl-xl could play significant roles in neuronal degeneration following exposure to A beta. (+info)TWEAK induces angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cells. (6/5488)
TWEAK is a recently described member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ligand family whose transcripts are present in a wide variety of human tissues (Chicheportiche, Y., Bourdon, P. R., Xu, H., Hsu Y. M., Scott, H., Hession, C., Garcia, I., and Browning, J. L. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32401-32410). TWEAK is a weak inducer of apoptosis in transformed cells when administered with interferon-gamma or cycloheximide (Chicheportiche, Y., Bourdon, P. R., Xu, H., Hsu Y. M., Scott, H., Hession, C., Garcia, I., and Browning, J. L. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32401-32410; Masters, S. A., Sheridan, J. P., Pitti, R. M., Brush, A. G., and Ashkenazi, A. (1998) Curr. Biol. 8, 525-528) and also promotes IL-8 secretion in cultured cells. We report here that picomolar concentrations of recombinant soluble TWEAK induce proliferation in a variety of normal human endothelial cells and in aortic smooth muscle cells and reduce culture requirements for serum and growth factors. Blocking antibodies to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) do not significantly inhibit TWEAK-induced proliferation, indicating that TWEAK does not function indirectly through up-regulation of VEGF. Pellets containing TWEAK induce a strong angiogenic response when implanted in rat corneas, suggesting a role for TWEAK in vasculature formation in vivo. (+info)The ubiquitin-homology protein, DAP-1, associates with tumor necrosis factor receptor (p60) death domain and induces apoptosis. (7/5488)
The tumor necrosis factor receptor, p60 (TNF-R1), transduces death signals via the association of its cytoplasmic domain with several intracellular proteins. By screening a mammalian cDNA library using the yeast two-hybrid cloning technique, we isolated a ubiquitin-homology protein, DAP-1, which specifically interacts with the cytoplasmic death domain of TNF-R1. Sequence analysis reveals that DAP-1 shares striking sequence homology with the yeast SMT3 protein that is essential for the maintenance of chromosome integrity during mitosis (Meluh, P. B., and Koshland, D. (1995) Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 793-807). DAP-1 is nearly identical to PIC1, a protein that interacts with the PML tumor suppressor implicated in acute promyelocytic leukemia (Boddy, M. N., Howe, K., Etkin, L. D., Solomon, E., and Freemont, P. S. (1996) Oncogene 13, 971-982), and the sentrin protein, which associates with the Fas death receptor (Okura, T., Gong, L., Kamitani, T., Wada, T., Okura, I., Wei, C. F., Chang, H. M., and Yeh, E. T. (1996) J. Immunol. 157, 4277-4281). The in vivo interaction between DAP-1 and TNF-R1 was further confirmed in mammalian cells. In transient transfection assays, overexpression of DAP-1 suppresses NF-kappaB/Rel activity in 293T cells, a human kidney embryonic carcinoma cell line. Overexpression of either DAP-1 or sentrin causes apoptosis of TNF-sensitive L929 fibroblast cell line, as well as TNF-resistant osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. Furthermore, the dominant negative Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) protein blocks the cell death induced by either DAP-1 or FADD. Collectively, these observations highly suggest a role for DAP-1 in mediating TNF-induced cell death signaling pathways, presumably through the recruitment of FADD death effector. (+info)Alternative splicing determines the intracellular localization of the novel nuclear protein Nop30 and its interaction with the splicing factor SRp30c. (8/5488)
We report on the molecular cloning of a novel human cDNA by its interaction with the splicing factor SRp30c in a yeast two-hybrid screen. This cDNA is predominantly expressed in muscle and encodes a protein that is present in the nucleoplasm and concentrated in nucleoli. It was therefore termed Nop30 (nucleolar protein of 30 kDa). We have also identified a related cDNA with a different carboxyl terminus. Sequencing of the NOP gene demonstrated that both cDNAs are generated by alternative 5' splice site usage from a single gene that consists of four exons, spans at least 1800 nucleotides, and is located on chromosome 16q21-q23. The alternative 5' splice site usage introduces a frameshift creating two different carboxyl termini. The carboxyl terminus of Nop30 is rich in serines and arginines and has been found to target the protein into the nucleus, whereas its isoform is characterized by proline/glutamic acid dipeptides in its carboxyl terminus and is predominantly found in the cytosol. Interaction studies in yeast, in vitro protein interaction assays, and co-immunoprecipitations demonstrated that Nop30 multimerizes and binds to the RS domain of SRp30c but not to other splicing factors tested. Overexpression of Nop30 changes alternative exon usage in preprotachykinin and SRp20 reporter genes, suggesting that Nop30 influences alternative splice site selection in vivo. (+info)
SIVA1
Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIVA1 gene. This gene encodes a protein with an ... 2000). "Apoptosis in coxsackievirus B3-caused diseases: interaction between the capsid protein VP2 and the proapoptotic protein ... Siva protein is a zinc-containing intracellular ligand of the CD4 receptor that promotes HIV-1 envelope-induced apoptosis in T- ... 2003). "GITR interacts with the pro-apoptotic protein Siva and induces apoptosis". Cell Death Differ. 9 (12): 1382-4. doi: ...
