Apolipoprotein e2. Medical search

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.

One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of LIPOPROTEIN (A). It has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100. Apoprotein(a) has SERINE PROTEINASE activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kDa. It is homologous to PLASMINOGEN and is known to modulate THROMBOSIS and FIBRINOLYSIS.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

A family of proteins that share sequence similarity with the low density lipoprotein receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL).

A glycoprotein component of HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS that transports small hydrophobic ligands including CHOLESTEROL and STEROLS. It occurs in the macromolecular complex with LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. Apo D is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.

A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES contained in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with DIABETES MELLITUS and is not caused by reduced LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE activity as in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I .

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.

Accumulations of extracellularly deposited AMYLOID FIBRILS within tissues.

The age, developmental stage, or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) UBIQUITINS. As one of the hallmarks of ALZHEIMER DISEASE, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease.

A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

A single-pass type I membrane protein. It is cleaved by AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN SECRETASES to produce peptides of varying amino acid lengths. A 39-42 amino acid peptide, AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES is a principal component of the extracellular amyloid in SENILE PLAQUES.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Triple-looped protein domains linked by disulfide bonds. These common structural domains, so-named for their resemblance to Danish pastries known as kringlers, play a role in binding membranes, proteins, and phospholipids as well as in regulating proteolysis. Kringles are also present in coagulation-related and fibrinolytic proteins and other plasma proteinases.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Relating to the size of solids.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.

An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An ACUTE PHASE REACTION protein present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found at higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with AMYLOIDOSIS. It is the circulating precusor of amyloid A protein, which is found deposited in AA type AMYLOID FIBRILS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

A highly dense subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes below 7 nm. They are also known as nascent HDL, composed of a few APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I molecules which are complexed with PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The lipid-poor pre-beta-HDL particles serve as progenitors of HDL3 and then HDL2 after absorption of free cholesterol from cell membranes, cholesterol esterification, and acquisition of apolipoproteins A-II, Cs, and E. Pre-beta-HDL initiate the reverse cholesterol transport process from cells to liver.

An enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing 1,4-linked D-glucuronate or L-iduronate residues and 1,4-alpha-linked 2-sulfoamino-2-deoxy-6-sulfo-D-glucose residues to give oligosaccharides with terminal 4-deoxy-alpha-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.2.2.7.

An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

Microtubule-associated proteins that are mainly expressed in neurons. Tau proteins constitute several isoforms and play an important role in the assembly of tubulin monomers into microtubules and in maintaining the cytoskeleton and axonal transport. Aggregation of specific sets of tau proteins in filamentous inclusions is the common feature of intraneuronal and glial fibrillar lesions (NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; NEUROPIL THREADS) in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (ALZHEIMER DISEASE; TAUOPATHIES).

Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A prodromal phase of cognitive decline that may precede the emergence of ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other dementias. It may include impairment of cognition, such as impairments in language, visuospatial awareness, ATTENTION and MEMORY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.

Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the SKIN; TENDONS; joints of KNEES and ELBOWS. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of LIPID METABOLISM and formation of FOAM CELLS.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Abstaining from all food.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina.

Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Techniques used to add in exogenous gene sequence such as mutated genes; REPORTER GENES, to study mechanisms of gene expression; or regulatory control sequences, to study effects of temporal changes to GENE EXPRESSION.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (1/187)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether apo E phenotype influences changes in lipid profiles induced by growth hormone replacement in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults. DESIGNS: Patients were treated for 6 months with recombinant human GH (hGH), given in a dose of 0.125 U/kg per week for 4 weeks followed by 0.25 U/kg per week thereafter. The effects on serum lipids and the influence of apo E phenotype were examined. METHODS: Thirty patients (aged 35.1+/-11.8 years: mean +/- S.D.) with adult growth hormone deficiency with included in the study. Fasting serum samples were analysed for apo E phenotype total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) and IGF-I. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol was calculated using the Friedwald formula. RESULTS: Six months of replacement treatment with hGH resulted in a reduction in HDL-cholesterol from 0.90+/-0.10 to 0.68+/-0.08 mmol/l (P<0.01), and a small, non-significant reduction in total cholesterol from 6.14+/-0.40 to 5.99+/-0.35 mmol/l (P = 0.06). There was no significant change in the other lipid parameters. The decrease in HDL-cholesterol concentration was greater in patients carrying the apo E2 allele (0.40+/-0.07 mmol/l, P<0.05) than in patients homozygous for the apo E3 allele (0.23+/-0.04 mmol/l) and patients carrying the apo E4 allele (0.15+/-0.36 mmol/l). Patients with the apo E4 allele had lower baseline cholesterol concentrations than patients lacking the apo E4 allele, and this persisted after treatment with hGH (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Apo E phenotype may be a determining factor in the response of HDL-cholesterol to hGH in GH-deficient adults. (+info)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (2/187)

The binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) has been reported to be stimulated by both apoE and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In the present study we investigated the effect of the isoform and the amount of apoE per particle, as well as the role of LPL on the binding of beta-VLDL to HSPG. Therefore, we isolated beta-VLDL from transgenic mice, expressing either APOE*2(Arg158-->Cys) or APOE*3-Leiden (E2-VLDL and E3Leiden-VLDL, respectively), as well as from apoE-deficient mice containing no apoE at all (Enull-VLDL). In the absence of LPL, the binding affinity and maximal binding capacity of all beta-VLDL samples for HSPG-coated microtiter plates was very low. Addition of LPL to this cell-free system resulted in a 12- to 55-fold increase in the binding affinity and a 7- to 15-fold increase in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax). In the presence of LPL, the association constant (Ka) tended to increase in the order Enull-VLDL+info)

Apo E structure determines VLDL clearance and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (3/187)

