Apolipoprotein a ii. Medical search

The most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. This protein serves as an acceptor for CHOLESTEROL released from cells thus promoting efflux of cholesterol to HDL then to the LIVER for excretion from the body (reverse cholesterol transport). It also acts as a cofactor for LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that forms CHOLESTEROL ESTERS on the HDL particles. Mutations of this gene APOA1 cause HDL deficiency, such as in FAMILIAL ALPHA LIPOPROTEIN DEFICIENCY DISEASE and in some patients with TANGIER DISEASE.

A class of protein components which can be found in several lipoproteins including HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and CHYLOMICRONS. Synthesized in most organs, Apo E is important in the global transport of lipids and cholesterol throughout the body. Apo E is also a ligand for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) that mediates the binding, internalization, and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in cells. There are several allelic isoforms (such as E2, E3, and E4). Deficiency or defects in Apo E are causes of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

A 513-kDa protein synthesized in the LIVER. It serves as the major structural protein of low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). It is the ligand for the LDL receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL) that promotes cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles.

Major structural proteins of triacylglycerol-rich LIPOPROTEINS. There are two forms, apolipoprotein B-100 and apolipoprotein B-48, both derived from a single gene. ApoB-100 expressed in the liver is found in low-density lipoproteins (LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; LIPOPROTEINS, VLDL). ApoB-48 expressed in the intestine is found in CHYLOMICRONS. They are important in the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins. Plasma Apo-B levels are high in atherosclerotic patients but non-detectable in ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

A major and the second most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E4 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at only one residue 112 (cysteine is replaced by arginine), and exhibits a lower resistance to denaturation and greater propensity to form folded intermediates. Apo E4 is a risk factor for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.

A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS. Apo C-III, synthesized in the liver, is an inhibitor of LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. Apo C-III modulates the binding of chylomicron remnants and VLDL to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) thus decreases the uptake of triglyceride-rich particles by the liver cells and subsequent degradation. The normal Apo C-III is glycosylated. There are several polymorphic forms with varying amounts of SIALIC ACID (Apo C-III-0, Apo C-III-1, and Apo C-III-2).

The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex. ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism.

Protein components on the surface of LIPOPROTEINS. They form a layer surrounding the hydrophobic lipid core. There are several classes of apolipoproteins with each playing a different role in lipid transport and LIPID METABOLISM. These proteins are synthesized mainly in the LIVER and the INTESTINES.

A 9-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. It contains a cofactor for LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE and activates several triacylglycerol lipases. The association of Apo C-II with plasma CHYLOMICRONS; VLDL, and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS is reversible and changes rapidly as a function of triglyceride metabolism. Clinically, Apo C-II deficiency is similar to lipoprotein lipase deficiency (HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I) and is therefore called hyperlipoproteinemia type IB.

Structural proteins of the alpha-lipoproteins (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS), including APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I and APOLIPOPROTEIN A-II. They can modulate the activity of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. These apolipoproteins are low in atherosclerotic patients. They are either absent or present in extremely low plasma concentration in TANGIER DISEASE.

A 241-kDa protein synthesized only in the INTESTINES. It serves as a structural protein of CHYLOMICRONS. Its exclusive association with chylomicron particles provides an indicator of intestinally derived lipoproteins in circulation. Apo B-48 is a shortened form of apo B-100 and lacks the LDL-receptor region.

One of three major isoforms of apolipoprotein E. In humans, Apo E2 differs from APOLIPOPROTEIN E3 at one residue 158 where arginine is replaced by cysteine (R158--C). In contrast to Apo E3, Apo E2 displays extremely low binding affinity for LDL receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL) which mediate the internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles in liver cells. ApoE2 allelic homozygosity is associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III.

A 6.6-kDa protein component of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Apo C-I displaces APO E from lipoproteins, modulate their binding to receptors (RECEPTORS, LDL), and thereby decrease their clearance from plasma. Elevated Apo C-I levels are associated with HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA and ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

A group of apolipoproteins that can readily exchange among the various classes of lipoproteins (HDL; VLDL; CHYLOMICRONS). After lipolysis of TRIGLYCERIDES on VLDL and chylomicrons, Apo-C proteins are normally transferred to HDL. The subtypes can modulate remnant binding to receptors, LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE, or LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (4-13 nm) and dense (greater than 1.063 g/ml) particles. HDL lipoproteins, synthesized in the liver without a lipid core, accumulate cholesterol esters from peripheral tissues and transport them to the liver for re-utilization or elimination from the body (the reverse cholesterol transport). Their major protein component is APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I. HDL also shuttle APOLIPOPROTEINS C and APOLIPOPROTEINS E to and from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins during their catabolism. HDL plasma level has been inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A large and highly glycosylated protein constituent of LIPOPROTEIN (A). It has very little affinity for lipids but forms disulfide-linkage to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100. Apoprotein(a) has SERINE PROTEINASE activity and can be of varying sizes from 400- to 800-kDa. It is homologous to PLASMINOGEN and is known to modulate THROMBOSIS and FIBRINOLYSIS.

The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

Lipid-protein complexes involved in the transportation and metabolism of lipids in the body. They are spherical particles consisting of a hydrophobic core of TRIGLYCERIDES and CHOLESTEROL ESTERS surrounded by a layer of hydrophilic free CHOLESTEROL; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; and APOLIPOPROTEINS. Lipoproteins are classified by their varying buoyant density and sizes.

A class of lipoproteins of very light (0.93-1.006 g/ml) large size (30-80 nm) particles with a core composed mainly of TRIGLYCERIDES and a surface monolayer of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL into which are imbedded the apolipoproteins B, E, and C. VLDL facilitates the transport of endogenously made triglycerides to extrahepatic tissues. As triglycerides and Apo C are removed, VLDL is converted to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS from which cholesterol is delivered to the extrahepatic tissues.

A lipoprotein that resembles the LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS but with an extra protein moiety, APOPROTEIN (A) also known as APOLIPOPROTEIN (A), linked to APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100 on the LDL by one or two disulfide bonds. High plasma level of lipoprotein (a) is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

A glycoprotein component of HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS that transports small hydrophobic ligands including CHOLESTEROL and STEROLS. It occurs in the macromolecular complex with LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE. Apo D is expressed in and secreted from a variety of tissues such as liver, placenta, brain tissue and others.

A class of lipoproteins of small size (18-25 nm) and light (1.019-1.063 g/ml) particles with a core composed mainly of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and smaller amounts of TRIGLYCERIDES. The surface monolayer consists mostly of PHOSPHOLIPIDS, a single copy of APOLIPOPROTEIN B-100, and free cholesterol molecules. The main LDL function is to transport cholesterol and cholesterol esters to extrahepatic tissues.

A generic term for fats and lipoids, the alcohol-ether-soluble constituents of protoplasm, which are insoluble in water. They comprise the fats, fatty oils, essential oils, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids, sulfolipids, aminolipids, chromolipids (lipochromes), and fatty acids. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Receptors on the plasma membrane of nonhepatic cells that specifically bind LDL. The receptors are localized in specialized regions called coated pits. Hypercholesteremia is caused by an allelic genetic defect of three types: 1, receptors do not bind to LDL; 2, there is reduced binding of LDL; and 3, there is normal binding but no internalization of LDL. In consequence, entry of cholesterol esters into the cell is impaired and the intracellular feedback by cholesterol on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase is lacking.

A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An enzyme secreted from the liver into the plasma of many mammalian species. It catalyzes the esterification of the hydroxyl group of lipoprotein cholesterol by the transfer of a fatty acid from the C-2 position of lecithin. In familial lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency disease, the absence of the enzyme results in an excess of unesterified cholesterol in plasma. EC 2.3.1.43.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to low density lipoproteins (LDL), including CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and free cholesterol.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A superfamily of large integral ATP-binding cassette membrane proteins whose expression pattern is consistent with a role in lipid (cholesterol) efflux. It is implicated in TANGIER DISEASE characterized by accumulation of cholesteryl ester in various tissues.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL or broad-beta-lipoprotein). IDL has a CHOLESTEROL to TRIGLYCERIDES ratio greater than that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. This disorder is due to mutation of APOLIPOPROTEINS E, a receptor-binding component of VLDL and CHYLOMICRONS, resulting in their reduced clearance and high plasma levels of both cholesterol and triglycerides.

Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.

Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.

Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins); BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low-density lipoproteins); and PREBETA-LIPOPROTEINS (very-low-density lipoproteins).

A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES from the SMALL INTESTINE to the tissues. Their density (0.93-1.006 g/ml) is the same as that of VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Cell surface proteins that bind lipoproteins with high affinity. Lipoprotein receptors in the liver and peripheral tissues mediate the regulation of plasma and cellular cholesterol metabolism and concentration. The receptors generally recognize the apolipoproteins of the lipoprotein complex, and binding is often a trigger for endocytosis.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.

Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis.

A mixture of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), particularly the triglyceride-poor VLDL, with slow diffuse electrophoretic mobilities in the beta and alpha2 regions which are similar to that of beta-lipoproteins (LDL) or alpha-lipoproteins (HDL). They can be intermediate (remnant) lipoproteins in the de-lipidation process, or remnants of mutant CHYLOMICRONS and VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS which cannot be metabolized completely as seen in FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34.

A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).

A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.

Cholesterol which is contained in or bound to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High circulating levels of VLDL cholesterol are found in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE IIB. The cholesterol on the VLDL is eventually delivered by LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS to the tissues after the catabolism of VLDL to INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS, then to LDL.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Triple-looped protein domains linked by disulfide bonds. These common structural domains, so-named for their resemblance to Danish pastries known as kringlers, play a role in binding membranes, proteins, and phospholipids as well as in regulating proteolysis. Kringles are also present in coagulation-related and fibrinolytic proteins and other plasma proteinases.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS involved in cellular cholesterol removal (reverse-cholesterol transport). It is characterized by near absence of ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS (high-density lipoproteins) in blood. The massive tissue deposition of cholesterol esters results in HEPATOMEGALY; SPLENOMEGALY; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; large orange tonsils; and often sensory POLYNEUROPATHY. The disorder was first found among inhabitants of Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay, MD.

A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

A family of MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that require ATP hydrolysis for the transport of substrates across membranes. The protein family derives its name from the ATP-binding domain found on the protein.

A highly dense subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes below 7 nm. They are also known as nascent HDL, composed of a few APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I molecules which are complexed with PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The lipid-poor pre-beta-HDL particles serve as progenitors of HDL3 and then HDL2 after absorption of free cholesterol from cell membranes, cholesterol esterification, and acquisition of apolipoproteins A-II, Cs, and E. Pre-beta-HDL initiate the reverse cholesterol transport process from cells to liver.

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins that bind to and transfer CHOLESTEROL ESTERS between LIPOPROTEINS such as LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS and HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

A hypertriglyceridemia disorder, often with autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by the persistent elevations of plasma TRIGLYCERIDES, endogenously synthesized and contained predominantly in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins). In contrast, the plasma CHOLESTEROL and PHOSPHOLIPIDS usually remain within normal limits.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.

Cholesterol present in food, especially in animal products.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.

Intermediate-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 7 to 8 nm. As the larger lighter HDL2 lipoprotein, HDL3 lipoprotein is lipid-rich.

Relating to the size of solids.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).

Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A LDL-receptor related protein involved in clearance of chylomicron remnants and of activated ALPHA-MACROGLOBULINS from plasma.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Chemical analysis based on the phenomenon whereby light, passing through a medium with dispersed particles of a different refractive index from that of the medium, is attenuated in intensity by scattering. In turbidimetry, the intensity of light transmitted through the medium, the unscattered light, is measured. In nephelometry, the intensity of the scattered light is measured, usually, but not necessarily, at right angles to the incident light beam.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.

A family of proteins that share sequence similarity with the low density lipoprotein receptor (RECEPTORS, LDL).

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Diseases in which there is a familial pattern of AMYLOIDOSIS.

An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed)

An ACUTE PHASE REACTION protein present in low concentrations in normal sera, but found at higher concentrations in sera of older persons and in patients with AMYLOIDOSIS. It is the circulating precusor of amyloid A protein, which is found deposited in AA type AMYLOID FIBRILS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

An enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an aryl-dialkyl phosphate to form dialkyl phosphate and an aryl alcohol. It can hydrolyze a broad spectrum of organophosphate substrates and a number of aromatic carboxylic acid esters. It may also mediate an enzymatic protection of LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS against oxidative modification and the consequent series of events leading to ATHEROMA formation. The enzyme was previously regarded to be identical with Arylesterase (EC 3.1.1.2).

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Peptides generated from AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES PRECURSOR. An amyloid fibrillar form of these peptides is the major component of amyloid plaques found in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and in aged individuals with trisomy 21 (DOWN SYNDROME). The peptide is found predominantly in the nervous system, but there have been reports of its presence in non-neural tissue.

A family of scavenger receptors that are predominately localized to CAVEOLAE of the PLASMA MEMBRANE and bind HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS.

Substances used to lower plasma CHOLESTEROL levels.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Substances that lower the levels of certain LIPIDS in the BLOOD. They are used to treat HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.

A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES contained in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with DIABETES MELLITUS and is not caused by reduced LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE activity as in HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE I .

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Lesions formed within the walls of ARTERIES.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium.

An autosomal dominant disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutations of APOLIPOPROTEINS B, main components of CHYLOMICRONS and BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include abnormally low LDL, normal triglyceride level, and dietary fat malabsorption.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cholesterol esters by the direct transfer of the fatty acid group from a fatty acyl CoA derivative. This enzyme has been found in the adrenal gland, gonads, liver, intestinal mucosa, and aorta of many mammalian species. EC 2.3.1.26.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The time frame after a meal or FOOD INTAKE.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The interstitial fluid that is in the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The first and largest artery branching from the aortic arch. It distributes blood to the right side of the head and neck and to the right arm.