CCAR1
2006). "Cell cycle- and apoptosis-regulatory protein-1 is involved in apoptosis signaling by epidermal growth factor receptor ... "Identification and characterization of a cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein-1 as a novel mediator of apoptosis ... 2007). "Transactivator of transcription-tagged cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein-1 peptides suppress the growth of ... Cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCAR1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl ...
Stratifin
"Identification and characterization of a cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein-1 as a novel mediator of apoptosis ... Stratifin (also known as 14-3-3 protein sigma or 14-3-3σ protein) is a protein encoded by the SFN gene in humans. The protein ... A member of a protein family that has been involved in the protein kinase C signalling pathway". Journal of Molecular Biology. ... October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. doi ...
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
"Cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) by CPP32 during apoptosis". The EMBO Journal. 15 (5): 1012-20. ... Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2) also known as sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 ( ... SREBF2 has been shown to interact with INSIG1 and CREB-binding protein. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein GRCh38: ... Nagoshi E, Imamoto N, Sato R, Yoneda Y (Jul 1999). "Nuclear import of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2, a basic ...
Apoptosis
... apoptotic signals must cause regulatory proteins to initiate the apoptosis pathway. This step allows those signals to cause ... Database of proteins involved in apoptosis Apoptosis Video Apoptosis Video (WEHI on YouTube ) The Mechanisms of Apoptosis ... PROTEINS: Structure, Function, and Genetics 50, 44-48. Chen Y. L.; Li Q. Z. (2007). "Prediction of apoptosis protein ... HIV may increase the level of cellular proteins that prompt Fas-mediated apoptosis. HIV proteins decrease the amount of CD4 ...
Ifi202
... which is a regulatory protein in the process of apoptosis. This is hypothesized to contribute to some of the symptoms of SLE. ... Ifi202 gene encodes for p202 protein, which belongs to the p200-protein family. The IFI family of genes is inducible by type 1 ... The p202 protein has the following structure A 52kDa nuclear phosphoprotein Humans have an ifi202 and ifi204 similar gene known ... Ifi202 contains a STAT3 binding site (SBS) at the 5' regulatory region of the ifi202 gene. p202 expression is known to retard ...
Sandra Quackenbush
Her lab is trying to determine the mode by which transcription, apoptosis, and transduction are controlled by viral regulatory ... Retroviruses within these genera cause disease by containing RNA sequences that code for proteins that promote oncogenesis ... contains sequences that encode for cyclin proteins, leading to the proliferation of normal cells and eventually giving a means ... proteins such as kinases. Studies focus on the walleye dermal sarcoma virus and inducing sarcomas. The retroviral cyclin of ...
APAF1
This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein that forms one of the central hubs in the apoptosis regulatory network. This protein ... Zou H, Henzel WJ, Liu X, Lutschg A, Wang X (Aug 1997). "Apaf-1, a human protein homologous to C. elegans CED-4, participates in ... 78 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 4 (5): 307-13. doi:10.1093/dnares/4.5.307 ... Upon binding cytochrome c and dATP, this protein forms an oligomeric apoptosome. The apoptosome binds and cleaves Procaspase 9 ...
DAP3
As aforementioned, death associated protein 3 (DAP3) has regulatory roles in cell respiration and apoptosis. Both opposites and ... Miyazaki T, Reed JC (Jun 2001). "A GTP-binding adapter protein couples TRAIL receptors to apoptosis-inducing proteins". Nature ... Miyazaki T, Reed JC (2001). "A GTP-binding adapter protein couples TRAIL receptors to apoptosis-inducing proteins". Nat. ... 28S ribosomal protein S29, mitochondrial, also known as death-associated protein 3 (DAP3), is a protein that in humans is ...
Activating protein 2
Hilger-Eversheim K, Moser M, Schorle H, Buettner R (2000). "Regulatory roles of AP-2 transcription factors in vertebrate ... development, apoptosis and cell-cycle control". Gene. 260 (1-2): 1-12. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00454-6. PMID 11137286. ... Activating Protein 2 (AP-2) is a family of closely related transcription factors which plays a critical role in regulating gene ... "Characterization of a dimerization motif in AP-2 and its function in heterologous DNA-binding proteins". Science. 251 (4997): ...
TP53-inducible glycolysis and apoptosis regulator
Henley SA, Dick FA (2012). "The retinoblastoma family of proteins and their regulatory functions in the mammalian cell division ... It also prevents apoptosis in several ways: it reduces mitochondrial ROS levels, and it prevents apoptosis-causing protein Bax ... This stops cytochrome C protein passing out through VDAC into the cytoplasm where it triggers apoptosis via a caspase protein ... In this state, Rb binds to a protein transcription factor E2F and prevents E2F from activating transcription of proteins ...
