Apolipoprotein e3. Medical search

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.

One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of LIPOPROTEIN (A). It has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100. Apoprotein(a) has SERINE PROTEINASE activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kDa. It is homologous to PLASMINOGEN and is known to modulate THROMBOSIS and FIBRINOLYSIS.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

A family of proteins that share sequence similarity with the low density lipoprotein receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL).

A glycoprotein component of HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS that transports small hydrophobic ligands including CHOLESTEROL and STEROLS. It occurs in the macromolecular complex with LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. Apo D is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.

A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES contained in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with DIABETES MELLITUS and is not caused by reduced LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE activity as in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I .

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.

Accumulations of extracellularly deposited AMYLOID FIBRILS within tissues.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) UBIQUITINS. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.

A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Triple-looped protein domains linked by disulfide bonds. These common structural domains, so-named for their resemblance to Danish pastries known as kringlers, play a role in binding membranes, proteins, and phospholipids as well as in regulating proteolysis. Kringles are also present in coagulation-related and fibrinolytic proteins and other plasma proteinases.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Relating to the size of solids.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.

An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An ACUTE PHASE REACTION protein present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found at higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with AMYLOIDOSIS. It is the circulating precusor of amyloid A protein, which is found deposited in AA type AMYLOID FIBRILS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

A highly dense subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes below 7 nm. They are also known as nascent HDL, composed of a few APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I molecules which are complexed with PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The lipid-poor pre-beta-HDL particles serve as progenitors of HDL3 and then HDL2 after absorption of free cholesterol from cell membranes, cholesterol esterification, and acquisition of apolipoproteins A-II, Cs, and E. Pre-beta-HDL initiate the reverse cholesterol transport process from cells to liver.

An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.

An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).

Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementias. It may include impairment of cognition, such as impairments in language, visuospatial awareness, ATTENTION and MEMORY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.

Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Abstaining from all food.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.

Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Techniques used to add in exogenous gene sequence such as mutated genes; REPORTER GENES, to study mechanisms of gene expression; or regulatory control sequences, to study effects of temporal changes to GENE EXPRESSION.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Competition of Abeta amyloid peptide and apolipoprotein E for receptor-mediated endocytosis. (1/343)

The genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is associated with the age of onset and relative risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast to apoE3, the wild type allele, apoE4 confers an increased risk of late-onset AD. We demonstrate that the beta-amyloid peptide isoforms Abeta (1-28), Abeta (1-40), and Abeta (1-43) compete for the cellular metabolism of apoE3 and apoE4 containing beta-very low density lipoproteins. An antibody raised against Abeta (1-28) cross-reacted with recombinant apoE. Epitope mapping revealed positive amino acid clusters as common epitopes of Abeta (13 through 17; HHQKL) and apoE (residues 144 through 148; LRKRL), both regions known to be heparin binding domains. Abeta in which amino acids 13 through 17 (HHQKL) were replaced by glycine (GGQGL) failed to compete with the cellular uptake of apoE enriched betaVLDL. These observations indicate that Abeta and apoE are taken up into cells by a common pathway involving heparan sulfate proteoglycans. (+info)

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (2/343)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether apo E phenotype influences changes in lipid profiles induced by growth hormone replacement in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults. DESIGNS: Patients were treated for 6 months with recombinant human GH (hGH), given in a dose of 0.125 U/kg per week for 4 weeks followed by 0.25 U/kg per week thereafter. The effects on serum lipids and the influence of apo E phenotype were examined. METHODS: Thirty patients (aged 35.1+/-11.8 years: mean +/- S.D.) with adult growth hormone deficiency with included in the study. Fasting serum samples were analysed for apo E phenotype total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and IGF-I. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald formula. RESULTS: Six months of replacement treatment with hGH resulted in a reduction in HDL-cholesterol from 0.90+/-0.10 to 0.68+/-0.08 mmol/l (P<0.01), and a small, non-significant reduction in total cholesterol from 6.14+/-0.40 to 5.99+/-0.35 mmol/l (P = 0.06). There was no significant change in the other lipid parameters. The decrease in HDL-cholesterol concentration was greater in patients carrying the apo E2 allele (0.40+/-0.07 mmol/l, P<0.05) than in patients homozygous for the apo E3 allele (0.23+/-0.04 mmol/l) and patients carrying the apo E4 allele (0.15+/-0.36 mmol/l). Patients with the apo E4 allele had lower baseline cholesterol concentrations than patients lacking the apo E4 allele, and this persisted after treatment with hGH (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apo E phenotype may be a determining factor in the response of HDL-cholesterol to hGH in GH-deficient adults. (+info)

Comparison of the LDL-receptor binding of VLDL and LDL from apoE4 and apoE3 homozygotes. (3/343)

Compared with apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3), apoE2 is less effective in mediating the binding of lipoproteins to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. The influence of the E4 isoform, which is associated with adverse effects on plasma lipids and coronary heart disease, is less clear. We compared the ability of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL from paired E4/4 and E3/3 subjects to compete against 125I-labeled LDL for binding with the LDL receptor on cultured fibroblasts and Hep G2 cells. The concentrations of VLDL or LDL required to inhibit binding of 125I-LDL by 50% (IC50, microgram apoB/ml) were determined, and results were assessed in terms of an IC50 ratio, E4/4 IC50 relative to E3/3 IC50, to reduce the influence of interassay variability. In Hep G2 cells, E4/4 VLDL was more effective than E3/3 VLDL in competing for the LDL receptor, the IC50 ratio being lower than unity (0.73 +/- 0.31, P < 0.05, two-tailed t-test). IC50 values themselves were marginally lower in E4/4 than E3/3 subjects (3.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 6.1 +/- 3.7, P < 0.08). However, there was no difference between E4/4 and E3/3 VLDL in competing for the LDL receptor on fibroblasts or between E4/4 and E3/3 LDL in competing for the LDL receptor on either cell type. These results suggest that inheritance of apoE4 is associated with an increased affinity of VLDL particles for LDL receptors on hepatocytes and may partly explain the influence of the E4 isoform on lipid metabolism. (+info)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/343)

The binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) has been reported to be stimulated by both apoE and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In the present study we investigated the effect of the isoform and the amount of apoE per particle, as well as the role of LPL on the binding of beta-VLDL to HSPG. Therefore, we isolated beta-VLDL from transgenic mice, expressing either APOE*2(Arg158-->Cys) or APOE*3-Leiden (E2-VLDL and E3Leiden-VLDL, respectively), as well as from apoE-deficient mice containing no apoE at all (Enull-VLDL). In the absence of LPL, the binding affinity and maximal binding capacity of all beta-VLDL samples for HSPG-coated microtiter plates was very low. Addition of LPL to this cell-free system resulted in a 12- to 55-fold increase in the binding affinity and a 7- to 15-fold increase in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax). In the presence of LPL, the association constant (Ka) tended to increase in the order Enull-VLDL+info)

Apo E structure determines VLDL clearance and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (5/343)

We have generated mice expressing the human apo E4 isoform in place of the endogenous murine apo E protein and have compared them with mice expressing the human apo E3 isoform. Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in the mice expressing only the apo E4 isoform (4/4) did not differ significantly from those in mice with the apo E3 isoform (3/3) on chow and were equally elevated in response to increased lipid and cholesterol in their diet. However, on all diets tested, the 4/4 mice had approximately twice the amount of cholesterol, apo E, and apo B-48 in their VLDL as did 3/3 mice. The 4/4 VLDL competed with human LDL for binding to the human LDL receptor slightly better than 3/3 VLDL, but the VLDL clearance rate in 4/4 mice was half that in 3/3 mice. On an atherogenic diet, there was a trend toward greater atherosclerotic plaque size in 4/4 mice compared with 3/3 mice. These data, together with our earlier observations in wild-type and human APOE*2-replacement mice, demonstrate a direct and highly significant correlation between VLDL clearance rate and mean atherosclerotic plaque size. Therefore, differences solely in apo E protein structure are sufficient to cause alterations in VLDL residence time and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (+info)

Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of Apoe-/- mice: isoform-specific effects on neurodegeneration. (6/343)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms are key determinants of susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. The apoE4 isoform is the major known genetic risk factor for this disease and is also associated with poor outcome after acute head trauma or stroke. To test the hypothesis that apoE3, but not apoE4, protects against age-related and excitotoxin-induced neurodegeneration, we analyzed apoE knockout (Apoe-/-) mice expressing similar levels of human apoE3 or apoE4 in the brain under control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Neuronal apoE expression was widespread in the brains of these mice. Kainic acid-challenged wild-type or Apoe-/- mice had a significant loss of synaptophysin-positive presynaptic terminals and microtubule-associated protein 2-positive neuronal dendrites in the neocortex and hippocampus, and a disruption of neurofilament-positive axons in the hippocampus. Expression of apoE3, but not of apoE4, protected against this excitotoxin-induced neuronal damage. ApoE3, but not apoE4, also protected against the age-dependent neurodegeneration seen in Apoe-/- mice. These differences in the effects of apoE isoforms on neuronal integrity may relate to the increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and to the poor outcome after head trauma and stroke associated with apoE4 in humans. (+info)

Age-dependent association of apolipoprotein E genotype with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: an autopsy study. (7/343)

BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism is one of the genetic determinants of serum cholesterol values. The apoE epsilon4 allele has been associated with advanced coronary heart disease (CHD) diagnosed by angiography, but the role of the apoE genotype in atherosclerosis has not been confirmed at vessel-wall level, nor is any age-dependent effect of the apoE genotype on the development of CHD known. METHODS AND RESULTS: The right and left anterior descending coronary arteries (RCA and LAD) and the aorta from 700 male autopsy cases (Helsinki Sudden Death Study) in 1981-1982 and 1991-1992 (average age 53 years, range 33 to 70 years) were stained for fat, and all areas covered with fatty streaks, fibrotic plaques, and complicated lesions were measured. In the RCA and LAD, the apoE genotype was significantly associated with the area of total atherosclerotic lesions in men <53 years old but not with that in older men (P=0.0085 and P=0.041, respectively, for age-by-genotype interaction). Men <53 years old with the epsilon4/3 genotype showed 61% larger total atherosclerotic lesion area in the RCA (P=0.0027) and 26% larger area in the LAD (P=0.12) than did men with the epsilon3/3. The apoE epsilon4/3 was also associated with atherosclerotic lesions in the abdominal (P=0.014) and thoracic (P=0.12) aorta, but this effect, unlike that of the coronary arteries, was not age-related. CONCLUSIONS: In men, the apoE epsilon4 allele is a significant genetic risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis in early middle age. This suggests that at older age, other known risk factors of CHD play a more important role in the atherosclerotic process than apoE polymorphisms. (+info)

Alimentary lipemia, postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and common carotid intima-media thickness in healthy, middle-aged men. (8/343)

BACKGROUND: Alimentary lipemia has been associated with coronary heart disease and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT). This study was designed to investigate the relations of subclasses of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) with IMT. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety-six healthy 50-year-old men with an apolipoprotein (apo) E3/E3 genotype underwent an oral fat tolerance test and B-mode carotid ultrasound examination. The apo B-48 and apo B-100 contents of each fraction of TRLs were determined as a measure of chylomicron remnant and VLDL particle concentrations. In the fasting state, LDL cholesterol (P<0.05) and basal proinsulin (P<0. 05) were significantly related to IMT, whereas HDL cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, and insulin were not. In the postprandial state, plasma triglycerides at 1 to 4 hours (P<0.01 at 2 hours), total triglyceride area under the curve (AUC) (P<0.05), incremental triglyceride AUC (P<0.01), and the large VLDL (Sf 60 to 400 apo B-100) concentration at 3 hours (P<0.05) were significantly related to IMT. Multivariate analyses showed that plasma triglycerides at 2 hours, LDL cholesterol, and basal proinsulin were consistently and independently related to IMT when cumulative tobacco consumption, alcohol intake, waist-to-hip circumference ratio, and systolic blood pressure were included as confounders. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide further evidence for postprandial triglyceridemia as an independent risk factor for early atherosclerosis and also suggest that the postprandial triglyceridemia is a better predictor of IMT than particle concentrations of individual TRLs. (+info)

7 A3,7 9.94 cM. Start. 19,671,579 bp[2]. End. 19,677,941 bp[2]. ... Apolipoprotein C2 or apolipoprotein C-II is a protein that in ... "A nonsense mutation in the apolipoprotein C-IIPadova gene in a patient with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency". J. Clin. Invest. ... Familial apolipoprotein CII deficiency associated with premature vascular disease". J. Clin. Invest. 80 (6): 1597-606. doi: ... "Structure of apolipoprotein C-IIToronto, a nonfunctional human apolipoprotein". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (1): 270-3. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOC2

All members of this family are receptors for Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Therefore, they are often synonymously referred to as ' ... ApoE receptors'. ApoE occurs in 3 common isoforms (E2, E3, E4) in the human population. ApoE4 is the primary genetic risk ... Andersen OM, Benhayon D, Curran T, Willnow TE (August 2003). "Differential binding of ligands to the apolipoprotein E receptor ... Herz J, Beffert U (October 2000). "Apolipoprotein E receptors: linking brain development and Alzheimer's disease". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelin

E1 serves as the fusogenic subunit and E2 acts as the receptor binding protein. E1 has 4-5 N-linked glycans and E2 has 11 N- ... Recent research indicates that these apolipoproteins interact with scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1). SR-B1 is able to remove ... is highly hydrophobic and acts as a signal sequence for E1 envelope protein. Both envelope proteins (E1 and E2) are highly ... E1 and E2 are covalently bonded when embedded in the envelope of HCV and are stabilized by disulfide bonds. E2 is globular and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus

BP Nathan, S Bellosta, DA Sanan, KH Weisgraber, RW Mahley, RE Pitas (6 May 1994). "Differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 ... The differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 were also examined on neuronal growth in vitro. Randomization Causality ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_effects

Gene map locus 19q13.12 BCKDHA: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide (maple syrup urine disease). Gene ... map location 19q13.1-q13.2 APOE: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. Gene map locus 19q13.2 CIC: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_19

37: 209.e1-209.e7. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.014. PMC 4688052. PMID 26601739. Schmidt, Nele; Paschen, Laura; Witt, ... October 2010). "Membrane curvature induction and tubulation are common features of synucleins and apolipoproteins". The Journal ... alpha-synuclein can also form lipoprotein nanoparticles similar to apolipoproteins. The most common form of cell death in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegeneration

Also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4) ... Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer's disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans

Moriyama K, Sasaki J, Matsunaga A, Arakawa F, Takada Y, Araki K, Kaneko S, Arakawa K (Sep 1992). "Apolipoprotein E1 Lys-146---- ... "Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E".. *↑ Liu CC, Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G (Feb 2013). "Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer ... E3 (rs429358) ten unha frecuencia alélica de aproximadamente o 79 %.[14] Considérase o xenotipo de Apo E "neutro". ... "Alzheimer Research Forum: Meta-Analyses of apolipoprotein E AD Association Studies".. *↑ Weisgraber KH, Innerarity TL, Mahley ...

