Apoptosis. Medical search

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A conserved class of proteins that control APOPTOSIS in both VERTEBRATES and INVERTEBRATES. IAP proteins interact with and inhibit CASPASES, and they function as ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEINS. The protein class is defined by an approximately 80-amino acid motif called the baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis repeat.

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

Splitting the DNA into shorter pieces by endonucleolytic DNA CLEAVAGE at multiple sites. It includes the internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, which along with chromatin condensation, are considered to be the hallmarks of APOPTOSIS.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.

An inhibitor of apoptosis protein that is translated by a rare cap-independent mechanism. It blocks caspase-mediated cellular destruction by inhibiting CASPASE 3; CASPASE 7; and CASPASE 9.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A flavoprotein that functions as a powerful antioxidant in the MITOCHONDRIA and promotes APOPTOSIS when released from the mitochondria. In mammalian cells AIF is released in response to pro-apoptotic protein members of the bcl-2 protein family. It translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and binds DNA to stimulate CASPASE-independent CHROMATIN condensation.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

An APOPTOSIS-regulating protein that is structurally related to CASPASE 8 and competes with CASPASE 8 for binding to FAS ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Two forms of CASP8 and FADD-like apoptosis regulating protein exist, a long form containing a caspase-like enzymatically inactive domain and a short form which lacks the caspase-like domain.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 9 is activated during cell stress by mitochondria-derived proapoptotic factors and by CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS such as APOPTOTIC PROTEASE-ACTIVATING FACTOR 1. It activates APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES.

Endogenous and exogenous compounds and that either inhibit CASPASES or prevent their activation.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Caspase 8 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A member of the bcl-2 protein family that plays a role in the regulation of APOPTOSIS. Two major isoforms of the protein exist due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the BCL2L1 mRNA and are referred to as Bcl-XS and Bcl-XL.

A protein of the annexin family isolated from human PLACENTA and other tissues. It inhibits cytosolic PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, and displays anticoagulant activity.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A transmembrane-protein belonging to the TNF family of intercellular signaling proteins. It is a widely expressed ligand that activates APOPTOSIS by binding to TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND RECEPTORS. The membrane-bound form of the protein can be cleaved by specific CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES to form a soluble ligand form.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 3 and CASPASE 10. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

The voltage difference, normally maintained at approximately -180mV, across the INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE, by a net movement of positive charge across the membrane. It is a major component of the PROTON MOTIVE FORCE in MITOCHONDRIA used to drive the synthesis of ATP.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 genes, responsible for blocking apoptosis in normal cells, and associated with follicular lymphoma when overexpressed. Overexpression results from the t(14;18) translocation. The human c-bcl-2 gene is located at 18q24 on the long arm of chromosome 18.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A multi-domain mitochondrial membrane protein and member of the bcl-2 Protein family. Bak protein interacts with TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53 and promotes APOPTOSIS.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A member of the myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) protein family with multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms. In hematopoietic cells, it is located mainly in the nucleus, and in non-hematopoietic cells, primarily in the cytoplasm with a punctate nuclear localization. MLF1 plays a role in cell cycle differentiation.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family that reversibly binds MEMBRANES. It is a pro-apoptotic protein that is activated by caspase cleavage.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An indolocarbazole that is a potent PROTEIN KINASE C inhibitor which enhances cAMP-mediated responses in human neuroblastoma cells. (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;214(3):1114-20)

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A pro-apoptotic protein and member of the Bcl-2 protein family that is regulated by PHOSPHORYLATION. Unphosphorylated Bad protein inhibits the activity of BCL-XL PROTEIN.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

Members of the class of neutral glycosphingolipids. They are the basic units of SPHINGOLIPIDS. They are sphingoids attached via their amino groups to a long chain fatty acyl group. They abnormally accumulate in FABRY DISEASE.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor family members that are widely expressed and play a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. The receptors are specific for TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND and signal via conserved death domains that associate with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a caspase recruitment domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its caspase recruitment domain with CARD SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 2 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating effector pro-caspases. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A signal-transducing adaptor protein that associates with TNF RECEPTOR complexes. It contains a death effector domain that can interact with death effector domains found on INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 8 and CASPASE 10. Activation of CASPASES via interaction with this protein plays a role in the signaling cascade that leads to APOPTOSIS.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

A CARD signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in the mitochondria-stimulated apoptosis (APOPTOSIS, INTRINSIC PATHWAY). It binds to CYTOCHROME C in the CYTOSOL to form an APOPTOSOMAL PROTEIN COMPLEX and activates INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Cell surface receptors that bind TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A long pro-domain caspase that has specificity for the precursor form of INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. It plays a role in INFLAMMATION by catalytically converting the inactive forms of CYTOKINES such as interleukin-1beta to their active, secreted form. Caspase 1 is referred as interleukin-1beta converting enzyme and is frequently abbreviated ICE.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A human cell line established from a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma (HISTIOCYTIC LYMPHOMA, DIFFUSE) and displaying many monocytic characteristics. It serves as an in vitro model for MONOCYTE and MACROPHAGE differentiation.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

A 150-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase that may play a role in the induction of APOPTOSIS. It has specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 3; MAP KINASE KINASE 4; and MAP KINASE KINASE 6.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. Deficiencies or abnormalities in these proteins may lead to unregulated cell growth and tumor development.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A family of cell surface receptors that signal via a conserved domain that extends into the cell CYTOPLASM. The conserved domain is referred to as a death domain due to the fact that many of these receptors are involved in signaling APOPTOSIS. Several DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS can bind to the death domains of the activated receptors and through a complex series of interactions activate apoptotic mediators such as CASPASES.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.

The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of LYSOSOMES containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A CCAAT-enhancer binding protein that is induced by DNA DAMAGE and growth arrest. It serves as a dominant negative inhibitor of other CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a serine moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and serine and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

High molecular weight proteins found in the MICROTUBULES of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for TUBULIN assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from atomic nuclei during NUCLEAR DECAY. The range of wavelengths of emitted radiation is between 0.1 - 100 pm which overlaps the shorter, more energetic hard X-RAYS wavelengths. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.

Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

An ERYTHROLEUKEMIA cell line derived from a CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA patient in BLAST CRISIS.

The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

Human COLORECTAL CARCINOMA cell line.

Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.

Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Various physiological or molecular disturbances that impair ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM function. It triggers many responses, including UNFOLDED PROTEIN RESPONSE, which may lead to APOPTOSIS; and AUTOPHAGY.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Quaternary salts derived from tetrazoles. They are used in tests to distinguish between reducing sugars and simple aldehydes, for detection of dehydrogenase in tissues, cells, and bacteria, for determination of corticosteroids, and in color photography. (From Mall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed, p455)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

The period of the CELL CYCLE preceding DNA REPLICATION in S PHASE. Subphases of G1 include "competence" (to respond to growth factors), G1a (entry into G1), G1b (progression), and G1c (assembly). Progression through the G1 subphases is effected by limiting growth factors, nutrients, or inhibitors.

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype that has specificity for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA and LYMPHOTOXIN ALPHA. It is constitutively expressed in most tissues and is a key mediator of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the vast majority of cells. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

Compounds that inhibit cell production of DNA or RNA.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A long pro-domain caspase that contains a death effector domain in its pro-domain region. Activation of this enzyme can occur via the interaction of its N-terminal death effector domain with DEATH DOMAIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING ADAPTOR PROTEINS. Caspase 10 plays a role in APOPTOSIS by cleaving and activating EFFECTOR CASPASES. Several isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to ceramide (N-acylsphingosine) plus choline phosphate. A defect in this enzyme leads to NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE. EC 3.1.4.12.

Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).

Electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (OXIDATION-REDUCTION).

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Processes required for CELL ENLARGEMENT and CELL PROLIFERATION.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic.