List of MeSH codes (D12.644)
... apoptosis regulatory proteins MeSH D12.644.360.075.311 --- apoptosis inducing factor MeSH D12.644.360.075.405 --- caspases MeSH ... neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein MeSH D12.644.360.075.437.750 --- x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein MeSH D12.644. ... pii nitrogen regulatory proteins MeSH D12.644.360.024.307 --- paxillin MeSH D12.644.360.024.311 --- protein inhibitors of ... rap gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.644.360.525.475.100 --- rap1 gtp-binding proteins MeSH D12.644.360.525.500 --- ras proteins ...
Viral regulatory and accessory protein
"The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 accessory protein Vpu induces apoptosis by suppressing the nuclear factor kappaB- ... A viral regulatory and accessory protein is a type of viral protein that can play an indirect role in the function of a virus. ... Viral regulatory and accessory proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Akari H, Bour S ...
IRF8
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), is a protein that in ... "IFN regulatory factor 8 sensitizes soft tissue sarcoma cells to death receptor-initiated apoptosis via repression of FLICE-like ... Interferon Consensus Sequence-binding protein (ICSBP) is a transcription factor of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) ... "IFN regulatory factor 8 mediates apoptosis in nonhemopoietic tumor cells via regulation of Fas expression". J. Immunol. 179 (7 ...
Regulatory enzyme
... and proteins involved in development processes and apoptosis (programmed cell death) are activated by proteolysis too. ... Phosphorylation is the addition of phosphate groups to proteins, which is the most frequent regulatory modification mechanism ... The presence of a phosphoryl group in a part of a protein may depend on the folding of the enzyme (which can make the protein ... There are many strategies of activation and deactivation of regulatory enzymes. Regulatory enzymes require an extra activation ...
BAG4
The regulatory role of this protein in cell death was demonstrated in epithelial cells which undergo apoptosis while integrin ... The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the BAG1-related protein family. BAG1 is an anti-apoptotic protein that ... functions through interactions with a variety of cell apoptosis and growth related proteins including BCL-2, Raf-protein kinase ... 2001). "Isolation of Bcl-2 binding proteins that exhibit homology with BAG-1 and suppressor of death domains protein". Biochem ...
NBEAL1
... protein-protein interactions, vesicle trafficking, membrane dynamics, receptor signaling, apoptosis, adaptor/regulatory modules ... "neurobeachin-like protein 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-24. "Pfam: Family: ... apoptosis, membrane dynamics and receptor signaling. This protein family is of great clinical importance currently because ... NBEAL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NBEAL1 gene. It is found on chromosome 2q33.2 of Homo sapiens. Through the ...
Viral protein
... and apoptosis. In DNA viruses and retroviruses, viral regulatory proteins can enhance viral gene transcription, likewise, these ... and groups of viral proteins include structural proteins, nonstructural proteins, regulatory, and accessory proteins. Viruses ... Viral regulatory and accessory proteins have many functions. These viral proteins control and influence viral gene expressions ... Examples of class II viral fusion proteins include the dengue virus E protein, and the west nile virus E protein. Class III: ...
Robert Schimke
Later he studied regulatory mechanisms in the cells, including the regulation of apoptosis. He was a Research Professor of the ... At Stanford he examined the effects of steroid hormones on the synthesis of certain proteins, leading to new techniques in ... "Protein Turnover and Gene Amplification". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (e1 2). 27 April 2007. ... The mechanism also found applications in biotechnology, for example in the production of proteins, including erythropoietin, of ...
FADD
Cellular FLICE inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a regulatory protein which contains two DEDs. There are two isoforms of C-FLIP: C ... The activity of protein kinase C has a negative effect on Fas receptor mediated apoptosis. This is because it inhibits the ... Binding of TRAIL to death receptors four and five (DR4 and DR5) can lead to apoptosis by the same mechanism. Apoptosis can also ... As FADD has such an important role in apoptosis, loss of FADD can give cancer cells a proliferative advantage as apoptosis ...
MAPK10
... immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein ... this kinase plays regulatory roles in the signaling pathways during neuronal apoptosis. Beta-arrestin 2, a receptor-regulated ... a novel jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-binding protein that functions as a Scaffold factor in the JNK signaling pathway". ... a novel jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK)-binding protein that functions as a Scaffold factor in the JNK signaling pathway". ...
CIAPIN1
... is a cytokine-induced inhibitor of apoptosis with no relation to apoptosis regulatory molecules of the BCL2 (MIM 151430 ... 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. doi:10.1038 ... "Toward a Catalog of Human Genes and Proteins: Sequencing and Analysis of 500 Novel Complete Protein Coding Human cDNAs". Genome ... Anamorsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIAPIN1 gene. ...
Protein phosphatase 1
PPP1R3G regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 7: PPP1R7 regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 8: PPP1R8 regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 9: ... apoptosis, protein synthesis, and regulation of membrane receptors and channels. Each PP1 enzyme contains both a catalytic ... protein kinase R is activated by the virus' double-stranded RNA, and protein kinase R then phosphorylates a protein called ... PPP1CC regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1: PPP1R1A, PPP1R1B, PPP1R1C regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 2: PPP1R2 regulatory ( ...