An antilipemic agent which reduces both CHOLESTEROL and TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.

A diverse family of extracellular proteins that bind to small hydrophobic molecules. They were originally characterized as transport proteins, however they may have additional roles such as taking part in the formation of macromolecular complexes with other proteins and binding to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

A ubiquitous family of proteins that transport PHOSPHOLIPIDS such as PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL and PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE between membranes. They play an important role in phospholipid metabolism during vesicular transport and SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.

Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.

A large group of structurally diverse cell surface receptors that mediate endocytic uptake of modified LIPOPROTEINS. Scavenger receptors are expressed by MYELOID CELLS and some ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, and were originally characterized based on their ability to bind acetylated LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. They can also bind a variety of other polyanionic ligand. Certain scavenger receptors can internalize micro-organisms as well as apoptotic cells.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

An autosomal recessively inherited disorder caused by mutation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE that facilitates the esterification of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent removal from peripheral tissues to the liver. This defect results in low HDL-cholesterol level in blood and accumulation of free cholesterol in tissue leading to a triad of CORNEAL OPACITY, hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC), and PROTEINURIA.

Abstaining from all food.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Mononuclear phagocytes derived from bone marrow precursors but resident in the peritoneum.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

Metabolic products of chylomicron particles in which TRIGLYCERIDES have been selectively removed by the LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE. These remnants carry dietary lipids in the blood and are cholesterol-rich. Their interactions with MACROPHAGES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; and SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS in the artery wall can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

An inherited condition due to a deficiency of either LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE or APOLIPOPROTEIN C-II (a lipase-activating protein). The lack of lipase activities results in inability to remove CHYLOMICRONS and TRIGLYCERIDES from the blood which has a creamy top layer after standing.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The dilatation of the aortic wall behind each of the cusps of the aortic valve.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.

Low-density subclass of the high-density lipoproteins, with particle sizes between 8 to 13 nm.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.

A fibrous protein complex that consists of proteins folded into a specific cross beta-pleated sheet structure. This fibrillar structure has been found as an alternative folding pattern for a variety of functional proteins. Deposits of amyloid in the form of AMYLOID PLAQUES are associated with a variety of degenerative diseases. The amyloid structure has also been found in a number of functional proteins that are unrelated to disease.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes.

A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

A subfamily of nuclear receptors that regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a diverse group of GENES involved in the synthesis of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and in GLUCOSE; CHOLESTEROL; and FATTY ACIDS metabolism.

7-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.

Cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule present on activated endothelial cells, tissue macrophages, dendritic cells, bone marrow fibroblasts, myoblasts, and myotubes. It is important for the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, p154)

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.

A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.

Vitamin A is linked to the expression of the AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in familial combined hyperlipidemia. (1/471)

There is growing evidence of the capacity of vitamin A to regulate the expression of the genetic region that encodes apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, C-III, and A-IV. This region in turn has been proposed to modulate the expression of hyperlipidemia in the commonest genetic form of dyslipidemia, familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). The hypothesis tested here was whether vitamin A (retinol), by controlling the expression of the AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster, plays a role in modulating the hyperlipidemic phenotype in FCHL. We approached the subject by studying three genetic variants of this region: a C1100-T transition in exon 3 of the apoC-III gene, a G3206-T transversion in exon 4 of the apoC-III gene, and a G-75-A substitution in the promoter region of the apoA-I gene. The association between plasma vitamin A concentrations and differences in the plasma concentrations of apolipoproteins A-I and C-III based on the different genotypes was assessed in 48 FCHL patients and 74 of their normolipidemic relatives. The results indicated that the subjects carrying genetic variants associated with increased concentrations of apoA-I and C-III (C1100-T and G-75-A) also presented increased plasma concentrations of vitamin A. This was only observed among the FCHL patients, which suggested that certain characteristics of these patients contributed to this association. The G3206-T was not associated with changes in either apolipoprotein concentrations or in vitamin A. In summary, we report a relationship between genetically determined elevations of proteins of the AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster and vitamin A in FCHL patients. More studies will be needed to confirm that vitamin A plays a role in FCHL which might also be important for its potential application to therapeutical approaches. (+info)

Apolipoprotein A-I charge and conformation regulate the clearance of reconstituted high density lipoprotein in vivo. (2/471)

While low apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels are primarily associated with increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractional catabolic rate (FCR), the factors that regulate the clearance of HDL from the plasma are unclear. In this study, the effect of lipid composition of reconstituted HDL particles (LpA-I) on their rate of clearance from rabbit plasma has been investigated. Sonicated LpA-I containing 1 to 2 molecules of purified human apoA-I and 5 to 120 molecules of palmitoyl-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) exhibit similar charge and plasma FCR to that for lipid free apoA-I, 2.8 pools/day. Inclusion of 1 molecule of apoA-II to an LpA-I complex increases the FCR to 3.5 pools/day, a value similar to that observed for exchanged-labeled HDL3. In contrast, addition of 40 molecules of triglyceride, diglyceride, or cholesteryl ester to a sonicated LpA-I containing 120 moles of POPC and 2 molecules of apoA-I increases the negative charge of the particle and reduces the FCR to 1.8 pools/day. Discoidal LpA-I are the most positively charged lipoprotein particles and also have the fastest clearance rates, 4.5 pools/day. Immunochemical characterization of the different LpA-I particles shows that the exposure of an epitope at residues 98 to 121 of the apoA-I molecule is associated with an increased negative particle charge and a slower clearance from the plasma. We conclude that the charge and conformation of apoA-I are sensitive to the lipid composition of LpA-I and play a central role in regulating the clearance of these lipoproteins from plasma. conformation regulate the clearance of reconstituted high density lipoprotein in vivo. (+info)

Dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol decreases HDL ApoA-I secretion. (3/471)

We examined the mechanisms responsible for the decrease in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels after the consumption of a diet low in total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 58+/-12 years were placed on a baseline isocaloric diet (15% protein, 49% carbohydrate, 36% fat, and 150 mg/1000 kcals of cholesterol) and then switched to an NCEP Step 2 diet (15% protein, 60% carbohydrate, 25% fat, and 45 mg/1000 kcals of cholesterol). After 6 or 24 weeks on each diet, subjects received a 15-hour primed-constant infusion of [5,5,5-2H3]-L-leucine. HDL apoA-I and apoA-II tracer curves were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and fitted to a monoexponential equation. Compared with the baseline diet, consumption of the Step 2 diet lowered HDL-C mean levels by 15% (1.03+/-0.23 to 0.88+/-0.16 mmol/L, P<0.001), apoA-I by 12% (1.25+/-0.15 to 1.10+/-0.13 g/L, P<0. 001) and the TC/HDL-C ratio by 5% (0.145+/-0.04 to 0.137+/-0.03). No significant changes were observed in apoA-II levels and HDL particle size with diet. HDL apoA-I fractional catabolic rate did not change (0.219+/-0.052 to 0.220+/-0.043 pools/day, P=0.91) but HDL apoA-I secretion rate decreased by 8% (12.26+/-3.07 to 10.84+/-2.11 mg. kg-1. day-1, P=0.03) during consumption of the Step 2 diet. There was no effect of diet on apoA-II fractional catabolic rate or secretion rate. Our results indicate that the decrease in HDL-C and apoA-I levels during the isocaloric consumption of a Step 2 diet paralleled the reductions in apoA-I secretion rate. (+info)

Acute effects of intravenous infusion of ApoA1/phosphatidylcholine discs on plasma lipoproteins in humans. (4/471)

To investigate the metabolism of nascent HDLs, apoA1/phosphatidylcholine (apoA1/PC) discs were infused IV over 4 hours into 7 healthy men. Plasma total apoA1 and phospholipid (PL) concentrations increased during the infusions. The rise in plasma apoA1 was greatest in small prebeta-migrating particles not present in the infusate. Total HDL unesterified cholesterol (UC) also increased simultaneously. After stopping the infusion, the concentrations of apoA1, PL, HDL UC, and small prebeta HDLs decreased, whereas those of HDL cholesteryl ester (CE) and large alpha-migrating apoA1 containing HDLs increased. ApoB-containing lipoproteins became enriched in CEs. Addition of apoA1/PC discs to whole blood at 37 degrees C in vitro also generated small prebeta HDLs, but did not augment the transfer of UC from erythrocytes to plasma. We conclude that the disc infusions increased the intravascular production of small prebeta HDLs in vivo, and that this was associated with an increase in the efflux and esterification of UC derived from fixed tissues. The extent to which the increase in tissue cholesterol efflux was dependent on that in prebeta HDL production could not be determined. Infusion of discs also reduced the plasma apoB and apoA2 concentrations, and increased plasma triglycerides and apoC3. Thus, nascent HDL secretion may have a significant impact on prebeta HDL production, reverse cholesterol transport and lipoprotein metabolism in humans. (+info)

Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in renal failure: the relation to mode of dialysis. (5/471)

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish whether there is a differential effect of mode of dialysis, hemodialysis (HD), or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the dyslipidemia of renal failure. METHODS: The lipoprotein profile was determined in 61 non-diabetic patients on chronic HD (N = 30) and CAPD treatment (N = 31), and in a control group of 27 healthy subjects. The analysis included the measurement of individual apolipoprotein (apo) A- and apo B-containing lipoproteins (LPs) separated by sequential immunoaffinity chromatography. Apo A-containing lipoproteins include lipoprotein A-I with apo A-I and lipoprotein A-I:A-II with apo A-I and apo A-II as the main protein constituents, whereas apo B-containing lipoproteins comprise simple cholesterol-rich lipoprotein B (LP-B), with apo B as the only protein moiety and complex triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein B complex (LP-Bc) particles with apo B, apo A-II, apo C, and/or apo E as the protein constituents. RESULTS: CAPD patients had significantly higher concentrations of total cholesterol (6.8 vs. 5.1 mmol/liter), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (4.6 vs. 3.2 mmol/liter), TG (2.3 vs. 1.5 mmol/liter), apo B (155.3 vs. 105.7 mg/dl), LP-B (136.0 vs. 91.9 mg/dl), and LP-Bc (19.3 vs. 13.8 mg/dl) than HD patients. Both HD and CAPD patients had significantly higher TG, VLDL cholesterol, apo C-III, and apo E and significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apo A-II, and lipoprotein A-I:A-II levels than control subjects. The distribution of apo C-III in high-density lipoprotein and VLDL-LDL was altered in CAPD patients in comparison with control subjects. This suggests that the removal of TG-rich lipoproteins is less efficient in patients on CAPD. Normotriglyceridemic (NTG; TG < or = 1.7 mmol/liter, 150 mg/dl) CAPD patients had significantly higher levels of TC, LDL cholesterol, apo B, and LP-B than NTG-HD patients. There was little difference in the LP-Bc levels between NTG-CAPD, NTG-HD, and controls. Similarly, hypertriglyceridemic (HTG) CAPD patients had significantly higher TC, LDL cholesterol, apo B, and LP-B levels than HTG-HD patients. The LP-Bc levels were significantly increased in HTG-HD and HTG-CAPD patients compared with controls, but the slightly higher levels in the CAPD patients did not differ significantly from the HD group. CONCLUSION: CAPD and HD patients have a lipoprotein profile characteristic of renal failure. Patients on long-term CAPD have higher levels of cholesterol-rich apo B-containing lipoproteins unrelated to TG levels. Many patients on CAPD also have a substantial elevation of the plasma concentrations of TG-rich LPs. The clinical significance of increased levels of potentially atherogenic LP-B during CAPD remains to be investigated. (+info)

Overexpression of human apolipoprotein A-II in mice induces hypertriglyceridemia due to defective very low density lipoprotein hydrolysis. (6/471)

Two lines of transgenic mice, hAIItg-delta and hAIItg-lambda, expressing human apolipoprotein (apo)A-II at 2 and 4 times the normal concentration, respectively, displayed on standard chow postprandial chylomicronemia, large quantities of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) but greatly reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL). Hypertriglyceridemia may result from increased VLDL production, decreased VLDL catabolism, or both. Post-Triton VLDL production was comparable in transgenic and control mice. Postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase activities decreased at most by 30% in transgenic mice, whereas adipose tissue and muscle LPL activities were unaffected, indicating normal LPL synthesis. However, VLDL-triglyceride hydrolysis by exogenous LPL was considerably slower in transgenic compared with control mice, with the apparent Vmax of the reaction decreasing proportionately to human apoA-II expression. Human apoA-II was present in appreciable amounts in the VLDL of transgenic mice, which also carried apoC-II. The addition of purified apoA-II in postheparin plasma from control mice induced a dose-dependent decrease in LPL and hepatic lipase activities. In conclusion, overexpression of human apoA-II in transgenic mice induced the proatherogenic lipoprotein profile of low plasma HDL and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia because of decreased VLDL catabolism by LPL. (+info)

Protective effect of apolipoprotein A I, A II, C I and C II on endothelial cells injury induced by low density lipoprotein. (7/471)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of apo-lipoprotein (apo) A I, A II, C I and C II, the main proteins in high density lipoprotein (HDL), on the morphology and function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells injured with low density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro. METHODS: Cultured human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins were exposed to LDL, HDL, and apoA I, A II, C I and C II. The morphology of endothelial cells was examined with phase contrast and transmission electron microscope. The released amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha) was also measured. RESULTS: Endothelial cells after being injured by LDL showed cell contraction, increased release of LDH and decreased secrection of prostacyclin (PGI2). However, the addition of HDL, and apoA I, A II, C I and C II before incubation with LDL inhibited the cellular injury induced by LDL as demonstrated by lowered LDH release, increased level of PGF1 alpha and prevention of morphological changes. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that apoA I, A II, C I and C II, as well as HDL, may play an important role in combating atherogenesis by protecting endothelial cells from damages induced by LDL. (+info)