We have generated mice expressing the human apo E4 isoform in place of the endogenous murine apo E protein and have compared them with mice expressing the human apo E3 isoform. Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in the mice expressing only the apo E4 isoform (4/4) did not differ significantly from those in mice with the apo E3 isoform (3/3) on chow and were equally elevated in response to increased lipid and cholesterol in their diet. However, on all diets tested, the 4/4 mice had approximately twice the amount of cholesterol, apo E, and apo B-48 in their VLDL as did 3/3 mice. The 4/4 VLDL competed with human LDL for binding to the human LDL receptor slightly better than 3/3 VLDL, but the VLDL clearance rate in 4/4 mice was half that in 3/3 mice. On an atherogenic diet, there was a trend toward greater atherosclerotic plaque size in 4/4 mice compared with 3/3 mice. These data, together with our earlier observations in wild-type and human APOE*2-replacement mice, demonstrate a direct and highly significant correlation between VLDL clearance rate and mean atherosclerotic plaque size. Therefore, differences solely in apo E protein structure are sufficient to cause alterations in VLDL residence time and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (+info)

Apolipoprotein E2/E5 variants in lipoprotein glomerulopathy recurred in transplanted kidney. (4/187)

Lipid abnormalities are associated with various disorders ranging from generalized atherosclerosis to renal diseases, including lipoprotein glomerulopathy that is characterized by glomerular lipoprotein thrombi and causes type III hyperlipoproteinemia, proteinuria, and renal failure. This study examines lipoprotein glomerulopathy, which recurred in a transplanted kidney. Molecular biologic analysis of the patient's apolipoprotein (apo) E gene demonstrated E2/E5 type variants. Immunohistochemical analysis of the diseased kidney demonstrated various lipid peroxidation-specific protein adducts, suggesting a potential role of oxidative stress in this disorder. Recurrence in the transplanted kidney suggested a pathogenic role of extraglomerular humoral component(s) resulting from abnormal lipoprotein metabolism, presumably linked to apo E and other genetic or acquired factor(s). Furthermore, the finding that the patient showed pathologic abnormalities in the transplanted kidney with no clinical signs or symptoms of renal disease indicated that lipoprotein glomerular damage progresses early before any clinical manifestations. (+info)

A novel apolipoprotein E mutation, E2 (Arg25Cys), in lipoprotein glomerulopathy. (5/187)

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) is characterized by intraglomerular lipoprotein thrombosis and high plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein (apo) E. An apo E variant, apo E2 (Arg145Pro) Sendai, was recently identified in three patients with LPG. We detected a novel point mutation in the apo E gene in a patient with LPG, and we characterized the mutant apo E. METHODS: The propositus was a 32-year-old male patient on maintenance hemodialysis because of LPG. The mutation was detected by sequencing of genomic DNA from the patient and was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with Aor51HI. Recombinant apo E2 (Arg25Cys) Kyoto and normal apo E3 were expressed from COS-1 cells. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-binding activities of the variants were determined in an in vitro competition assay. RESULTS: The propositus had the apo E phenotype E2/E4, as determined by isoelectric focusing, and the genotype epsilon3/epsilon4, as determined by RFLP with HhaI. Sequence analysis of amplified DNA showed a C to T transition, changing the codon for residue 25 from arginine to cysteine. The proband was a heterozygous carrier for apo E2 (Arg25Cys) Kyoto. A family study showed that the mother was a heterozygous carrier of apo E2 Kyoto and had dysbetalipoproteinemia, but no LPG. The pathophysiological effect of this mutation was investigated in vitro by binding studies of recombinant apo E2 Kyoto to LDL receptors on human fibroblasts. The ability of recombinant apo E2 Kyoto to displace LDL was reduced to 10% compared with recombinant apo E3. CONCLUSIONS: Apo E2 (Arg25Cys) Kyoto is a novel mutation of apo E that is etiologically related to LPG. However, our case indicates that the development of LPG may involve other genetic or environmental factors. Furthermore, our data suggest that arginine-25 of apo E plays an important functional role by influencing the receptor-binding ability of apo E. (+info)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Interaction of APOE epsilon2 with putative clinical risk factors. (6/187)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Current evidence suggests that the apolipoprotein E (APOE for gene; apoE for protein) epsilon4 allele predisposes to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) whereas epsilon2 is associated with CAA-related hemorrhage (CAAH). The clinical risk factors for other forms of intracranial hemorrhage are a less-frequent feature of CAAH. In this study we examined potential clinical risk factors in patients with CAAH and assessed these with respect to APOE genotype. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were identified with a pathological diagnosis of CAAH. Clinical notes were reviewed to document age of hemorrhage onset, history of dementia, antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication, hypertension, minor head trauma, or transient neurological events. In a review of reported cases of CAAH, the frequency of these clinical features was also recorded. APOE genotypes were determined with use of polymerase chain reaction techniques. RESULTS: There were 24 women and 12 men; the mean age was 70.3 years. One third (n=12) had been taking antiplatelet medication, and a similar number were demented. Nine patients were hypertensive, and 4 had a history of recent minor head trauma. The relative frequency of each of these clinical features was similar to that in previous reports. Forty-four percent (16 of 36) possessed an epsilon2 allele. Antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, hypertension, or minor head trauma were significantly more frequent antecedents of CAAH in epsilon2 carriers than in non-epsilon2 carriers (81% versus 35%, P=0.008), antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication in particular (P=0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication, hypertension, or minor head trauma are most likely to precipitate cerebral hemorrhage in patients with CAA who are also epsilon2 carriers. This may result from isoform-specific effects of apoE on the structure of amyloid-laden blood vessel walls. (+info)

Independent effects of Apo E phenotype and plasma triglyceride on lipoprotein particle sizes in the fasting and postprandial states. (7/187)