https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoproteína_E

APOE: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. *BCKDHA: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_19_

ApoA1 and ApoA4 are part of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on chromosome 11. Hundreds of genetic polymorphisms of the ... apolipoprotein D apolipoprotein E apolipoprotein F apolipoprotein H apolipoprotein L apolipoprotein M apolipoprotein(a) ... apolipoprotein A (apoA1, apoA2, apoA4, and apolipoprotein A-V (apoA5)) apolipoprotein B (apo B48 and apo B100) apolipoprotein C ... Apolipoprotein F (apoF) is one of the minor apolipoprotein in blood plasma and it is a lipid transfer inhibit protein to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein

Other ApoD ligands include E-3-methyl-2-hexenoïc acid, a molecule present in axillary secretions; retinoic acid which is ... Identification of apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A-I". The Journal of Biological ... "Entrez Gene: APOD apolipoprotein D". Muffat J, Walker DW (January 2010). "Apolipoprotein D: an overview of its role in aging ... Apolipoprotein D (Apo-D) is a component of high-density lipoprotein that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_D

September 1992). "Apolipoprotein E1 Lys-146----Glu with type III hyperlipoproteinemia". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1128 (1 ... "Entrez Gene: APOE apolipoprotein E". Liu CC, Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G (February 2013). "Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer ... The gene, APOE, is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) and the apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2). The ... "Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. X. The effect of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on quantitative levels of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E

... and polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein A4 gene (APOA4)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... Apolipoprotein C-III also known as apo-CIII, and apolipoprotein C3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC3 gene. ... Karathanasis SK (Oct 1985). "Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII, and AIV ... Apolipoprotein+C-III at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human APOC3 genome location and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C-III

7 A3,7 9.94 cM. Start. 19,678,083 bp[2]. End. 19,681,479 bp[2]. ... Apolipoprotein C-IV, also known as apolipoprotein C4, is a ... Apolipoprotein (apo)C4 gene is a member of the apolipoprotein C gene family. It is expressed in the liver and has a predicted ... "Entrez Gene: apolipoprotein C-IV".. *^ Allan CM, Walker D, Segrest JP, Taylor JM (July 1995). "Identification and ... 2002). "Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C4

Serum amyloid A4, constitutive is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAA4 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ... November 2009). "Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". ... "Entrez Gene: Serum amyloid A4, constitutive". Retrieved 2020-03-14. Kumon Y, Suehiro T, Faulkes DJ, Hosakawa T, Ikeda Y, Woo P ... August 2014). "Expression of serum amyloid A4 in human trophoblast-like choriocarcinoma cell lines and human first trimester/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAA4

Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A, also known as APOBEC3A, or A3A is a gene of the APOBEC3 ... A3A has become an increasingly widely studied A3 because of its high catalytic activity compared to its family members and its ... "Entrez Gene: APOBEC3A apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A". Narvaiza I, Linfesty DC, Greener BN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3A

A recent study on APOBEC4 (A4) revealed an interesting finding that A4 enhanced the replication of HIV-1 through boosting ... "Entrez Gene: apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme". Marino D, Perković M, Hain A, Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Hofmann H, Hanschmann KM ... Biochemical analysis of A4 showed the lack of cytidine deaminase activity on single stranded DNA and it binds DNA rather weak. ... C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-4, also known as Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 4, is a protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC4

"Entrez Gene: APOBEC3C apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3C". Yu Q, Chen D, König R, Mariani R, ... Conversely, A3 proteins enzymatically convert cytidine to uridine present in the single stranded DNA. Two residues in loop 1 of ... A3C belong to the A3 family of cytidine deaminases that act as restriction factors against diverse retroviruses. A3C was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3C

AD16: encoding Alzheimer disease 16 protein AIC: encoding protein AIC APOO: encoding protein Apolipoprotein O ARMCX6: encoding ... member A5 CXorf36: encoding protein hypothetical protein LOC79742 CXorf40A: Chromosome X open reading frame 40 CXorf49: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_chromosome

200 (2): 209.e1-27. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.08.051. PMC 4829203. PMID 19019335. Grimshaw MJ, Hagemann T, Ayhan A, Gillett CE, ... November 2009). "Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin_2

By the time Alzheimer's has been diagnosed, DCGM occurs in genotypes APOE3/E4, APOE3/E3, and APOE4/E4. Thus, DCGM is a ... 1997). "No difference in cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer disease and differing apolipoprotein E ... such as patients homozygous for the epsilon 4 variant of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4, a genetic risk factor for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry_of_Alzheimer's_disease

Carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell carboxypeptidase A), also known as CPA3, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CPA3 ... Sequential degradation of apolipoprotein B by granule chymase and carboxypeptidase A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261 ... Huang H, Reed CP, Zhang JS, Shridhar V, Wang L, Smith DI (June 1999). "Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3): a novel gene highly induced ... "Entrez Gene: CPA3 carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell)". Reynolds DS, Gurley DS, Austen KF (January 1992). "Cloning and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPA3

Annexin A5 forms a shield around negatively charged phospholipid molecules, thus reducing their availability for coagulation. ... anti-apolipoprotein antibodies, or anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary. Primary ... Thus, anti-annexin A5 antibodies increase phospholipid-dependent coagulation steps. The lupus anticoagulant antibodies are ... to detect anti-cardiolipin antibodies or anti-apolipoprotein antibodies.[citation needed] Genetic thrombophilia is part of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

載脂蛋白B缺乏症（英语：Apolipoprotein B deficiency） ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/肥胖

Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APBB1 gene. The ... Trommsdorff M, Borg JP, Margolis B, Herz J (1999). "Interaction of cytosolic adaptor proteins with neuronal apolipoprotein E ... "Entrez Gene: APBB1 amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein-binding, family B, member 1 (Fe65)". Guénette SY, Chen J, Jondro PD, ... "Interaction of cytosolic adaptor proteins with neuronal apolipoprotein E receptors and the amyloid precursor protein". J. Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBB1

The extracellular region, much larger than the intracellular region, is divided into the E1 and E2 domains, linked by an acidic ... Barger SW, DeWall KM, Liu L, Mrak RE, Griffin WS (Aug 2008). "Relationships between expression of apolipoprotein E and beta- ... A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) Human APP genome location and APP gene details page in the UCSC ... the complete E1 domain and the E2 domain. APP undergoes extensive post-translational modification including glycosylation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein

... the envelope size matching the A4 paper size C-4, the US Army designation of the Ford Trimotor AEG C.IV, a German World War I ... an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system Apolipoprotein C4, a protein encoded by the APOC4 gene ATC code C04 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4

... ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 2 (6p21.2) UNC5CL: encoding protein Unc-5 homolog C (C. elegans)-like VEGF: ... encoding protein Apolipoprotein M (6p21.33) TSBP1: encoding protein TSBP1 (6p21.32) C6orf62: chromosome 6 open reading frame 62 ... E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (6q21) HEBP2: heme binding protein 2 (6q24.1) IDDM8: insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 8 IDDM15 ... NHL repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (6p22.3) NOL7: nucleolar protein 7 (6p23) NQO2: N- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6

2004). "The gene product of the gp78/AMFR ubiquitin E3 ligase cDNA is selectively recognized by the 3F3A antibody within a ... results in increased ubiquitinylation and decreased secretion of apolipoprotein B100 in HepG2 cells". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (26): ... 2006). "The activity of a human endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation E3, gp78, requires its Cue domain, RING finger, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMFR

... research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4)and was ... Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer's disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American

Apolipoprotein E, Dementia, and Cortical Deposition of Beta-amyloid Protein. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(19): ... 2007;14(1):e1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x. PMID 17222085. ... a b Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings ... Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sygdom

"Lack of macrophage fatty-acid-binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis". Nature ... Hepoxilin A3. *Hepoxilin B3. *Homocapsaicin (chili pepper). *Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper). *Incensole (incense) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-oxoODE

"Farnesoid X receptor agonists suppress hepatic apolipoprotein CIII expression". Gastroenterology. 125 (2): 544-55. doi:10.1016/ ... Agonists: Arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g., lipoxin A4, prostaglandin G2). *Dietary carotenoids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor

Zhang, Jianying; Herscovitz Haya (February 2003). "Nascent lipidated apolipoprotein B is transported to the Golgi as an ... Adenozinski (A1, A2A, A2B, A3) • P2Y (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) ... Linnik, K M; Herscovitz H (August 1998). "Multiple molecular chaperones interact with apolipoprotein B during its maturation. ... The network of endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones (ERp72, GRP94, calreticulin, and BiP) interacts with apolipoprotein b ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitoninski_receptor

apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding. • GTP-dependent protein binding. • GTPase activity. • mitogen-activated protein kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC42

74.0 74.1 Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y (Aprili 2006). "Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in ... e1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x . PMID 17222085 . ... "Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and ... Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, et al. (Novemba 1995). "Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid ...

https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_Alzheimer

apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway. • positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling ... 11 E1,11 67.84 cM. Start. 104,608,000 bp[2]. End. 104,670,476 bp[2]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_beta_3

136 (3): e1-e23. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510. PMID 28620111. S2CID 367602.. Media summary: "Coconut oil 'as unhealthy as ... of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_coconut_oil

"Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 85 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA2

"Very early changes in olfactory functioning due to Alzheimer's disease and the role of apolipoprotein E in olfaction". Annals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle

... a specific isoform of apolipoprotein, APOE4, is a major genetic risk factor for AD. While apolipoproteins enhance the breakdown ... 14 (1): e1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x. PMID 17222085.. ... The best known genetic risk factor is the inheritance of the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE).[44][45] Between 40 and ... "Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein". The New England Journal of Medicine. 333 (19): ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's

... à função da tiroide, à vitamina B12, à deteção de sífilis ou anemia, exames que permitam excluir problemas metabólicos, ... Xu H, Finkelstein DI, Adlard PA (12 de junho de 2014). «Interactions of metals and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease». ... à doença das vacas loucas e à condição humana derivada, a doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, pelo que existe a possibilidade destas ... O médico seguiu a paciente até à sua morte, em 1906, data em que publicou o primeiro relatório sobre o caso.[230][231][232] ...

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer

14 (1): e1-26. PMID 17222085. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x.. CS1-vedlikehold: Eksplisitt bruk av m.fl. (link)CS1- ... 1995). «Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein». N Engl J Med. 333 (19): 1242-47. PMID ... Den mest kjente genetiske risikofaktoren er arv av ε4-allelet av apolipoprotein E (APOE).[74][75] Mellom 40 og 80 % av ... 1993). «Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial ...

https://no.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers

Apolipoprotein E）會導致類澱粉蛋白質斑塊在大腦中累積[83]，因此推測Aβ是導致阿茲海默症的原因，進一步的證據則是來自於轉殖基因老鼠實驗，研究人員在實驗老鼠身上表現突變型人類APP基因，結果發現實驗老鼠的大腦會產生纖維狀的類澱粉蛋白質斑塊 ... January 2007, 14 (1): e1-e26. PMID 17222085. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x （英语）.. 使用. ,accessdate=. 需要含有. ,url

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿兹海默病

Cornelius, C; Fastbom; Winblad; Viitanen (2004). "Aspirin, NSAIDs, risk of dementia, and influence of the apolipoprotein E ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಬುದ್ಧಿಮಾಂದ್ಯತೆ

apolipoprotein binding. • protein homodimerization activity. • virus receptor activity. • transporter activity. • high-density ... 1229: E1-7. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06205.x. PMID 22239457.. ... apolipoprotein A-I binding. • lipopolysaccharide binding. • low-density lipoprotein particle binding. • 1-phosphatidylinositol ... "Lipid free apolipoprotein E binds to the class B Type I scavenger receptor I (SR-BI) and enhances cholesteryl ester uptake from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCARB1

204 (3): 115-21.e1. doi:10.5694/mja15.00806. PMID 26866552.. *^ Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, Welsh P, Buckley BM, de Craen AJ ... These people have defects usually in either the LDL receptor or apolipoprotein B genes, both of which are responsible for LDL ... 64 (12): 1168.e1-1168.e60. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2011.09.015. PMID 22115524.. ... 61 (2): 519-32.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2014.10.021. PMID 25498191.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin

"Lipid and apolipoprotein predictors of atherosclerosis in youth: apolipoprotein concentrations do not materially improve ...

https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/हृदयवाहिका_रोग

Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein. „N Engl J Med". 333 (19), s. 1242-47, 11 1995. DOI ... Eur J Neurol". 14 (1), s. e1-26, 01 2007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x. PMID: 17222085. ... Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial ... a b Mahley RW, Weisgraber KH, Huang Y. Apolipoprotein E4: A causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, ...

https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_Alzheimera

... isoform spesifik apolipoprotein, APOE4, adalah faktor risiko genetik utama untuk Alzheimer. Walaupun apolipoprotein ... 14 (1): e1-26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x. PMID 17222085.. ... Faktor risiko genetik yang paling terkenal adalah pewarisan alel ε4 apolipoprotein E (APOE).[44][45] Antara 40 dan 80% orang ... "Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein". The New England Journal of Medicine. 333 (19): ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Alzheimer

2007, 14 (1): e1-26. PMID 17222085. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x （英语）.. ... Interactions of metals and Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2014-06-12, 6: 121. PMC ... Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of ... Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M. Apolipoprotein E, Dementia, and Cortical Deposition of Beta-amyloid Protein. The New England ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/阿兹海默病

It up-regulates Apolipoprotein E, which is an anti-atherosclerotic factor.[97] It is also involved in the regulation of ... "Krüppel-like factor 4 synergizes with CREB to increase the activity of apolipoprotein E gene promoter in macrophages". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF4

APOLIPOPROTEIN E3. A. 191. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: E2, APOE. ... Novel mechanism for defective receptor binding of apolipoprotein E2 in type III hyperlipoproteinemia.. Dong, L.M., Parkin, S., ... The defective binding of apolipoprotein (apo) E2 to lipoprotein receptors, an underlying cause of type III hyperlipoproteinemia ... The defective binding of apolipoprotein (apo) E2 to lipoprotein receptors, an underlying cause of type III hyperlipoproteinemia ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1NFN

Biophysical analysis of apolipoprotein E3 variants linked with development of type III hyperlipoproteinemia.. Georgiadou D1, ... Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia ... Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia ... Biophysical Analysis of Apolipoprotein E3 Variants Linked with Development of Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069485?dopt=Abstract

Conformational flexibility in the apolipoprotein E amino-terminal domain structure determined from three new crystal forms: ... PROTEIN (APOLIPOPROTEIN E) A 165 Homo sapiens Fragment: RECEPTOR BINDING DOMAIN Details: SELENOMETHIONINE MUTANT USED IN MAD ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1OR3