CARD9
... and thus plays an important regulatory role in cell apoptosis. This protein was identified by its selective association with ... Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 is an adaptor protein that in humans is encoded by the CARD9 gene. CARD9 is a ... "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173-8. doi:10.1038/ ... Hsu YM, Zhang Y, You Y, Wang D, Li H, Duramad O, Qin XF, Dong C, Lin X (2007). "The adaptor protein CARD9 is required for ...
CD47
... and signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα). This is because the protein IAP produced by CD-47 acts as a don't eat me signal to ... However, apoptosis was not observed following culture with other anti-CD47 antibodies. The apoptosis inducing function of CD47 ... 2012). "The CD47-signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) interaction is a therapeutic target for human solid tumors". Proc. ... CD47 interacts with signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), an inhibitory transmembrane receptor present on myeloid cells. The ...
G1 phase
In these cases where the G1 phase is affected, it is generally because gene regulatory proteins of the E2F family have become ... Ye, Yan; et alia (June 2011). "Atractylenolide II induces G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in B16 melanoma cells". Journal of ... Three methods of preventing Cdk activity are found in G1 phase: inhibitory gene regulatory proteins suppress major cyclin genes ... Once the required proteins and growth are complete, the cell enters the next phase of the cell cycle, S phase. The duration of ...
Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein elisa and antibody
Apoptosis repressor with CARD peptide (ab8372) | Abcam
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2-Tellurium-bridged β-cyclodextrin, a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor, sensitizes human breast cancer cells to TRAIL-induced...
Integrative analysis of kinase networks in TRAIL-induced apoptosis provides a source of potential targets for combination...![AATF Antibody [APO-3039] - $315.00 : Zyagen, Life Science Products](data:image/png;base64,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)
AATF Antibody [APO-3039] - $315.00 : Zyagen, Life Science Products
p53-Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis (PUMA) | Circulation
JCI -
Proapoptotic PUMA targets stem-like breast cancer cells to suppress metastasis![pdcd10 [Operative Neurosurgery]](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAA5RJREFUOI01zG1MlAUAwPH/89wLPHcHB9wdcB7i8SZ3vDcYukLcxBd6MzSzFBs2zIljZWmz5ZabhZbrg1sbbugH1zRnTolUbFYapChhQB0vDicFBBKoHMS9cM/d8/Ql/99/fwFAVuWipqZzla0XDvv2fXhsy8jYsGwUg2iYCbsKylcFgl7EyAKxsVHcHHrcN9XSaV/1atjyZauwSwipkaq9e+pr9teVV9msSWh1WkSjHoIKCBAOLTDjE/jXF8JkTeXUtl28kZ/BsHEYKdWGcOniGTXdYSMuIcCDvwMsqDp+H1XIThbxBjWMPw5SvNSCHGXi+w2b2btjHebCTP5s93DLJCIm2+3YbTbmfXPIOhOSJGGWBCbnFDQ6lSSzxBKnjTt1W9i/YzmSXeCPr0/TvSDxwc6vBK13yjsY7Xa6A5NBojQaorVhKorjcFgNaNAiG2L4vGw9tRV5KOEIze+cQHe0wVe754CJ4ycRhxEfil0dyHMyy9xGctMsJCcYiIS1PPKLfJxWRm2eDe/9URqb20m/comV66uM8/OqE0B8tq+zWC5ZS0CyE1F0hAWBUP8E0RYHF8/9SJ1LT8/tDs4mFvNJ3xAlRU5UWaG7t+0jAK0hPdM703LarEcmkqBFn7iE8X3bCYVSmK0s4ZvC1WRtX8mRbZsI+bwI0XoQQ0ShFgIIAL29AyrzD3DFm5gNBFAe/oOltJShBQ0xgoLDGodGp+fUvavU5G7k8PkvqH5uM2kOt6AFMEgqj2YhKsfNwWuNNCyvRok3MtTTw+PgE8LjChm2FPqnh7kzMcAyZykWQzJ+v3+jCNDV1XU73mzh6IlGRlsPYfk2m2cOrUU3p7Ips5KXHGtYYc3lyIr3GJ2fIE2wopoFWpovlwsAl69c7UlfYi0yGWJIPeWC1W5yRCvq3BNmPUE+Xfw+z5dtIHlxEhFUmm6cYEzvY2f8C20agERrijk3L2ONRtJTs2grvp+HuK5co9BewIuuAvpi+3mz421GukfIkXLwqyGyUpxYtFanABAIzW69eePXM+58B+GwRLJtEVMjf1H/w7vcdXjYnfkKqTo7o0oA+/VjKJqDvFxVE2q/9dNlgf/zeH5TkQP4wyJdnZ3k5uew1JnF9OwMRd8Vs75iHa9NOrmQ8AufyQeOu9ZU7wYQnw7Gxqbv9t0faVMV/WC2KxeT0Uy3Z+Bev2fovPrWQn1ia9zZweEHNPhf9z/FAP8BVgxq+31KkF4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
pdcd10 [Operative Neurosurgery]
p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1
New Pathway Inhibits TRAIL Apoptosis in Glioblastomas - ONA
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Peroxiredoxin I contributes to TRAIL resistance through suppression of redox-sensitive caspase activation in human hepatoma...