ApoA-II maintains HDL levels in part by inhibition of hepatic lipase. Studies In apoA-II and hepatic lipase double knockout mice. (8/471)

High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels are inversely related to the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Apolipoprotein (apo) A-II is the second most abundant HDL apolipoprotein and apoA-II knockout mice show a 70% reduction in HDL cholesterol levels. There is also evidence, using human apoA-II transgenic mice, that apoA-II can prevent hepatic lipase-mediated HDL triglyceride hydrolysis and reduction in HDL size. These observations suggest the hypothesis that apoA-II maintains HDL levels, at least in part, by inhibiting hepatic lipase. To evaluate this, apoA-II knockout mice were crossbred with hepatic lipase knockout mice. Compared to apoA-II-deficient mice, in double knockout mice there were increased HDL cholesterol levels (57% in males and 60% in females), increased HDL size, and decreased HDL cholesteryl ester fractional catabolic rate. In vitro incubation studies of plasma from apoA-II knockout mice, which contains largely apoA-I HDL particles, showed active lipolysis of HDL triglyceride, whereas similar studies of plasma from apoA-I knockout mice, which contains largely apoA-II particles, did not. In summary, these results strongly suggest that apoA-II is a physiological inhibitor of hepatic lipase and that this is at least part of the mechanism whereby apoA-II maintains HDL cholesterol levels. (+info)

Retinyl esters (present in meats) and beta-carotene (present in plants) are the two main sources of retinoids in the diet. ... apolipoprotein D; beta-lactoglobulin; complement component C8 gamma chain; crustacyanin; epididymal-retinoic acid binding ... In the event that two species names have identical designations, they are discriminated from one another by adding one or more ... share only one or two of these. Proteins known to belong to this family include alpha-1-microglobulin (protein HC); major ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipocalin

Kim DH, Iijima H, Goto K, Sakai J, Ishii H, Kim HJ, Suzuki H, Kondo H, Saeki S, Yamamoto T (Jun 1996). "Human apolipoprotein E ... Upon reelin binding, Dab1 is phosphorylated by two tyrosine kinases, Fyn and Src. The phosphorylated Dab1 then causes further ... Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in phospholipid and cholesterol homeostasis. After binding ApoER2, ApoE is ... Riddell DR, Sun XM, Stannard AK, Soutar AK, Owen JS (2001). "Localization of apolipoprotein E receptor 2 to caveolae in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein_receptor-related_protein_8

Apolipoprotein L2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOL2 gene. This gene is a member of the apolipoprotein L gene ... Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. >sp,Q9BQE5,1-337 ... "Entrez Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2". "The Human Protein atlas Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2". Liao W, Goh FY, Betts RJ, ... "Nextprot Gene: APOL2 apolipoprotein L, 2". Human APOL2 genome location and APOL2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOL2

Apolipoprotein L6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOL6 gene. This gene is a member of the apolipoprotein L gene ... Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (1997). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome ... "Entrez Gene: APOL6 apolipoprotein L, 6". Human APOL6 genome location and APOL6 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. ... Liu Z, Lu H, Jiang Z, Pastuszyn A, Hu CA (Jan 2005). "Apolipoprotein l6, a novel proapoptotic Bcl-2 homology 3-only protein, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOL6

Apolipoprotein M is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOM gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an apolipoprotein ... Two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms have been found for this gene, but only one of them has been fully ... "Entrez Gene: APOM apolipoprotein M". Albertella MR, Jones H, Thomson W, et al. (1997). "Localization of eight additional genes ... Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O95445 (Human Apolipoprotein M) at the PDBe-KB. v ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOM

However, the two models do not have the same meaning and can be falsified based on data (that is, if observational data show an ... Katan MB (March 1986). "Apolipoprotein E isoforms, serum cholesterol, and cancer". Lancet. 1 (8479): 507-8. doi:10.1016/s0140- ... Where two models match on all relevant variables and data from one model is known to be unbiased, data from one population can ... The two effects have a common cause. There exists a (non-causal) spurious correlation between A and C that can be eliminated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_model

Zannis VI, Kan HY, Kritis A, Zanni E, Kardassis D (Mar 2001). "Transcriptional regulation of the human apolipoprotein genes". ... two mechanisms for repression". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20 (1): 187-95. doi:10.1128/MCB.20.1.187-195.2000. PMC 85074. ... Ginsburg GS, Ozer J, Karathanasis SK (Jul 1995). "Intestinal apolipoprotein AI gene transcription is regulated by multiple ... "Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 indicate the presence of two isoforms in human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_alpha

... and apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2; 602600), are also required. Both receptors bound Dab1 on their cytoplasmic tails and ... "Functional dissection of Reelin signaling by site-directed disruption of Disabled-1 adaptor binding to apolipoprotein E ... 19 (2): 239-49. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80936-8. PMID 9292716. S2CID 1273677. Long H, Bock HH, Lei T, Chai X, Yuan J, Herz J ... 47 (2): 165-74. doi:10.1002/gcc.20519. PMID 18008369. S2CID 24674687. Deguchi K, Inoue K, Avila WE, et al. (2003). "Reelin and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAB1

Thus one extra sialyl residue on apolipoprotein C3 impairs its action on lipoprotein lipase. This can affect expression of the ... doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92068-3. Galton, DJ (August 2017). "Clarifying complex inheritance: apolipoprotein C3 and ... "An abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein containing excess sialylated apolipoprotein". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 69 ( ... "Hypertriglyceridaemia associated with an abnormal triglyceride-rich lipoprotein carrying excess apolipoprotein". Lancet. 2: 667 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Galton

Endogenous inducers include i) lipids such as lipoxin and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; and ii) peptides such as adrenomedullin and ... apolipoprotein; and iii) hemin. NRF2 inducers with downstream HO-1 induction include: genistein, 3-hydroxycoumarin, oleanolic ... HO-2 is encoded by the HMOX2 gene. HO-2 is 36 kDa and shares 47% similarity with the HO-1 amino acid sequence. A third heme ... 273 (2): 837-841. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.2.837. PMID 9422739. Maharshak N, Ryu HS, Fan TJ, Onyiah JC, Schulz S, Otterbein SL, Wong ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase

Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (Jan 1995). "Isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor: two novel ... "Farnesoid X receptor agonists suppress hepatic apolipoprotein CIII expression". Gastroenterology. 125 (2): 544-55. doi:10.1016/ ... Seol W, Choi HS, Moore DD (Jan 1995). "Isolation of proteins that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor: two novel ... 290 (1-2): 35-43. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00557-7. PMID 12062799. Pineda Torra I, Claudel T, Duval C, Kosykh V, Fruchart JC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor

Dance GS, Sowden MP, Cartegni L, Cooper E, Krainer AR, Smith HC (2002). "Two proteins essential for apolipoprotein B mRNA ... Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 also known as C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1 is a protein that in ... Like all APOBEC proteins, A1 coordinates a zinc atom with two cysteine and one histidine residues that serve as a Lewis acid. ... Lau PP, Chang BH, Chan L (April 2001). "Two-hybrid cloning identifies an RNA-binding protein, GRY-RBP, as a component of apobec ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC1

Two transcription initiation sites and two polyadenylation sites are identified in the gene structure. The reelin protein ... All members of this family are receptors for Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Therefore, they are often synonymously referred to as ' ... Moreover, the two main receptors of reelin are able to form clusters that most probably play a major role in the signaling, ... The two main reelin receptors seem to have slightly different roles: VLDLR conducts the stop signal, while ApoER2 is essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelin

Also, a specific isoform of apolipoprotein, APOE4, is a major genetic risk factor for AD. While apolipoproteins enhance the ... Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies: incidence and prevalence. Incidence is the number of new cases per unit ... Two other genes associated with autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease are ABCA7 and SORL1. Most cases of Alzheimer's are not ... Nevertheless, two-thirds of nursing home residents have dementias. Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_disease

Kim SY, Park SM, Lee ST (January 2006). "Apolipoprotein C-II is a novel substrate for matrix metalloproteinases". Biochem. ... Two molecules of ApoC-II can attach to each LPL dimer.> It is estimated that up to forty LPL dimers may act simultaneously on a ... In the Golgi apparatus, the oligosaccharides are further altered to result in either two complex chains, or two complex and one ... "Activation of lipoprotein lipase by native and synthetic fragments of human plasma apolipoprotein C-II". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase

Dance GS, Sowden MP, Cartegni L, Cooper E, Krainer AR, Smith HC (April 2002). "Two proteins essential for apolipoprotein B mRNA ... Mammalian apolipoprotein B mRNA undergoes site-specific C to U deamination, which is mediated by a multi-component enzyme ... Lau PP, Chang BH, Chan L (April 2001). "Two-hybrid cloning identifies an RNA-binding protein, GRY-RBP, as a component of apobec ... Lau PP, Chang BH, Chan L (2001). "Two-hybrid cloning identifies an RNA-binding protein, GRY-RBP, as a component of apobec-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1CF

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Apolipoprotein C-II Deficency - 207750 Yamamura T, Sudo H, Ishikawa K, Yamamoto A ( ... "Familial type I hyperlipoproteinemia caused by apolipoprotein C-II deficiency". Atherosclerosis. 34 (1): 53-65. doi:10.1016/ ... Hyperlipoproteinemia type II is further classified into types IIa and IIb, depending mainly on whether elevation in the ... The lipoprotein density and type of apolipoproteins it contains determines the fate of the particle and its influence on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlipidemia

Apolipoprotein B48 on chylomicra and Apolipoprotein B100 on LDL, IDL, and VLDL are important for MTP binding. Click on genes, ... Gordon DA (1997). "Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triaglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B ... 1999). "A common binding site on the microsomal triaglyceride transfer protein for apolipoprotein B and protein disulfide ... The network of endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones (ERp72, GRP94, calreticulin, and BiP) interacts with apolipoprotein b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsomal_triglyceride_transfer_protein

Apolipoprotein A-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA2 gene. This gene encodes apolipoprotein (apo-) A-II, ... Brewer HB, Lux SE, Ronan R, John KM (May 1972). "Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (apoA-II), an apolipoprotein ... Lackner KJ, Law SW, Brewer HB (Sep 1984). "Human apolipoprotein A-II: complete nucleic acid sequence of preproapo A-II". FEBS ... "Entrez Gene: APOA2 apolipoprotein A-II". Pussinen PJ, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, Pyle LE, Marcel YL, Fidge NH, Ehnholm C (Jan 1998 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOA2

... to apolipoproteins A-I and A-II: location of a PLTP binding domain in the amino terminal region of apoA-I". J. Lipid Res. 39 (1 ... to apolipoproteins A-I and A-II: location of a PLTP binding domain in the amino terminal region of apoA-I". J. Lipid Res. 39 (1 ... At least two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. PLTP has been shown to interact ... The protein encoded by this gene is one of at least two lipid transfer proteins found in human plasma. The encoded protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipid_transfer_protein

August 1992). "Apolipoprotein AI mutation Arg-60 causes autosomal dominant amyloidosis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (16 ... with congenital mutations in apolipoprotein A1 and lysozyme. It is also known as "Ostertag" type, after B. Ostertag, who ... 118 (3): 321-2. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.10.022. PMID 15745733. Granel B, Valleix S, Serratrice J, et al. (January 2006). " ... 20 (2): 444-51. doi:10.1681/ASN.2008060614. PMC 2637055. PMID 19073821. Uemichi T, Liepnieks JJ, Gertz MA, Benson MD (September ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_renal_amyloidosis

... and involves apolipoprotein A1. "FAP-IV" is also known as "Finnish-type", and involves gelsolin. Fibrinogen, apolipoprotein A1 ... "FAP-I" and "FAP-II" are associated with transthyretin. (Senile systemic amyloidosis [abbreviated "SSA"] is also associated with ... These proteins include: transthyretin (ATTR, the most commonly implicated protein), apolipoprotein A1, and gelsolin. Due to the ... July 1996). "Lattice corneal dystrophy type II associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy type IV". Ophthalmology. 103 (7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_amyloid_neuropathy

HDL particles donate apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent VLDL particle. Once loaded with apolipoproteins C- ... resulting in HDL donation of apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein E to the nascent chylomicron. The chylomicron at this stage ... Apolipoprotein C-II activates LPL, causing hydrolysis of the VLDL particle and the release of glycerol and fatty acids. These ... Via apolipoprotein C-II, mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL), an enzyme on endothelial cells lining the blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein

At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother. Order: Pholidota (Weber, 1904) ( ... Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides ... In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to pestiviruses and coltiviruses have been detected in the genomes of dead ... They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin

"Entrez Gene: APOBEC3B apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3B". Yamazaki, Hiroyuki; Shirakawa, ... 2 (9): E275. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020275. PMC 479043. PMID 15269786. Yu Q, Chen D, König R, et al. (2005). "APOBEC3B and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC3B

When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails. When camels have only two toes present, the claws ... and apolipoproteins. In 2001, the fossil limbs of a Pakicetus (amphibioid cetacean the size of a wolf) and Ichthyolestes (an ... Two major body types are known: Suinids and hippopotamuses are characterized by a stocky body, short legs, and a large head; ... The uterus has two horns (uterus bicornis). The number of mammary glands is variable and correlates, as in all mammals, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-toed_ungulate

