Apoproteins. Medical search

The protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (APOENZYMES), ferritin (APOFERRITINS), or lipoproteins (APOLIPOPROTEINS).

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

Proteins found in eggs which are consumed as a food.

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.

The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

Corrosive oxidant, explosive; additive to diesel and rocket fuels; causes skin and lung irritation; proposed war gas. A useful reagent for studying the modification of specific amino acids, particularly tyrosine residues in proteins. Has also been used for studying carbanion formation and for detecting the presence of double bonds in organic compounds.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

The methyl imidoester of suberic acid used to produce cross links in proteins. Each end of the imidoester will react with an amino group in the protein molecule to form an amidine.

Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.

Esters of the hypothetical imidic acids. They react with amines or amino acids to form amidines and are therefore used to modify protein structures and as cross-linking agents.

Proteins found in the LUNG that act as PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

A large family of proteins that have been traditionally classified as the light-harvesting proteins of the photosynthetic reaction complex. Chlorophyll binding proteins are also found in non-photosynthetic settings where they may play a photoprotective role in response to light stress.

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

A dye which inhibits protein biosynthesis at the initial stages. The ammonium salt (aluminon) is a reagent for the colorimetric estimation of aluminum in water, foods, and tissues.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.

Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.

Plant cell inclusion bodies that contain the photosynthetic pigment CHLOROPHYLL, which is associated with the membrane of THYLAKOIDS. Chloroplasts occur in cells of leaves and young stems of plants. They are also found in some forms of PHYTOPLANKTON such as HAPTOPHYTA; DINOFLAGELLATES; DIATOMS; and CRYPTOPHYTA.

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A large multisubunit protein complex that is found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to drive electron transfer reactions that result in either the reduction of NADP to NADPH or the transport of PROTONS across the membrane.

The metal-free blue phycobilin pigment in a conjugated chromoprotein of blue-green algae. It functions as light-absorbing substance together with chlorophylls.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.

Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A blue-green biliprotein widely distributed in the plant kingdom.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. EC 6.4.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

The absence of light.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The binding of human lactoferrin to mouse peritoneal cells. (1/1461)

Human iron-saturated Lf (FeLf), which was labeled with 125I or 50Fe, was found to combine with the membrane of mouse peritoneal cells (MPC) which consisted of 70% macrophages. The following experimental data suggested the involvement of a specific receptor. (a) The binding of FeLf to MPC reached a saturation point. (b) The binding of radioactive FeLf was inhibited by preincubating the cells with cold FeLf but not with human Tf, human aggregated and nonaggregated IgG, or beef heart cytochrome c (c) Succinylation and carbamylation of FeLf resulted in a loss of its inhibiting activity on the binding of radioactive FeLf. Removal of neuraminic acid from FeLf increased its inhibitory activity. (d) The ability of apoLf to inhibit the binding of FeLf to MPC was significantly lower than that of FeLf. The existence of a Lf receptor capable of concentrating Lf released from neutrophils on the membrane of macrophages could explain the apparent blockade of the release of iron from the reticuloendothelial system, which accounts for the hyposideremia of inflammation. A receptor for FeLf was also found on mouse peritoneal lymphocytes. The affinity constant of FeLf for both lymphocytes and macrophages was 0.9 X 12(6) liter/mol. Howerver, macrophages bound three times more FeLf molecules (20 X 10(6)) per cell than did lymphocytes (7 X 10(6)). (+info)

Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (2/1461)

Unfolded apocytochrome c acquires an alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with lipid. Folding kinetic results below and above the lipid's CMC, together with energy transfer measurements of lipid bound states, and salt-induced compact states in solution, show that the folding transition of apocytochrome c from the unfolded state in solution to a lipid-inserted helical conformation proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state (I(C)). This initial compact state is driven by a hydrophobic collapse of the polypeptide chain in the absence of the heme group and may represent a heme-free analogue of an early compact intermediate detected on the folding pathway of cytochrome c in solution. Insertion into the lipid phase occurs via an unfolding step of I(C) through a more extended state associated with the membrane surface (I(S)). While I(C) appears to be as compact as salt-induced compact states in solution with substantial alpha-helix content, the final lipid-inserted state (Hmic) is as compact as the unfolded state in solution at pH 5 and has an alpha-helix content which resembles that of native cytochrome c. (+info)

Specificity of native-like interhelical hydrophobic contacts in the apomyoglobin intermediate. (3/1461)