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/71063)

The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)

VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. (2/71063)

We employed two independent approaches to inactivate the angiogenic protein VEGF in newborn mice: inducible, Cre-loxP- mediated gene targeting, or administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG, a soluble VEGF receptor chimeric protein. Partial inhibition of VEGF achieved by inducible gene targeting resulted in increased mortality, stunted body growth and impaired organ development, most notably of the liver. Administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG, which achieves a higher degree of VEGF inhibition, resulted in nearly complete growth arrest and lethality. Ultrastructural analysis documented alterations in endothelial and other cell types. Histological and biochemical changes consistent with liver and renal failure were observed. Endothelial cells isolated from the liver of mFlt(1-3)-IgG-treated neonates demonstrated an increased apoptotic index, indicating that VEGF is required not only for proliferation but also for survival of endothelial cells. However, such treatment resulted in less significant alterations as the animal matured, and the dependence on VEGF was eventually lost some time after the fourth postnatal week. Administration of mFlt(1-3)-IgG to juvenile mice failed to induce apoptosis in liver endothelial cells. Thus, VEGF is essential for growth and survival in early postnatal life. However, in the fully developed animal, VEGF is likely to be involved primarily in active angiogenesis processes such as corpus luteum development. (+info)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (3/71063)

The Drosophila doublesex (dsx) gene encodes a transcription factor that mediates sex determination. We describe the characterization of a novel zebrafish zinc-finger gene, terra, which contains a DNA binding domain similar to that of the Drosophila dsx gene. However, unlike dsx, terra is transiently expressed in the presomitic mesoderm and newly formed somites. Expression of terra in presomitic mesoderm is restricted to cells that lack expression of MyoD. In vivo, terra expression is reduced by hedgehog but enhanced by BMP signals. Overexpression of terra induces rapid apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that a tight regulation of terra expression is required during embryogenesis. Terra has both human and mouse homologs and is specifically expressed in mouse somites. Taken together, our findings suggest that terra is a highly conserved protein that plays specific roles in early somitogenesis of vertebrates. (+info)

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (4/71063)

Presenilin mutations give rise to familial Alzheimer's disease and result in elevated production of amyloid beta peptide. Recent evidence that presenilins act in developmental signalling pathways may be the key to understanding how senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and apoptosis are all biochemically linked. (+info)

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (5/71063)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are essential for defence against viral infections. Recent data demonstrating direct killing of intracellular bacteria by granulysin, a protein released from the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, emphasize the contribution of these lymphocytes to the control of tuberculosis. (+info)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (6/71063)

BACKGROUND: The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its function seems to depend on the cell type and inducing signal. In T cells, JNK has been implicated in both antigen-induced activation and apoptosis. RESULTS: We generated mice lacking the JNK2 isozymes. The mutant mice were healthy and fertile but defective in peripheral T-cell activation induced by antibody to the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex - proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were reduced. The proliferation defect was restored by exogenous IL-2. B-cell activation was normal in the absence of JNK2. Activation-induced peripheral T-cell apoptosis was comparable between mutant and wild-type mice, but immature (CD4(+) CD8(+)) thymocytes lacking JNK2 were resistant to apoptosis induced by administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. The lack of JNK2 also resulted in partial resistance of thymocytes to anti-CD3 antibody in vitro, but had little or no effect on apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, dexamethasone or ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. CONCLUSIONS: JNK2 is essential for efficient activation of peripheral T cells but not B cells. Peripheral T-cell activation is probably required indirectly for induction of thymocyte apoptosis resulting from administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. JNK2 functions in a cell-type-specific and stimulus-dependent manner, being required for apoptosis of immature thymocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody but not for apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, UVC or dexamethasone. JNK2 is not required for activation-induced cell death of mature T cells. (+info)

Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (7/71063)

Caspases, a family of specific proteases, have central roles in apoptosis [1]. Caspase activation in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli involves the relocalisation of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm where it stimulates the proteolytic processing of caspase precursors. Cytochrome c release is controlled by members of the Bcl-2 family of apoptosis regulators [2] [3]. The anti-apoptotic members Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL may also control caspase activation independently of cytochrome c relocalisation or may inhibit a positive feedback mechanism [4] [5] [6] [7]. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 family proteins in the regulation of caspase activation using a model cell-free system. We found that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL set a threshold in the amount of cytochrome c required to activate caspases, even in soluble extracts lacking mitochondria. Addition of dATP (which stimulates the procaspase-processing factor Apaf-1 [8] [9]) overcame inhibition of caspase activation by Bcl-2, but did not prevent the control of cytochrome c release from mitochondria by Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was accelerated by active caspase-3 and this positive feedback was negatively regulated by Bcl-2. These results provide evidence for a mechanism to amplify caspase activation that is suppressed at several distinct steps by Bcl-2, even after cytochrome c is released from mitochondria. (+info)

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL serve an anti-inflammatory function in endothelial cells through inhibition of NF-kappaB. (8/71063)

To maintain the integrity of the vascular barrier, endothelial cells (EC) are resistant to cell death. The molecular basis of this resistance may be explained by the function of antiapoptotic genes such as bcl family members. Overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL protects EC from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis. In addition, Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and thus upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB in EC occurs upstream of IkappaBalpha degradation without affecting p65-mediated transactivation. Overexpression of bcl genes in EC does not affect other transcription factors. Using deletion mutants of Bcl-2, the NF-kappaB inhibitory function of Bcl-2 was mapped to bcl homology domains BH2 and BH4, whereas all BH domains were required for the antiapoptotic function. These data suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL belong to a cytoprotective response that counteracts proapoptotic and proinflammatory insults and restores the physiological anti-inflammatory phenotype to the EC. By inhibiting NF-kappaB without sensitizing the cells (as with IkappaBalpha) to TNF-mediated apoptosis, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are prime candidates for genetic engineering of EC in pathological conditions where EC loss and unfettered activation are undesirable. (+info)

Database of proteins involved in apoptosis Apoptosis Video Apoptosis Video (WEHI on YouTube ) The Mechanisms of Apoptosis ... Scholia has a profile for Apoptosis (Q29892216). Apoptosis & cell surface[permanent dead link] Apoptosis & Caspase 3, The ... animation Apoptosis MiniCOPE Dictionary - list of apoptosis terms and acronyms Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) - The Virtual ... Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Apoptosis Research Portal Apoptosis Info Apoptosis protocols, articles, news, and recent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis

Apoptosis is the fifth studio album by American death metal band Allegaeon. Produced by the band's longtime producer Dave Otero ... "ALLEGAEON,Apoptosis". Metal Blade Records. Retrieved April 23, 2019. "Allegaeon Chart History: Top Album Sales". Billboard. ... Gill, Kim (April 17, 2019). "ALBUM REVIEW: Allegaeon - Apoptosis". Ghost Cult. Retrieved April 23, 2019. "The 50 Best Metal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis_(album)

Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis (positive intrinsic regulator of ... Apoptosis Parthanatos PDB: 1M6I; Ye H, Cande C, Stephanou NC, Jiang S, Gurbuxani S, Larochette N, Daugas E, Garrido C, Kroemer ... Apoptosis inducing factor is a flavoprotein. It also acts as an NADH oxidase. Another AIF function is to regulate the ... Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing_factor

Like any regulated process, apoptosis is subject to either activation or inhibition by a variety of chemical factors. Apoptosis ... Bcl-2 Caspase cIAP1 cIAP2 Inhibitor of apoptosis domain Survivin XIAP Jacobson, Michael; McCarthy, Nicola (2002). Apoptosis. ... Inhibitors of apoptosis are a group of proteins that mainly act on the intrinsic pathway that block programmed cell death, ... The Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are a family of functionally and structurally related proteins that serve as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_of_apoptosis

UV-induced apoptosis UV-induced apoptosis is an adequate (physiological) reaction of a cell damaged by UV radiation (UVR) in a ... This may be the result of partial damage to the apoptosis mechanism by UV radiation [1]. If at moderate doses "pure" apoptosis ... The sequence of events that leads to apoptosis is multifaceted and complex. Despite the simple concept of apoptosis, the ... Since apoptosis is a last resort alternative, it takes the initiation of multiple other genes (ING2, p53, or Ras subfamily) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVB-induced_apoptosis

The inhibitor of apoptosis domain -- also known as IAP repeat, Baculovirus Inhibitor of apoptosis protein Repeat, or BIR -- is ... Silke J, Vaux DL (May 2001). "Two kinds of BIR-containing protein - inhibitors of apoptosis, or required for mitosis". J. Cell ... Proteins containing BIR are known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), or BIR-containing proteins (BIRPs or BIRCs), and ... Verhagen AM, Coulson EJ, Vaux DL (2001). "Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and their relatives: IAPs and other BIRPs". Genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_of_apoptosis_domain

The mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (or MAC), is an early marker of the onset of apoptosis. This ion channel is formed ... Members of the Bcl-2 protein family regulate apoptosis by controlling the formation of MAC: the pro-apoptotic members Bax and/ ... Mitochondrial Apoptosis-induced Channel". Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (5): 2424-2432. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-12-1111. PMC 1087246. PMID ... high conductance channel of mitochondria linked to apoptosis in mammalian cells and Bax expression in yeast". J. Cell Biol. 155 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_apoptosis-induced_channel