LDL particle sizes and Apo E phenotypes were determined in 212 subjects of whom 51 had angina. LDL diameter was significantly less in subjects with an epsilon2 allele (24.76+/-0.08 vs 24.94+/-0.02 nm, P=0.02), and this was evident for both E2/E3 (24.77+/-0.09 nm) and E2/E4 (24.69+/-0.08 nm) phenotypes. Although there was a negative relation between LDL diameter and plasma triglyceride, the effect of apo E2 was still evident with adjustment for triglyceride. In multiple regression analysis, the significant determinants of LDL diameter were gender (with females having larger particles than males), body mass index, and the presence (or absence) of E2. HDL particle sizes and compositions were determined on fasting samples and, additionally, 5 and 8 hours after a fat-rich meal for 48 coronary heart disease cases and 49 control subjects. Fasting HDL particle sizes were not related to the presence of E2 but were significantly smaller for subjects possessing an epsilon4 allele (8. 09+/-0.08 vs 8.39+/-0.05 nm, P=0.003) and were negatively related to plasma triglyceride. However, the effect of E4 persisted after adjustment for triglyceride. In a multiple regression analysis, the only significant determinant of fasting HDL diameter was the presence (or absence) of E4 with fasting plasma triglyceride just failing to reach significance (P=0.06). There was a postprandial increase in HDL diameter that was less marked in subjects with coronary heart disease. The postprandial increase in HDL diameter was of sufficient magnitude to result in size reclassification of HDL particles. The influence of E4 was also evident at both postprandial time points. Compositional analysis demonstrated that the increase in HDL diameters postprandially could be attributed to triglyceride enrichment, with an accompanying fall in cholesterol ester content. Phospholipid changes postprandially were biphasic with an initial fall followed by a rise in concentration. The increase in triglyceride content was significantly less in those subjects with angina despite an equivalent rise in plasma triglyceride. The present study demonstrates significant, but different, effects of variation in apo E phenotype on the particle sizes of both HDL and LDL. Such effects were still evident with adjustment for differences in plasma triglyceride and suggests that variation in apo E phenotype exerts effects on lipoprotein particle sizes by mechanisms additional to those dependent on change in plasma triglyceride. (+info)

Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia). Questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. (8/187)

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation of remnant lipoproteins in the plasma and development of premature atherosclerosis. Although receptor binding-defective forms of apolipoprotein (apo) E are the common denominator in this disorder, a number of apparent paradoxes concerning its pathogenesis still exist. However, studies in transgenic animals are resolving the mechanisms underlying this disorder. PARADOX I: Defective apoE (commonly apoE2) is essential but not sufficient to cause overt type III HLP. In fact, most apoE2 homozygotes are hypolipidemic. Studies in apoE2 transgenic models have demonstrated the impact of other genes or hormones in converting the hypolipidemia to hyperlipidemia. PARADOX II: Among apoE2 homozygotes, men are more susceptible than women to type III HLP. Transgenic studies have shown that estrogen affects both LDL receptor expression and lipolytic processing, explaining the resistance of women to this disorder until after menopause. PARADOX III: ApoE deficiency is associated with hypercholesterolemia, whereas the type III HLP phenotype is characterized by both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The hypercholesterolemia is caused by impaired receptor-mediated clearance, whereas the hypertriglyceridemia is caused primarily by impaired lipolytic processing of remnants and increased VLDL production associated with increased levels of apoE. PARADOX IV: ApoE2 is associated with recessive inheritance of this disorder, whereas other defective apoE variants are associated with dominant inheritance. Determinants of the mode of inheritance are the differential binding of apoE variants to the LDL receptor versus the HSPG/LRP complex and the preference of certain apoE variants for specific lipoproteins. Thus, the pathogenesis of this sometimes mysterious disorder has been clarified. (+info)

Martineau, C; Najyb, O; Signor, C; Rassart, É; Moreau, R (September 2016). "Apolipoprotein D deficiency is associated to high ... Identification of apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A-I". The Journal of Biological ... Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a component of HDL that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high ... "Entrez Gene: APOD apolipoprotein D". Muffat J, Walker DW (January 2010). "Apolipoprotein D: an overview of its role in aging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_D

The apolipoprotein B (apoB) 5′ UTR cis regulatory element is an RNA element located in the 5′ UTR of the human apoB mRNA. This ... Page for Apolipoprotein B (apoB) 5′ UTR cis-regulatory element at Rfam v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Pontrelli L, Sidiropoulos KG, Adeli K (June 2004). "Translational control of apolipoprotein B mRNA: regulation via cis elements ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_B_(apoB)_5′_UTR_cis-regulatory_element

... of the APOE3 gene created the E2 allele. The gene, APOE, is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1 ... "Genetic studies of human apolipoproteins. X. The effect of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on quantitative levels of ... Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. A subtype is implicated in ... Apolipoprotein E enhances proteolytic break-down of this peptide, both within and between cells. The isoform APOE-ε4 is not as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E

All members of this family are receptors for Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Therefore, they are often synonymously referred to as ' ... ApoE receptors'. ApoE occurs in 3 common isoforms (E2, E3, E4) in the human population. ApoE4 is the primary genetic risk ... Andersen OM, Benhayon D, Curran T, Willnow TE (August 2003). "Differential binding of ligands to the apolipoprotein E receptor ... Herz J, Beffert U (October 2000). "Apolipoprotein E receptors: linking brain development and Alzheimer's disease". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelin

E1 and E2 are covalently bonded when embedded in the envelope of HCV and are stabilized by disulfide bonds. E2 is globular and ... Recent research indicates that these apolipoproteins interact with scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1). SR-B1 is able to remove ... E1 serves as the fusogenic subunit and E2 acts as the receptor binding protein. E1 has 4-5 N-linked glycans and E2 has 11 N- ... In addition, E2 can shield E1 from the immune system. Although HVR1 is quite variable in amino acid sequence, this region has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus

Also, research has been put on concerning apolipoprotein E genotypes; this polymorphism has three alleles (*e2, *e3, and *e4) ... Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer's disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Americans

1992). "Site-directed mutagenesis and structure-function analysis of the human apolipoprotein A-I. Relation between lecithin- ... 1992). "Interaction of rat lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase with rat apolipoprotein A-I and with lecithin-cholesterol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin–cholesterol_acyltransferase

Maternal apolipoprotein E has also been implicated in individual variability in SLOS, although the exact nature of this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith–Lemli–Opitz_syndrome

... intronic variant is significantly associated with decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease in males carrying an apolipoprotein E ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal_axis

... the apolipoprotein E receptor type 2 (ApoER2), and the cytoplasmic adapter protein disabled 1 (Dab1). In early cortical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajal–Retzius_cell

"Hyperlipidemia in patients with apolipoprotein E 2/2 phenotype: apolipoprotein A5 S19W mutation as a cofactor". Clinical ... 107741) three allelic (E2, E3, and E4) polymorphism, in the modulation of plasma lipids. In these cases, the interaction ... Apolipoprotein A-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA5 gene on chromosome 11. It is significantly expressed in ... Yin YW, Sun QQ, Wang PJ, Qiao L, Hu AM, Liu HL, Wang Q, Hou ZZ (2014-01-01). "Genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein A5 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOA5