On exposure to mildly acidic conditions, apomyoglobin forms a partially folded intermediate, I. The A, B, G, and H helices are significantly structured in this equilibrium intermediate, whereas the remainder of the protein is largely unfolded. We report here the effects of mutations at helix pairing sites on the stability of I in three classes of mutants that: (i) truncate hydrophobic side chains in native helix packing sites, (ii) truncate hydrophobic side chains not involved in interhelical contacts, and (iii) extend hydrophobic side chains at residues not involved in interhelical contacts. Class I mutants significantly decrease the stability and cooperativity of folding of the intermediate. Class II and III mutants show smaller effects on stability and have little effect on cooperativity. Qualitatively similar results to those found in I were obtained for all three classes of mutants in native myoglobin (N), demonstrating that hydrophobic burial is fairly specific to native helix packing sites in I as well as in N. These results suggest that hydrophobic burial along native-like interhelical contacts is important for the formation of the cooperatively folded intermediate. (+info)

Energy-based de novo protein folding by conformational space annealing and an off-lattice united-residue force field: application to the 10-55 fragment of staphylococcal protein A and to apo calbindin D9K. (4/1461)

The conformational space annealing (CSA) method for global optimization has been applied to the 10-55 fragment of the B-domain of staphylococcal protein A (protein A) and to a 75-residue protein, apo calbindin D9K (PDB ID code), by using the UNRES off-lattice united-residue force field. Although the potential was not calibrated with these two proteins, the native-like structures were found among the low-energy conformations, without the use of threading or secondary-structure predictions. This is because the CSA method can find many distinct families of low-energy conformations. Starting from random conformations, the CSA method found that there are two families of low-energy conformations for each of the two proteins, the native-like fold and its mirror image. The CSA method converged to the same low-energy folds in all cases studied, as opposed to other optimization methods. It appears that the CSA method with the UNRES force field, which is based on the thermodynamic hypothesis, can be used in prediction of protein structures in real time. (+info)

Thermodynamic studies on anion binding to apotransferrin and to recombinant transferrin N-lobe half molecules. (5/1461)

Equilibrium constants for the binding of anions to apotransferrin, to the recombinant N-lobe half transferrin molecule (Tf/2N), and to a series of mutants of Tf/2N have been determined by difference UV titrations of samples in 0.1 M Hepes buffer at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C. The anions included in this study are phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, pyrophosphate, methylenediphosphonic acid, and ethylenediphosphonic acid. There are no significant differences between anion binding to Tf/2N and anion binding to the N-lobe of apotransferrin. The binding of simple anions like phosphate appears to be essentially equivalent for the two apotransferrin binding sites. The binding of pyrophosphate and the diphosphonates is inequivalent, and the studies on the recombinant Tf/2N show that the stronger binding is associated with the N-terminal site. Anion binding constants for phosphate, pyrophosphate, and the diphosphonates with the N-lobe mutants K206A, K296A, and R124A have been determined. Anion binding tends to be weakest for the K296A mutant, but the variation in log K values among the three mutants is surprisingly small. It appears that the side chains of K206, K296, and R124 all make comparable contributions to anion binding. There are significant variations in the intensities of the peaks in the difference UV spectra that are generated by the titrations of the mutant apoproteins with these anions. These differences appear to be related more to variations in the molar extinction coefficients of the anion-protein complexes rather than to differences in binding constants. (+info)

Suppressor analysis of mutations in the 5'-untranslated region of COB mRNA identifies components of general pathways for mitochondrial mRNA processing and decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/1461)

The cytochrome b gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, COB, is encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Nuclear-encoded Cbp1 protein is required specifically for COB mRNA stabilization. Cbp1 interacts with a CCG element in a 64-nucleotide sequence in the 5'-untranslated region of COB mRNA. Mutation of any nucleotide in the CCG causes the same phenotype as cbp1 mutations, i.e., destabilization of both COB precursor and mature message. In this study, eleven nuclear suppressors of single-nucleotide mutations in CCG were isolated and characterized. One dominant suppressor is in CBP1, while the other 10 semidominant suppressors define five distinct linkage groups. One group of four mutations is in PET127, which is required for 5' end processing of several mitochondrial mRNAs. Another mutation is linked to DSS1, which is a subunit of mitochondrial 3' --> 5' exoribonuclease. A mutation linked to the SOC1 gene, previously defined by recessive mutations that suppress cbp1 ts alleles and stabilize many mitochondrial mRNAs, was also isolated. We hypothesize that the products of the two uncharacterized genes also affect mitochondrial RNA turnover. (+info)

Quench-flow experiments combined with mass spectrometry show apomyoglobin folds through and obligatory intermediate. (7/1461)