Overexpression of this gene interfered with MAP3K12 induced apoptosis. Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor has been ... "Entrez Gene: AATF apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor". Guo Q, Xie J (Feb 2004). "AATF inhibits aberrant production of ... Modulation during neuronal apoptosis". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 24 (4): 1038-50. doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2003.08.002. ... Burgdorf S, Leister P, Scheidtmann KH (Apr 2004). "TSG101 interacts with apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-antagonizing_transcription_factor

Frontiers in cell apoptosis research. New York: Nova Science. pp. 153-171. ISBN 9781600214509. Vaux DL (April 2002). "Apoptosis ... Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. From its early conceptual beginnings in the 1950s, it has exploded as an ... The word apoptosis is a combination of the prefix 'apo' and the root 'ptosis': 'apo' means 'away', 'off' or 'apart', and ' ... In a signal article published in 1972, John F. Kerr, Andrew H. Wyllie and A. R. Currie, coined the term "apoptosis" in order to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_apoptosis_research

The Cas family of proteins are a family of proteins that induce cellular apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis is a ... there is an inhibition of apoptosis Along with being an inducer of apoptosis, CAS also plays a role in being a checkpoint for ... Cellular+Apoptosis+Susceptibility+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e ( ... The cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (CAS) is an exportin which in the nucleus is bound to RanGTP. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_apoptosis_susceptibility_protein

PUMA apoptosis may also be induced independently of p53 activation by other stimuli, such as oncogenic stress growth factor and ... Inhibiting PUMA induced apoptosis may be an interesting target for reducing the side effects of cancer treatments, such as ... Apoptosis Apoptosome Bcl-2 Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) Caspases Cytochrome c ... Fischer SF, Vier J, Kirschnek S, Klos A, Hess S, Ying S, Häcker G (October 2004). "Chlamydia inhibit host cell apoptosis by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P53_upregulated_modulator_of_apoptosis

... pylori-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells mediated via the release of apoptosis-inducing factor from mitochondria ... Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AIFM3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl ... "Entrez Gene: Apoptosis inducing factor, mitochondria associated 3". Retrieved 2017-10-24. Xie Q, Lin T, Zhang Y, Zheng J, ... induces apoptosis and enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxic human hepatoma cells in vitro". Exp. Cell Res. 318 (8): 944-54. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing_factor,_mitochondria-associated_3

When a cell is tumorous it does not cease to proliferate inhibiting the apoptosis, as a result, in cancerous cells cIAP1 is ... cIAP1 (also named BIRC2) is the abbreviation for a human protein, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1. It belongs to the ... Doiron K, Labbé K, Korneluk RG, Barker PA, Saleh M, Bertrand MJ (2009). "Cellular inhibitors of apoptosis cIAP1 and cIAP2 are ... Pu Xia; Yanfei Qi (2012). "Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein-1 (cIAP1) Plays a Critical Role in β-Cell Survival under ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_Inhibitor_of_Apoptosis_Protein_1

It also prevents apoptosis in several ways: it reduces mitochondrial ROS levels, and it prevents apoptosis-causing protein Bax ... and also protects glioma cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis by decreasing ROS (conferring evasion of apoptosis). TIGAR is ... TIGAR cannot prevent apoptosis via death pathways that are independent from ROS and p53. In some cells, TIGAR expression can ... When MUC-1 activity is removed, levels of TIGAR decline and cells undergo ROS-induced apoptosis. In a type of head and neck ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TP53-inducible_glycolysis_and_apoptosis_regulator

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAAP1 gene. Caspase Apoptosis GRCh38: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase_activity_and_apoptosis_inhibitor_1

Lei K, Davis RJ (2003). "JNK phosphorylation of Bim-related members of the Bcl2 family induces Bax-dependent apoptosis". Proc. ... 2007). "Bmf contributes to histone deacetylase inhibitor-mediated enhancing effects on apoptosis after ionizing radiation". ... Apoptosis. 11 (8): 1349-57. doi:10.1007/s10495-006-8266-1. PMID 16830229. S2CID 19085805. Schmelzle T, Mailleux AA, Overholtzer ... which may be important for sensing intracellular damage and triggering apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMF_(gene)

... and AMID during apoptosis in human cells". Apoptosis. 12 (7): 1155-71. doi:10.1007/s10495-007-0061-0. PMID 17347867. S2CID ... Apoptosis has proven to be tightly interwoven with other essential cell pathways. The identification of critical control points ... Apoptosis occurs in many physiological and pathological processes. It plays an important role during embryonal development as ... It was first described as a "shrinkage necrosis", and then this term was replaced by apoptosis to emphasize its role opposite ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENDOG

X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) is hypothesized to promote cancer cell survival and growth, the Macrophage inhibitory ... Catz SD, Johnson JL (January 2003). "BCL-2 in prostate cancer: a minireview". Apoptosis. 8 (1): 29-37. doi:10.1023/a: ... Catz SD, Johnson JL (January 2003). "BCL-2 in prostate cancer: a minireview". Apoptosis. 8 (1): 29-37. doi:10.1023/A: ... Zinc inhibits NF-κB pathways, is antiproliferative, and induces apoptosis in abnormal cells. Unfortunately, oral ingestion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate_cancer

Apoptosis causes a dimerization of S19, inducing a conformation change that allows it to bind to the C5a receptor on monocytes ... The main function of a fine me signal is to be released while a cell undergoing apoptosis is still intact in order to attract ... This suggests that the initiation of apoptosis may be coupled with the release of find me signals from the dying cells. As of ... Phagocytes contribute to the "final stages" of cell death by apoptosis. They are often already nearby a dying cell and do not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

Apoptosis. 19 (5): 871-82. doi:10.1007/s10495-014-0969-0. PMID 24563182. S2CID 14746593. v t e (Articles without InChI source, ... "Clitocine targets Mcl-1 to induce drug-resistant human cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo". ... effect of clitocine from the mushroom Leucopaxillus giganteus on human cervical cancer HeLa cells by inducing apoptosis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitocine

"Sclareol induces apoptosis in human HCT116 colon cancer cells in vitro and suppression of HCT116 tumor growth in ... immunodeficient mice". Apoptosis. 12 (4): 685-94. doi:10.1007/s10495-006-0026-8. PMID 17260186. Guo Z, Wagner GJ (1995). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclareol_cyclase

Soldani C, Scovassi AI (2003). "Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage during apoptosis: an update". Apoptosis. 7 (4): 321-8. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARP4

Biology portal Apoptosis Autophagy database Autophagin Mitophagy Residual body Sub-lethal damage Liddell HG, Scott R, Jone HS ... The second strategy is to inhibit autophagy and thus induce apoptosis. The first strategy has been tested by looking at dose- ... Kang R, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT, Tang D (April 2011). "The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis". Cell Death and ... Tavassoly I (2015). Dynamics of Cell Fate Decision Mediated by the Interplay of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy

Apoptosis. 14 (4): 549-69. doi:10.1007/s10495-009-0324-z. PMID 19221876. S2CID 13058619. Burns, Tony; et al. (2006) Rook's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

... interacts with p53 and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation but not apoptosis". Apoptosis. 6 (3): 221-34. doi:10.1023/A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS4

Apoptosis Apoptosome Bcl-2 Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) Caspases Cytochrome c ... Armstrong JL, Veal GJ, Redfern CP, Lovat PE (2007). "Role of Noxa in p53-independent fenretinide-induced apoptosis of ... and Noxa has been shown to be involved in p53-mediated apoptosis. Noxa has been shown to interact with: BCL2-like 1, Bcl-2, and ... a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family and candidate mediator of p53-induced apoptosis". Science. 288 (5468): 1053-8. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced_protein_1

"AGGF1 protects from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating myocardial apoptosis and angiogenesis". Apoptosis. 19 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGGF1

Protease 2A and 3C also induce apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondria mediated apoptosis, which leads to the release of ... 3C proteinase activity in coxsackievirus causes apoptosis in host cells. Both 2A(pro) and 3C(pro) induce caspase-8-mediated by ... Apoptosis. 12 (3): 513-24. doi:10.1007/s10495-006-0013-0. PMID 17195095. Chau DH, Yuan J, Zhang H, Cheung P, Lim T, Liu Z, Sall ... Apoptosis. 12 (3): 513-24. doi:10.1007/s10495-006-0013-0. PMID 17195095. Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liang PH (October 2011). "Recent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornain_3C