PDB: 1RW6; Wang Y, Ha Y (Aug 2004). "The X-ray structure of an antiparallel dimer of the human amyloid precursor protein E2 ... Barger SW, DeWall KM, Liu L, Mrak RE, Griffin WS (Aug 2008). "Relationships between expression of apolipoprotein E and beta- ... The hypothesis that APP has ferroxidase activity in its E2 domain and facilitates export of Fe(II) is possibly incorrect since ... The extracellular region, much larger than the intracellular region, is divided into the E1 and E2 domains, linked by an acidic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein

126 (4): 722-729.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.05.046. PMID 20673980. Engels, F; Kessels, G. C; Henricks, P. A; Nijkamp, F. P ( ... "Lack of macrophage fatty-acid-binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic_acid

Tognon G. Non é vero ma credici! Le bugie sulla corretta alimentazione e i consigli per scegliere alimenti di qualità (It's not ... Comparison of Apolipoprotein (apoB/apoA-I) and Lipoprotein (Total 2 Cholesterol/HDL) Ratio Determinants. Focus on Obesity, Diet ... Diet Score and Mortality Are Inversely Associated in Adults Living in the Subarctic Region Comparison of Apolipoprotein (apoB/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca_Tognon

67 (4): 423-432.e2. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.08.019. ISSN 0196-0644. PMC 4808407. PMID 26440490. Almoallim, Hani (2016). ... "Effect of Replacing Race With Apolipoprotein L1 Genotype in Calculation of Kidney Donor Risk Index". American Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_adjustment

E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (*) EC 2.3.2.25: N-terminal E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (*) EC 2.3.2.26: HECT-type E3 ... apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (*) EC 2.3.1.270: lyso-ornithine lipid O-acyltransferase (*) EC 2.3.1.271: L-glutamate-5- ... E2 NEDD8-conjugating enzyme (*) EC 2.3.2.35: capsaicin synthase (*) EC 2.3.2.36: RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (cysteine ... E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (*) EC 2.3.2.24: (E3-independent) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)

... modulates C to U editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA by interacting with apobec-1 and ACF, the apobec-1 complementation ... 2004). "Dynamic antagonism between RNA-binding protein CUGBP2 and cyclooxygenase-2-mediated prostaglandin E2 in radiation ... CUGBP2 modulates C to U editing of apolipoprotein B mRNA by interacting with apobec-1 and ACF, the apobec-1 complementation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUGBP2

... the most common cause for this form is the presence of ApoE E2/E2 genotype. It is due to cholesterol-rich VLDL (β-VLDL). Its ... The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on ... Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Apolipoprotein C-II Deficency - 207750 Yamamura T, Sudo H, Ishikawa K, Yamamoto A ( ... or altered apolipoprotein C2, resulting in elevated chylomicrons, the particles that transfer fatty acids from the digestive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia

Nahmias Y, Goldwasser J, Casali M, van Poll D, Wakita T, Chung RT, Yarmush ML (May 2008). "Apolipoprotein B-dependent hepatitis ... doi:10.1023/B:BREA.0000025397.56192.e2. ISSN 0167-6806. PMID 15111768. S2CID 24436665. Ferreira, Ricardo J; Baptista, Rafael; ... apolipoprotein B overproduction, and hyperinsulinemia in LDL receptor-null mice with diet-induced insulin resistance". Diabetes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naringenin

If estradiol (E2) levels are sufficient, NPY induces GnRH secretion. Amenorrheic women have been found to have lower serum NPY ... In an interesting position between these two alternatives, elevations in total cholesterol, LDLc, apolipoprotein B, and ... Estradiol (E2), an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone, has a cardio-protective effect. As such, ... Short-term use of transdermal estradiol E2 with cyclic oral progestin may be used for estrogen replacement. Care must be taken ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_hypothalamic_amenorrhea

... and an E2-binding site". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2): 341-6. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..341C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506618103 ... results in increased ubiquitinylation and decreased secretion of apolipoprotein B100 in HepG2 cells". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (26): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMFR

Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides ... 30 (7): 1346-1351.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022. PMC 7156161. PMID 32197085. "Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS". CBSNews. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin

45 (1): e2. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw798. PMC 5224497. PMID 27608726. Sun L, Luo H, Bu D, Zhao G, Yu K, Zhang C, Liu Y, Chen R, Zhao ... A study found that a lncRNA in the antisense direction of the Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) regulates the transcription of APOA1 ... "Regulation of the apolipoprotein gene cluster by a long noncoding RNA". Cell Reports. 6 (1): 222-230. doi:10.1016/j.celrep. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA

Study have shown that ABCA1 mediates transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to Apolipoprotein-1 and it is also ... 124 (9): 841-51.e2. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024. PMID 21854893. Paul P, Williams B, eds. (2009). "Cardiovascular, ... May 2019). "Smooth Muscle Cells Contribute the Majority of Foam Cells in ApoE (Apolipoprotein E)-Deficient Mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been shown to be an important and common factor in CNS responses. ApoE controls the redistribution ... COX-2 up-regulation in irradiated microglia cells leads to prostaglandin E2 production, which appears to be responsible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system_effects_from_radiation_exposure_during_spaceflight

MeSH D12.776.070.400.200.100 - apolipoprotein A1 MeSH D12.776.070.400.200.150 - apolipoprotein A2 See List of MeSH codes ( ... adenovirus e2 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.070 - adenovirus e3 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.045.080 - adenovirus ... adenovirus e2 proteins MeSH D12.776.964.700.045.070 - adenovirus e3 proteins MeSH D12.776.964.700.045.080 - adenovirus e4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

Mátrai Z, Andrikovics H, Szilvási A, Bors A, Kozma A, Ádám E, Halm G, Karászi É, Tordai A, Masszi T (January 2017). " ... Kim SY, Park SM, Lee ST (January 2006). "Apolipoprotein C-II is a novel substrate for matrix metalloproteinases". Biochem. ... "Activation of lipoprotein lipase by native and synthetic fragments of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... "Identification of a lipoprotein lipase cofactor-binding site by chemical cross-linking and transfer of apolipoprotein C-II- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase

A splice-variant of the E2-2 was discovered in 1997 and was found to inhibit the promoter of a muscle-specific gene. Since then ... "Identification of a non-canonical E-box motif as a regulatory element in the proximal promoter region of the apolipoprotein E ... In 1990, another E-protein, ITF-2A (later renamed E2-2Alt) was discovered that can bind to immunoglobulin light chain enhancers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-box

Apolipoprotein E transports cholesterol from astrocytes to neurons and other glial cells, regulating cell signaling in the ... and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Activated astrocytes are also a source of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), which induces pro-IL- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte

124 (9): 841-51.e2. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.04.024. PMID 21854893. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20. Sacks FM, ... apolipoproteins A-I and B, fibrinogen, white blood cell count, homocysteine, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT- ... 162 (1): 115-24.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.04.006. PMID 21742097. "Final Recommendation Statement Aspirin for the Prevention of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease

Human apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 isoform-specific transgenic mice: human-like pattern of glial and neuronal immunoreactivity ... Human apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 isoform-specific transgenic mice: human-like pattern of glial and neuronal immunoreactivity ... Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and its three major alleles (APOE2, E3, and E4) have been implicated in Alzheimers disease and other ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/pub716370

The Doctors Laboratory website uses cookies to improve your experience. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies.To find out more information, please visit our Cookie Policy page.. ...

https://www.tdlpathology.com/tests/tests-a-z/tests-a/apolipoprotein-e-genotype-e2-e3-e4/

Apolipoprotein E2 transgenic rabbits. Modulation of the type III hyperlipoproteinemic phenotype by estrogen and occurrence of ... Corbo RM, Scacchi R. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a thrifty allele?. Ann Hum Genet. ... Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1988 Jan-Feb. 8(1):1-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Smelt AH, de Beer F. Apolipoprotein E and familial dysbetalipoproteinemia: clinical, biochemical, and genetic aspects. Semin ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/126568-15920/which-medication-classes-are-used-for-management-of-hypertriglyceridemia-high-triglyceride-levels

Apolipoprotein E2 transgenic rabbits. Modulation of the type III hyperlipoproteinemic phenotype by estrogen and occurrence of ... In Black individuals, the frequency of the alleles for apolipoprotein (apo) E2 is 12%; apo E3, 65%; and apoE4, 23%; in the ... of individuals with apolipoprotein (apo) E-2 actually develop this condition. More than 90% of patients with ... The initial apolipoproteins are apolipoprotein (apo) A, which are soluble and can transfer to HDL; and apo B48, a structural ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1214018-overview

Apolipoprotein B) ELISA Kit from Gentaur Elisa Kits. Cat Number: G-EC-05817. USA, UK & Europe Distribution. ... QuicKey Pro Sheep E2 (Estradiol) ELISA Kit , G-EC-06089 MSRP: Was: ... Rat ApoB (Apolipoprotein B) ELISA Kit , G-EC-05817. Rating * Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars (average). 4 stars ... Rat ApoB (Apolipoprotein B) ELISA Kit , G-EC-05817 , Gentaur Elisa Kits ...

https://caslab.com/rat-apob-apolipoprotein-b-elisa-kit-g-ec-05817/

Apolipoprotein E. E3 is the normal/neutral form; E2 and E4 are variants. ... APOE is a gene that comes in a normal or neutral form (allele), known as E3, and two variants, E2 and E4, which have been ... 1995). "Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimers disease: Ethnic variation in genotypic risks." Annals of Neurology, 37(2), 254-259. ... 2011). "Apolipoprotein E4 prevalence in Alzheimers disease patients varies across global populations: A systematic literature ...

https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/racial-ethnic-disparities-alzheimers-disease-literature-review-0

ApoE2 Apolipoprotein E2. IL Interleukin. LDL Low-density lipoprotein. LPS Lipopolysaccharide. PCSK9 Proprotein convertase ... Apolipoprotein E mediates uptake of Sf 100-400 hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoproteins by the low density ... Apolipoprotein E interrupts interleukin-1beta signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27 ... Apolipoprotein E induces antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:1160-8. ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-746511/v1

... hyperlipidemia and acute pancreatitis with underlying partial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and apolipoprotein E3/E2 genotype ...

https://www.koreamed.org/SearchBasic.php?QY=%28%22Moh+IH%22%5BAU%5D%29

We previously found that 17β-estradiol (E2) stimulates apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) gene expression in the nucleus of the ... E2 regulates apoA-IV gene expression through its nuclear receptor α (ERα), which requires co-activators, such as steroid ... steroid receptor coactivator-1 in the nucleus of the solitary tract reduces estrogenic effects on feeding and apolipoprotein A- ...

https://www.jbc.org/Metabolism?startPage=&KeywordRaw=energy%20metabolism

Mouse monoclonal Apolipoprotein E antibody [D6E10] - BSA and Azide free. Validated in IHC and tested in Human. Cited in 50 ... Anti-Apolipoprotein E antibody [D6E10] recognizes the E2, E3 and E4 isoforms of apolipoprotein E. It was raised against a ... Anti-Apolipoprotein E antibody [D6E10] - BSA and Azide free. See all Apolipoprotein E primary antibodies. ... Anti-Apolipoprotein E antibody Concentration or dilution 1/500 Diluent buffer 1% BSA in PBS/Tween Incubation time 1,5h ...

https://www.abcam.com/apolipoprotein-e-antibody-d6e10-bsa-and-azide-free-ab1906.html?

1 for E2/E2, E2/E3, E3/E3 - low risk; 2 for E2/E4, E3/E4 - medium risk; 3 for E4/E4 - high risk (Farrer et al., 1997)). The ... Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: pathobiology and targeting strategies. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 15, 501-518. ... 1 for E2/E2, E2/E3, E3/E3 - low risk; 2 for E2/E4, E3/E4 - medium risk; 3 for E4/E4 - high risk). ... Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis ...