Folding of apomyoglobin is characterized by formation of a compact intermediate that contains substantial helicity. To determine whether this intermediate is obligatory or whether the protein can fold directly into the native state via an alternate parallel pathway, we have combined quench-flow hydrogen-exchange pulse labeling techniques with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of apomyoglobin obtained at various refolding times suggest that apomyoglobin indeed folds through a single pathway containing an obligatory intermediate with a significant hydrogen-bonded secondary structure content. (+info)

The compact and expanded denatured conformations of apomyoglobin in the methanol-water solvent. (8/1461)

We have performed a detailed study of methanol-induced conformational transitions of horse heart apomyoglobin (apoMb) to investigate the existence of the compact and expanded denatured states. A combination of far- and near-ultraviolet circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used, allowing a phase diagram to be constructed as a function of pH and the methanol concentration. The phase diagram contains four conformational states, the native (N), acid-denatured (U(A)), compact denatured (I(M)), and expanded helical denatured (H) states, and indicates that the compact denatured state (I(M)) is stable under relatively mild denaturing conditions, whereas the expanded denatured states (U(A) and H) are realized under extreme conditions of pH (strong electric repulsion) or alcohol concentration (weak hydrophobic interaction). The results of this study, together with many previous studies in the literature, indicate the general existence of the compact denatured states not only in the salt-pH plane but also in the alcohol-pH plane. Furthermore, to determine the general feature of the H conformation we used several proteins including ubiquitin, ribonuclease A, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI) in addition to apoMb. SAXS studies of these proteins in 60% methanol showed that the H states of these all proteins have expanded and nonglobular conformations. The qualitative agreement of the experimental data with computer-simulated Kratky profiles also supports this structural feature of the H state. (+info)

There are several types of blood protein disorders, including:

1. Hemophilia A: a deficiency of factor VIII, which is necessary for blood clotting.
2. Hemophilia B: a deficiency of factor IX, also involved in blood clotting.
3. Von Willebrand disease: a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, which helps to platelets stick together and form blood clots.
4. Protein C deficiency: a lack of protein C, an anticoagulant protein that helps to prevent blood clots.
5. Protein S deficiency: a lack of protein S, another anticoagulant protein that helps to prevent blood clots.
6. Antithrombin III deficiency: a lack of antithrombin III, a protein that prevents the formation of blood clots.
7. Fibrinogen deficiency: a lack of fibrinogen, a protein that is essential for blood clotting.
8. Dysproteinemia: an abnormal amount or type of proteins in the blood, which can lead to various symptoms and complications.

Symptoms of blood protein disorders can vary depending on the specific condition and the severity of the deficiency. Common symptoms include easy bruising or bleeding, frequent nosebleeds, prolonged bleeding after injuries or surgery, and joint pain or swelling.

Treatment for blood protein disorders typically involves replacing the missing protein or managing symptoms with medication or lifestyle changes. In some cases, gene therapy may be an option to correct the underlying genetic defect.

It's important for individuals with blood protein disorders to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and prevent complications such as joint damage, infections, and bleeding episodes.

The most common form of hypolipoproteinemia is familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding apoB, a protein component of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). People with FHBL have extremely low levels of LDL cholesterol and often develop symptoms such as fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and cardiovascular disease.

Another form of hypolipoproteinemia is familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (FHAL), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding apoA-I, a protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL). People with FHAL have low levels of HDL cholesterol and often develop symptoms such as cardiovascular disease and premature coronary artery disease.

Hypolipoproteinemia can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment for the disorder typically involves managing associated symptoms and reducing lipid levels through diet, exercise, and medication. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prevention of hypolipoproteinemia is challenging, as it is often inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that both parents must be carriers of the mutated gene to pass it on to their children. However, genetic counseling and testing can help identify carriers and allow for informed family planning.

Overall, hypolipoproteinemia is a rare and complex group of disorders that affect lipid metabolism and transport. While treatment and management options are available, prevention and early diagnosis are key to reducing the risk of complications associated with these disorders.