... overexpression of TBX15 reduces apoptosis in cancer cells". Apoptosis. 20 (10): 1338-1346. doi:10.1007/s10495-015-1155-8. PMID ... Tbx15 is noteworthy as a potential marker for cancer, with overexpression being correlated to reduced apoptosis in cancer cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX15

The protein hydrolyzes DNA, is not inhibited by actin, and mediates the breakdown of DNA during apoptosis. Alternate ... Boulares AH, Ren T (January 2004). "Mechanism of acetaminophen-induced apoptosis in cultured cells: roles of caspase-3, DNA ... Apoptosis. 3 (2): 89-95. doi:10.1023/A:1009692807692. PMID 14646506. S2CID 2071259. "Entrez Gene: DNASE1L3 deoxyribonuclease I- ... "Correlation between decreased sensitivity of the Daudi lymphoma cells to VP-16-induced apoptosis and deficiency in DNAS1L3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNASE1L3

Apoptosis plays a significant role in the immune system.. Abnormal apoptosis. Many factors can play a role in increased or ... Apoptosis pathways. There are two pathways that can initiate apoptosis in a cell: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In the ... Apoptosis - an overview. Apoptosis is the process of controlled cellular "suicide". Whereas in necrosis cells die due to injury ... Apoptosis - a critical but poorly understood physiological process. Apoptosis is a part of the normal development of an ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-Apoptosis.aspx

... Vidar Beisvåg vidar.beisvag at medisin.ntnu.no Thu Mar 4 05:14:50 EST 1999 *Previous message: Source for ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/methods/1999-March/074143.html

... which are the executioners of apoptosis, comprise two distinct classes, the initiators and the effectors. Although general ... Molecular mechanisms of caspase regulation during apoptosis Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;5(11):897-907. doi: 10.1038/nrm1496 ... Caspases, which are the executioners of apoptosis, comprise two distinct classes, the initiators and the effectors. Although ... This article reviews these latest advances and describes our present understanding of caspase regulation during apoptosis. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15520809/

6, 1995, page 15). The term apoptosis first (I believe) appeared in 1972, in a paper by Kerr et al. (J.F.R. Kerr, A.H. Wyllie, ... I think all of us working on any aspect of apoptosis should be cogn ... This is with reference to the Research article on apoptosis (R. Lewis, The Scientist, Febr. ... Apoptosis Research. This is with reference to the Research article on apoptosis (R. Lewis, The Scientist, Febr. 6, 1995, page ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/letter/apoptosis-research-58558

Apoptosis - Reference pathway [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Show description , Image file , Help ] Apoptosis ... The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. The extrinsic pathway involves stimulation of ... balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, ...

https://www.genome.jp/pathway/map04210

cell cycle and apoptosis regulator protein 2. Names. cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator protein 2. deleted in breast ... cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:23360 See related. Ensembl:ENSG00000158941 MIM: ... Cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 at the interface between DNA damage response and cell physiology. Magni M, et al. Mutat ... CCAR2 cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 57805, updated on 6-Nov-2022 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/57805

Detects apoptosis earlier in the process than DNA-based assays such as TUNEL; ... Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit was used:. *in staining of LNCaP prostate cancer cells for measuring the G. lucidum ... Detects apoptosis earlier in the process than DNA-based assays such as TUNEL.. *Rapid labeling of cells. Cell staining takes ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sigma/apoaf

In the present study, AM apoptosis was determined in whole-lung lavage fluid from 48 male silicosis patients, 13 male observers ... however the relationship between apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and human silicosis has not been addressed. ... In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that lung cell apoptosis is associated with lung fibrosis; ... The relationships between apoptosis index (AI) and silica exposure history, soluble Fas (sFas)/membrane-bound Fas (mFas), and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20040056.html

Apoptosis and the number of viable ESCC cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and MTT, respectively, after the treatment of ... Curcumin promotes apoptosis of esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway]. ... This study was to evaluate whether curcumin could induce apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in ESCC ... induction of apoptosis and an increase of the sensitivity of ESCC cell lines towards 5-FU. ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/article/curcumin-promotes-programmed-cell-death-esophageal-squamous-carcinoma-cell-lin

Jurkat Apoptosis Cell Extracts (etoposide) 2043. Toggle Between Dark and Light Modes Filter: *WB ... Western blot analysis of Jurkat Apoptosis Cell Extracts #2043 using Caspase-3 (8G10) Rabbit mAb, #9665.. Show Less Show More ... Apoptosis Cell Extracts (Jurkat Untreated): Total cell extracts from Jurkat cells serve as a negative control. Supplied in SDS ... Apoptosis Cell Extracts (Jurkat + Etoposide): Total cell extracts from Jurkat cells treated with 25 μM etoposide for 5 hours ...

https://www.cellsignal.com/products/experimental-controls/jurkat-apoptosis-cell-extracts-etoposide/2043

The Apoptosis research has been constantly evolving in recent years and many researchers are working hard to find new ... Apoptosis. Apoptosis, or the process of programmed cell death by which individual cells are eliminated through highly ... The critical involvement of apoptosis within morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, as well as the absence of normal apoptotic ... activity in cancer cells and some degenerative diseases, signify the importance of research concerning apoptosis and those ...

https://www.peprotech.com/de/apoptosis

We investigate induction of apoptosis by xanthohumol on Ca Ski cervical cancer cell line. Xanthohumol is a prenylated chalcone ... Apoptosis Detection by Annexin V-FITC/PI Staining. FITC annexin V apoptosis detection kit was used to detect apoptosis. Cells ... XIAP, AIF, Bax, and Bcl-2 are apoptosis-related proteins. The level of XIAP, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins ( ... Extrinsic apoptosis was also reported in HeLa cervical cancer cells by enhancing TRAIL-induced apoptosis and increasing the ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/921306/

All the latest science news about cell apoptosis from Phys.org ... News tagged with cell apoptosis. * Date 6 hours 12 hours 1 day ... Apoptosis is a process that causes cell death. It can go awry in cancer cells, sustaining the disease. Scientists at St. Jude ... Coronaviruses can induce host cell apoptosis. A large team of researchers working at the University of Hong Kong has found that ... The protein tBID can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) by inducing damage in the energy suppliers of the cells, the ...

https://phys.org/tags/cell+apoptosis/

SC Smith, E Price, EM Symonds, PN Baker; Apoptosis in the Human Placenta. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 February 1997; 92 (s36): 19P. doi: ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/92/s36/19P/106201/Apoptosis-in-the-Human-Placenta?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Dysregulation of apoptosis causes many diseases including cancers. Transcriptional induction of pro-apoptotic genes is ... In the current study, we identified that Dmp18, the homolog of Znhit1, regulates apoptosis by mediating the histone variant ... Together, this study reveals the mechanism by which Dmp18 regulates apoptosis in the eye and wing discs. ... sufficient to induce apoptosis in Drosophila. Znhit1 encodes a Zinc finger HIT-type containing protein and works as a component ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010395

Imaging of Apoptosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... Apoptosis, a process of programmed cellular death, correlates with COPD severity and is not seen in the normal adult lung. In ... In this proposal, the investigators aim to assess a molecular imaging probe targeting apoptosis, a cellular process known to be ... The investigators will determine if the imaging signal correlates with serum biomarkers of apoptosis and inflammation. It is ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02978144

... suggesting that apoptosis initiation was likely too weak to initiate downstream apoptosis execution. Indeed, experiments in ... which the mitochondrial apoptosis threshold was lowered by antagonizing Mcl-1 re-established sensitivity to IZI1551+marizomib ... In cases of treatment resistance, lowering the mitochondrial apoptosis threshold appeared sufficient to restore apoptosis ... suggesting that apoptosis initiation was likely too weak to initiate downstream apoptosis execution. Indeed, experiments in ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41419-021-03927-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=6d2e393a-ea50-4264-8d82-c837034c3c2e

Apoptosis has been described in a wide variety of cell and tissue types from nematodes to mammals. Apoptosis, unlike necrosis, ... The genes involved in apoptosis have been defined in animals as well as in plants. Some of these genes act as inducers while ... The possible role of apoptosis may be related to the regulation of normal development as in animals or it may be involved in ... It has been found that apoptosis related genes have high homology in terms of DNA sequences, suggesting the occurence of an ...

https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/vol24/iss5/3/

Studies of defects in the apoptosis pathway help elucidate biomolecular mechanisms of cancer cells. (Image courtesy of NASA.) ... Diagram of the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis. ... Diagram of the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis ... Diagram of the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis. Studies of defects in the apoptosis pathway help elucidate ... Studies of defects in the apoptosis pathway help elucidate biomolecular mechanisms of cancer cells. (Image courtesy of NASA.) ...