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.26.21262325v1.full

Distinct pro-inflammatory properties of myeloid cell-derived apolipoprotein E2 and E4 in atherosclerosis promotion. The Journal ... Effect of Apolipoprotein E ?4 Allele on the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis Through Apolipoprotein Levels. ... Synergism between apolipoprotein E ?4 allele and paraoxonase (PON1) 55-M allele is associated with risk of systemic lupus ... Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences 2022 Aug ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Atherosclerosis+and+APOE&Mysubmit=Search

The APOE gene provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. Learn about this gene and related health ... Most people with this disorder have two copies of the APOE e2 allele, leading researchers to conclude that the e2 allele plays ... Variants of apolipoprotein E have been studied extensively as risk factors for many different conditions. For example, APOE ... The APOE e2 allele has been shown to greatly increase the risk of a rare condition called hyperlipoproteinemia type III. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/apoe/

Of those, 136 are categorized as amino acids, peptides, and proteins (D12). Many descriptors for apolipoproteins, interleukin ... Schulman J. Whats New for 2007 MeSH®. 2006 Nov-Dec; (353):e2. Available on the Internet: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/Overview2007.htm

Apolipoprotein E2 13% * Amyloid 12% * Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8% 22 Scopus citations ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/clifford-r-jr-jack/publications/?ordering=type&descending=false&page=14

M. Tjepkema, R. Wilkins, S. Senécal, É. Guimond, C. Penney. (Includes podcast with M. Tjepkema, Senior Research Analyst at ... A05: Cardiovascular Risk According to Plasma Apolipoprotein and Lipid Profiles in a Canadian First Nation ...

https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/jan/toc.htm

Apo E-2 Apo E2 ApoE2 Apolipoprotein E 2 Apolipoprotein E epsilon2 Apolipoprotein E-2 Apolipoprotein E-epsilon2 ... Apo E-2. Apo E2. ApoE2. Apolipoprotein E 2. Apolipoprotein E epsilon2. Apolipoprotein E-2. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon2. ... Apolipoproteins E (1984-2006). Public MeSH Note:. 2007; APOLIPOPROTEIN E-2 was indexed under APOLIPOPROTEINS E 1985-2006 & ... Apolipoprotein E2 - Preferred Concept UI. M0119983. Scope note. One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=52266

Apolipoprotein E2 transgenic rabbits. Modulation of the type III hyperlipoproteinemic phenotype by estrogen and occurrence of ... 46] However, apo E genotyping or phenotyping can be used to determine if the patient is homozygous for apo E-2, but this ... Corbo RM, Scacchi R. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a thrifty allele?. Ann Hum Genet. ... Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis. 1988 Jan-Feb. 8(1):1-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/126568-15854/which-test-results-may-predict-cardiovascular-events-in-patients-with-hypertriglyceridemia-high-triglyceride-levels

Possible association with apolipoprotein E2 isoform. Ma, Y., Ooi, T. C., Liu, M. S., Zhang, H., McPherson, R., Edwards, A. L., ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2011&publicationYear=2012&publicationYear=2015&publicationYear=2018&format=&nofollow=true&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=true&page=892

... is utilized to identify the 3 most common apolipoprotein E alleles (e2, e3, e4). ... Determining the specific apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. ...

https://mlabs.umich.edu/tests/apolipoprotein-e-genotyping

Intra-population differences of apolipoproteins in the aqueous humor. Patel, P. A., Lee, T. J., Kodeboyina, S. K., Jones, G., ... Council on Scientific Affairs, Aug 2021, In: Journal of the American Dental Association. 152, 8, p. 669-670.e2. Research output ...

https://augusta.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/?showAdvanced=false&allConcepts=true&inferConcepts=true&publicationYear=2011&publicationYear=2013&publicationYear=2014&publicationYear=2015&publicationYear=2017&publicationYear=2018&publicationYear=2019&publicationYear=2020&format=&ordering=publicationYearThenTitle&descending=false&nofollow=true&page=991

Apolipoprotein E gene E2/E2 genotype is a genetic risk factor for vertebral fractures in humans: a large-scale study.. Zhang, ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/related/es/mdl-24880936

Haptoglobin interacts with apolipoprotein e and Beta-amyloid and influences their crosstalk. / Piccoli, Tommaso; Cupidi, Chiara ... Haptoglobin interacts with apolipoprotein e and Beta-amyloid and influences their crosstalk. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2014;9: ... Haptoglobin interacts with apolipoprotein e and Beta-amyloid and influences their crosstalk. In: ACS Chemical Neuroscience. ... Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) represents a critical player in beta-amyloid homeostasis, but its role in disease progression is ...

https://pure.unipa.it/it/publications/haptoglobin-interacts-with-apolipoprotein-e-and-beta-amyloid-and--3

Effect of Replacing Race With Apolipoprotein L1 Genotype in Calculation of Kidney Donor Risk Index Journal Club. April 21, 2017 ...

https://www.myast.org/fellows-2022/transplant-adverse-event-%E2%80%9Cthorough-analysis%E2%80%9D-fqapi-webinar-series

Apolipoprotein E2, APOE 2, APOE-2, APOE2, Apolipoprotein E, AD2 Host: Rabbit Antibody Type: Polyclonal Isotype: Rabbit... ...

https://enigmadiagnostics.com/anti-sema3g-antibody-gentaur/

Genetic factors contributing to the expression of type III HLP were investigated in 113 hyper- and 52 normolipidemic E2/2 ... was significantly higher in type III HLP patients when compared with normolipidemic E2/2 subjects, 15.6 vs 6.9% and 15.1 vs 5.8 ... is mainly found in homozygous apolipoprotein (APO) E2 (R158C) carriers. ... Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alleles, Apolipoprotein A-V, Apolipoprotein C-III, Apolipoproteins A, Blood Glucose, ...

https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/publications/914543

Out of 217 subjects, apo E genotype frequencies were 5.5 per cent for E2/E2, 12.4 per cent for E2/E3, 81.1 per cent for E3/E3 ... This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation to serum lipids in 217 ... Correlation of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism to serum lipid concentrations in healthy Thais. ... Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Rajatanavin R, Piaseu N, Chailurkit LO, Puavilai G. Correlation of apolipoprotein E ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/39303

Posttransplant proteinuria due to Apolipoprotein E2 deposition in a kidney allograft. American journal of transplantation : ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Focal+Segmental+Glomerulosclerosis&Mysubmit=Search&dbTypeChoice=Rare