Browse our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibody catalog backed by our Guarantee+. ... Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibodies available through Novus Biologicals. ... Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibodies. We offer Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibodies for use in common research applications: ... Choose from our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 polyclonal antibodies and browse our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 monoclonal antibody ...

https://www.novusbio.com/primary-antibodies/apolipoprotein-e3-apoe3

The ability of apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) to act as a high-affinity ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) was ... Keywords: apolipoprotein E, gold nanoparticles, lipoproteins, HDL, cancer ... Apolipoprotein E3-mediated cellular uptake of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein bearing core 3, 10, or 17 nm hydrophobic ... Apolipoprotein E3-mediated cellular uptake of reconstituted high-density lipoprotein bearing core 3, 10, or 17 nm hydrophobic ...

https://www.dovepress.com/apolipoprotein-e3-mediated-cellular-uptake-of-reconstituted-high-densi-peer-reviewed-article-IJN

... Yan Ding,1 Ming An ... Four SNPs in APOA1/C3/A5 cluster were genotyped and lipid was determined. Results. Our data show that minor allelic frequencies ... Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster are associated with diabetes and familial ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2012/509420/abs/

It regulates levels of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES by activating APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and inhibiting hepatic VLDL ... A minor apolipoprotein that associates with HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDL), VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDL), and ... Apolipoprotein A5. Known as: Apo A-V Protein, ApoA-V Protein, Apolipoprotein A-V (More). ... The novel apolipoprotein A5 is present in human serum, is associated with VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, and circulates at very ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Apolipoprotein-A5/1041726

Expression of Human Apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the Brains ofApoe−/− Mice: Isoform-Specific Effects on Neurodegeneration. Manuel ... Expression of Human Apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the Brains ofApoe−/− Mice: Isoform-Specific Effects on Neurodegeneration ... Expression of Human Apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the Brains ofApoe−/− Mice: Isoform-Specific Effects on Neurodegeneration ... 1996) Human apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 isoform-specific transgenic mice: human-like pattern of glial and neuronal ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/12/4867?ijkey=b5941efb8950a529a966f846402ba0cfc52f80e0&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Apolipoprotein E3- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Modulation of Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses. Adam E. Mullick, Andrew F ... Apolipoprotein E3- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Modulation of Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses ... Apolipoprotein E3- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Modulation of Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses ... Apolipoprotein E3- and Nitric Oxide-Dependent Modulation of Endothelial Cell Inflammatory Responses ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/early/2006/11/30/01.ATV.0000253947.70438.99

... apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5), was identified by the comparative sequencing of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster region [3]. APOA5, ... N. Vu-Dac, P. Gervois, H. Jakel et al., "Apolipoprotein A5, a crucial determinant of plasma triglyceride levels, is highly ... K.-H. Song, "Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 participates in human apolipoprotein A5 gene expression," Biochemical and ... M. Nowak, A. Helleboid-Chapman, H. Jakel et al., "Insulin-mediated down-regulation of apolipoprotein A5 gene expression through ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/892491/

Apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms are key determinants of susceptibility to Alzheimers disease. The apoE4 isoform is the major ... Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of Apoe-/- mice: isoform-specific effects on neurodegeneration J ... Apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms are key determinants of susceptibility to Alzheimers disease. The apoE4 isoform is the major ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10366621/

Associations of the apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster with triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in women with type 2 ... Several epidemiological studies have shown that apolipoprotein A1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster is found to be one of the factors that ... Apolipoprotein A1/C3/A5 haplotypes and serum lipid levels. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ... Apolipoprotein A5 and hypertriglyceridemia. Clin Chem. 2005;51(2):295-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186%2Fs12872-018-0965-3

Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is a newly described member of the apolipoprotein gene family whose initial discovery arose from ... Apolipoprotein A5, a newly identified gene that affects plasma triglyceride levels in humans and mice. Published in:. ... Apolipoprotein A5, a newly identified gene that affects plasma triglyceride levels in humans and mice ... comparative sequence analysis of the mammalian APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster. Functional studies in mice indicated that alteration ...

https://jgi.doe.gov/publication/apolipoprotein-a5-a-newly-identified-gene-that-affects-plasma-triglyceride-levels-in-humans-and-mice/

Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is a new apolipoprotein family member that plays an important role in the regulation of lipid ... Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is a new apolipoprotein family member that plays an important role in the regulation of lipid ... Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is a new member of the apolipoprotein family and is specifically synthesized and secreted by the ... The novel apolipoprotein A5 is present in human serum, is associated with VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, and circulates at very ...

https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12944-016-0340-2

Gestational hyperlipidemia and acute pancreatitis with underlying partial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein E3/ ... deficiency but without an associated LPL gene mutation in the presence of the apolipoprotein E3/2 genotype. This is the first ... 3), and her apoE genotype was E3/2. We evaluated the LPL gene on chromosome 8q22, and detected no gene mutation. This test ... She was diagnosed with a partial LPL deficiency without the LPL gene mutation in the presence of the apo E3/2 genotype. Several ...

http://www.kjim.org/journal/view.php?number=169159

ApoE3 is the major chylomicron apolipoprotein, binding in a specific liver peripheral cell receptor, allowing transport and ... In silico analyses of deleterious missense SNPs of human apolipoprotein E3 Allan S Pires 1 2 , William F Porto 1 2 3 , Octavio ... In silico analyses of deleterious missense SNPs of human apolipoprotein E3 Allan S Pires et al. Sci Rep. 2017. . ... Biophysical analysis of apolipoprotein E3 variants linked with development of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Georgiadou D, ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?action=forward&dbsource=huge&id=150913

... Das APOA4-Gen kodiert ein Apolipoprotein, welches ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Chylomikronen und der HDL- ... Lohse P et al. (1990) Human plasma apolipoproteins A-IV-0 and A-IV-3. Molecular basis for two rare variants of apolipoprotein A ... Karathanasis SK et al. (1986) Structure, evolution, and polymorphisms of the human apolipoprotein A4 gene (APOA4). ... None (1985) Apolipoprotein multigene family: tandem organization of human apolipoprotein AI, CIII, and AIV genes. ...

http://www.moldiag.com/de/id/G0500

Recombinant Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4), Cat#RPU40340. Write a Review Write a Review. × ... Recombinant Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4), Cat#RPU40340. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars (average) ...

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Recombinant Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5), Cat#RPU40343. Write a Review Write a Review. × ... Recombinant Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5), Cat#RPU40343. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars (average) ...

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Ϊ???? ????֬ E(APOE)ELISA kit,AD2, LDLCQ5, LPG, MGC1571, apolipoprotein E3 ???? ?? ...

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Human APOA4(Apolipoprotein A4) ELISA Kit. Human APOA4(Apolipoprotein A4) ELISA Kit. To Order Contact us: [email protected] ... Alias: ApoA4(Apolipoprotein A4)/Apolipoprotein A-IV/Apo-AIV/ApoA-IV/apolipoprotein A-IV/MGC142154/MGC142156 ... Should the Mouse Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) ELISA Kit is proven to show malperformance, you will receive a refund or a free ... Should the Mouse Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) ELISA Kit is proven to show malperformance, you will receive a refund or a free ...