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/7-342-cancer-biology-from-basic-research-to-the-clinic-fall-2004/resources/7-342f04/

Our study showed that CDDO-Me suppressed the proliferation and arrested cells in G2/M phase, and induced apoptosis in human ... Bardoxolone methyl induces apoptosis and autophagy and inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness in esophageal ... The apoptosis was detected using the annexinV:PE apoptosis detection kit and the autophagy was determined using Cyto-ID® Green ... Conversation between apoptosis and autophagy: "Is it your turn or mine?". Apoptosis. 2011;16(4):321-333. ...

https://www.dovepress.com/bardoxolone-methyl-induces-apoptosis-and-autophagy-and-inhibits-epithe-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT

One hypothesis (for this difference) is that in a state of disease you tend to see a predominance of late apoptosis in early ... At 3 weeks, the majority of cells were in late apoptosis in the untreated controls, but interestingly there was a reduction in ... PI-positive cells were necrotic, those stained with annexin V were in early apoptosis, and those stained with both markers were ... Three weeks and 8 weeks later, there was a significant reduction in the level of apoptosis in annexin-positive cells, Dr. ...

https://www.ophthalmologytimes.com/view/coq10-may-target-early-apoptosis-0

... and other innovative research tools for studying Apoptosis, Metabolism, Cell Proliferation, Cellular Stress, Cell Damage and ...

https://www.biovision.com/products/apoptosis-related-products/apoptosis-antibodies.html

Learn more about Apoptosis Intracellular Kinases including related products, articles and interactive pathways. ... Apoptosis Intracellular Kinases. Intracellular signaling pathways regulate the decision of whether a cell lives or dies. While ... Intracellular kinases ultimately activate or inhibit other cellular proteins involved in apoptosis, or transcription factors ... two Bcl-2 family members that protect the cell from apoptosis. ... Apoptosis Catalog 2010 (PDF 5MB) * DuoSet IC (IntraCellular) ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/research-area/apoptosis-intracellular-kinases

Selective apoptosis of lung cancer cells with talc. P. Lee, L. Sun, C. K. Lim, S. E. Aw, H. G. Colt ... Selective apoptosis of lung cancer cells with talc Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European Respiratory ... Apoptosis measurement of lung adenocarcinoma cells with talc (75 μg·mL−1) at 72 h. G0/G1: 52.56% 5: 11.30%; G2/M: 9.94%; ... Differences in the apoptosis rates of LAC were observed with graded concentrations of talc, bleomycin, and doxycycline at 24 h ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/35/2/450

Infection of epithelial cells and lymphocytes has been shown to induce apoptosis in vitro (4-8). Several modes of apoptosis ... lymphocyte apoptosis may not be a direct consequence of infection in these cells. Apoptosis of lymphocytes may have been caused ... virus was also shown to induce lymphopenia and lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo (14). However, whether and to what extent apoptosis ... Infection of primary human lymphocytes in vitro has been shown to induce apoptosis (7). Increased apoptosis leading to severe ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/5/06-0572

Neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein does not interact with Smac and requires ATP to bind caspase-9.. 21. ... Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/43168/naip-(nlr-family-apoptosis-inhibitory-protein) ...

https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/43168/naip-

... and a diatom-produced chemical that promotes apoptosis in offspring of a copepod. Mechanisms that serve to depress apoptosis ... Whether apoptosis in crustaceans is mainly transcriptionally regulated as in D. melanogaster (e.g., RHG „killer‟ proteins), or ... Our knowledge about regulation of apoptosis in this phylum is largely based on findings for the fruit fly Drosophila ... We speculate that differences in regulation of the intrinsic pathway of crustacean apoptosis might represent a prerequisite for ...

https://works.bepress.com/michael_menze/25/

View mouse Ccar1 Chr10:62579707-62628065 with: sequences, polymorphisms, proteins, references, function, expression

http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1914750

Figure 6. Apoptosis Assays. A) DNA Fragmentation assay. Genomic DNA was prepared from cells (lanes 2, 4, 6, and 8, respectively ... Apoptosis or programmed cell death represents a physiological form of cell death that occurs during development and in the ... Apoptosis was detected using the peroxidase apoTag kit (Appligene Oncor). Fixed cells were pretreated with proteinase K (20 mg/ ... Bortner, C Oldenburg, N Cidlowski, J (1995) The role of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 5: 21-26 Breitman ML, ...

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602004000300009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en

Furthermore, anti-NS1-induced endothelial cell apoptosis was NO-dependent, whereas DENV infection-induced apoptosis was ... Increased dengue virus-infected endothelial cell apoptosis caused by antibodies against nonstructural protein 1.. ... Either DENV infection or anti-NS1 treatment caused endothelial cell apoptosis. Importantly, co-treatment with anti-NS1 ... 2007)‎. Increased dengue virus-infected endothelial cell apoptosis caused by antibodies against nonstructural protein 1.. WHO ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/170380

Etoposide treatment induces proteolytic cleavage of various apoptosis-related proteins including caspases, IAP, and PARP. (cellsignal.com)
Dysregulation of apoptosis induces a variety of diseases, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [ 3 - 5 ]. (plos.org)
In summary, the mechanism by which Stattic induces apoptosis in MV4-11cells may involve blocking DNA damage repair machineries. (frontiersin.org)
These results suggest that ACE induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells, and therefore, ACE may have the potential to treat gastric cancer. (medsci.org)
In conclusion, sodium fluorosilicate induces apoptosis in HOS cells through decrease in Bcl-2, the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol and activation of caspase-3. (fluoridealert.org)
Details] Repetitive exposure to a 60-Hz time-varying magnetic field induces DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in human cells [med. (emf-portal.org)

Curcumin inhibits the phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, leading to suppression of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and an increase of the sensitivity of ESCC cell lines towards 5-FU. (greenmedinfo.com)
We investigate induction of apoptosis by xanthohumol on Ca Ski cervical cancer cell line. (hindawi.com)
Inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of cell cycle arrest in S phase, apoptosis, and cell differentiation were previously reported to be mediated by xanthohumol on MDA-MB-435 human mammary adenocarcinoma cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Transcriptional induction of pro-apoptotic genes is sufficient to induce apoptosis in Drosophila . (plos.org)
Several modes of apoptosis induction and responsible viral genes have been proposed ( 8 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
Since peak annexin staining and apoptosis in this model occur at 3 weeks after surgical induction of elevated IOP, this finding indicated that CoQ10 treatment had decreased the level of both early and late apoptosis at an early stage of disease, Dr. Cordeiro said. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Pathway analysis revealed induction of the p53 apoptosis pathway, consistent with apoptosis being the major response to RITA in cancer cells. (cell.com)
Induction of apoptosis by sodium fluorosilicate treatment in human osteogenic sarcoma (HOS) cells. (fluoridealert.org)
Induction of apoptosis, such as nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and the appearance of apoptotic bodies, were observed in HOS cells by agarose gel electrophoresis and by flow cytometric analysis, respectively. (fluoridealert.org)
The molecular mechanism of apoptosis induction in HOS was investigated by Western blot analysis. (fluoridealert.org)
Unlike plated 2D hepatocytes, which are at least partially resistant to apoptosis due to activation of PI3K/Akt pathway (1) , 3D InSight™ Human Liver Microtissues maintain susceptibility towards induction of apoptosis, making it possible to detect early signs of hepatotoxicity with sensitive cell based-assays. (insphero.com)
A full induction of apoptosis required the activation of both ROS- and p73-mediated pathways. (harvard.edu)
In vivo studies in the athymic mice xenograft model also confirmed the growth inhibitory effect and induction of apoptosis by these LOX inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. (cyclingforums.com)
Ready-to-use high quality apoptosis inducers allow users an easy tool for induction of apoptosis in cultured cells. (gbiosciences.com)
Ces patientes ont été soumises à une induction d'ovulation et ont reçu, sur la base d'une répartition aléatoire et en aveugle, de la silymarine (70 mg × 3 fois par jour) ou un placebo, dès le début du cycle d'induction. (who.int)
The induction of apoptosis upon infection results from a complex interaction of parasite proteins with cellular host proteins. (who.int)
However, in some cases, it has been shown that induction of apoptosis in the infected cells significantly imparts protection to the host from the pathogen. (who.int)
Induction of bucal mucosal apoptosis with chronic alcohol ingestion. (bvsalud.org)