There are several types of hyperlipoproteinemias, each with distinct clinical features and laboratory findings. The most common forms include:

1. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH): This is the most common type of hyperlipoproteinemia, caused by mutations in the LDLR gene that codes for the low-density lipoprotein receptor. FH is characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood, which can lead to premature cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes.
2. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL): This rare disorder is caused by mutations in the APOB100 gene that codes for a protein involved in lipid metabolism. FHBL is characterized by very low levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, as well as a deficiency of Apolipoprotein B-100, a protein that helps transport lipids in the blood.
3. Hypertriglyceridemia: This condition is caused by mutations in genes that regulate triglyceride metabolism, leading to extremely high levels of triglycerides in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
4. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency: This rare disorder is caused by mutations in the LPL gene that codes for the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, which helps break down triglycerides in the blood. Lipoprotein lipase deficiency can lead to very high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood, increasing the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
5. Familial dyslipidemia: This is a group of rare inherited disorders that affect lipid metabolism and can cause extremely high or low levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Some forms of familial dyslipidemia are caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, while others may be caused by unknown factors.
6. Chylomicronemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely high levels of chylomicrons (type of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein) in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems. The exact cause of chylomicronemia is not fully understood, but it may be related to genetic mutations or other factors that affect lipid metabolism.
7. Hyperchylomicronemia: This rare disorder is similar to chylomicronemia, but it is characterized by extremely high levels of chylomicrons in the blood, as well as very low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol. Hyperchylomicronemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
8. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely low levels of apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), a protein that plays a key role in lipid metabolism and helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hypoalphalipoproteinemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
9. Hypobetalipoproteinemia: This rare disorder is characterized by extremely low levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Hypobetalipoproteinemia can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
10. Sitosterolemia: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for sterol-CoA-desmethylase (SCD), an enzyme involved in the metabolism of plant sterols. Sitosterolemia can cause elevated levels of plant sterols and sitosterol in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
11. Familial hyperchylomicronemia type 1 (FHMC1): This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. FHMC1 can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
12. Familial hyperchylomicronemia type 2 (FHMC2): This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of various types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. FHMC2 can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
13. Lipoprotein (a) deficiency: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein (a), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of lipoproteins in the blood. Lipoprotein (a) deficiency can cause low levels of lipoprotein (a) and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
14. Chylomicron retention disease: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of chylomicrons in the blood. Chylomicron retention disease can cause elevated levels of chylomicrons and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
15. Hypertriglyceridemia-apolipoprotein C-II deficiency: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2), a protein that helps to regulate the levels of triglycerides in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia-apolipoprotein C-II deficiency can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
16. Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD): This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the loss of fat tissue in certain areas of the body, such as the arms, legs, and buttocks. FPLD can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
17. Lipodystrophy: This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the loss of fat tissue in certain areas of the body, such as the face, arms, and legs. Lipodystrophy can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
18. Abetalipoproteinemia: This rare genetic disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that codes for apolipoprotein B, a protein that helps to regulate the levels of lipids in the blood. Abetalipoproteinemia can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
19. Chylomicronemia: This rare genetic disorder is characterized by the presence of excessively large amounts of chylomicrons (type of lipid particles) in the blood. Chylomicronemia can cause elevated levels of triglycerides and other lipids in the blood, which can increase the risk of pancreatitis and other health problems.
20. Hyperlipidemia due to medications: Certain medications, such as corticosteroids and some anticonvulsants, can cause elevated levels of lipids in the blood.

It's important to note that many of these disorders are rare and may not be common causes of high triglycerides. Additionally, there may be other causes of high triglycerides that are not listed here. It's important to talk to a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and diagnosis if you have concerns about your triglyceride levels.

There are several types of hyperlipidemia, including:

1. High cholesterol: This is the most common type of hyperlipidemia and is characterized by elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, also known as "bad" cholesterol.
2. High triglycerides: This type of hyperlipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood that is used for energy.
3. Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol: HDL cholesterol is known as "good" cholesterol because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transport it to the liver for excretion. Low levels of HDL cholesterol can contribute to hyperlipidemia.

Symptoms of hyperlipidemia may include xanthomas (fatty deposits on the skin), corneal arcus (a cloudy ring around the iris of the eye), and tendon xanthomas (tender lumps under the skin). However, many people with hyperlipidemia have no symptoms at all.

Hyperlipidemia can be diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of different types of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Treatment for hyperlipidemia typically involves dietary changes, such as reducing intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, and increasing physical activity. Medications such as statins, fibric acid derivatives, and bile acid sequestrants may also be prescribed to lower cholesterol levels.

In severe cases of hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) can occur, which can lead to cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and treat hyperlipidemia early on to prevent these complications.