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Polymorphism in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with an increased susceptibility for coronary ... Polymorphism in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with an increased susceptibility for coronary ... Polymorphism in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with an increased susceptibility for coronary ... Polymorphism in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein A5 gene is associated with an increased susceptibility for coronary ...

https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/polymorphism-in-the-promoter-region-of-the-apolipoprotein-a5-gene

Differential effects of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 on markers of oxidative status in macrophages ... Differential effects of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 on markers of oxidative status in macrophages. British Journal of Nutrition, ...

https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/31640/

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE): E2/E3/E4. DGKL 2 (RfB) 12 ECAT7 (in collaboration with DGKL). ...

http://www.eurogentest.org/index.php?id=706

Role of functional variants and mutations of the apolipoprotein A5 gene in human pathology. In Apolipoproteins: Regulatory ... Role of functional variants and mutations of the apolipoprotein A5 gene in human pathology. Apolipoproteins: Regulatory ... Role of functional variants and mutations of the apolipoprotein A5 gene in human pathology. In Apolipoproteins: Regulatory ... Role of functional variants and mutations of the apolipoprotein A5 gene in human pathology. in Apolipoproteins: Regulatory ...

https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/role-of-functional-variants-and-mutations-of-the-apolipoprotein-a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOC2

Acute Disease , Adult , Apolipoprotein E2/genetics , Apolipoprotein E3/genetics , Biomarkers/blood , Combined Modality Therapy ... Gestational hyperlipidemia and acute pancreatitis with underlying partial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein E3/ ... deficiency but without an associated LPL gene mutation in the presence of the apolipoprotein E3/2 genotype. This is the first ... extreme gestational hyperlipidemia with a partial LPL deficiency in the absence of an LPL gene mutation and the apolipoprotein ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/en/wpr-175086

Pituitary functions were evaluated, and APO E genotypes (E2/E2; E3/E3; E4/E4; E2/E3; E2/E4; E3/E4) were screened. Twenty-four ... Apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype decreases the risk of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury due to various causes: ... The ratio of pituitary dysfunction was significantly lower in subjects with APO E3/E3 (17.7%) than the subjects without APO E3/ ... Present data demonstrated that APO E3/E3 genotype decreases the risk of hypopituitarism after TBI. The demonstration of the ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/phgHome.action?action=forward&dbsource=huge&id=38099

established recently, from a large-cohort study of 500 patient sera, a panel of two proteins, apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) and ... Lin, C.; Wu, W.C.; Zhao, G.C.; Wang, D.S.; Lou, W.H.; Jin, D.Y. ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomics reveals apolipoprotein A-I ... Honda et al., recently developed an antibody-based assay (ELISA) to measure circulating apolipoprotein A2 (APOA2) isoforms ... for detection of early stage pancreatic cancer and risk factors for pancreatic malignancy using antibodies for apolipoprotein- ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/10/6/174/htm

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a major protein of the lipoprotein transport system that plays important roles in lipid homeostasis and protection from atherosclerosis. (nih.gov)
There are currently no images for Apolipoprotein E/ApoE Antibody (NB110-60531C). (novusbio.com)
The 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is known as a risk factor for cognitive impairment. (dovepress.com)
Apolipoprotein E ( ApoE ) is a class of proteins involved in the metabolism of fats in the body. (wikidoc.org)
The gene, APOE , is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with apolipoprotein C1 (APOC-I) and the apolipoprotein C2 . (wikidoc.org)
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a secretory protein that plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis in the plasma ( Weisgraber, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
APOE alleles (e2, e3, e4) were determined using PCR. (biomedsearch.com)
APOE is primarily located in HDL and VLDL Apolipoproteins act as lipid transfer carrier enzymes, cofactors and receptor ligands which control lipoprotein metabolism. (prospecbio.com)
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is an important transporter of fats in the blood. (clinicaltrials.gov)
ApoE comes in E2, E3 and E4 forms, depending on your genetic make up. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Exchangeable apolipoproteins (apoA, apoC and apoE) have the same genomic structure and are members of a multi-gene family that probably evolved from a common ancestral gene. (ebi.ac.uk)
Recent findings with apoA1 and apoE suggest that the tertiary structures of these two members of the human exchangeable apolipoprotein gene family are related [ PMID: 15234552 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
There is evidence for a deleterious role of apolipoprotein ε4 by atherosclerosis and amyloid beta accumulation in brain and body by the differences of three-dimensional structures among the apoE isoforms. (omicsonline.org)
he human apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein is an important protein in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and interstitial fluid of central nervous system [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
In this study, we have focused on the exchangeable helical apolipoproteins such as apoA-I and apoE that regulate cholesterol metabolism in plasma and brain. (nii.ac.jp)

Therefore, it has been attempted to identify the specific genetic determinants of plasma TG levels, and a novel member of the apolipoprotein family, apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5), was identified by the comparative sequencing of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster region [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Recently, the sequencing of human genomic DNA has led to the discovery of Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene which belongs to a regulatory gene family including APOA1, APOC3 and APOA4 [ 5 ].This gene is located on chromosome 11q23 in about 30 kb downstream of APOA4, and contains four exons. (springer.com)
Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is a new apolipoprotein family member that plays an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) is a new member of the apolipoprotein family and is specifically synthesized and secreted by the liver. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the many factors affecting the lipid metabolism by a complex manner is the apolipoprotein A-5 (ApoA5). (elsevier.com)
The gene of the ApoA5 is located on chromosome 11q23 in the ApoA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster. (elsevier.com)
Apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) was identified 30 kb upstream of the well-characterized APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster on chromosome 11. (biomedcentral.com)
T polymorphisms and their haplotypes in apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) gene with cereberovascular disease in Chinese . (bvsalud.org)
Apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is expressed primarily in the liver and modulates plasma triglyceride levels in mice and humans. (elsevier.com)
Background- Apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) variation is associated with plasma triglycerides (TGs). (uv.es)
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Apolipoprotein A5 gene promoter region T-1131C polymorphism (APOA5 T-1131C) is known to be associated with elevated plasma TG levels, although little is known of the influence of the interaction between APOA5 T-1131C and lifestyle modification on TG levels. (shimane-u.ac.jp)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E is a 34 kDa protein that participates in the transport of plasma lipids and in the redistribution of lipids among cells ( Mahley, 1988 ). (jneurosci.org)
Apolipoprotein C-IV , also known as apolipoprotein C4 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC4 gene . (wikipedia.org)
Apolipoprotein C2 or apolipoprotein C-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC2 gene . (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes apolipoprotein A-I, which is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. (nih.gov)
Apolipoprotein E in vitro SimpleStep ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit is designed for the quantitative measurement of Apolipoprotein E protein in mouse serum and plasma. (abcam.com)
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which causes inflammatory cell injury, induced significantly increased expression of apo-A4 protein levels, and these levels were related to pro-inflammatory acute kidney injury in human kidney cells. (elsevier.com)
Therapy based on apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins, results in AVS regression in experimental models. (springer.com)
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is a lipid binding protein expressed in mammalian intestine, as well as rodent liver. (ahajournals.org)
Recombinant protein encompassing a sequence within the N-terminus region of human Apolipoprotein E. (thermofisher.com)
Apolipoprotein E is a fat-binding protein ( apolipoprotein ) that is part of the chylomicron and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDLs) . (wikidoc.org)
Apolipoprotein C-III also known as apo-CIII, and apolipoprotein C3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC3 gene. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is an apolipoprotein that plays an important role in regulating the plasma triglyceride levels, a major risk factor for coronary artery disease. (thermofisher.com)
Apolipoprotein E is a plasma protein that has an important role in transport and metabolism of lipids in serum as well as in central nervous system. (omicsonline.org)
Apolipoprotein E was known as a protein constituting lipid-rich plasma lipoproteins in the early 1970s. (omicsonline.org)
Apolipoprotein E genotype and the association between C-reactive protein and postoperative delirium: Importance of gene-protein interactions. (harvard.edu)
This gene encodes apolipoprotein (apo-) A-II, which is the second most abundant protein of the high density lipoprotein particles. (genecards.org)
The protein is found in plasma as a monomer, homodimer, or heterodimer with apolipoprotein D. Defects in this gene may result in apolipoprotein A-II deficiency or hypercholesterolemia. (genecards.org)
APOA2 (Apolipoprotein A2) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the APOA1/C3/A5 gene cluster are associated with diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidaemia (FCH). (hindawi.com)
Four SNPs in APOA1/C3/A5 cluster were genotyped and lipid was determined. (hindawi.com)
Two novel APOA1 gene mutations in a Japanese renal transplant recipient with recurrent apolipoprotein A-I related amyloidosis. (nih.gov)
Case Report: recurrence of non-familial hereditary apolipoprotein A-I amyloidosis in Japanese transplant recipient with two novel APOA1 mutations. (nih.gov)
An example of non-exchangeable apolipoprotein is APOAB which is attached to the lipoprotein particle while examples of Lipoprotein exchangeable are APOM, APOD, APOJ, APOH and APOA1 which are transported between different lipoprotein molecules. (prospecbio.com)
ApoA1, ApoA4 and Apo5 are part of the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on chromosome 11 [ PMID: 15108119 ]. (ebi.ac.uk)
The effects of scale: variation in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster. (ebi.ac.uk)

Apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms are key determinants of susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. (jneurosci.org)
These three isoforms are known as ApoE2, E3 and E4. (novusbio.com)
There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). (harvard.edu)

Isolation and characterization of human apolipoprotein M-containing lipoproteins. (semanticscholar.org)
Tertiary structure of apolipoprotein A-I in nascent high-density lipoproteins. (nih.gov)
Apolipoprotein E is a glycoprotein synthesized mainly in the liver and the brain and is a component of most lipoproteins with the exception of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). (abcam.com)
In particular, apolipoprotein E is a major component of specific lipoproteins called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). (novusbio.com)
Apolipoproteins are composed from various lipoproteins such as exchangeable Apolipoprtoeins and non-exchangeable. (prospecbio.com)

Association of apolipoprotein A1 and A5 polymorphisms with stroke subtypes in Han Chinese people in Taiwan. (cdc.gov)
The objective of this study was to evaluate whether apolipoprotein gene polymorphisms confer susceptibility to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. (nih.gov)
Title: The relationship between apolipoprotein genes polymorphisms and susceptibility to osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a meta-analysis. (nih.gov)
Clinical and anthropometrical data, chylomicronaemia, lipoprotein profile, postheparin lipoprotein lipase mass and activity, hepatic lipase activity, apolipoprotein C II and CIII mass, apo E and A5 polymorphisms were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)
We therefore studied LPL mass and activity, hepatic lipase activity, the levels of apolipoprotein C-II and apo E and apo A-V polymorphisms in order to detect any differences between persons with hypertriglyceridaemia who developed hypertriglyceridaemic pancreatitis and those who did not. (biomedcentral.com)

Each Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibody is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)
Choose from our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 polyclonal antibodies and browse our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 monoclonal antibody catalog. (novusbio.com)

We offer Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibodies for use in common research applications: Immunocytochemistry, Immunohistochemistry, Simple Western, Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
Our Apolipoprotein E3/ApoE3 Antibodies can be used in a variety of model species: Human. (novusbio.com)
The ability of apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) to act as a high-affinity ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) was exploited to gain entry of HDL with AuNPs into glioblastoma cells. (dovepress.com)
ApoE3 is the major chylomicron apolipoprotein, binding in a specific liver peripheral cell receptor, allowing transport and normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. (cdc.gov)

Das APOA4-Gen kodiert ein Apolipoprotein, welches ein wichtiger Bestandteil von Chylomikronen und der HDL-Partikel ist. (moldiag.com)
Should the Mouse Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) ELISA Kit is proven to show malperformance, you will receive a refund or a free replacement. (bestpractice-life.pl)
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Mouse Apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (bestpractice-life.pl)

The effect of partial LPL deficiency and dysbetalipoproteinemia can be modulated by other genes, such as apolipoprotein (apo) E. Apo E2 has a lower binding affinity to the hepatic receptor [ 3 , 4 ], and patients with the apo E3/2 genotype are associated with higher plasma lipid levels compared to those without the apo E2 allele [ 5 , 6 ]. (kjim.org)
For example, issues are currently debated regarding population-based genetic testing for breast cancer in relation to BRCA1 (5), Alzheimer's disease in relation to the Apolipoprotein E-E4 allele (6), and iron overload in relation to the hemochromatosis gene (7). (cdc.gov)
[35] A notable advantage of the E4 allele (relative to E2 and E3) is a positive association with higher levels of vitamin D , which may help explain its prevalence despite its seeming complicity in various diseases or disorders. (wikidoc.org)

I. Polymorphism of apolipoprotein A-IV. (moldiag.com)
Is There Any Relationship between Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Idiopathic Parkinsonâ s Disease? (omicsonline.org)
Kwon OD (2016) Is There Any Relationship between Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease? (omicsonline.org)
Bojar I, Pinkas J, Gujski M, Owoc A, Raczkiewicz D, Rothenberg K. Postmenopausal cognitive changes and androgen levels in the context of apolipoprotein E polymorphism. (termedia.pl)

Primary structure of the bovine analogues to human apolipoproteins CII and CIII. (wikipedia.org)
Apolipoprotein CIII is also found on HDL particles. (wikipedia.org)

This gene is closely linked with two other apolipoprotein genes on chromosome 11. (nih.gov)

Biophysical analysis of apolipoprotein E3 variants linked with development of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. (nih.gov)
Molecular basis for two rare variants of apolipoprotein A-IV-1. (moldiag.com)

The novel apolipoprotein A5 is present in human serum, is associated with VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons, and circulates at very low concentrations compared with other apolipoproteins. (semanticscholar.org)
We determined the effect of cafestol on serum cholesterol and triglycerides in different mouse strains and subsequently studied its mechanism of action in apolipoprotein (apo) E*3-Leiden transgenic mice. (tudelft.nl)
Serum apolipoprotein (apo)AI and -B have been shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. (diabetesjournals.org)
Recently, we have reported that serum apolipoprotein (apo)AI and apoB levels were strongly associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy ( 1 ), and these associations were more prominent than those of traditional lipids (e.g., total cholesterol). (diabetesjournals.org)

Apolipoprotein E, a main apoprotein of the chylomicron, binds to a specific receptor on liver cells and peripheral cells. (5qvlr.cn)
[15] This variant of the apoprotein binds poorly to cell surface receptors while E3 and E4 bind well. (wikidoc.org)

Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. (moldiag.com)
Genetic causes of the syndrome are rare and include deficiency of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), apolipoprotein C-II, and familial inhibitor of LPL. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic evidence indicates that apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. (jneurosci.org)

Human apolipoprotein A-IV. (moldiag.com)
Human plasma apolipoproteins A-IV-0 and A-IV-3. (moldiag.com)
2002). "Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
1986). "The structure of the human apolipoprotein C-II gene. (wikipedia.org)
Human and rat Apolipoprotein E are 71% and 92% identical to mouse Apolipoprotein E, respectively. (abcam.com)
Contributions of domain structure and lipid interaction to the functionality of exchangeable human apolipoproteins. (ebi.ac.uk)
Three-dimensional structure of the LDL receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. (ebi.ac.uk)