"Entrez Gene: APOBEC2 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 2". Human APOBEC2 genome location and ... 1997). "Tissue-specific inhibition of apolipoprotein B mRNA editing in the liver by adenovirus-mediated transfer of a dominant ... 1994). "Dimeric structure of a human apolipoprotein B mRNA editing protein and cloning and chromosomal localization of its gene ... Liao W, Hong SH, Chan BH, Rudolph FB, Clark SC, Chan L (Aug 1999). "APOBEC-2, a cardiac- and skeletal muscle-specific member of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOBEC2

33-43 Amrine-madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, ... split in two groups: order Oxyaenodonta on one side and order Hyaenodonta plus stem-relatives (Altacreodus and Tinerhodon) on ... "Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals". Nature. 409 (6820): 610-614. Bibcode:2001Natur.409.. ... 28 (2): 225-240. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00118-0. PMID 12878460. Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferae

This condition is caused by a mutation in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), that serves as a ligand for the liver receptor for ... Primary hyperlipoproteinemia Apolipoprotein B deficiency List of cutaneous conditions Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; ... Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1. James, William D.; Berger, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_dysbetalipoproteinemia

2002). "Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical ... Apolipoprotein C-IV, also known as apolipoprotein C4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC4 gene.[5][6] ... Apolipoprotein (apo)C4 gene is a member of the apolipoprotein C gene family. It is expressed in the liver and has a predicted ... in the apolipoprotein E, C-I, and C-II gene locus". Genomics. 28 (2): 291-300. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1144. PMID 8530039.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C4

Aktivin i inhibin • ADAM • Alfa 1-antihimotripsin • Apolipoprotein H • CD70 • Asijaloglikoprotein • Avidin • B-ćelijski ... proinflamatorni citokin (IL-1, TNF-alfa) • Th1 (INF-gama i TNF-beta) • Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13) • Th17 (IL-17,IL-22 ... CD201 • CD202b • CD204 • CD205 • CD206 • CD207 • CD208 • CD209 • CDw210 (a, b) • CD212 • CD213a (1, 2) • CD217 • CD218 (a, b) ... 2]. Faktor aktivacije B-ćelija, (BAFF) koji je takođe poznat kao faktor nekroze tumora ligand superfamilija član 13B, je ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktor_aktivacije_B-ćelija

Munger KL, Chitnis T, Ascherio A. Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women. Neurology (Comparative Study). 2009, 73 ... 載脂蛋白B缺乏症（英语：Apolipoprotein B deficiency） ... 磷酸酯 · 三聚氰胺（美耐皿） · 酸酐 · 順丁烯二酸酐 · 順丁烯二酸 · 己二酸鹽（英语：Adipate）（己二酸二（2 ... 肥胖會增加心血管

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/肥胖

... adjusted for apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, casting doubt on the ... two enzymes that are activated by SCAP when cholesterol levels are low. The cleaved SREBP then migrates to the nucleus and acts ... By serving as ligands for specific receptors on cell membranes, the apolipoproteins that reside on the surface of a given ... van der Steeg WA (2008). "High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein particle size, and apolipoprotein A-I ...

https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/කොලෙස්ටරෝල්

These tests must be carried out on a minimum of two occasions at least 6 weeks apart and be positive on each occasion, ... This is tested for by using a minimum of two coagulation tests that are phospholipid-sensitive, due to the heterogeneous nature ... The diagnostic criteria require one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two antibody blood tests ... 316 (2): 142-51. doi:10.1097/00000441-199808000-00009. PMID 9704667.. *^ Chantarangkul V, Tripodi A, Arbini A, Mannucci PM ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

Apolipoprotein BEdit. Apolipoprotein B, in its ApoB100 form, is the main apolipoprotein, or protein part of the lipoprotein ... Class II: LDLR is not properly transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus for expression on the cell ... 2 (72): 171-76. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90155-6.. *^ a b c d e f g h i Repas TB, Tanner JR (February 2014). "Preventing early ... Having two abnormal copies (being homozygous) may cause severe cardiovascular disease in childhood. Heterozygous FH is a common ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia

APOA4: apolipoprotein A-IV. *ATM: ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C and D) ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_11_

Sodium phenylbutyrate phase II human triasl with 12 to 15 g/day showed restored mRNA levels of Htt mutant repressed genes but ... and familial inheritance of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4. In addition to these common factors, there are a number of other ... Class I and II HDAC inhibitors such as trichostatin A, vorinostat, and sodium butyrate, and Class III HDACis, such as ... Sodium butyrate is a class I and II HDACi and has been shown to recover learning and memory after 4 weeks,[13] decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and glucuronidation.[1] Four major metabolites, two of which are active.[2][1]. ... a subgroup of individuals with the apolipoprotein E4 genotype showed sustained benefits with donepezil throughout the study.[34 ... 2015-01-01). "Donepezil improves gait performance in older adults with mild Alzheimer's disease: a phase II clinical trial". ... 40 (2): 54-62. PMID 17514186.. *^ Jelic V, Kivipelto M, Winblad B (April 2006). "Clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donepezil

Hargraves M, Richmond H, Morton R. Presentation of two bone marrow components, the tart cell and the LE cell. Mayo Clin Proc ... a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Table 6-2 in: Elizabeth D ... There are two speckled patterns: fine and coarse. The fine speckled pattern has fine nuclear staining with unstained metaphase ... doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-2-200401200-00013. PMID 14706971.. *^ a b c Ho, KT; Reveille, JD (2003). "The clinical relevance of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody

2009). "Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". Am. J. Hum. ... 57 (2): 283-92. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.001. PMC 3220186 . PMID 19692168. Lin JC, Kuo WR, Chiang FY, et al. (2009). " ... 36 (2): 405-14. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000513. PMID 20043075. Chung SS, Kim M, Youn BS, et al. (2009). "Glutathione peroxidase 3 ... 66 (2): 96-8. doi:10.1159/000133675. PMID 8287691. Guey LT, García-Closas M, Murta-Nascimento C, et al. (2010). "Genetic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPX3

It was recently shown that bacteria also have a sort of 5' cap consisting of a triphosphate on the 5' end.[24] Removal of two ... An example in humans is the apolipoprotein B mRNA, which is edited in some tissues, but not others. The editing creates an ... This process of translation of codons into amino acids requires two other types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA), that mediates ... 2 (10): 17056. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.56.. *^ a b Gousseinov, Elina; Kozlov, Mikhail; Scanlan, Claire; Hammons, Aaron; Bei ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA

1997). „Signaling of type II oncostatin M receptor.". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (25): 15760-4. PMID 9188471. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.25. ... Aktivin i inhibin • ADAM • Alfa 1-antihimotripsin • Apolipoprotein H • CD70 • Asijaloglikoprotein • Avidin • B-ćelijski ... 2]. Glikoprotein 130 (takođe poznat kao gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta ili CD130) je transmembranski protein. On je osnivački član ... CD201 • CD202b • CD204 • CD205 • CD206 • CD207 • CD208 • CD209 • CDw210 (a, b) • CD212 • CD213a (1, 2) • CD217 • CD218 (a, b ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikoprotein_130

ApoA-II. structures of apolipoprotein a-ii and a lipid surrogate complex provide insights into apolipoprotein-lipid ... Lackner KJ, Law SW, Brewer HB (Sep 1984). "Human apolipoprotein A-II: complete nucleic acid sequence of preproapo A-II". FEBS ... "Entrez Gene: APOA2 apolipoprotein A-II".. *^ Pussinen PJ, Jauhiainen M, Metso J, Pyle LE, Marcel YL, Fidge NH, Ehnholm C (Jan ... Apolipoprotein A-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOA2 gene.[5] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/APOA2

... of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins ... of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins ... Soluble in alcohols, (C2H5)2O, phenyls, haloalkanes, acetates[4] ...

https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/ലോറിക്_ആസിഡ്

APOE: Apolipoprotein E, gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. *BCKDHA: Branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha ... at kumakatawan sa pagitan ng 2 at 2.5% ng kabuuang DNA sa selula. Ang pagtukoy sa mga gene sa bawat kromosoma ay isang aktibong ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomang_19_

... two in pairs), two world titles, and the 1992 Olympic gold medal in singles figure skating. Rena Inoue, a Japanese immigrant to ... Specifically too, the apolipoprotein *e4 allele is linked to Alzheimer's disease as well. Also, there is increased coronary ... and was a multiple national champion and an Olympian with two different partners. Two-time Olympian Mirai Nagasu won the 2008 U ... "The War Relocation Centers of World War II: When Fear Was Stronger than Justice", a National Park Service Teaching with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American

Apolipoproteins. *Growth factors. *Chemokines. The enzymes and proteins listed above serve to reinforce the glycocalyx barrier ... 2] The glycocalyx plays a major role in regulation of endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of red blood cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycocalyx

"II. THE PROKARYOTIC CELL: BACTERIA". Retrieved 1 May 2011.. *^ a b c d e f g h White, D. (2007). The physiology and ... In step two, an acetyl group is transferred from acetyl CoA to the amino group on the glucosamine-6-phosphate creating N-acetyl ... Stage two occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane. It is in the membrane where a lipid carrier called bactoprenol carries ... The peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall is a crystal lattice structure formed from linear chains of two alternating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan

In 2015 a randomized, two-period crossover human study, showed that EPA and DHA from oil extracted from the small crustacean ... and astaxanthin-rich extract from the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus attenuates atherogenesis in female apolipoprotein E- ... "Amer Zool (2). doi:10.1093/icb/38.2.321.. *^ Bledsoe, G.E. (2003). "Caviars and fish roe products". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 43 ... 2. O. {\displaystyle {\ce {RCOOH + R'OH ,=, RCOOR' + H2O}}}. Various types of wax esters exist. Some are saturated, and others ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_ester

This region is called the Fc (Fragment, crystallizable) region, and is composed of two heavy chains that contribute two or ... The Ig monomer is a "Y"-shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains; two identical heavy chains and two identical ... They are typically made of basic structural units-each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are ... Several immunoglobulin domains make up the two heavy chains (red and blue) and the two light chains (green and yellow) of an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Apolipoprotein E, Dementia, and Cortical Deposition of Beta-amyloid Protein. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995;333(19): ... Brain Cholinesterases: II. The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Alzheimer's Disease. Medical Hypotheses. 2004;63(2):308-21. doi: ... a b Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings ... Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimers_sygdom

... the doctor had collected thirty-two cases. Sixteen of them were born to women taking primidone. 25% of the thirty-two cases had ... and apolipoproteins A and B.[24] ... two adult survivors ingested 30 g[46] 25 g,[51] and 22.5 g.[47] ... or within two weeks of stopping any one of them may potentiate the effects of primidone or change one's seizure patterns.[54] ... 12 (2): 183-8. PMID 13403983.. *^ a b c Kidd, Patrick; David L. Mollin (October 26, 1957). "Megaloblastic Anaemia and Vitamin- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidone

Two other naturally occurring 13-HODEs that may accompany the production of 13(S)-HODE are its cis-trans (i.e., 9E,11E) isomers ... "Lack of macrophage fatty-acid-binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis". Nature ... Other studies have lumped together the 9-(S), 9(R), 13 (S)-, and 13(R)-HODEs along with the two ketone metabolites of these ... 18 (2): 349-56. doi:10.1021/tx049685x. PMID 15720142.. *^ a b c d Yoshida, Yasukazu; Umeno, Aya; Akazawa, Yoko; Shichiri, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13-oxoODE

"Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip". American Journal of ... "Spred1 and TESK1--two new interaction partners of the kinase MARKK/TAO1 that link the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton" ... Lock P, I ST, Straffon AF, Schieb H, Hovens CM, Stylli SS (December 2006). "Spred-2 steady-state levels are regulated by ... 2 Frameshift (c.1048_c1049 delGG, c.149_1152del 4 bp)[9] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPRED1_gene

Nussenzveig DR, Mathew S, Gershengorn MC (1995). "Alternative splicing of a 48-nucleotide exon generates two isoforms of the ... Zhang, Jianying; Herscovitz Haya (February 2003). "Nascent lipidated apolipoprotein B is transported to the Golgi as an ... Linnik, K M; Herscovitz H (August 1998). "Multiple molecular chaperones interact with apolipoprotein B during its maturation. ... The network of endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperones (ERp72, GRP94, calreticulin, and BiP) interacts with apolipoprotein b ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcitoninski_receptor

APOA4: Apolipoprotein A-IV. *Ataksijska telangiektazija,mutirana ATM (uključujući kkomplementacijske grupe A, C i D) ...

https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosom_11_

"Lack of macrophage fatty-acid-binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis". Nat. ... 2: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-2-7. PMC 31346. PMID 11299043.. الوسيط ,CitationClass=. تم تجاهله (مساعدة). ... FABP2‏ (Fatty acid binding protein 2) هوَ بروتين يُشَفر بواسطة جين FABP2 في الإنسان.[1] ... 12 (2): 241-53. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(92)90371-X. PMID 1740333.. الوسيط ,CitationClass=. تم تجاهله (مساعدة). ...

https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/FABP2

apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding. • GTP-dependent protein binding. • GTPase activity. • mitogen-activated protein kinase ... Stewart II, Kuehl B, Hogue K, Colwill K, Gladwish K, Muskat B, Kinach R, Adams SL, Moran MF, Morin GB, Topaloglou T, Figeys D ( ... 46 (2): 757-63. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2748. PMID 25394485.. *^ a b c d e Wilson JM, Menkhaus P, Gustin BW (May 1987). "Volume ... 2 (8): 531-9. doi:10.1038/35019573. PMID 10934474.. *^ a b Noda Y, Takeya R, Ohno S, Naito S, Ito T, Sumimoto H (February 2001 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC42

1989). "A deletion mutation in the ApoC-II gene (ApoC-II Nijmegen) of a patient with a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II". J. ... Apolipoprotein C-II or apolipoprotein C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC2 gene. The protein encoded by this ... 1988). "Donor splice site mutation in the apolipoprotein (Apo) C-II gene (Apo C-IIHamburg) of a patient with Apo C-II ... 1989). "A nonsense mutation in the apolipoprotein C-IIPadova gene in a patient with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency". J. Clin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_C-II

Literature: Apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) (IPR006801). References used in this entry. The following publications were referred ... Structures of apolipoprotein A-II and a lipid-surrogate complex provide insights into apolipoprotein-lipid interactions.. Kumar ... Apolipoprotein A-II, HDL metabolism and atherosclerosis.. Tailleux A, Duriez P, Fruchart JC, Clavey V.. Atherosclerosis 164 1- ... Purification, primary structure, and antimicrobial activities of bovine apolipoprotein A-II.. Motizuki M, Itoh T, Yamada M, ...