This study was to evaluate whether curcumin could induce apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway in ESCC cells. (greenmedinfo.com)
Once activated, these caspases cleave and activate downstream effector caspases (including 3, 6 and 7), which in turn cleave cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins like PARP, α-fodrin, DFF and lamin A, and induce apoptosis. (cellsignal.com)
Drug-free macromolecular therapies can induce cell apoptosis by clustering non-internalizing cell-surface receptors. (phys.org)
A large team of researchers working at the University of Hong Kong has found that three major types of coronaviruses are able to induce cell apoptosis in infected hosts. (phys.org)
Infection of epithelial cells and lymphocytes has been shown to induce apoptosis in vitro ( 4 - 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Infection with virulent influenza (H5N1) virus was also shown to induce lymphopenia and lymphocyte apoptosis in vivo ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Similarly, other intracellular kinases activate transcription factors such as CREB and STAT family members which induce the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x L , two Bcl-2 family members that protect the cell from apoptosis. (rndsystems.com)
Mechanisms of Apoptosis in Crustacea: What Conditions Induce Versus Suppress Cell Death? (bepress.com)
Radiotherapy and most chemotherapies induce apoptosis by causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in tumor cells. (frontiersin.org)
In conclusion, LOX inhibitors block pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway both in vivo and in vitro. (cyclingforums.com)
Although amiloride was able to induce apoptosis in myeloma cells lacking p53 expression, activation of p53 signaling was observed in wild-type and mutated TP53 cells after amiloride exposure. (nih.gov)

Whereas in necrosis cells die due to injury or disease, apoptosis is a natural part of the regulation and development of the body's biological processes. (news-medical.net)
Apoptosis, unlike necrosis, is mediated by the active participation of dying cells. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Dr. Cordeiro explained that investigation of what happens before a cell dies has relied on tissue culture studies of staining characteristics to determine whether a cell has gone into early or late apoptosis or necrosis. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
At 3 weeks, the majority of cells were in late apoptosis in the untreated controls, but interestingly there was a reduction in the level of late, but not early, apoptosis and in the level of necrosis with treatment. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
One hypothesis (for this difference) is that in a state of disease you tend to see a predominance of late apoptosis in early disease, and as the disease progresses there may be less apoptosis and more necrosis,' Dr. Cordeiro said. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Annexin V staining was suppressed in the treated rats, although there was little effect on necrosis and late apoptosis. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
As the plasma membrane becomes increasingly permeable during the later stages of apoptosis, 7-AAD can readily move across the cell membrane and bind to cellular DNA, providing a means for identifying those cells that have lost membrane integrity through mechanisms including necrosis. (southernbiotech.com)
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 precursor (FASLG receptor) (Apoptosis-mediating surface antigen FAS) (Apo-1 antigen) (CD95 antigen). (deathbase.org)
Both apoptosis and necrosis were involved in the pathogenesis of the cochlear lesion, but apoptosis appeared to be the major cell death pathway leading to the styrene ototoxicity. (cdc.gov)

Apoptosis produces apoptotic bodies, which are cell fragments that are then engulfed by phagocytic cells. (news-medical.net)
Age-related increases in apoptotic lymphocytes lead to the increased death rate of cells in the bone marrow and the thymus, and this increased rate of apoptosis is one of the significant factors in aging itself. (news-medical.net)
It is the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals that eventually determines whether cells will undergo apoptosis, survive or proliferate. (genome.jp)
Apoptosis Cell Extracts (Jurkat + Etoposide): Total cell extracts from Jurkat cells treated with 25 μM etoposide for 5 hours serve as a positive control for activated apoptotic cascades. (cellsignal.com)
The critical involvement of apoptosis within morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis, as well as the absence of normal apoptotic activity in cancer cells and some degenerative diseases, signify the importance of research concerning apoptosis and those cytokines involved in the activation or suppression of apoptotic events. (peprotech.com)
We showed that loss of Dmp18 disrupted eye and wing development, up-regulated transcription of pro-apoptotic genes, and induced apoptosis. (plos.org)
These results indicate that Dmp18 negatively regulates apoptosis by mediating H2Av incorporation and histone H3 modifications at pro-apoptotic gene loci for transcriptional regulation. (plos.org)
In the current study, we identified that Dmp18, the homolog of Znhit1, regulates apoptosis by mediating the histone variant H2Av incorporation and H3K4me3 as well as H3K27me3 modifications around the transcription start site (TSS) regions of pro-apoptotic genes. (plos.org)
Intracellular kinases ultimately activate or inhibit other cellular proteins involved in apoptosis, or transcription factors that inhibit the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, or promote the expression of cell survival proteins. (rndsystems.com)
Pro-apoptotic stimuli described for crustaceans include UV radiation, environmental toxins, and a diatom-produced chemical that promotes apoptosis in offspring of a copepod. (bepress.com)
Using pancreatic cancer cell lines with or without expressing mutated K-ras, we demonstrated that the inhibition of endogenous PKC activity sensitized human pancreatic cancer cells (MIA and PANC-1) expressing mutated K-ras to apoptosis, which had no apoptotic effect on BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells that contain a normal Ras as well as human lung epithelial BAES-2B cells. (harvard.edu)
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling staining showing numerous apoptotic alveolar epithelial cells in lung of patient B (A) and leukocytes in lung of patient A (B). C) Lung tissue from a patient with pneumonia caused by human influenza A (H5N1) virus showing apoptosis only in leukocytes. (cdc.gov)
Apoptotic cells (early apoptotic Annexin V+/PI- PF-2341066 cells and past due apoptotic Annexin V+/PI+ cells) had been examined using the Annexin V FITC apoptosis recognition package I (BD) based on the producers suggestions. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Objectives: This study describes the occurrence of apoptosis in periapical cysts with atrophic and hyperplastic epithelium, making a morphologic study quantifying the apoptotic indices and verifying the quantitative differences between them. (bvsalud.org)