Look up apoprotein or apoproteins in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Apoprotein may refer to: Apoenzyme, the protein part of ... that is a constituent of the plasma lipoprotein This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Apoprotein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoprotein

1985). "AIMilano apoprotein identification of the complete kindred and evidence of a dominant genetic transmission". Am. J. Hum ... Franceschini G, Sirtori CR, Capurso A, Weisgraber KH, Mahley RW (1980). "A-IMilano apoprotein. Decreased high density ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApoA-1_Milano

"Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors". Current Biology. 29 (17): 2961-2969.e4. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal

September 2019). "Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors". Current Biology. 29 (17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster

During the decay of Meta II, the Schiff base link that normally holds all-trans-retinal and the apoprotein opsin (aporhodopsin ... September 2019). "Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors". Current Biology. 29 (17 ... consisting of retinal and an apoprotein, he called it opsin, which today would be described more narrowly as apo-rhodopsin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin

September 2019). "Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors". Current Biology. 29 (17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin

"Apoprotein manufacturing and methods for protein purification". Office of Innovation and Economic Development. Ohio State ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Francis_Palmer

ApoB is an integral apoprotein whereas the others are peripheral apoproteins. Apolipoprotein synthesis such as ApoA4 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein

The chromophore is unreactive when bound to the apoprotein. Upon its release, it reacts to form 1,4-didehydrobenzene and ... Chromoprotein enediynes are characterized by an unstable chromophore enediyne bound to an apoprotein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_radical_damage_to_DNA

Transport of the apoprotein from the cytoplasm to the periplasm happens via the Sec translocation system. CcmH is used by the ... Apoprotein transport occurs via the Sec translocon as well. Fungal, vertebrate and invertebrate mitochondria produce cytochrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_family

"Isolation and characterization of the human pulmonary surfactant apoprotein gene". Nature. 317 (6035): 361-3. Bibcode:1985Natur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_protein_A2

Rüdiger, Wolfhart; O'Carra, Pádraig (1969). "Studies on the Structures and Apoprotein Linkages of the Phycobilins". European ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplysioviolin

"Isolation and characterization of the human pulmonary surfactant apoprotein gene". Nature. 317 (6035): 361-3. Bibcode:1985Natur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant_protein_A1

There is a general decrease in the expression of apoproteins after C. oncophora infection. However, the resistant host still ... maintains higher level of apoproteins compared to low responder. There is a disruption of lipid metabolism. It is known that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperia_oncophora

... s also synthesize apoproteins with which they then assemble and export lipoproteins (VLDL, HDL). The liver is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte

Significant interindividual variability in CYP2A6 apoprotein and mRNA levels has been observed. CYP2A6 is known to be inducible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6

"DNA polymorphism adjacent to human apoprotein A-1 gene: relation to hypertriglyceridaemia". Lancet. 321 (8322): 444-446. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_association

Rees A, Shoulders CC, Stocks J, Galton DJ, Baralle FE (February 1983). "DNA polymorphism adjacent to human apoprotein A-1 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate_gene

... are the chromophores that bind through a covalent thioether bond to their apoproteins at cysteins residues. The apoprotein with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-harvesting_complex

After translation, SDHA subunit is translocated as apoprotein into the mitochondrial matrix. Subsequently, one of the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase

When not bound to iron, transferrin is known as "apotransferrin" (see also apoprotein). Transferrins are glycoproteins that are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin

"Amino acid sequence of amyloid-related apoprotein (apoSAA1) from human high-density lipoprotein". Biochemistry. 21 (14): 3298- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_amyloid_A1

A holoprotein or conjugated protein is an apoprotein combined with its prosthetic group. Some enzymes do not need additional ... 17 Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins. An enzyme together with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoprotein

Apoprotein-B inhibitor mipomersen (approved by the FDA in 2013 homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.). Bempedoic acid, an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid-lowering_agent

Hills, BA (1994). "Release of surfactant and a myelin proteolipid apoprotein in spinal tissue by decompression". Undersea & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills

17 Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins. An enzyme together with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

Primary hyperlipoproteinemia Familial apoprotein CII deficiency List of cutaneous conditions Santamarina-Fojo, S (1998). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase_deficiency

February 1987). "Malabsorption, hypocholesterolemia, and fat-filled enterocytes with increased intestinal apoprotein B. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chylomicron_retention_disease

... at which point breakdown of the apoprotein occurs. An important enzyme in the breakdown of the apoprotein is FtsH6, which ... Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast and it is composed of an apoprotein along with several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color

Nabika T, Nasreen S, Kobayashi S, Masuda J (December 2002). "The genetic effect of the apoprotein AV gene on the serum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOA5

Combined status of MUC1 mucin and surfactant apoprotein A expression can predict the outcome of patients with small-size lung ... It was noteworthy that the disease-free interval in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression was significantly ... A micropapillary pattern is predictive of a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A ... A micropapillary pattern is predictive of a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17431413

We have defined the expression of apoprotein E (ApoE), a major secreted protein of resident peritoneal macrophages, during ... We have defined the expression of apoprotein E (ApoE), a major secreted protein of resident peritoneal macrophages, during ...