Stem cell factor promotes mast cell survival via inactivation of FOXO3a-mediated transcriptional induction and MEK-regulated...
Regulation of TRAIL Expression in T helper cells (85.17) | The Journal of Immunology
Characterization of programmed cell death-1 ligand (PD-L1) expression in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of lung cancer. - Epic...
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Selection against PUMA gene expression in Myc-driven B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Bcl-2, Bcl-x |inf|L|/inf|, and Bcl-w are not equivalent targets of ABT-737 and navitoclax (ABT-263) in lymphoid and leukemic...
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Susceptibility of the C2 canine mastocytoma cell line to the effects of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand...
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Apoptosis regulatory proteins | definition of Apoptosis regulatory proteins by Medical dictionary
Apoptosis regulatory proteins explanation free. What is Apoptosis regulatory proteins? Meaning of Apoptosis regulatory proteins ... Looking for online definition of Apoptosis regulatory proteins in the Medical Dictionary? ... Apoptosis regulatory proteins , definition of Apoptosis regulatory proteins by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ... apoptosis. (redirected from Apoptosis regulatory proteins). Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.. Related to ...
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Apoptosis+regulatory+proteins
Experts and Doctors on apoptosis regulatory proteins in Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Locale about Experts and Doctors on apoptosis regulatory proteins in Boston, Massachusetts, United States ... Experts and Doctors on apoptosis regulatory proteins in United States*Experts and Doctors on humans in United States*Experts ... Experts and Doctors on apoptosis regulatory proteins in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Summary. Locale: Boston, ... You are here: Locale , United States , Massachusetts , Experts and Doctors on apoptosis regulatory proteins in Boston, ...
http://www.labome.org/locale/united/massachusetts/experts-and-doctors-on-apoptosis-regulatory-proteins-in-boston--massachusetts--united-states-723674.html
Lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside-Mediated Hypoglycaemia and Its Influence on Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein Expression in...
Lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside-Mediated Hypoglycaemia and Its Influence on Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein Expression in ... Lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside-Mediated Hypoglycaemia and Its Influence on Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein Expression in ... Lyoniresinol 3α-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside-Mediated Hypoglycaemia and Its Influence on Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein Expression in ... Hyperglycaemia and the expression of related proteins such as nuclear factor-κB NF-κB, caspase-3 -8 -9, and Bcl-associated X ...
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun8/149832244932-Lyoniresinol-3-O-D-Glucopyranoside-Mediated-Hypoglycaemia-and-Its-Influence-on-Apoptosis-Regulatory-Protein-Expression-in-the-Injured-Kidneys-of-.php
Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin | Cancer Research
Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin. Stephanie Zdanov, Fabio Klamt, ... Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin ... Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin ... Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/9_Supplement/3405
Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis. - PubMed - NCBI
Apoptosis*. *Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism*. *Humans. *Neoplasms/metabolism*. *Neoplasms/pathology*. *Signal ... Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family of genes, tumor ... Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis.. Kiraz Y1,2, Adan A1, Kartal Yandim M2, Baran Y3,4. ... Apoptosis, a type of cell death mechanism, is controlled by the interactions between several molecules and responsible for the ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27059734
NF-κB activity blockade impairs the angiogenic potential of human pancreatic cancer cells - Xiong - 2003 - International...
Expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins. Cytosolic protein was extracted from L3.3 cells, L3.3 cells transfected with pLXSN ... it is possible that imbalanced expression of apoptosis-regulatory proteins directly promotes in vitro survival of IκBαM- ... Altered expression of apoptosis-regulatory molecules in human pancreatic cells transfected with IκBαM. The effect of NF-κB ... Cytosolic and nuclear protein was isolated from control and transfected pancreatic cancer cells. Soluble protein was separated ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.11562/full
The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP27 Is Required for the Prevention of Apoptosis in Infected Human Cells |...
The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP27 Is Required for the Prevention of Apoptosis in Infected Human Cells. ... 1996) The herpes simplex virus major regulatory protein ICP4 blocks apoptosis induced by the virus or by hyperthermia. Proc. ... The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP27 Is Required for the Prevention of Apoptosis in Infected Human Cells ... The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Regulatory Protein ICP27 Is Required for the Prevention of Apoptosis in Infected Human Cells ...
https://jvi.asm.org/content/73/4/2803?ijkey=82aabef4004d69964932dba29e2497f7cf5c21e5&keytype2=tf_ipsecshaBNIP3 | Cancer Genetics Web
identical protein binding - induction of apoptosis - integral to membrane - integral to mitochondrial outer membrane - ... The encoded protein interacts with anti-apoptotic proteins, including the E1B 19 kDa protein and Bcl2. This gene is silenced in ... protein binding - protein heterodimerization activity - protein homodimerization activity - reactive oxygen species metabolic ... and BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3)] and ROS related proteins [catalase, thioredoxinreductase ...
http://www.cancerindex.org/geneweb/BNIP3.htm
Direct transcriptional regulation of Bim by FoxO3a mediates STI571-induced apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-expressing cells.