In the extrinsic pathway, apoptosis is initiated by external signals from other cells. (news-medical.net)
The average adult human loses somewhere between 50 to 70 billion cells per day through the process of apoptosis. (news-medical.net)
Apoptosis is a genetically programmed process for the elimination of damaged or redundant cells by activation of caspases (aspartate-specific cysteine proteases). (genome.jp)
Apoptosis and the number of viable ESCC cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and MTT, respectively, after the treatment of curcumin, 5-FU, or the combination of curcumin and 5-FU. (greenmedinfo.com)
Apoptosis Cell Extracts (Jurkat Untreated): Total cell extracts from Jurkat cells serve as a negative control. (cellsignal.com)
Apoptosis, or the process of programmed cell death by which individual cells are eliminated through highly controlled fragmentation into membrane-bound particles for phagocytosis by surrounding cells, is employed during normal physiological conditions to produce deliberate and orderly death of cells not destined to be present in the final tissue. (peprotech.com)
The protein tBID can trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis) by inducing damage in the energy suppliers of the cells, the mitochondria. (phys.org)
Apoptosis is an important biological process in the development and stress context by removing unwanted or damaged cells. (plos.org)
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) or apoptosis plays essential roles both in the development and stress context by removing unwanted or damaged cells to keep the balance [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
Indeed, experiments in which the mitochondrial apoptosis threshold was lowered by antagonizing Mcl-1 re-established sensitivity to IZI1551+marizomib in otherwise resistant cells. (nature.com)
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is the process whereby certain cells are induced to activate their own death or cell suicide. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Studies of defects in the apoptosis pathway help elucidate biomolecular mechanisms of cancer cells. (mit.edu)
Apoptosis was observed in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the major target cell type for the viral replication. (cdc.gov)
Our data suggest that apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of influenza (H5N1) virus in humans by destroying alveolar epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Our study showed that CDDO-Me suppressed the proliferation and arrested cells in G 2 /M phase, and induced apoptosis in human ESCC Ec109 and KYSE70 cells. (dovepress.com)
PI-positive cells were necrotic, those stained with annexin V were in early apoptosis, and those stained with both markers were in late apoptosis. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
Three weeks and 8 weeks later, there was a significant reduction in the level of apoptosis in annexin-positive cells,' Dr. Cordeiro said. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
The objectives of our study were to determine if talc caused apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and to compare talc against other commonly administered intrapleural sclerosing agents by extending the experiments to include bleomycin and doxycyline. (ersjournals.com)
Apoptosis measurement of lung adenocarcinoma cells with talc (75 μg·mL −1 ) at 72 h. (ersjournals.com)
Mechanisms that serve to depress apoptosis include the inhibition of caspase activity by high potassium in energetically healthy cells, alterations in nucleotide abundance during energy-limited states like diapause and anoxia, resistance to opening of the calcium-induced MPTP, and viral accommodation during persistent viral infection. (bepress.com)
Apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells induced by LOX inhibitors (including the nonselective LOX inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the 5-LOX inhibitor Rev-5901, and the 12-LOX inhibitor baicalein) was confirmed by growth inhibition, annexin V binding, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assay in MiaPaCa-2 and AsPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. (cyclingforums.com)
No. 10010-09) employs a R-phycoerythrin-conjugated Annexin V (Annexin V-PE) in concert with 7-Aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) to evaluate subpopulations of cells undergoing apoptosis. (southernbiotech.com)
During the early stages of apoptosis, cells begin to display phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer cell membrane where it is readily detectable by staining the cells with Annexin V-PE. (southernbiotech.com)
Lunasin, a novel seed peptide, sensitizes human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells to aspirin-arrested cell cycle and induced apoptosis. (southernbiotech.com)
Cell proliferation inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing properties of anacardic acid and lunasin in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. (southernbiotech.com)
Additionally, DHM significantly induced the apoptosis of SK-MEL-28 cells, and enhanced the expression levels of Bax proteins and decreased the protein levels of IKK-α, NF-κB (p65) and P-p38. (spandidos-publications.com)
Dithiothreitol (DTT) effectively suppressed the phenylarsine oxide-inhibited cellular reductive capacity, but unexpectedly, enhanced As 2 O 3 -induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. (aspetjournals.org)
As 2 O 3 -induced and As 2 O 3 -plus-DTT-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells was modulated by oxidant modifiers, but not by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. (aspetjournals.org)
The number and quality of oocytes retrieved were evaluated and apoptosis of granolusa cells was studied. (who.int)
Exosomes released from U87 glioma cells treated with curcumin and/or temozolomide produce apoptosis in naive U87 cells. (bvsalud.org)
Naïve U87 cells were treated with the isolated exosomes , and the effects on apoptosis -related proteins HSP27, HSP70, HSP90, and P53 were assessed. (bvsalud.org)
Moreover all treatment groups increased apoptosis in naïve U87 recipient cells . (bvsalud.org)
DNA-damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced in BEAS-2B cells by 2-hydroxymetyl methacrylate (HEMA). (aaem.pl)
CD8+ T cells also contribute to thrombocytopenia by increasing platelet apoptosis. (medscape.com)
The present study investigated the effect of miR-29a-3p in glioma exosomes on the proliferation and apoptosis levels of U251 glioma cells under hypoxia. (bvsalud.org)
Furthermore, the effects of miR-29a-3p on proliferation and apoptosis in glioma cells in those processes could be reversed by the PI3K-AKT agonist Recilisib. (bvsalud.org)
Co-cultured HCV+ NK cells and HCV+ DCs showed significantly higher apoptosis of both cells. (bvsalud.org)

In the intrinsic pathway cellular stress, once detected, causes the cell to self-initiate apoptosis. (news-medical.net)
The Fas pathway (which involves the fas - fast apoptosis signal - receptor, a transmembrane protein) is another initiator for the extrinsic pathway. (news-medical.net)
Fas/FasL pathway-mediated alveolar macrophage apoptosis involved in human silicosis. (cdc.gov)
These results indicate that AM apoptosis could be used as a potential biomarker for human silicosis, and the Fas/FasL pathway may regulate this process. (cdc.gov)
Curcumin promotes apoptosis of esophageal squamous carcinoma cell lines through inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway]. (greenmedinfo.com)
It was thought until recently that once a cell started down the pathway toward apoptosis, it was committed to die. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
We speculate that differences in regulation of the intrinsic pathway of crustacean apoptosis might represent a prerequisite for some species to survive harsh environmental insults. (bepress.com)
Our previous studies have demonstrated that blockade of either the 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) or 12-LOX pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. (cyclingforums.com)

Stattic can inhibit the proliferation, promote apoptosis, arrest cell cycle at G0/G1, and suppress DNA damage repair in MV4-11cells. (frontiersin.org)
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of DHM on cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in the human melanoma SK-MEL-28 cell line, and to explore the related mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
AK5, a novel prognosis marker, inhibits apoptosis and promotes autophagy as well as proliferation in human gastric cancer. (nih.gov)

Detects apoptosis earlier in the process than DNA-based assays such as TUNEL. (sigmaaldrich.com)
PE ® Annexin V Apoptosis Kit for use in flow cytometry assays. (southernbiotech.com)
We used a combination of apoptosis assays, cell cycle assays, tissue distribution studies, cell endocytosis, transwell invasion assays, and immunoblotting to evaluate the characteristics of [email protected] as a drug delivery system. (ejbiotechnology.cl)

There are two pathways that can initiate apoptosis in a cell: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. (news-medical.net)
Both death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways were also reported to be activated by xanthohumol. (hindawi.com)
This poster summarizes the signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, necroptosis and cell survival following death receptor activation, and highlights the influence of the molecular switch, cFLIP, on cell fate. (tocris.com)
Characterization of the players, pathways, and their significance in the core machinery of crustacean apoptosis is revealing new insights for the field of cell death. (bepress.com)
This review discusses the significance of various pathways/steps during virus-mediated modulation of host cell apoptosis. (who.int)

Various biological processes such as apoptosis and autophagy are involved in almost every stage of atherosclerosis, which could lead to plaque instability causing stroke and death. (scirp.org)
However, the association of FABP4 with macrophage apoptosis and autophagy in atherosclerosis has not been elucidated. (scirp.org)
We hypothesize that silencing FABP4 protein could be a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate macrophage apoptosis and autophagy thereby minimizing plaque instability in atherosclerosis. (scirp.org)

Abrogation of host cell apoptosis is often beneficial for the pathogen and results in a successful host invasion. (who.int)

Caspases, which are the executioners of apoptosis, comprise two distinct classes, the initiators and the effectors. (nih.gov)
Caspases, a family of cysteine acid proteases, are central regulators of apoptosis. (cellsignal.com)
The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family includes XIAP and survivin and functions by binding and inhibiting several caspases (4,5). (cellsignal.com)
Caspases are aspartate-directed cysteine proteases that cleave a diverse group of intracellular substrates to contribute to various manifestations of apoptosis. (ed.ac.uk)
CASP3_HUMAN ] Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. (proteopedia.org)

Nicholson, Donald W. / Control of Apoptosis by Proteases . (elsevier.com)

Inhibition of apoptosis suppressed the eye defects caused by Dmp18 deletion. (plos.org)
Identification and inhibition of the ICE/CED-3 protease necessary for mammalian apoptosis. (proteopedia.org)

The main extrinsic mediator of apoptosis is TNF-alpha, a cytokine that is produced by activated macrophages. (news-medical.net)
We've also proven that PAI-1 protects EC from Fas ligand (Fas-L)-reliant extrinsic apoptosis [8]. (exposed-skin-care.net)

The presence of CoQ10 significantly reduced the level of the first peak of early apoptosis, suggesting that it could indeed make a difference in the level of apoptosis,' Dr. Cordeiro concluded. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
E) Normal spleen tissue showing only a minimal level of apoptosis. (cdc.gov)

Regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) facilitates neural apoptosis through caspase-3 activation. (bvsalud.org)

Increased dengue virus-infected endothelial cell apoptosis caused by antibodies against nonstructural protein 1. (who.int)
Importantly, co-treatment with anti-NS1 antibodies increased DENV-induced endothelial cell apoptosis. (who.int)

For example, the separation of individual fingers in the fetal stage is due to apoptosis of the cellular material between them. (news-medical.net)
In this proposal, the investigators aim to assess a molecular imaging probe targeting apoptosis, a cellular process known to be pathogenic in COPD. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Apoptosis, a process of programmed cellular death, correlates with COPD severity and is not seen in the normal adult lung. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Equal numbers of PMC and LAC were exposed to 25, 50 and 75 μg·mL −1 of talc, bleomycin and doxycycline, and cellular apoptosis was measured with propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry at 24, 48 and 72 h. (ersjournals.com)
14.3.3 proteins are a group of highly conserved proteins that are involved in many vital cellular processes such as metabolism , protein trafficking, signal transduction , apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. (tocris.com)

The longest gene product (isoform 1) enhances cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis while the alternatively spliced shorter gene products (isoform 2 and isoform 3) promote apoptosis and are death-inducing. (prosci-inc.com)