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kh2g4tm

It was noteworthy that the disease-free interval in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression was significantly ... A micropapillary pattern is predictive of a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A ... A micropapillary pattern is predictive of a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A ... and reduced surfactant apoprotein A expression in the micropapillary pattern may be an excellent indicator for poor prognosis ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/17431413-1316-a-micropapillary-pattern-is-predictive-of-a-poor-prognosis-in-lung-adenocarcinoma-and-reduced-surfactant-apoprotein-a-expression-in-the-micropapillary-pattern-is-an-excellent-indicator-of-a-poor-prognosis/

Apoproteins / chemistry * Apoproteins / genetics * Binding Sites * Conserved Sequence * Crystallography, X-Ray * Guanine ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26300263/

photopigment apoprotein. Additional Information & Resources. Tests Listed in the Genetic Testing Registry. *Tests of OPN1MW ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/opn1mw/

The clinically important apoproteins in VLDL are apoprotein C-II, apoprotein B-100, and apoprotein E. Like chylomicrons, VLDL ... Apoprotein C-II, apoprotein B-48, and apoprotein E are the clinically important apoproteins of chylomicrons. ... Apoprotein B-48 is a chylomicron structural protein. Chylomicrons bind to LPL via apoprotein C-II. Once acted on by LPL, which ... In contrast, apoprotein C-II deficiency is usually diagnosed later in life (,13 years). Apoprotein C-II deficiency rarely ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1825087-overview

Additional physical education and plasma lipids and apoproteins: a 3-year intervention study. Pediatr Exercise Sci 1994;6:128- ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046823.htm

Apoproteins / administration & dosage* Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26878676

Apoproteins; Binding Sites; Databases, Protein; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism; Genes, Reporter; ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3053537

9. Mucin apoprotein expression in COPD.. Leikauf GD; Borchers MT; Prows DR; Simpson LG. Chest; 2002 May; 121(5 Suppl):166S-182S ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=32488403&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

5d), SynAstaP could be obtained only as an apoprotein lacking any absorbance in the visible spectral region (Fig. 5e). Thus, ... We expressed the 13C/15N-labeled AstaPo1 apoprotein and complexed it with the unlabeled chemically pure AXT. After extensive ... The poor quality of NMR spectra and limited stability of the apoprotein did not allow direct structure determination. However, ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-04832-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=f534f59e-2c4a-4fe4-9c17-2557f4e929cc

Additional physical education and plasma lipids and apoproteins: a 3-year intervention study. Pediatr Exercise Sci 1994;6:128- ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0046823/m0046823.asp

Some of the apoproteins have very important functions in lipoprotein metabolism. Which of the following apoproteins is an ...

https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=academic-success-week-07-lipid-metabolism-systembased-practice

PDB Compounds: (A:) photosystem I p700 chlorophyll a apoprotein a1. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d4y28a_:. Sequence; same for ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=276246&ver=2.07

... apoprotein B. The apoprotein B molecule moors the LDL to specific receptors on the cell surface - the LDL-receptor. ... When the LDL via its apoprotein moors to the receptor it is internalized by the normal healthy receptor. The two abnormal ... apoprotein B, which moors the LDL to the receptor on the cell surface. ...

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1985/press-release/

... pulmonary surfactant apoprotein,128,1,Gn,1, p.s.p.,pulmonary surfactant apoproteins,128,8,Gn,1, p.s.p.,spurious pregnancies,128 ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/lvg/current/docs/designDoc/LifeCycle/test/fGn.html

Activation of PPARα also induces an increase in the synthesis of apoproteins A-I, A-II and HDL-cholesterol. ... In addition, treatment with fenofibrate results in increases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and apoproteins apoAI and apoAII ... elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma by activating lipoprotein lipase and reducing production of apoprotein C ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2e51aa89-684d-451e-b513-12b00bf9aea0&audience=consumer

In addition, a number of genotypes related to apoproteins have been determined and correlated with the risk factors. More ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-95-085.html

Valimaki M, Maass L, Harno K, Nikkila EA "Lipoprotein lipids and apoproteins during beta-blocker administration: comparison of ...

https://www.drugs.com/food-interactions/carvedilol,coreg-cr.html

Possibilities include probes based on nucleic acids, or natural or engineered apoproteins that bind optically active prosthetic ...