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR006801/literature

Anti-Apolipoprotein A II antibody conjugated to Biotin validated for WB, ELISA and tested in Human. Immunogen corresponding to ... Anti-Apolipoprotein A II antibody (Biotin). See all Apolipoprotein A II primary antibodies. ... The antibody can be used for detection of human Apolipoprotein A II in plasma and lipoproteins, immunoassays and immunoblots. ... Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid freeze / thaw cycle. ...

https://www.abcam.com/apolipoprotein-a-ii-antibody-biotin-ab27636.html

Sheep polyclonal Apolipoprotein A II antibody validated for WB, ELISA and tested in Human. Immunogen corresponding to full ... Anti-Apolipoprotein A II antibody. See all Apolipoprotein A II primary antibodies. ... Shipped at 4°C. Store at +4°C short term (1-2 weeks). Upon delivery aliquot. Store at -20°C long term. ...

http://www.abcam.com/Apolipoprotein-A-II-antibody-ab27627.html

Apolipoprotein A-II. Apolipoprotein A-II, Apo-AII, ApoA-II (Apolipoprotein A2) [Cleaved into: Proapolipoprotein A-II, ProapoA- ... Apolipoprotein A-IIARBA annotation. ,p>Information which has been generated by the UniProtKB automatic annotation system, ... Apolipoprotein A-IISequence analysis. Automatic assertion according to sequence analysisi ... tr,V9GYS1,V9GYS1_HUMAN Apolipoprotein A-II OS=Homo sapiens OX=9606 GN=APOA2 PE=1 SV=1 ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/V9GYS1

Absence of CC chemokine receptor-2 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.. Dawson TC1, Kuziel WA, Osahar ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10208497?dopt=Abstract

Structure of a biologically active fragment of human serum apolipoprotein C-II in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and ... RCSB PDB (citation) is managed by two members of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics: Rutgers and UCSD/ ... ACTION - (A) Select for download / view details OR (B) Select two chains for comparison ... You can also use the structure comparison tool to compare any 2 given structures. ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=1BY6&entity=1&seqid=95

Tags: Randox Reagents, lipids, apolipoprotein, cardiac, Apo C-II, Apolipoprotein C-II, triglyceride, hypertriglyceridemia, ... Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II) Assay. Posted on 1st October 2020 at 9:00 am.. Written by Randox Communications ... Structure of a biologically active fragment of human serum apolipoprotein C-II in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and ... A review of the role of apolipoprotein C-II in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism: Clinical and ...

https://www.randox.com/tag/apolipoprotein-c-ii/

Browse our Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibody catalog backed by our Guarantee+. ... Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies available through Novus Biologicals. ... anti-apolipoprotein A-II antibody, anti-Apolipoprotein A2 antibody. 6 Results for "apolipoprotein-a-ii-apoa2" in Primary ... Alternate Names for Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies. anti-Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 antibody, anti-APOA2 antibody, anti- ...

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Browse our Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibody catalog backed by our Guarantee+. ... Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies available through Novus Biologicals. ... Alternate Names for Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies. anti-Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 antibody, anti-APOA2 antibody, anti- ... Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies. We offer Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies for use in common research applications: ...

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Y. Zhao, Z. Guo, X. Lin et al., "Apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoproteins induce foam cell formation by activation of PERK-EIF-2 ... J. A. Piedrahita, S. H. Zhang, J. R. Hagaman, P. M. Oliver, and N. Maeda, "Generation of mice carrying a mutant apolipoprotein ... A. H. Hasty, M. F. Linton, L. L. Swift, and S. Fazio, "Determination of the lower threshold of apolipoprotein E resulting in ... D. Wu, C. Sharan, H. Yang et al., "Apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoproteins induce foam cell formation by downregulation of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2013/847310/ref/

Lipoprotein(a), Apolipoprotein(a) Polymorphism, and Insulin Treatment in Type II Diabetic Patients. ... Lipoprotein(a), Apolipoprotein(a) Polymorphism, and Insulin Treatment in Type II Diabetic Patients ... Lipoprotein(a), Apolipoprotein(a) Polymorphism, and Insulin Treatment in Type II Diabetic Patients ... Lipoprotein(a), Apolipoprotein(a) Polymorphism, and Insulin Treatment in Type II Diabetic Patients ...

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/18/8/1202

Compare apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 ELISA Kits from leading suppliers on Biocompare. View ... apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 ELISA Kits. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is a widely ... Human Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 2 (APOBEC2) ELISA Kit ... Your search returned 1 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 1 supplier. ...

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Selected quality suppliers for anti-Apolipoprotein C-II antibodies. ... Order monoclonal and polyclonal Apolipoprotein C-II antibodies for many applications. ... More Antibodies against Apolipoprotein C-II Interaction Partners. Zebrafish Apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) interaction partners ... Additionally we are shipping Apolipoprotein C-II Kits (51) and Apolipoprotein C-II Proteins (28) and many more products for ...

http://www.antibodies-online.com/abstract/Apolipoprotein+C-II+

Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Renal Function in German Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients. ... Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Renal Function in German Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients ... Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Renal Function in German Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients ... Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Renal Function in German Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic Patients ...

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/21/6/994

Apolipoprotein A-II (A-II) did not increase with age in men (r = −0.20, n = 172), but showed a slight increase with age in ... To study apolipoprotein A-II, a simple, precise, and accurate immunodiffusion assay was developed and applied in a population ... The Measurement of Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II Levels in Men and Women by Immunoassay. ... The Measurement of Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II Levels in Men and Women by Immunoassay. ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/108767/scanned-page/46

Genetic variation in the apolipoprotein H (beta2-glycoprotein I) gene affects plasma apolipoprotein H concentrations. Mehdi, H ... A hydrophobic sequence at position 313-316 (Leu-Ala-Phe-Trp) in the fifth domain of apolipoprotein H (beta2-glycoprotein I) is ... Genetic polymorphisms of apolipoproteins A-IV, E and H in Koreans. Kim, H.S., Kamboh, M.I. Hum. Hered. (1998) [Pubmed] ... Assignment of apolipoprotein H (APOH: beta-2-glycoprotein I) to human chromosome 17q23----qter; determination of the major ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/350.html

ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus ... It has a high lipid affinity and is known to displace APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I from HDL particles and generates a stable HDL complex ... Apolipoprotein A-II: The second most abundant protein component of HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS or HDL. ... Apolipoprotein A II; Apolipoprotein A II Isoproteins; Pro Apo A II; Pro Apolipoprotein A II; Proapolipoprotein A II; Apo A-II ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD016633-Apolipoprotein-A-II-Apolipoprotein-A2.do

These two peptides were found to share 100% sequence homology with human hepatitis B virus X associated protein-1 (XAP-1) and ... Apolipoprotein B gene regulatory factor-2 (BRF-2) is structurally and immunologically highly related to hepatitis B virus X ... Hepatic cell-specific expression of the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene is controlled by at least four cis-acting elements ... 12, 3183-3191]. In this paper we report the isolation of two isoforms of BRF-2 by further purification using high-performance ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020796?dopt=Abstract

RDN promoted atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice infused with angiotensin II associated with upregulation of MMP ... RDN decreased systolic blood pressure in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mice that had RDN had more severe aortic arch ... RDN decreased systolic blood pressure in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Mice that had RDN had more severe aortic arch ... Methods: Hypertension, atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm were induced by subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (1 µg/kg/min ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00215/full

Identification of apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein A-IV, apolipoprotein E, and apolipoprotein A-I. J Biol Chem 265:17805-17815. ... Two Distal Downstream Enhancers Direct Expression of the Human Apolipoprotein E Gene to Astrocytes in the Brain. Sharon Grehan ... 1995a) Identification and characterization of a new human gene (APOC4) in the apolipoprotein E, C-I, and C-II gene locus. ... Two distal downstream enhancers controlling astrocyte expression of the human apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene in the brain were ...

http://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/3/812

Targeted mass spectrometric immunoassays toward apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III were applied on large cross-sectional and ... Several correlations were observed, including greater apolipoprotein A-I and A-II oxidation in patients with diabetes and ... Reviewed here are recent studies correlating apolipoproteins proteoforms with the specific clinical measures of lipid ... Apolipoproteins function as structural components of lipoprotein particles, cofactors for enzymes, and ligands for cell-surface ...

http://www.mdpi.com/2227-7382/5/4/27

HealthDay)-Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and apoCIII-to-apoA1 ratio are correlated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), according ... HealthDay)-Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and apoCIII-to-apoA1 ratio are correlated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), according ... and apoE and the ratios of apolipoproteins with apoA1 with T2D risk. ... medicalxpress.com/news/2017-01-apolipoproteins-linked-incident-diabetes.html ...

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-01-apolipoproteins-linked-incident-diabetes.html

VLDL and apolipoprotein CIII induce ER stress and inflammation and attenuate insulin signalling via Toll-like receptor 2 in ... Åvall K, Ali Y, Leibiger IB et al (2015) Apolipoprotein CIII links islet insulin resistance to β-cell failure in diabetes. Proc ... Hiukka A, Fruchart-Najib J, Leinonen E, Hilden H, Fruchart JC, Taskinen MR (2005) Alterations of lipids and apolipoprotein CIII ... Aalto-Setälä K, Fisher EA, Chen X et al (1992) Mechanism of hypertriglyceridemia in human apolipoprotein (apo) CIII transgenic ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-017-4401-5

APOA2; apolipoprotein A-II; apoAII; Apo-AII; ApoA-II; apolipoprotein A2; cb1032; wu:fb57h11; zgc:193613; uncharacterized ... This gene encodes apolipoprotein (apo-) A-II, which is the second most abundant protein of the high density lipoprotein ... Defects in this gene may result in apolipoprotein A-II deficiency or hypercholesterolemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] ... The protein is found in plasma as a monomer, homodimer, or heterodimer with apolipoprotein D. ...

https://www.creative-biogene.com/symbolsearch_apoa2.html

Sialidase Activity Acting on Apolipoprotein CIII 1 and 2 in Human Leukocytes and Platelets C H Bolton C H Bolton ... C H Bolton, A P Corfield, L G Downs; Sialidase Activity Acting on Apolipoprotein CIII 1 and 2 in Human Leukocytes and Platelets ... Study of DNA polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in patients with peripheral arterial disease Clin Sci ... DDAH-2 alleviates contrast medium iopromide-induced acute kidney injury through nitric oxide synthase ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/67/s9/15P/104767/Sialidase-Activity-Acting-on-Apolipoprotein-CIII-1?redirectedFrom=fulltext

2) was more effective in inhibiting lesions than mR18L, possibly due to its ability to promote the secretion of apoE from ... Two apolipoprotein E mimetic peptides with similar cholesterol reducing properties exhibit differential atheroprotective ... Objective: We investigated two apoE mimetic peptides with similar long-term plasma cholesterol reducing abilities for their ... Epub 2012 Nov 2. Authors Shaila P Handattu 1 , Gaurav Nayyar, David W Garber, Mayakonda N Palgunachari, Candyce E Monroe, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23159231/?dopt=Abstract

Effect of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein B100 containing lipoprotein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Khadija Ouguerram, Thierry ... Effect of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein B100 containing lipoprotein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Khadija Ouguerram, Thierry ... Effect of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein B100 containing lipoprotein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Khadija Ouguerram, Thierry ... Effect of atorvastatin on apolipoprotein B100 containing lipoprotein metabolism in type 2 diabetes ...

http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/early/2003/04/08/jpet.103.048991

HDL-apo A-I and apo A-II. Cellular uptake of HDL-[3H]CE labeled with [125I]apo A-I or [125I]apo A-II was compared in CHO-K1 and ... Abstract 102: Profound Exclusion of Apolipoprotein A-II from Selective Hepatic Cholesteryl Ester Uptake. Baiba K Gillard, G. R ... Relative to CE, both apo A-I and apo A-II were excluded from uptake by all cells. However, relative to the apo A-I and apo A-II ... Abstract 102: Profound Exclusion of Apolipoprotein A-II from Selective Hepatic Cholesteryl Ester Uptake ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/33/Suppl_1/A102

angiotensin II. AoSMC. aortic smooth muscle cell. ApoE−/−. apolipoprotein E-deficient. AT1R. angiotensin II type 1 receptor. ... Approach and Results-AAA was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via infusion of angiotensin II (1.0 μg/kg per minute SC ... Modulation of Kinin B2 Receptor Signaling Controls Aortic Dilatation and Rupture in the Angiotensin II-Infused Apolipoprotein E ... Osteoprotegerin deficiency limits angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation and rupture in the apolipoprotein E-knockout mouse. ...