Xanthohumol (Figure 1 ), a prenylated chalcone isolated from the female hop plant, Humulus lupulus , was reported to have in vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties on prostate, ovarian, breast, and endometrium cancer cell lines [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
RÉSUMÉ Pour étudier les effets de la silymarine sur le développement folliculaire, nous avons recruté 40 femmes en bonne santé subissant une fécondation in vitro (FIV) en raison d'une infertilité masculine. (who.int)

In the H460 cell line, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) is overexpressed. (news-medical.net)
This study investigated the underlying mechanisms for LOX inhibitor-induced apoptosis and the potential of LOX inhibitors as antipancreatic cancer agents using the athymic mice xenograft model. (cyclingforums.com)

The idea is that in vivo mitochondrial dysfunction occurs before apoptosis,' said Dr. Cordeiro, also head of the Glaucoma and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group and consultant ophthalmologist at Western Eye Hospital, London. (ophthalmologytimes.com)

In addition, apoptosis induced by xanthohumol also involves endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response. (hindawi.com)
Scientists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital have captured the structure of BAK, a protein that triggers apoptosis. (phys.org)
Neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein does not interact with Smac and requires ATP to bind caspase-9. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
There is a strong correlation between apoptosis and the host protein translation machinery: the pathogen makes all possible efforts to modify this process so as to inhibit cell suicide and ensure that it can survive and, in some cases, establish latent infection. (who.int)

14.3.3 proteins are phospho-serine/-threonine binding proteins that have a diverse array of partners including transcription factors, biosynthetic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins , signaling molecules, apoptosis factors and tumor suppressors. (tocris.com)

Pulse modulated 900 MHz radiation inhibits thyroid hormone secretion and stimulates thyroid cell apoptosis. (greenmedinfo.com)

Several mechanisms of neuronal cell death have been proposed for HD, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, impaired energy metabolism, and apoptosis. (medscape.com)

Here, we demonstrate that the chromatin remodeler Dmp18, the homolog of mammalian Znhit1, plays a crucial role in regulating apoptosis in eye and wing development. (plos.org)
It is most commonly used as an inducer of apoptosis in several mammalian cell types. (gbiosciences.com)

The investigators will determine if the imaging signal correlates with serum biomarkers of apoptosis and inflammation. (clinicaltrials.gov)

The genes involved in apoptosis have been defined in animals as well as in plants. (tubitak.gov.tr)
It has been found that apoptosis related genes have high homology in terms of DNA sequences, suggesting the occurence of an evolutionarily preserved common programmed cell death mechanism among multicellular organisms. (tubitak.gov.tr)

As early as 1 week, levels of both early and late apoptosis were significantly different between treated rats and untreated controls. (ophthalmologytimes.com)
However, the proportion of total apoptosis in the study group was significantly lower than in the placebo group (P = 0.032). (who.int)
Our results show that the [email protected] treatment significantly increased cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited cell invasion compared to the control Dox group. (ejbiotechnology.cl)

In the past several years the investigators have demonstrated the successful ability of AxV-128/Tc to detect apoptosis in vivo in a preclinical animal model of smoke exposure emphysema model. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Skoltech researchers have identified a set of proteins that are important in the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (phys.org)
RUDN biochemists found out that apoptosis (programmed cell death) can be regulated using the EndoG enzyme. (phys.org)
It is also involved in signaling dangerous problems that warrant apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (phys.org)
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) or apoptosis is a highly conserved biological process and plays essential roles both in the development and stress context. (plos.org)
Diagram of the programmed cell death process known as apoptosis. (mit.edu)
There are two currently recognized forms of programmed cell death: apoptosis and necroptosis. (tocris.com)

Apoptosis is a regulated physiological process leading to cell death. (cellsignal.com)
Apoptosis is a physiological process for cell death that is critical during aging and development. (tocris.com)

Activation of Caspase 3/7 preceded the decline in ATP-content and alpha-GST release into the supernatant, suggesting that caspase 3/7 is a sensitive marker for drug-induced apoptosis. (insphero.com)

Apoptosis is essential for maintaining tissue balance. (phys.org)
Apoptosis has been described in a wide variety of cell and tissue types from nematodes to mammals. (tubitak.gov.tr)

2022) Chromatin remodeler Dmp18 regulates apoptosis by controlling H2Av incorporation in Drosophila imaginal disc development. (plos.org)

Cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2 at the interface between DNA damage response and cell physiology. (nih.gov)

Western blot analysis of Jurkat Apoptosis Cell Extracts #2043 using Caspase-7 Antibody, #9492. (cellsignal.com)
Western blot analysis of Jurkat Apoptosis Cell Extracts #2043 using PARP Antibody #9542 (left), and Cleaved PARP (Asp214) (D64E10) XP ® Rabbit mAb #5625 (right). (cellsignal.com)

Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of influenza. (cdc.gov)

Together, this study reveals the mechanism by which Dmp18 regulates apoptosis in the eye and wing discs. (plos.org)
It was demonstrated that the mechanism of cell ablation is apoptosis and that the system has a bystander effect mediated by a toxic metabolite of the prodrug. (scielo.cl)
It was demonstrated that the mechanism of adipocyte killing was apoptosis and a bystander effect, which is presumably mediated by toxic metabolites of CB1954, could be observed. (scielo.cl)
Thus, apoptosis has become a key tool in cancer treatment, and the mechanism underlying cancer cell growth has become an important target for cancer cell therapy [ 13 ]. (medsci.org)

Apoptosis is a process that causes cell death. (phys.org)
An artists rendering of the cell death process known as apoptosis. (mit.edu)
Apoptosis plays a vital role in maintaining the balance between cell death and cell division. (medsci.org)

Recent research has shown how disruption of apoptosis occurs in NCI-H460, a type of lung cancer. (news-medical.net)
In the present study, AM apoptosis was determined in whole-lung lavage fluid from 48 male silicosis patients, 13 male observers, and 13 male healthy volunteers. (cdc.gov)

The end process of apoptosis is the packaging of cell organelles and proteins into membrane-bound blebs (or chunks), which are then consumed and removed by phagocytes. (news-medical.net)

Dysregulation of apoptosis causes many diseases including cancers. (plos.org)
Apoptosis induced abnormalities can result in uncontrolled cell division, leading to diseases such as cancer [ 12 ]. (medsci.org)

The onset of apoptosis is controlled by numerous interrelating processes. (genome.jp)

however the relationship between apoptosis of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and human silicosis has not been addressed. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy31

Organisms9

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs134

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes51

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/71063)

VEGF is required for growth and survival in neonatal mice. (2/71063)

A Drosophila doublesex-related gene, terra, is involved in somitogenesis in vertebrates. (3/71063)

Alzheimer's disease: clues from flies and worms. (4/71063)

Cell-mediated immunity: dealing a direct blow to pathogens. (5/71063)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (6/71063)

Bcl-2 regulates amplification of caspase activation by cytochrome c. (7/71063)

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL serve an anti-inflammatory function in endothelial cells through inhibition of NF-kappaB. (8/71063)

Apoptosis

Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins

Caspases

Caspase 3

Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2

DNA Fragmentation

In Situ Nick-End Labeling

bcl-2-Associated X Protein

X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein

Cell Line, Tumor

Apoptosis Inducing Factor

Cell Survival

CASP8 and FADD-Like Apoptosis Regulating Protein

Caspase 9

Caspase Inhibitors

Signal Transduction

Caspase 8

Mitochondria

Fas Ligand Protein

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Enzyme Activation

Cytochromes c

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Cells, Cultured

bcl-X Protein

Annexin A5

Cell Proliferation

Blotting, Western

Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones

Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors

Cell Line

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Flow Cytometry

Cell Cycle

Antineoplastic Agents

Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases

Enzyme Inhibitors

TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Reactive Oxygen Species

Jurkat Cells

Transfection

Cell Division

RNA, Small Interfering

Caspase 7

HL-60 Cells

Down-Regulation

Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial

Cell Death

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Genes, bcl-2

Phosphorylation

bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein

Membrane Glycoproteins

Necrosis

Cytochrome c Group

Up-Regulation

Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein

RNA, Messenger

BH3 Interacting Domain Death Agonist Protein

NF-kappa B

DNA Damage

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Time Factors

Staurosporine

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mice, Inbred C57BL

bcl-Associated Death Protein

Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic

Ceramides

Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Carrier Proteins

Mice, Knockout

Caspase 2

HeLa Cells

Oxidative Stress

Drug Synergism