Apo E (Apolipoprotein E) plays an important role in the metabolism of lipids in the plasma, and is also is a constituent of various plasma lipoprotein-lipid particles. (thermofisher.com)
Our results provide novel and useful insights to understand structural basis for apolipoprotein-mediated HDL formation and metabolism. (nii.ac.jp)

2009). "Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip" . (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this study was to establish age-specific and gender-specific reference intervals for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins in healthy Chinese children and adolescents. (bmj.com)
Paediatric reference intervals were established for non-fasting lipids and apolipoproteins based on a large population of healthy children and adolescents. (bmj.com)

High-dose recombinant apolipoprotein A-I(milano) mobilizes tissue cholesterol and rapidly reduces plaque lipid and macrophage content in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. (semanticscholar.org)
LeBoeuf, Renée C. / Overexpression of apolipoprotein A5 in mice is not protective against body weight gain and aberrant glucose homeostasis . (elsevier.com)
Here, we evaluated the aortic uptake of 18F-FDG and 99mTc-annexin A5 in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE2/2) and wild-type mice placed on high-fat diets. (hokudai.ac.jp)
At the ages of 10, 18, and 25 wk (5-15 mice per group at each time point), mice were injected with 18F-FDG or 99mTc-annexin A5 after 12 h of fasting. (hokudai.ac.jp)
At 1 h after 18F-FDG injection (or 2 h after 99mTc-annexin A5 injection), mice were sacrificed, and the aortas were removed for welltype scintillation counting of radioactivity. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Aortic tracer uptake [(ID%/g) · kg] remained stable with the regular diet in wild-type mice (0.054- 0.053 and 0.021-0.023 for 99mTc-annexin A5) but increased with cholesterol feeding in wild-type mice (0.164 for 18F-FDG and 0.036 for 99mTc-annexin A5 at 25 wk) and in apoE2/2 mice (0.249 for 18F-FDG and 0.047 for 99mTc-annexin A5 at 25 wk). (hokudai.ac.jp)
To establish whether the induction of apoA-IV impacted TG secretion, SREBP-1aTg mice were crossed with apoA-IV knock out mice (A4-KO). (ahajournals.org)
Based on the Triton block method, SREBP1aTg/A4-KO mice demonstrated a 24% reduction in hepatic TG secretion rate, relative to SREBP1aTg controls. (ahajournals.org)

Elevated IgM against Nε-(Carboxyethyl)lysine-modified Apolipoprotein A1 peptide 141-147 in Taiwanese with Alzheimer's disease. (nih.gov)

Non-fasting samples were collected from 7260 healthy Chinese children and adolescents, and they were analysed using the Olympus AU5400 analyser for: triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B (ApoB). (bmj.com)

She was diagnosed with partial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency but without an associated LPL gene mutation in the presence of the apolipoprotein E3/2 genotype. (kjim.org)
This is the first reported case of extreme gestational hyperlipidemia with a partial LPL deficiency in the absence of an LPL gene mutation and the apolipoprotein E 3/2 genotype. (kjim.org)
Therefore, the aims of the Satgene study is to examine the impact of modifications in dietary total fat and saturated fat intakes, alone and in combination with fish oil supplement on LDL-cholesterol and other blood lipids, in individuals with an E3 and E4 genotype. (clinicaltrials.gov)

1989). "A nonsense mutation in the apolipoprotein C-IIPadova gene in a patient with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency" . (wikipedia.org)
1988). "Donor splice site mutation in the apolipoprotein (Apo) C-II gene (Apo C-IIHamburg) of a patient with Apo C-II deficiency" . (wikipedia.org)
No cases had apolipoprotein CII deficiency. (biomedcentral.com)

2008). "Expression of apolipoprotein C-IV is regulated by Ku antigen/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma complex and correlates with liver steatosis" . (wikipedia.org)
Apo-A4 expression was increased in tissues from chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients compared to that in normal kidney tissue. (elsevier.com)
Apo-A4 expression was also increased in experimented rat kidney tissues after ischemic reperfusion injury. (elsevier.com)
The expression of apo-A4 and TNFR2 was increased upon treatment with TNF-α. (elsevier.com)
Therefore, the apo-A4 expression is increased by stimulation of injured kidney cells with TNF-α and that these effects occur via a TNFR2-NFκB complex. (elsevier.com)

T (rs2075291) in apolipoprotein A5 gene to determination of triglycerides levels in CAD patients receiving, atorvastatin, lipid lowering drug. (springer.com)
Defects in apolipoprotein E result in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, or type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP III), in which increased plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the consequence of impaired clearance of chylomicron and VLDL remnants. (5qvlr.cn)

This gene is located proximal to the apolipoprotein gene cluster on chromosome 11q23. (thermofisher.com)

Additionally, it can serve as a ligand for the LDL (Apolipoprotein B/E) receptor and for the specific Apolipoprotein E receptor (chylomicron remnant) of hepatic tissues. (abcam.com)

Apolipoproteins function in lipid transport as structural components of lipoprotein particles, cofactors for enzymes and ligands for cell-surface receptors. (ebi.ac.uk)

So far, four GPCR have been identified as the receptors for lipoxin A4 and the D- and E-series of resolvins, namely ALX/FPR2, DRV1/GPR32, DRV2/GPR18, and ERV1/ChemR23. (frontiersin.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms8

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care12

Competition of Abeta amyloid peptide and apolipoprotein E for receptor-mediated endocytosis. (1/343)

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (2/343)

Comparison of the LDL-receptor binding of VLDL and LDL from apoE4 and apoE3 homozygotes. (3/343)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (4/343)

Apo E structure determines VLDL clearance and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (5/343)

Expression of human apolipoprotein E3 or E4 in the brains of Apoe-/- mice: isoform-specific effects on neurodegeneration. (6/343)

Age-dependent association of apolipoprotein E genotype with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: an autopsy study. (7/343)

Alimentary lipemia, postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and common carotid intima-media thickness in healthy, middle-aged men. (8/343)

Apolipoproteins E

Apolipoprotein E4

Apolipoprotein E3

Apolipoprotein E2

Apolipoprotein A-I

Apolipoprotein B-100

Apolipoproteins B

Apolipoproteins

Apolipoprotein C-III

Apolipoprotein C-I

Apolipoprotein A-II

Apolipoprotein C-II

Apolipoproteins A

Apolipoprotein B-48

Cholesterol

Apolipoproteins C

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins, HDL

Receptors, LDL

Alzheimer Disease

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III

Triglycerides

Genotype

Lipids

Atherosclerosis

Alleles

Arteriosclerosis

Mice, Knockout

Apoprotein(a)

Lipoproteins, LDL

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Receptors, Lipoprotein

Polymorphism, Genetic

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Lipoprotein(a)

LDL-Receptor Related Proteins

Apolipoproteins D

Cholesterol, HDL

Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1

Liver

Hyperlipidemias

Amyloid beta-Peptides

Cholesterol, LDL

Lipid Metabolism

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1

Gene Frequency

Aorta

Chylomicrons

Diet, Atherogenic

Hypercholesterolemia

Mice, Transgenic

Lipoprotein Lipase

Cholesterol Esters

Cholesterol, VLDL

Heterozygote

Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase

Phenotype

Isoelectric Focusing

RNA, Messenger

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II

Macrophages

Hypertriglyceridemia

Lipoproteins, IDL

Molecular Sequence Data

Hypolipoproteinemias

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Homozygote

Disease Models, Animal

Aortic Diseases

Brain

Dietary Fats

Base Sequence

Cells, Cultured

Cholesterol, Dietary

Foam Cells

Clusterin

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V

Protein Isoforms