http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-06-288.html

Apoproteins Preferred Term Term UI T003227. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1972). ... Apoproteins Preferred Concept UI. M0001605. Registry Number. 0. Scope Note. The protein components of a number of complexes, ... Apoprotein Term UI T660251. Date11/29/2005. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2007). ... Apoprotein Registry Number. 0. Previous Indexing. Enzymes (1966-1971). Proteins (1966-1971). specific enzyme or protein (1966- ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001059

Purified apo A-I, the major apoprotein of HDL, increased ET-1 secretion and translation approximately 85% as potently as HDL. ...

https://www.jci.org/93/3

The correct ratios and concentrations of normal alpha and beta globin proteins must be expressed; apoproteins must be folded ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/festival11/poster-BIOCHEM-CHEM-19.html

Enzymes that require a cofactor but do not have one bound are called apoenzymes or apoproteins. An apoenzyme together with its ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Enzyme

PBP apoprotein moiety is represented by α or β subunits that covalently bind non-porphyrin tetrapyrrole chromophores [8, 9]. ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/72456

... and new knowledge including descriptions concerning the structure and function of various apoproteins. ...

https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/donald-s-fredrickson-md

... alveolar type II cells from all exposure groups contained immunohistochemically detectable lysozyme and surfactant apoprotein. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=silica&t3=2&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=silicosis&terms=4&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=TI&t2=2&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&s3=animals&f3=TI&s4=rats&EndYear=&f4=TI&whichdate=DP&D1=10&PageNo=61&RecNo=609&View=f&

L-Proline and L-Lysine tend to form a barrierlike layer around the apoprotein (a) particle, helping to push it away from the ... Researchers have recently identified a particle associated with LDL called apoprotein (a) which is believed to be a main ...

https://vitanetonline.com/forums/search/tamp/1

Surfactant apoprotein A expression Secreted protein High-density lip Proteins Chylomicron Catabolic Lipoproteins Receptors Cholesterol Expression Normal Surfactant High Patients

It was noteworthy that the disease-free interval in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression was significantly better than in patients with low surfactant apoprotein A expression (P=0.03), and no recurrence or death occurred in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression. (nih.gov)
High MUC1 expression on the surface is an important characteristic of a micropapillary pattern, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A expression in the micropapillary pattern may be an excellent indicator for poor prognosis in small-size lung adenocarcinoma. (nih.gov)

We have defined the expression of apoprotein E (ApoE), a major secreted protein of resident peritoneal macrophages, during maturation of adherent bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes into macrophages. (escholarship.org)

When the chylomicrons are reduced in TG content, they become remnants that are rapidly cleared by the liver (apoprotein E binds to the LDL receptor [LDL-R]). At this time, apoprotein C-II is passed to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles in the circulation. (medscape.com)
Potential for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, subfractions HDL2-C and HDL3-C, and apoprotein AI among middle-age women. (uchicago.edu)
In the first, high density lipoprotein apoproteins were radioiodinated in situ in the lipoprotein particle (endogenous apoprotein labeling) while in the second, individually labeled apolipoprotein A-I or A-II was incorporated into the particle by in vitro incubation (exogenous apoprotein labeling). (houstonmethodist.org)

However, these lipids can be transported throughout the bloodstream as lipoproteins when packaged with phospholipids and proteins (apoproteins). (medscape.com)
Research findings of Dr. Fredrickson and colleagues have also included the discovery of several previously unknown apolipo-proteins, and new knowledge including descriptions concerning the structure and function of various apoproteins. (nih.gov)

Apoprotein B-48 is a chylomicron structural protein. (medscape.com)
Defects in apoprotein C-II or LPL can lead to defects in chylomicron clearance. (medscape.com)
From NCBI Gene: The protein encoded by this gene is a major apoprotein of the chylomicron. (nih.gov)

With regard to 125 I-LDL turnover, FH homozygotes, who possess two doses of the mutant FH gene, exhibited a threefold increase in the rate of apoLDL synthesis while the fractional catabolic rate (FCR) for the apoprotein was only about one-third of normal. (elsevierpure.com)

Lipoproteins have an outer core of cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoproteins and an inner core composed of TG and cholesterol ester (CE). (medscape.com)

The oily core is shielded from the aqueous plasma by a coat composed of unesterified cholesterol, phospholipid and one large protein molecule, apoprotein B. The apoprotein B molecule moors the LDL to specific receptors on the cell surface - the LDL-receptor. (nobelprize.org)

The core is surrounded by a surface coat composed of 800 molecules of phospholipid, 500 molecules of unesterified cholesterol and one large protein molecule, apoprotein B, which moors the LDL to the receptor on the cell surface. (nobelprize.org)