http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/36/5/898

This study was designed to investigate whether RDN affects atherosclerosis severity in hypertensive ApoE −/− mice infused with angiotensin II. (frontiersin.org)
Two distal downstream enhancers controlling astrocyte expression of the human apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene in the brain were identified by analysis of transgenic mice generated with various constructs of the apoE/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster. (jneurosci.org)
Expression of the human apoE transgene at these sites was specified by two enhancer domains: one enhancer is located 3.3 kb downstream of the apoE gene, and a duplication of this sequence is located 15 kb downstream of the apoE gene. (jneurosci.org)
The localization of the two astrocytic enhancers reveals an unexpected complexity in the control of apoE production that is essential to understanding apoE function in the brain. (jneurosci.org)
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a protein ( M r = 35,000) that functions in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)
They examined the correlation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apoA1, apoCIII, apoD, and apoE and the ratios of apolipoproteins with apoA1 with T2D risk. (medicalxpress.com)
We investigated two apoE mimetic peptides with similar long-term plasma cholesterol reducing abilities for their effects on atherosclerotic lesions in Western diet-fed female LDL-receptor (LDL-R) null mice. (nih.gov)
Incubation of HepG2 cells and THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages with both peptides in the presence of oxidized phospholipid showed that Ac-hE18A-NH(2) promotes the secretion of apoE from the cells whereas mR18L does not. (nih.gov)
Despite similar reductions in plasma cholesterol levels, Ac-hE18A-NH(2) was more effective in inhibiting lesions than mR18L, possibly due to its ability to promote the secretion of apoE from hepatocytes and macrophages. (nih.gov)
Induction of T helper 2 responses against human Apolipoprotein B100 does not affect atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. (lu.se)
APOE genotypes and allele distribution were ascertained in a blinded manner from frozen samples (2% with ε 2/ε 2, 9% with ε 2/ε 3, 1% with ε 2/ε 4, 71% with ε 3/ε 3, 17% with ε 3/ε 4, and 1% with ε 4/ε 4). (acpjc.org)
Risk factors were age, observation interval, sex (men), and APOE ε 2/ε 2 and ε 2/ε 3 genotypes. (acpjc.org)
Only 19 of the 88 patients (22%) who developed Alzheimer disease, however, had APOE ε 4/ε 4 ( n = 2) or ε 3/ε 4 ( n = 17) genotypes. (acpjc.org)
Sex and APOE ε 2/ε 2 or ε 2/ε 3 genotype were not associated with Alzheimer disease. (acpjc.org)
APOE = apolipoprotein E. (acpjc.org)
PROJECT SUMMARY According to the most recent Alzheimer's Association report, 2015 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures, one out of nine Americans over the age of 65 has Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and an estimated 40-65% of them carry at least one copy of the ?4 allele of gene for a cholesterol transport protein, apolipoprotein E (ApoE). (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
In Aim 2, we will explore the protein interactome of these Apoer2 isoforms and probe how the various ApoE isoforms affect their trafficking and signaling, as well as their ability to regulate APP processing. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
We examined regulatory roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic ACE2 deletion resulted in modest elevations in systolic blood pressure levels and Ang II type 1 receptor expression and reduced nephrin expression in kidneys of the ApoE/ACE2 DKO mice with a decrease in renal Ang-(1-7) levels. (biomedcentral.com)
Renal dysfunction and ultrastructure injury were aggravated in the ApoE/ACE2 DKO mice and Ang II-infused ApoEKO mice with increased plasma levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and enhanced levels of Ang II in plasma and kidneys. (biomedcentral.com)
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. (wikipedia.org)
APOE belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
The gene, APOE, is mapped to chromosome 19 in a cluster with apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) and the apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2). (wikipedia.org)
Although these allelic forms differ from each other by only one or two amino acids at positions 112 and 158, these differences alter APOE structure and function. (wikipedia.org)
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a secretory protein that plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis in the plasma ( Weisgraber, 1994 ). (jneurosci.org)
Comparison of the APOE allele (E * 2, E * 3, and E * 4) frequencies estimated in this study with those reported for several other population samples showed that there are marked differences between the Dutch population and the populations of Japan, New Zealand, Finland, and the United States. (springer.com)
The hyperlipideamic apolipoprotein e-knockout (ApoE-/-) mouse is a well-established animal model system for studying the mechanisms of the atherosclerotic process. (pmiscience.com)
Hypertension was induced in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein-e-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice by application of angiotensin-II and the mice were exposed to mainstream smoke from the reference cigarette 2R4F (University of Kentucky) for 30 days. (pmiscience.com)
AAA formation was seen only in angiotensin-ii treated ApoE-/--mice. (pmiscience.com)
To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of repeated systemic inoculations with Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg ), a putative periodontal pathogen, on the progression of atherosclerosis in heterozygous apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE +/− ) mice. (ahajournals.org)
However, O 2 − production was significantly reduced in GCH-Tg/ ApoE-KO mice measured both in aortic sections using oxidative confocal microtopography and in whole aorta by lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence. (ahajournals.org)
Objective: The angiotensin II (AngII)-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mouse model is widely used to study atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. (edu.au)
The genotypic distribution of apoE was at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in these two populations. (who.int)
Apolipoprotein E (APOE4) is the most important known genetic risk for AD and is prevalent in 20-25% of Canadians, but at present, knowing an individual's ApoE genotype does not help the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of AD. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Specific Aim : In the brain, apolipoprotein E(ApoE) is secreted from astrocytes and microglias, and plays important roles in lipid transportation. (nii.ac.jp)
An association between apolipoprotein E ( apoE ) gene polymorphism and temperament has been found in the Young Finns cohort. (scirp.org)
S. J. Tsai, Y. W. Yu and C. J. Hong, "Personality Traits in Young Female Apolipoprotein E (apoE) Epsilon4 and Non-Epsilon4 Carriers," American Journal of Medical Genetics. (scirp.org)
To address this question, in this study, we examine for the first time the renoprotective actions of alagebrium in diabetic RAGE apolipoprotein E ( apoE ) double-knockout (KO) mice, with a particular emphasis on glomerular fibrosis and inflammation, comparing its effects with those of the ACE inhibitor, quinapril. (diabetesjournals.org)
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein component of plasma lipoproteins that mediates the binding, internalization and catabolism of lipoprotein particles. (acris-antibodies.com)
Three major isoforms of ApoE have been described in human (E2, E3 and E4) which differ by only one or two amino acids. (acris-antibodies.com)
The apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype is a major genetic determinant of LDL size. (longecity.org)
66 apoE 3/3, 8 apoE 4/3, 10 apoE 3/2) were subjected to 3 dietary periods, each lasting 4 wk. (longecity.org)
0.04) in subjects with the apoE 4/3 genotype compared with those with apoE 3/3 and apoE 3/2 in the basal state. (longecity.org)

Apolipoprotein C-II or apolipoprotein C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Apo C - II is a 79-amino acid protein synthesised in the liver and is the co-factor for lipid transport in the bloodstream 1 . (randox.com)
Lhoták, B. A. Hilditch, and R. C. Austin, "Activation of the unfolded protein response occurs at all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice," Circulation , vol. 111, no. 14, pp. 1814-1821, 2005. (hindawi.com)
APOC2 encodes a lipid-binding protein belonging to the apolipoprotein gene family. (antibodies-online.com)
Additionally we are shipping Apolipoprotein C-II Kits (51) and Apolipoprotein C-II Proteins (28) and many more products for this protein. (antibodies-online.com)
Apolipoprotein B gene regulatory factor-2 (BRF-2) is structurally and immunologically highly related to hepatitis B virus X associated protein-1 (X. (nih.gov)
These two peptides were found to share 100% sequence homology with human hepatitis B virus X associated protein-1 (XAP-1) and monkey UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB). (nih.gov)
oligomerization appears to be an essential step for imparting sequence-specificity to BRF-2 protein and thereby facilitating its role as a trans-activator of the apoB gene. (nih.gov)
This gene encodes apolipoprotein (apo-) A-II, which is the second most abundant protein of the high density lipoprotein particles. (creative-biogene.com)
The protein is found in plasma as a monomer, homodimer, or heterodimer with apolipoprotein D. Defects in this gene may result in apolipoprotein A-II deficiency or hypercholesterolemia. (creative-biogene.com)
In contrast, HDL-CE uptake is selective, occurring without a concomitant net uptake of the major HDL protein, apo A-I and even though apo E and apo A-I bind equally well to SR-BI, apoA-I-containing particles mediate 2-fold more selective CE uptake. (ahajournals.org)
Uptake of CE, apo A-I, and apo A-II SR-BI-over expressing CHO cells was 32,800 ± 4800, 9.3 ± 2.7, and 2.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg cell protein. (ahajournals.org)
Recognizes the apoplipoprotein-II protein. (merckmillipore.com)
Here, sites of apoA-I, A-II, and H mRNA and protein accumulation were determined in mouse fetal lungs by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in late gestation. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast to apoC-II protein, none of the three studied apolipoproteins accumulated within secretory granule-like structures. (biomedcentral.com)
Because apoA-I, apoA-II, and apoH were co-regulated with apoC-II both over developmental time and from sample to sample in our previous QPCR study with whole lungs [ 11 ], it would be relevant to determine whether similar patterns of mRNA and protein accumulation sites, including the presence of apolipoproteins in secretory granules, are common features to all these apolipoproteins. (biomedcentral.com)
In this application, we propose to investigate the consequences of the two main physiological splicing events of Apoer2 on gene expression, protein interactions, behavior and cognition. (neurodegenerationresearch.eu)
Apolipoprotein B is the main protein component of LDL and accounts for approximately 95% of the total protein content of LDL. (cdc.gov)
To the best of our knowledge, the vertebrate apolipoprotein L (APOL) family has not previously been ascribed to any definite pathophysiological function, although the conserved BH3 protein domain suggests a role in programmed cell death or an interference with mitochondrial processes. (spandidos-publications.com)
Youle RJ and Strasser A: The BCL-2 protein family: Opposing activities that mediate cell death. (spandidos-publications.com)
To identify the mechanisms by which cocoa induces HDL levels and since apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) is the major protein in HDLs, we analyzed, upon incubation with cocoa metabolites, ApoAI mRNA levels, its transcriptional regulation, and the levels of the transcription factors involved in this process. (wiley.com)
The key is a naturally occurring protein called apolipoprotein A-I binding protein (AIBP). (news-medical.net)
Recently, we showed expression of apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II), the essential cofactor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), in the fetal mouse lung and found the protein on the day of the surge of surfactant synthesis (gestation day 17.5) in secretory granule-like structures in the distal epithelium. (nih.gov)
In the present study, we will answer the following questions: Does apoC-II protein localization change according to the stage of lung development, thus according to the need in surfactant? (nih.gov)
Do the sites of apoC-II and LPL gene expression change according to the stage of lung development and to protein localization? (nih.gov)
The present study investigated whether the sites of apoC-II and LPL mRNA and protein accumulation are regulated in the mouse lung between gestation day 15 and postnatal day 10. (nih.gov)
Distribution of apolipoprotein C-II mRNA and protein in the perinatal mouse lung. (nih.gov)
Immunoreactive apolipoprotein E is a widely distributed cellular protein. (jci.org)
Apolipoprotein (apo)E is an important protein determinant in cholesterol homeostasis in man. (jci.org)
Apolipoprotein A-I Increases Insulin Secretion and Production From Pancreatic ß-Cells via a G-Protein-cAMP-PKA-FoxO1-Dependent Mechanism. (medscape.com)
Increased level of MSU crystal-bound protein apolipoprotein A-I in acute gouty arthritis. (medscape.com)
Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100) is a protein that plays a role in moving cholesterol around your body. (medlineplus.gov)
Recent studies demonstrated apolipoprotein B (apoB), a protein mainly located in LDL-C, was an independent predictor of the development of CVD especially in patients with T2DM. (bvsalud.org)
Y. Song, M. J. Stampfer and S. Liu, "Meta-Analysis: Apolipo-protein E Genotypes and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease," Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 141, No. 2, 2004, pp. 137-147. (scirp.org)
Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is the major protein of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and apoB is among the major proteins of very low-, low- (LDL), and intermediate-density lipoproteins. (cdc.gov)

We have shown previously that apolipoprotein A (apoA)-I-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are formed by the conjugation of lipid-free apoA-I with lipids derived from other lipoprotein fractions in a process dependent on non-esterified fatty acids, generated by the lipolysis of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) or provided exogenously. (portlandpress.com)
Apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II), the second major high-density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein, has been linked to familial combined hyperlipidemia. (ahajournals.org)
Duchateau PN, Pullinger CR, Orellana RE, Kunitake ST, Naya-Vigne J, O'Connor PM, Malloy MJ and Kane JP: Apolipoprotein L, a new human high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein expressed by the pancreas. (spandidos-publications.com)
The Ratio of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol to Apolipoprotein A-I Predicts Myocardial Injury Following Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. (medscape.com)