Anti-ApoE2 Antibody Antibody Target : ApoE2 Alternate Name: Apolipoprotein E2, APOE 2, APOE-2, APOE2, Apolipoprotein E, AD2 ... ApoE exists in three major isoforms; E2, E3, and E4, which differ from one another by a single amino-acid substitution. E3 is ... Rabbit Anti-EEEV E2 Gp pAb Catalog #: 0318-001 Size: 100 ug Applications: ELISA, WB Clonality: Polyclonal... ... Rabbit Anti WEEV E2 GP pAb Catalog #: 0319-001 Size: 100 ug Applications: ELISA, WB Clonality: Polyclonal... ...

https://immunetics.com/anti-apoe3-antibody-gentaur/

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and its three major alleles (APOE2, E3, and E4) have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. (duke.edu)
Corbo RM, Scacchi R. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. (medscape.com)
The APOE gene provides instructions for making a protein called apolipoprotein E. This protein combines with fats (lipids) in the body to form molecules called lipoproteins. (medlineplus.gov)
It is thought that the apolipoprotein E produced from the e4 allele of the APOE gene may disrupt the transport of a protein called alpha-synuclein into and out of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
The APOE e2 allele has been shown to greatly increase the risk of a rare condition called hyperlipoproteinemia type III. (medlineplus.gov)
Most people with this disorder have two copies of the APOE e2 allele, leading researchers to conclude that the e2 allele plays a critical role in the development of the condition. (medlineplus.gov)
Determining the specific apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. (umich.edu)
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) represents a critical player in beta-amyloid homeostasis, but its role in disease progression is controversial. (unipa.it)
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) regulates cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism, and may mediate synaptogenesis during neurodevelopment. (cdc.gov)
These results suggest that subjects with the E4 isoform of APOE may have advantages over those with the E2 or E3 isoforms with respect to early life neuronal/brain development. (cdc.gov)
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. (openstax.org)
APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. (acrobiosystems.com)
The APOE gene makes the protein Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) which is involved in the production, delivery, and utilization of cholesterol in the body. (biomedprofile.com)
While APOE e2 seems to reduce one's risk, APOEe3 appears to have no effect in terms of being a risk factor, but APOE e4 increases one's chances of getting Alzheimer's. (youthfulaginghomecare.com)
Simple lipid profiles do not provide adequate information for detailed diagnosis and additional assays such as apolipoprotein (apo)B 100 , apoE genotype and next-generation sequencing may be useful. (bmj.com)
There are three common variants (alleles) of APOE , known as e2 , e3 and e4 . (didyouknowdna.com)
molecular mechanisms of action.Atherosclerosis induced by feeding the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) -deficient mice a high-fat diet. (ikb-a.com)
Unfortunately, the sample size decreased when patients were stratified based on their ApoE genotypes, and as a result only a trend between statin use and Apo E2/E4 and E4/E4 was observed on formal testing for the interaction. (heart.org)

Apolipoprotein E gene E2/E2 genotype is a genetic risk factor for vertebral fractures in humans: a large-scale study. (bvsalud.org)
This study determined the genotype distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene and its relation to serum lipids in 217 healthy Thais consisting of 79 males and 138 females. (who.int)
Out of 217 subjects, apo E genotype frequencies were 5.5 per cent for E2/E2, 12.4 per cent for E2/E3, 81.1 per cent for E3/E3 and 0.9 per cent for E4/E4. (who.int)
Apolipoprotein E genotype predicts 24-month Bayley Scales infant development score. (cdc.gov)

The major alleles are called e2, e3, and e4. (medlineplus.gov)
A PCR-based assay, which includes HhaI digestion of the amplified product, is utilized to identify the 3 most common apolipoprotein E alleles (e2, e3, e4). (umich.edu)
This gene has three possible alleles, E2, E3 and E4. (openstax.org)
Excessive alcohol intake, high-calorie diets and smoking should be restricted in individuals with the Apo E2 and/or E4 alleles, which are associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease. (cput.ac.za)

The strongest genetic risk factor is the presence of the epsilon4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene, which encodes a protein that has a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism. (lidsen.com)
He will always be remembered for his discovery that the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene is the major risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease. (alzforum.org)

E2 allele increases likelihood of having Alzheimer's. (openstax.org)
2016. Intracerebral adeno-associated virus gene delivery of apolipoprotein E2 markedly reduces brain amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. . (cornell.edu)
The e4 variant is linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's, whereas e3 appears to have no effect and e2 may even offer protection against the disorder. (healthmedicinet.com)

Anti-Apolipoprotein E antibody [D6E10] recognizes the E2, E3 and E4 isoforms of apolipoprotein E. It was raised against a peptide sequence corresponding to aa 141-160 of human Apo-E. (abcam.com)
One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. (bvsalud.org)

Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. (medscape.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Correlation of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism to serum lipid concentrations in healthy Thais. (who.int)
Chanprasertyothin S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Rajatanavin R, Piaseu N, Chailurkit LO, Puavilai G. Correlation of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism to serum lipid concentrations in healthy Thais. (who.int)
A statistically significant association was observed between the E2 allele of the apolipoprotein E (Apo E) polymorphism and an increasing number of metabolic syndrome features (p = 0.03). (cput.ac.za)

A person receives a version of the APO gene, a protein scientifically named apolipoprotein E, from each parent when they are conceived. (healthmedicinet.com)
There are three types of the protein: e2, e3 and e4. (healthmedicinet.com)
Activation of CREB Protein With Tabersonine Attenuates STAT3 During Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. (ikb-a.com)

Smelt AH, de Beer F. Apolipoprotein E and familial dysbetalipoproteinemia: clinical, biochemical, and genetic aspects. (medscape.com)
It can occur as a sporadic disorder, in association with Alzheimer disease, or with certain familial syndromes (apolipoprotein E2 and E4 allele). (neupsykey.com)
The genetic causes of hypertriglyceridaemia range from familial combined hyperlipidaemia through the autosomal recessive remnant hyperlipidaemia (related to apolipoprotein E variants) and familial chylomicronaemia syndromes. (bmj.com)

Effect of Apolipoprotein E ?4 Allele on the Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis Through Apolipoprotein Levels. (cdc.gov)
Distinct pro-inflammatory properties of myeloid cell-derived apolipoprotein E2 and E4 in atherosclerosis promotion. (cdc.gov)