... lines as model systems to investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby STI571 and FoxO3a regulate Bim expression and apoptosis ... 0/Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; 0/Bcl-2-like protein 11; 0/Carrier Proteins; 0/DNA-Binding Proteins; 0/FOXO1 protein, human; 0 ... Apoptosis / drug effects*. Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins. Base Sequence. Carrier Proteins / genetics*. Cell Line. Cell Line, ... Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / metabolism*. Humans. Membrane Proteins / genetics*. Mice. Molecular Sequence Data. Piperazines / ...
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/Direct-transcriptional-regulation-Bim-by/15688014.htmlPDCD2 | Cancer Genetics Web
... increases PDCD2 protein expression and apoptosis, and knockdown of the PDCD2 protein in this cell line by PDCD2-specific small ... These findings suggest that PDCD2 has a novel regulatory role in human hematopoiesis and is essential for erythroid development ... PDCD2, a protein whose expression is repressed by BCL6, induces apoptosis in human cells by activation of the caspase cascade. ... suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on this protein. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript ...
http://www.cancerindex.org/geneweb/PDCD2.htmA whole-genome massively parallel sequencing analysis of BRCA1 mutant oestrogen receptor-negative and -positive breast cancers.
BRCA1 encodes a tumour suppressor protein that plays pivotal roles in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, cell-cycle ... 0/Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; 0/BRCA1 Protein; 0/BRCA1 protein, human; 0/DNA, Neoplasm; 0/GATA4 Transcription Factor; 0/ ... Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / genetics. BRCA1 Protein / genetics*, metabolism. Breast Neoplasms / diagnosis, genetics*, ... 0/TP53 protein, human; 0/Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; 0/Vesicular Transport Proteins; EC 2.7.11.1/DAPK3 protein, human; EC 2.7 ...
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/whole-genome-massively-parallel-sequencing/22362584.htmlMEDLINE - Resultado p gina 1
0 (Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins); 0 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21); 0 (DNA-Binding Proteins); 0 (TP53 protein, human ... ZNF509 protein, human); 9007-49-2 (DNA); EC 2.3.1.48 (E1A-Associated p300 Protein); EC 2.3.1.48 (EP300 protein, human). ... Interestingly, apoptosis due to transcriptional activation of PUMA by p53 is attenuated by ZNF509S1. Thus we investigated the ... Expression of the POK family protein ZNF509L, and -its S1 isoform, is induced by p53 upon exposure to genotoxic stress. Due to ...
http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&lang=p&format=detailed.pft&indexSearch=EX&exprSearch=B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.377.750.630
Caspase 8
- Caspase-8
Summary Report | CureHunter
... can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. ... Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme ... Proteins: 90489*Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins: 22*Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: 520*Caspases: 1746*Initiator ... Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins: 520*Caspases: 1746*Initiator Caspases: 29*Caspase 8: 1477*human CASP8 protein ...
http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD053181.doNAD+ treatment induces delayed autophagy in Neuro2a cells partially by increasing oxidative stress. | CureHunter
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins. *Becn1 protein, mouse. *MAP1LC3 protein, mouse. *Microtubule-Associated Proteins ...
http://www.curehunter.com/public/pubmed21833846.do
Telomeric DNA induces apoptosis and senescence of human breast carcinoma cells | Breast Cancer Research | Full Text
The same regulatory proteins are activated in MCF-7 cells resistant or not resistant to adriamycin, leading to their apoptosis ... T-oligo and TRF2DNactivate cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins. MCF-7 and NME cells were treated as above and total ... and apoptosis-regulatory proteins in breast cancer cells. (a) Compared with control oligo (C) and diluent (D) alone, T-oligo (T ... In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, T-oligos activate and induce DNA damage response proteins that cause apoptosis and senescence of ...
https://breast-cancer-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/bcr1646
Effect of CCl4 with or without prior administration of | Open-i
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism. *Carbon Tetrachloride/toxicity. *Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism. *Dose-Response ... 0.11 units/mg protein), 52 (1.48 ± 0.10 units/mg protein) and 57 (2.10 ± 0.25 units/mg protein) % respectively due to the ... 0.11 units/mg protein), 52 (1.48 ± 0.10 units/mg protein) and 57 (2.10 ± 0.25 units/mg protein) % respectively due to the ... 0.14 units/mg protein), 37% (2.47 ± 0.15 units/mg protein) and 36% (3.79 ± 0.23 units/mg protein) respectively. The activity of ...