Hiukka A, Fruchart-Najib J, Leinonen E, Hilden H, Fruchart JC, Taskinen MR (2005) Alterations of lipids and apolipoprotein CIII in very low density lipoprotein subspecies in type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)
When both lipid-free apoA-I and lipid-free apoA-II were incubated with LDL and sodium oleate, both apolipoproteins were recovered in HDLs that contained phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol as their main lipids. (portlandpress.com)
AIMS: To explore the association between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the apolipoprotein B (apoB)/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) ratio compared with conventional lipids in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes. (diva-portal.org)
The study shows that approximately two ounces of nuts a day, as a replacement for carbohydrate foods, can improve glycemic control and blood lipids in those with type 2 diabetes. (news-medical.net)
Plasma lipids and apoproteins A-I, A-II and B levels were measured in 125 children whose fathers had coronary atherosclerosis (paternal coronary heart disease group), in 172 children with blood pressure lability and in 154 children selected at random from a representative subsample (reference). (biomedsearch.com)
L-Serine-mediated release of apolipoprotein E and lipids from microglial cells. (nii.ac.jp)

abstract = "The dyslipidemia and insulin resistance of type 2 diabetes can be improved by aerobic exercise. (elsevier.com)

OBJECTIVE To examine the association of renal function in diabetic patients with apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism. (diabetesjournals.org)
Apolipoprotein H (beta-2-glycoprotein I) polymorphism in Asians. (nus.edu.sg)
El-Lebedy D, Raslan HM, Mohammed AM. Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
All the studies that have investigated the relation between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease have included highly selected patients and corresponding controls. (bmj.com)
By isoelectric focusing of delipidated sera followed by immunoblotting we studied the apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism in 2018 randomly selected 35-years-old males from three different areas in the Netherlands. (springer.com)
Boerwinkle E, Utermann G (1988) Simultaneous effects of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism on apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein B, and cholesterol metabolism. (springer.com)
The role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in determining levels, variability, and covariability of cholesterol, beta-lipoprotein, and triglycerides in a sample of unrelated individuals. (springer.com)
Ehnholm C, Lukka M, Kuusi T, Nikkilä E, Utermann G (1986) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the Finnish population: gene frequencies and relation to lipoprotein concentrations. (springer.com)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism In Two Populations Of Andhra Pradesh. (who.int)
Venkatramana P, Reddy Chengal, Ferrell R E. Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism In Two Populations Of Andhra Pradesh. (who.int)
No significant difference was observed between these two populations for apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism. (who.int)

Apolipoprotein A-II, HDL metabolism and atherosclerosis. (ebi.ac.uk)
Kei AA, Filippatos TD, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf MS. A review of the role of apolipoprotein C-II in lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular disease. (randox.com)
ApoA-II can modulate the activation of LECITHIN CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE in the presence of APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I, thus affecting HDL metabolism. (curehunter.com)
Reviewed here are recent studies correlating apolipoproteins proteoforms with the specific clinical measures of lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic risk. (mdpi.com)
Several correlations were observed, including greater apolipoprotein A-I and A-II oxidation in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and a divergent apoC-III proteoforms association with plasma triglycerides, indicating significant differences in the metabolism of the individual apoC-III proteoforms. (mdpi.com)
This study aimed to investigate in vivo metabolism of apoA-I and apoA-II in five normotriglyceridemic ESRD-HD patients and compared it with five control subjects using endogenous stable isotope labeling methods coupled with a multicompartmental modeling. (asnjournals.org)
We therefore conducted an in vivo metabolism study of apoA-I and apoA-II in normotriglyceridemic ESRD-HD patients using endogenous stable isotope labeling methods coupled with a multicompartmental modeling for data analysis. (asnjournals.org)
Temporal and geographic co-expression of apoAI, AII, and H genes with surfactant production site suggests that the three apolipoproteins are secreted to play roles supporting the lung-specific surfactant lipid-related metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Gregg RE, Zech LA, Schaefer EJ, Stark D, Wilson D, Brewer HB (1986) Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans. (springer.com)
The effect of 6 months supervised exercise on very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B metabolism was investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes. (elsevier.com)
VLDL apolipoprotein (apo) B metabolism was measured with an infusion of 1-C-13 leucine before and after 6 months of the exercise program. (elsevier.com)
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism , 89 (2), 688-694. (elsevier.com)
We studied the independent and combined effects of fish oils and atorvastatin on the metabolism of HDL apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and HDL apo A-II in obese men. (nih.gov)
Fish oils, but not atorvastatin, influence HDL metabolism chiefly by decreasing both the catabolism and production of HDL apo A-I and HDL apo A-II in insulin-resistant obese men. (nih.gov)
DI-fusion Apolipoproteins C-II and C-III metabolism in. (ac.be)

Hepatic cell-specific expression of the human apolipoprotein B (apoB) gene is controlled by at least four cis-acting elements located between positions -128 and +122 [Chuang, S. S., & Das, H. K. (1996) Biochem. (nih.gov)
ApoB gene regulatory factor-2 (BRF-2) interacts with the sequence (-104 to -85). (nih.gov)
These results suggest that BRF-2 and XAP-1 are structurally and immunologically highly related trans-activators of the apoB gene. (nih.gov)
We studied the ability of human apoA-II transgenic mice HDL to protect against oxidative modification of apoB-containing lipoproteins. (ahajournals.org)
Thus, overexpression of human apoA-II in mice impairs the ability of HDL to protect apoB-containing lipoproteins from oxidation. (ahajournals.org)
9,10 A second proatherogenic mechanism may involve impaired inhibition of the oxidative modification of apoB-containing lipoproteins, as described in murine apoA-II transgenic mice. (ahajournals.org)
In this study, we assessed whether the protection conferred by HDL against oxidative modification of apoB-containing lipoproteins is impaired in human apoA-II transgenic mice, an animal model of familial combined hyperlipidemia. (ahajournals.org)
Immunization with homologous oxidized LDL, as well as human apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB)-derived peptides, inhibit atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic animal models of atherosclerosis. (lu.se)
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that there was a significant association between the apoB/apoA-I ratio and IMT in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes. (diva-portal.org)
Immunization with homologous oxidized LDL, as well as human apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB)-derived peptides, inhibits atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic animal models of atherosclerosis. (ovid.com)
The analyst should use the special sampling weights in this file to analyze Apolipoprotein B (ApoB). (cdc.gov)
This study demonstrates that in type 2 diabetes, a supervised exercise program reduces VLDL apoB pool size, which may be due to a decrease in VLDL apoB secretion rate. (elsevier.com)
Because of their associations with the respective lipoproteins, apoA1 is inversely and apoB is positively associated with cardiovascular risk (2). (cdc.gov)
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) consists of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 549 kDa and is mostly synthesised in the liver. (acris-antibodies.com)

What is the role of apolipoprotein studies in the workup of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)? (medscape.com)

The antibody can be used for detection of human Apolipoprotein A II in plasma and lipoproteins, immunoassays and immunoblots. (abcam.com)
Apo C - II is a surface constituent of lipoproteins and the C - terminal helix activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) 2 . (randox.com)
Apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoproteins induce foam cell formation by activation of PERK-EIF-2 α signaling cascade," Journal of Bioanalysis and Biomedicine , vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 113-120, 2010. (hindawi.com)
Apolipoprotein E-deficient lipoproteins induce foam cell formation by downregulation of lysosomal hydrolases in macrophages," Journal of Lipid Research , vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 2571-2578, 2007. (hindawi.com)
Levels of plasma OxLDL, and the cholesterol and phospholipid profiles in plasma lipoproteins were compared between apolipoprotein E-deficient rats (16-week-old males) and wild-type (control) rats. (biomedcentral.com)
Apolipoprotein (Apo) C-III (ApoCIII) resides on the surface of plasma chylomicron (CM), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). (jove.com)
Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease risk: position statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices. (semanticscholar.org)
Isolation and partial characterization of a variant of human apolipoprotein E isolated from very low density lipoproteins. (springer.com)
Regulation and clearance of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Does Incorporation of EPA and DHA in Lipoproteins Differ According to Apolipoprotein E Genotype? (clinicaltrials.gov)
Apolipoproteins may also offer advantages over lipoprotein cholesterol measurements because they are direct measurements, whereas LDL, for example, is calculated from other lipoproteins from a fasting blood sample. (cdc.gov)

Anti-Apolipoprotein A-II, goat polyclonal, recognizes human apolipoprotein A-II. (merckmillipore.com)

In the present study, we show that this process is also able to generate HDL particles containing apoA-II (A-II HDL) and both apoA-I and apoA-II (A-I/A-II HDL). (portlandpress.com)
When lipid-free apoA-II was incubated with either VLDLs and lipoprotein lipase or LDLs and sodium oleate, a significant proportion of the apoA-II was recovered in the HDL density fraction. (portlandpress.com)
ApoA-I and apoA-II were both present in the larger HDLs, whereas only apoA-I was present in the smaller particles. (portlandpress.com)
Immunoaffinity chromatography on an anti-(apoA-I)-Sepharose column revealed that 10-20% of the apoA-II resided in particles that also contained apoA-I. The majority of the A-I/A-II HDL were present in a population of pre-β2 particles of 10.8 nm diameter. (portlandpress.com)
These results in vitro illustrate a potential mechanism for the formation of HDLs containing both apoA-I and apoA-II. (portlandpress.com)
Human apoA-II transgenic mice constitute an animal model for this proatherogenic disease. (ahajournals.org)
When challenged with an atherogenic diet, antigens related to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were markedly increased in the aorta of 11.1 transgenic mice (high human apoA-II expressor). (ahajournals.org)
In contrast, incubation of isolated human apoA-II with control mouse plasma at 37°C decreased PON1 activity and displaced the enzyme from HDL. (ahajournals.org)
Further, the displacement of PON1 by apoA-II could explain in part why PON1 is mostly found in HDL particles with apoA-I and without apoA-II, as well as the poor antiatherogenic properties of apoA-II-rich HDL. (ahajournals.org)
HDLs are classified according to their content of major apolipoproteins: apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoA-II. (ahajournals.org)
1 In contrast, the role of apoA-II is less understood, 2,3 and overexpression of mouse 4 and human apoA-II has generally been found to be proatherogenic. (ahajournals.org)
5-8 One mechanism by which the apoA-II expression may promote atherogenesis is altered reverse cholesterol transport. (ahajournals.org)
11 Although antioxidant properties have been ascribed to apoA-I and apoA-II, 12 it is currently believed that an important part of HDL antioxidant properties is related to their associated enzymes. (ahajournals.org)
Low levels of HDL cholesterol and its major apoprotein constituents apoA-I and apoA-II are common in patients who have ESRD and are undergoing hemodialysis (HD), but the metabolic basis for the low HDL is poorly understood. (asnjournals.org)
HDL cholesterol, apoA-I, and apoA-II levels were markedly decreased in the ESRD-HD patients by 39, 30, and 44%, respectively, in comparison with the control subjects. (asnjournals.org)
Conversely, the apoA-II production rate significantly decreased by 31% to 1.50 ± 0.61 mg/kg per d in the ESRD-HD patients in comparison with control subjects of 2.17 ± 0.40 mg/kg per d ( P = 0.047) with apoA-II fractional catabolic rate unchanged. (asnjournals.org)
These results revealed that the decreased levels of apoA-I are due solely to the increased rate of catabolism, whereas the reduced apoA-II levels are due primarily to the decreased rate of production in ESRD-HD patients. (asnjournals.org)
This differential regulation of apoA-I and apoA-II further supports the concept that apoA-I and apoA-II have distinct metabolic pathways. (asnjournals.org)
Three different positive signals with the anti-apoA-II antibody were found: one transient signal in the nucleus of a portion of mesenchymal cells, a second at lower levels throughout the mesenchyme, and another in capillaries with a specific increase from gestation day 17.5/18.5. (biomedcentral.com)

METHODS: We analysed data from 247 patients with Type 2 diabetes, aged 55-66 years, in the Cardiovascular Risk factors in Patients with Diabetes-a Prospective study in Primary care (CARDIPP-1) study. (diva-portal.org)
Elevation of triglyceride (TG) levels, hypertriglyceridemia, has been shown to be related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
and 2) to evaluate prevention and treatment programs targeting cardiovascular disease in the U.S. (cdc.gov)
2 Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, No 63 Huangtang Road, Meijiang District, Meizhou, 514031, People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
Definition of human apolipoprotein A-I epitopes recognized by autoantibodies present in patients with cardiovascular diseases. (medscape.com)
Association Between ApoA-I (Apolipoprotein A-I) Immune Complexes and Adverse Cardiovascular Events. (medscape.com)
Increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). (bvsalud.org)
Our aim was to describe the apolipoprotein was 18%, compared with 8% in Canadians of European profile with respect to cardiovascular risk in a Canadian descent (1). (cdc.gov)
associated with cardiovascular risk (2). (cdc.gov)
Our aim was to describe the apolipoprotein profile with respect to cardiovascular risk in a Canadian First Nation community. (cdc.gov)
Sixty percent of women were at increased cardiovascular risk because of low apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) levels, compared with 35% of men. (cdc.gov)
Apolipoprotein and lipid profiles in this First Nation population suggest high cardiovascular risk. (cdc.gov)
Our objective was to describe the apolipoprotein profile and its relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in a Canadian First Nation community. (cdc.gov)
Anti-Apolipoprotein J Antibody is useful for researchers interested in the immune system, Ubiquitin pathways, and cardiovascular research. (rockland-inc.com)

Primary structure of the bovine analogues to human apolipoproteins CII and CIII. (wikipedia.org)
HealthDay)-Apolipoprotein (apo) CIII and apoCIII-to-apoA1 ratio are correlated with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), according to a study published online Dec. 28 in Diabetes Care . (medicalxpress.com)
Here, our aim was to examine whether VLDL and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. (springer.com)
Apolipoprotein CIII (ApoCIII) is a 79 amino acids long glycoprotein that is synthesized predominantly in the liver and to a lesser degree in the intestine. (acris-antibodies.com)