Variants of apolipoprotein E have been studied extensively as risk factors for many different conditions. (medlineplus.gov)

Mahley RW, Rall SC Jr. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): the role of apolipoprotein E in normal and abnormal metabolism. (medscape.com)
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is mainly found in homozygous apolipoprotein (APO) E2 (R158C) carriers. (ox.ac.uk)

Human apolipoprotein E2, E3, and E4 isoform-specific transgenic mice: human-like pattern of glial and neuronal immunoreactivity in central nervous system not observed in wild-type mice. (duke.edu)
Apolipoprotein E2 transgenic rabbits. (medscape.com)

Enterocytes secrete chylomicron (CM) particles containing a short form (48%) of apolipoprotein (apo) B (apoB 48 ), while hepatocytes secrete very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) with full length apoB (apoB 100 ). (bmj.com)

Genetic factors contributing to the expression of type III HLP were investigated in 113 hyper- and 52 normolipidemic E2/2 subjects, by testing for polymorphisms in APOC3, APOA5, HL (hepatic lipase) and LPL (lipoprotein lipase) genes. (ox.ac.uk)

This gene encodes apolipoprotein E, which is involved in transporting fats, neuronal growth, nerve regeneration, immunoregulation and injury repair in the central nervous system. (didyouknowdna.com)

One study 1 showed that in men with the E3/4 and E3/3 genotypes, there was a positive effect on HDL cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio, which was even more pronounced with the E2/3 genotypes. (biomedprofile.com)
Another study 2 on the correlation between Cardiovascular fitness and Apo E genotypes concluded that the overall lipid profiles of Apo E3 men and women appear to be affected more by increased Cardiovascular fitness than those of Apo E2 and Apo E4 men and women. (biomedprofile.com)

Mean (SD) MDI scores among carriers with at least one copy of APOE4 were 94.1 (14.3) and among E3/E2 carriers were 91.2 (14.0). (cdc.gov)
Around 75 per cent of people have the e2 or e3 of the APO gene, while 20 per cent have one copy of APOE4 - the dementia gene. (healthmedicinet.com)
According to prior studies, HC is inversely related to the risk of ICH, and Apolipoprotein (Apo) E2 and ApoE4 are associated with a higher risk of lobar ICH compared with the more common E3 allele (wild type). (heart.org)

2012. Emergence of a seizure phenotype in aged apolipoprotein epsilon 4 targeted replacement mice. . (cornell.edu)

E2 (carried by about 13% of Caucasians) is associated with lower levels of cholesterol while E4 (carried by about 30% of Africans and African Americans) is associated with higher levels of cholesterol. (biomedprofile.com)

Zhang SH, Reddick RL, Piedrahita JA, Maeda N. Spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and arterial lesions in mice lacking apolipoprotein E. Science . (medscape.com)

Blood pressure, serum lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and anthropometric parameters were recorded. (vitamindwiki.com)

and (3) Statins were associated with an increased risk of lobar ICH in patients with Apo E4/E4, and Apo E2/E4, as compared to Apo E3/E3 controls, but not in non-lobar hemorrhage. (heart.org)

Around 75 per cent of people have the e2 or e3 varieties, while 20 per cent have one copy of e4 and between 3 and 5 per cent of people have two copies. (healthmedicinet.com)

Many descriptors for apolipoproteins , interleukin receptors, and many specific keratins were added. (bvs.br)
Lipoprotein(a) and HIV: Allele-Specific Apolipoprotein(a) Levels Predict Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in HIV-Infected Young Women in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. (ucdavis.edu)

Apolipoprotein E in Cardiometabolic and Neurological Health and Diseases. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy25

Organisms8

Diseases35

Chemicals and Drugs99

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Psychiatry and Psychology8

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care12

Apo E phenotype and changes in serum lipids in adult patients during growth hormone replacement. (1/187)

Binding of beta-VLDL to heparan sulfate proteoglycans requires lipoprotein lipase, whereas ApoE only modulates binding affinity. (2/187)

Apo E structure determines VLDL clearance and atherosclerosis risk in mice. (3/187)

Apolipoprotein E2/E5 variants in lipoprotein glomerulopathy recurred in transplanted kidney. (4/187)

A novel apolipoprotein E mutation, E2 (Arg25Cys), in lipoprotein glomerulopathy. (5/187)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related hemorrhage. Interaction of APOE epsilon2 with putative clinical risk factors. (6/187)

Independent effects of Apo E phenotype and plasma triglyceride on lipoprotein particle sizes in the fasting and postprandial states. (7/187)

Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia). Questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. (8/187)

Apolipoproteins E

Apolipoprotein E4

Apolipoprotein E3

Apolipoprotein E2

Apolipoprotein A-I

Apolipoprotein B-100

Apolipoproteins B

Apolipoproteins

Apolipoprotein C-III

Apolipoprotein C-I

Apolipoprotein A-II

Apolipoprotein C-II

Apolipoproteins A

Apolipoprotein B-48

Cholesterol

Apolipoproteins C

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins, HDL

Receptors, LDL

Alzheimer Disease

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III

Triglycerides

Genotype

Lipids

Atherosclerosis

Alleles

Arteriosclerosis

Mice, Knockout

Apoprotein(a)

Lipoproteins, LDL

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Receptors, Lipoprotein

Polymorphism, Genetic

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Lipoprotein(a)

LDL-Receptor Related Proteins

Apolipoproteins D

Cholesterol, HDL

Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1

Liver

Hyperlipidemias

Amyloid beta-Peptides

Cholesterol, LDL

Lipid Metabolism

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1

Gene Frequency

Aorta

Chylomicrons

Diet, Atherogenic

Hypercholesterolemia

Mice, Transgenic

Lipoprotein Lipase

Cholesterol Esters

Cholesterol, VLDL

Heterozygote

Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase

Phenotype

Isoelectric Focusing

RNA, Messenger

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II

Macrophages

Hypertriglyceridemia

Lipoproteins, IDL

Molecular Sequence Data

Hypolipoproteinemias

Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Homozygote

Disease Models, Animal

Aortic Diseases

Brain

Dietary Fats

Base Sequence

Cells, Cultured

Cholesterol, Dietary

Foam Cells

Clusterin

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type V

Protein Isoforms