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2967507_1471-2210-10-13-4&req=4
CFLAR Gene - GeneCards | CFLAR Protein | CFLAR Antibody
Protein Coding), CASP8 And FADD Like Apoptosis Regulator, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and ... GeneHancer (GH) Regulatory Elements for CFLAR Gene. Promoters and enhancers for CFLAR Gene ... Protein Symbol:. O15519-CFLAR_HUMAN. Recommended name:. CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator. Protein Accession:. O15519. ... The protein encoded by this gene is a regulator of apoptosis and is structurally similar to caspase-8. However, the encoded ...
https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CFLARB7-DC and anti-CD28 mAb synergize for costimulation of | Open-i
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins. *Lymphocyte Activation. *Mice. *Mice, Inbred BALB C. *Mice, Inbred C57BL ...
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC2196092_20030242f5b&req=4
FLIP Antibody
Caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein; caspase-related inducer of apoptosis; Casper; Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein ... Protein Aliases: c-FLIP; c-FLIPL; c-FLIPR; c-FLIPS; CASH; CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator; CASP8AP1; Caspase homolog; ... protein complex binding. cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis. ... execution phase of apoptosis negative regulation of myoblast fusion regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via ...
https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/product/CFLAR-Antibody-Polyclonal/PA1-30106p53 and p21 Determine the Sensitivity of Noscapine-Induced Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells | Cancer Research
Noscapine treatment alters levels of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins. We next examined the effect of noscapine on ... Liu S, Bishop WR, Liu M. Differential effects of cell cycle regulatory protein p21WAF/Cip1 on apoptosis and sensitivity to ... An increasing ratio of BAX/Bcl-2 proteins thus plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis by noscapine in p53-wt ... the expression of some cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins in all four isogenic HCT116 cell lines. The time-dependent ...
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/67/8/3862
Caspase-9 has a nonapoptotic function in Xenopus embryonic primitive blood formation | Journal of Cell Science
2012). Non-apoptotic functions of apoptosis-regulatory proteins. EMBO Rep. 13, 322-330. doi:10.1038/embor.2012.19. ... Two main evolutionarily conserved protein families are involved in apoptosis, namely members of the Bcl-2 protein family, which ... Addition of casp9 to the IL2R-LEHD-GAL4VP16 protein generated a 30 kDa protein (Fig. 1C). The control IL2R-DEVA-GAL4VP16 ... a paradigm shift has occurred as it became clear that proteins involved in the induction of apoptosis or apoptotic dismantling ...
https://jcs.biologists.org/content/130/14/2371Payam Mohammadgharibani - Fingerprint
- Johns Hopkins University
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins Vagus Nerve Stimulation Creatine Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/payam-mohammadgharibani/fingerprints/Rosalyn Irby, PhD - Fingerprint
- Penn State
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins Sphingolipids Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase Caspases Dinoprost ...
https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/rosalyn-irby/fingerprints/Caspase 8 | Profiles RNS
Proteins [D12.776]. *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins [D12.776.476]. *Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins [D12.776. ... Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the ... RIP3 induces apoptosis independent of pronecrotic kinase activity. Mol Cell. 2014 Nov 20; 56(4):481-95. ... RIPK1 maintains epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting apoptosis and necroptosis. Nature. 2014 Sep 04; 513(7516):90-4. ...
https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/104612![adenoma of alveoli 2005:2010[pubdate] *count=100 - BioMedLib™ search engine](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAIAAACQkWg2AAAAA3NCSVQICAjb4U/gAAABLUlEQVQokWP8//8/AymAiSTVg1SDfmgut0u8RkDG/DVbGRgYpFO6hBI7IHKx7YsYQ+q//fiZMHlzxvRtUA2X7j59v2NerJtVUmgVAwPDs++/3r/6tOP45VfvPy3Zd4Xh+29GBobvv/5+//0X5iQOttnLN6zYe6J9eikDAwPDv38xNhrVy/dOXX8wwkGL4d9/BkZGRkYGRka4H/79U1OUTfNzqqyd9+TZC4b/DFEOBl9//W1ae6wo0J7hx2+IOkYGqA4Wht9/XW3MxISFGN78fPjsJQMj47cfv1cVh735+IWZmYnh7z+G//8ZGBg+/fj98v3nH7//sjBwsjEqeTDwcNT0JVqb6DMwb/73/7+eqiwDA8Opq/cYeNj/MzDwsLPOvf5sXflSBgYGxpGYNAAO23sdtamYqgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
adenoma of alveoli 2005:2010[pubdate] *count=100 - BioMedLib™ search engine
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins. Body Weight. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases / genetics. Cell Proliferation / drug ... Chemical-registry-number] 0 / BNip3 protein, mouse; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Membrane Proteins; 0 / Mitochondrial Proteins ... Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; 0 / Receptors, Retinoic Acid; 0 / retinoic acid receptor beta; EC ... Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt. Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / biosynthesis. TOR Serine- ...