9. Mucin apoprotein expression in COPD. (nih.gov)

Both hypertrophied and normal alveolar type II cells from all exposure groups contained immunohistochemically detectable lysozyme and surfactant apoprotein. (cdc.gov)

A micropapillary pattern is predictive of a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A expression in the micropapillary pattern is an excellent indicator of a poor prognosis. (nih.gov)
It was noteworthy that the disease-free interval in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression was significantly better than in patients with low surfactant apoprotein A expression (P=0.03), and no recurrence or death occurred in patients with high surfactant apoprotein A expression. (nih.gov)
High MUC1 expression on the surface is an important characteristic of a micropapillary pattern, and reduced surfactant apoprotein A expression in the micropapillary pattern may be an excellent indicator for poor prognosis in small-size lung adenocarcinoma. (nih.gov)
Surfactant is a complex lipoprotein (see the image below) composed of six phospholipids and four apoproteins. (medscape.com)
Among the four surfactant apoproteins identified, surfactant protein B (SP-B) and SP-C are two small hydrophobic proteins that make up 2-4% of the surfactant mass and are present in commercially available surfactant preparations. (medscape.com)

9. Inhibition of the lytic action of cell-bound terminal complement components by human high density lipoproteins and apoproteins. (nih.gov)

Nov. 4, 2003 - Infusion of the Milano apoprotein A rapidly causes regression of atherosclerosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), according to the results of a preliminary randomized trial published in the Nov. 5 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association. (medscape.com)
Nous avons réalisé un essai en double aveugle contre placebo sur 50 patients atteints de diabète de type 2 randomisés pour recevoir 2 g/jour d'acides gras oméga 3 purifiés ou un placebo pendant 10 semaines. (who.int)

Anatomy3

Organisms5

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science2

The binding of human lactoferrin to mouse peritoneal cells. (1/1461)

Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (2/1461)

Specificity of native-like interhelical hydrophobic contacts in the apomyoglobin intermediate. (3/1461)

Energy-based de novo protein folding by conformational space annealing and an off-lattice united-residue force field: application to the 10-55 fragment of staphylococcal protein A and to apo calbindin D9K. (4/1461)

Thermodynamic studies on anion binding to apotransferrin and to recombinant transferrin N-lobe half molecules. (5/1461)

Suppressor analysis of mutations in the 5'-untranslated region of COB mRNA identifies components of general pathways for mitochondrial mRNA processing and decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (6/1461)

Quench-flow experiments combined with mass spectrometry show apomyoglobin folds through and obligatory intermediate. (7/1461)

The compact and expanded denatured conformations of apomyoglobin in the methanol-water solvent. (8/1461)

Apoproteins

Apolipoproteins

Lipoproteins, HDL

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Lipoproteins

Egg Proteins, Dietary

Chylomicrons

Apolipoproteins A

Immunoelectrophoresis

Blood Protein Disorders

Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes

Lymph

Apolipoproteins B

Lipoproteins, LDL

Apolipoprotein A-I

Ultracentrifugation

Apolipoprotein A-II

Chlorophyll

Hordeum

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Apolipoproteins C

Tetranitromethane

Lipoproteins, HDL3

Dimethyl Suberimidate

Triglycerides

Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins

Imidoesters

Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Proteins

Cholesterol

Chlorophyll Binding Proteins

Complement C9

Apolipoprotein C-III

Liver

Hypolipoproteinemias

Apolipoprotein C-II

Aurintricarboxylic Acid

Phospholipids

Lipids

Pulmonary Surfactants

Pigments, Biological

Chloroplasts

Apolipoproteins E

Amino Acids

Photosystem I Protein Complex

Phycocyanin

Cholesterol Esters

Chromatography, Gel

Immunodiffusion

Photosystem II Protein Complex

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Molecular Weight

Cholesterol, Dietary

Kinetics

Phytochrome

Iron-Sulfur Proteins

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Isoelectric Focusing

Perfusion

Plant Proteins

Apoenzymes

Light

Centrifugation, Density Gradient

Carbon-Carbon Ligases

Lipoprotein Lipase

Immunosorbent Techniques

Rats, Inbred Strains

Leucine

Cholesterol, VLDL

Hyperlipidemias

Darkness

Radioimmunoassay

Amino Acid Sequence

Cholesterol, HDL

Phosphatidylcholines

Microscopy, Electron

Chickens

Molecular Sequence Data

Chromatography, Affinity

Lipid Metabolism

Chemistry