http://www.bmlsearch.com/?kwr=adenoma+of+alveoli+2005:2010%5Bpubdate%5D&cxts=100&stmp=b0
- Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family of genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis. (nih.gov)
- Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. (curehunter.com)
- CCl4 treatment significantly increased the levels of apoptotic proteins such as caspases-3, PARP, Bax, Bid and cytochrome C and also increased the levels of inflammatory mediators iNos and Cox-2. (nih.gov)
- Two main evolutionarily conserved protein families are involved in apoptosis, namely members of the Bcl-2 protein family, which control mitochondrial integrity ( Youle and Strasser, 2008 ), and caspases, which mediate the execution phase of apoptosis ( Fuentes-Prior and Salvesen, 2004 ). (biologists.org)
- Together, the results presented clearly confirm FoxO3a as a key regulator of apoptosis induced by STI571, and show that Bim is a direct transcriptional target of FoxO3a that mediates the STI571-induced apoptosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- The protein encoded by this gene is a regulator of apoptosis and is structurally similar to caspase-8. (genecards.org)
- In this review, we discuss the basic features of apoptosis and have focused on the gene families playing critical roles, activation/inactivation mechanisms, upstream/downstream effectors, and signaling pathways in apoptosis on the basis of cancer studies. (nih.gov)
- Vero cells infected with the ICP27 deletion virus did not exhibit any of the features of apoptosis. (asm.org)
- Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand alters mitochondrial membrane lipids. (labome.org)
- Zhang X, Jin T, Yang H, DeWolf W, Khosravi Far R, Olumi A. Persistent c-FLIP(L) expression is necessary and sufficient to maintain resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer. (labome.org)
- Song K, Benhaga N, Anderson R, Khosravi Far R. Transduction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand into hematopoietic cells leads to inhibition of syngeneic tumor growth in vivo. (labome.org)
- Previously, PDCD2 (programmed cell death protein 2) has been identified as a putative tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. (cancerindex.org)
- Our laboratory has shown that noscapine, an opium alkaloid, alters microtubule assembly dynamics, arrests cells at mitosis, and causes apoptosis in many mammalian tumor cells ( 15 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- This gene encodes a protein with an important role in the apoptotic (programmed cell death) pathway induced by the CD27 antigen, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TFNR) superfamily. (wikipedia.org)
- Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis. (nih.gov)
- This gene is encodes a mitochondrial protein that contains a BH3 domain and acts as a pro-apoptotic factor. (cancerindex.org)
- The encoded protein interacts with anti-apoptotic proteins, including the E1B 19 kDa protein and Bcl2. (cancerindex.org)
- Natansnin treatment significantly decreased the levels of CCl4 induced apoptotic proteins and inflammatory mediators.Further natansinin treatment significantly inhibited the CCl4 induced apoptosis which was evident form the reduced TUNEL positive cells.This protective effect of natansnin can be correlated to its direct antioxidant effect. (nih.gov)
- Natansnin treatment significantly decreased the levels of CCl4 induced apoptotic proteins and inflammatory mediators. (nih.gov)
- Coordinated Upregulation of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Autophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: The Role of Dynamin Related Protein-1 and Implication for Breast Cancer Treatment. (cancerindex.org)
- Here, we show that upregulation of mitochondrial fission protein, dynamin related protein-1 (Drp1), was accompanied with increased mitochondrial biogenesis markers (PGC1α, NRF1, and Tfam) in breast cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
- 0.3 mg of homogenate protein and 0.1 mg protein of sample (mitochondrial fragment and mitochondria) were used for each assay. (nih.gov)
- CFLAR (CASP8 And FADD Like Apoptosis Regulator) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
- Homo sapiens CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulator (CFLAR), transcript variant 1, mRNA. (novusbio.com)
- Apoptosis regulatory protein Siva is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIVA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- Rocco J, Leong C, Kuperwasser N, DeYoung M, Ellisen L. p63 mediates survival in squamous cell carcinoma by suppression of p73-dependent apoptosis. (labome.org)
- Using redox-proteomics, we found that the actin-binding protein cofilin is a key target of oxidation that mediates induction of apoptosis by taurine chloramine, a physiological oxidant produced by activated neutrophils. (aacrjournals.org)
- Inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase by STI571 results in FoxO3a activation, induction of Bim expression and apoptosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- We find that conditional activation of FoxO3a leads to induction of Bim expression and apoptosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- In this scenario, the role played by p21 is particularly intriguing because this protein can be activated by both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms and can assume proapoptotic or antiapoptotic functions, depending on the cellular context ( 14 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- In this study, we have used the human BV173 and the mouse BaF3/Bcr-Abl-expressing cell lines as model systems to investigate the molecular mechanisms whereby STI571 and FoxO3a regulate Bim expression and apoptosis. (biomedsearch.com)
- This gene encodes a nuclear protein expressed in a variety of tissues. (cancerindex.org)
- BRCA1 encodes a tumour suppressor protein that plays pivotal roles in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair, cell-cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation. (biomedsearch.com)
- Expression of this gene has been shown to be repressed by B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6 (BCL6), a transcriptional repressor required for lymph node germinal center development, suggesting that BCL6 regulates apoptosis by its effects on this protein. (cancerindex.org)
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct proteins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. (curehunter.com)