Absence of CC chemokine receptor-2 reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. (nih.gov)
RDN promoted atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice infused with angiotensin II associated with upregulation of MMP-2. (frontiersin.org)

Choose from our Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 polyclonal antibodies and browse our Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 monoclonal antibody catalog. (novusbio.com)
Apolipoprotein A-II antibody LS-C505484 is an AP-conjugated goat polyclonal antibody to human Apolipoprotein A-II. (lsbio.com)
Immunohistochemistry (below the yellow line) (G-O) was performed using an anti-apoC-II polyclonal antibody (G to I, K to M, O) or goat IgG as negative control (J, N). Positive signals (red) were found in secretory granule-like structures in distal epithelial cells on GD 19.5 (H) and PN0 (G) but not in later timepoints. (nih.gov)

Large deletion in APOC2 caused by Alu-Alu homologous recombination is associated with with apolipoprotein C-II deficiency. (antibodies-online.com)
APOC2 and 2 more synonyms used to describe this biomarker that Amplion uses in its algorithms. (biomarkerbase.com)
27 Apolipoprotein C-II (APOC2) Kits ELISA de 9 fabricants sont disponibles sur www.anticorps-enligne.fr. (anticorps-enligne.fr)

Single doses of peptides Ac-hE18A-NH(2) and mR18L were administered retro-orbitally to LDL-R null mice on Western diet and plasma cholesterol was measured at 10 min, 4 h, and 24 h post administration. (nih.gov)
Peptide mR18L and not Ac-hE18A-NH(2) reduced plasma cholesterol levels significantly at 4 h post administration. (nih.gov)
Elevated apolipoprotein A1 and HDL cholesterol associated with age-related macular degeneration: two population cohorts. (onmedica.com)
After multifactorial adjustment, individuals in the highest versus lowest quartile of plasma apolipoprotein A1 and HDL cholesterol had hazard ratios for AMD of 1.40(95%CI:1.20-1.63) and 1.22(1.03-1.45). (onmedica.com)
Per 100 mg/dL higher plasma apolipoprotein A1, 1 mmol/L(39 mg/dL) higher HDL, and 1 mmol/L(39mmol/L) lower LDL cholesterol, the hazard ratios for AMD were 1.53(1.31-1.80), 1.19(1.07-1.32), and 1.05(1.00-1.11), respectively, with similar results across strata of different risk factors. (onmedica.com)
Higher concentrations of HDL cholesterol were also associated with higher risk of AMD in the CCHS.Elevated plasma apolipoprotein A1 and HDL cholesterol, and lower LDL cholesterol, are associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. (onmedica.com)
Plasma apolipoprotein E phenotypes modulate lipoprotein concentrations, particularly that of low density lipoprotein cholesterol. (bmj.com)
Measurements of plasma cholesterol and apo B and E concentrations showed that the E * 4 allele is associated with elevated plasma cholesterol and apo B levels and with decreased apo E concentrations, whereas the opposite is true for the E * 2 allele. (springer.com)
NFκB regulates plasma apolipoprotein A-I and HDL-cholesterol through inhibition of PPARα'Journal of Biological Chemistry. (nii.ac.jp)
KFκB regulates plasma apolipoprotein A-I and HDL-cholesterol through inhibition of PPARα'Journal of Biological Chemistry. (nii.ac.jp)
Apolipoproteins may also offer advantages over risk because of low apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) levels, com- lipoprotein cholesterol measurements because they are pared with 35% of men. (cdc.gov)
The sample of 483 men and women from a cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Table 2). (cdc.gov)
Apolipoprotein CI (ApoCI) functions as a cofactor for LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase), the enzyme responsible for most plasma cholesterol esterification. (acris-antibodies.com)

Each Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibody is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)
Finally, incubation of myotubes with a neutralising antibody against Toll-like receptor 2 abolished the effects of apoCIII on ER stress, inflammation and insulin resistance, indicating that the effects of apoCIII were mediated by this receptor. (springer.com)
Apolipoprotein J Antibody functions as a secreted chaperone that prevents aggregation of nonnative proteins. (rockland-inc.com)
This antibody reacts with human apoLipoprotein J and has negligible cross-reactivity with Type A-I, A-II, B, C-I, C-II, C-III and E apoLipoproteins. (rockland-inc.com)
No. R1029P Apolipoprotein AI antibody staining of Paraffin-Embedded Human Liver. (acris-antibodies.com)
No. R1031P Apolipoprotein AII antibody staining of Paraffin-Embedded Human Adrenal at 5 µg/ml. (acris-antibodies.com)
No. AP16668PU-N APOA4 antibody staining of Paraffin Embedded Human Intestine at 2 µg/ml. (acris-antibodies.com)
No. AP16949PU-N Apolipoprotein CI antibody Staining of Paraffin Embedded Human Liver at 3.8 µg/ml. (acris-antibodies.com)

To determine the association between the e4 allele of apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease in a randomly selected population sample. (bmj.com)
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease was 2.9% in subjects with no e4 alleles, 7.6% in subjects with one e4 allele, and 21.4% in subjects with two e4 alleles of apolipoprotein E. (bmj.com)
Allele e4 of apolipoprotein is associated with Alzheimer's disease in a dose-response fashion in a randomly selected elderly population. (bmj.com)
The first evidence that e4 allele of apolipoprotein E could be associated with Alzheimer's disease was published by Pericak-Vance et al. (bmj.com)
Eto M, Watanabe K, Ishii K (1986a) A racial difference in apolipoprotein E allele frequencies between the Japanese and Caucasian populations. (springer.com)
The apolipoprotein e4 allele on chromosome 19 is an important risk factor for cognitive decline. (bmj.com)
We observed a significantly increased risk of cognitive decline associated with a lower level of education in subjects without an apolipoprotein e4 allele. (bmj.com)

The plasma A-I/A-II weight ratio was 3.6±0.4 for men and 3.8±0.5 for women. (jci.org)
Only the plasma from the Ac-hE18A-NH(2) group had significantly reduced reactive oxygen species levels at the end of the treatment protocol. (nih.gov)
The apolipoprotein A-V genotype and plasma apolipoprotein A-V and triglyceride levels: prospective risk of type 2 diabetes. (ucl.ac.uk)
C or S19W was found on type 2 diabetes risk.Conclusions/interpretation In contrast to animal studies, in man, plasma APOA5 positively correlates with plasma triglyceride levels. (ucl.ac.uk)
Native apolipoprotein A-II from human plasma. (emdmillipore.com)
Therefore, it has been attempted to identify the specific genetic determinants of plasma TG levels, and a novel member of the apolipoprotein family, apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5), was identified by the comparative sequencing of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster region [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
For the quantitative in vitro determination of Apo A-II in serum or plasma. (randox.com)
Eto M, Watanabe K, Ishii K (1986b) Reciprocal effects of apolipoprotein E alleles (ɛ2 and ɛ4) on plasma lipid levels in normolipidemic subjects. (springer.com)
Serum samples were obtained in 1990 and frozen at -20°C until 1993, when the apolipoprotein E phenotype was determined by isoelectric focusing of delipidated plasma samples followed by immunoblotting. (bmj.com)
Cleavage of apoC-II by MMP-14 markedly decreased LPL activity and would thus impair hydrolysis of triglycerides in plasma and transfer of fatty acids to tissues. (elsevier.com)
This was coupled with a significant decrease in the corresponding production rates, accounting for a lack of treatment effect on plasma concentrations of apo A-I and apo A-II. (nih.gov)
Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels in children hereditarily predisposed to coronary heart disease. (biomedsearch.com)
Apo E is produced in most organs and occurs in all plasma lipoprotein fractions, constituting 10-20% of VLDL and 1-2% of HDL. (acris-antibodies.com)

In the present study we further investigated regulation of apoM expression in Caco-2 cells stimulated by a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist, TO901317. (lu.se)

Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Temperament: A Longitudinal Study from Infancy to the Late Teens," Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2003, pp. 662-664. (scirp.org)

The results demonstrate the important role of both intra- and inter-subunit charge interactions in stabilizing apoC-II amyloid fibrils, a process that may be a key factor in determining the general ability of proteins to form amyloid fibrils. (antibodies-online.com)
Using the models of two long anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory proteins (apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein E with 243 and 299 amino acids, respectively) short mimetic peptides of 18 to 28 amino acid residues in length, which can be produced either synthetically or genetically in edible fruits and vegetables, have been shown to exert profound biological effects in a large number of animal models of diseases. (springer.com)
New vessels grow into the vitreous cavity, which consists of various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, resulting in traction retinal detachment and vitreous hemorrhage ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Apolipoprotein J does not require ATP or refold proteins by itself. (rockland-inc.com)
This product has been prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography using immobilized antigens followed by extensive cross-adsorption against other apoLipoproteins and human serum proteins to remove any unwanted specificities. (rockland-inc.com)
Non-specific cross reaction of anti-apoLipoprotein antibodies with other human serum proteins is negligible. (rockland-inc.com)
Apolipoproteins are proteins on the surface of the lipoprotein complex that bind to specific enzymes or transport proteins on the cell membranes. (acris-antibodies.com)

The circularization of amyloid fibrils formed by apolipoprotein C-II. (semanticscholar.org)
Apolipoprotein C-II amyloid fibrils assemble via a reversible pathway that includes fibril breaking and rejoining. (semanticscholar.org)
article{Hatters2003TheCO, title={The circularization of amyloid fibrils formed by apolipoprotein C-II. (semanticscholar.org)
Lipid-free human apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) forms characteristic amyloid fibrils and is one of several apolipoproteins that accumulate in amyloid deposits located within atherosclerotic plaques. (unibas.ch)

Dietary restriction reduces atherosclerosis and oxidative stress in the aorta of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice," Mechanisms of Ageing and Development , vol. 123, no. 8, pp. 1121-1131, 2002. (hindawi.com)
Association of multiple cellular stress pathways with accelerated atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice," Circulation , vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 207-213, 2004. (hindawi.com)
Hypertension, atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm were induced by subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (1 μg/kg/min) for 28 days in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. (frontiersin.org)
RDN decreased systolic blood pressure in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. (frontiersin.org)
RDN did not affect the size of aortic aneurysms formed or the incidence of aortic rupture in mice receiving angiotensin II. (frontiersin.org)
The higher MMP-2 expression could be the results of the greater amount of atheroma in the RDN mice. (frontiersin.org)
Skeletal muscle from transgenic mice overexpressing apoCIII showed increased levels of some ER stress and inflammatory markers and increased phosphorylated ERK1/2 levels, whereas PGC-1α levels were reduced, confirming apoCIII effects in vivo. (springer.com)
The Ang II-mediated reductions of renal ACE2 and nephrin levels in ApoEKO mice were remarkably rescued by rhACE2 supplementation, along with augmentation of renal Ang-(1-7) levels. (biomedcentral.com)
More importantly, rhACE2 treatment significantly reversed Ang II-induced renal inflammation, superoxide generation, kidney dysfunction and adverse renal injury in ApoEKO mice with suppression of the NOX4 and TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Expression of matrix metalloproteinases-(MMP)-2, -3, -8, -9, and -12 in AAA was enhanced in smoke-exposed angiotensin-II treated hyperlipemic mice. (pmiscience.com)
Zymographic activity analysis revealed that the activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was highest in the mice exposed to all three risk factors. (pmiscience.com)
Approach and Results - AAA was induced in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via infusion of angiotensin II (1.0 μg/kg per minute SC). (edu.au)
Progression of angiotensin II-induced aortic dilatation was inhibited in mice receiving a B2R antagonist (B9330). (edu.au)

Taken together, our results suggested that fatty acid recruitment from the circulation by apoC-II-activated LPL could be regionally controlled by modulation of apoC-II secretion [ 12 ] for the purpose of surfactant synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
This study demonstrates that apoC-II and LPL mRNAs correlate temporally and geographically with surfactant lipid synthesis in preparation for birth and suggests that fatty acid recruitment from the circulation by apoC-II-activated LPL is regionally modulated by apoC-II secretion. (nih.gov)
Umpleby, A. M. / The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in type 2 diabetes . (elsevier.com)
Secretion of metalloproteinase-2 and -9, osteoprotegerin, and osteopontin by human AAA explant was reduced in the presence of the B2R antagonist (B9330). (edu.au)

The amino acid sequences of two tryptic peptides derived from HPLC-purified heavier BRF-2 isoform were determined to be YLAIAPPIIK and ALYYLQIHPQELR. (nih.gov)
Anti-peptide antisera raised against two synthetic peptides of XAP-1 recognized a approximately 120-kDa polypeptide band in both BRF-2 isoforms in a western blot analysis. (nih.gov)
Both peptides reduced total plaque macrophage load compared to the saline treated animals, with peptide Ac-hE18A-NH(2) having a greater reduction. (nih.gov)
Dr. Goldberg is President and Co-Founder of LipimetiX Development, LLC, a biotechnology company developing apolipoprotein E mimetic peptides licensed from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Research Foundation. (springer.com)
B2R agonist and antagonist peptides enhanced and inhibited, respectively, angiotensin II-induced neutrophil activation and aortic smooth muscle cell inflammatory phenotype. (edu.au)

Your search returned 1 apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 2 ELISA ELISA Kit across 1 supplier. (biocompare.com)
Histomorphometry of plaque cross-sectional area in the proximal aortas, en face measurement of plaque area over the aortic trees, Pg 16S ribosomal DNA amplification with polymerase chain reaction, ELISA for systemic proinflammatory mediators, and immunolocalization of macrophages in the proximal aorta were performed. (ahajournals.org)
Anti-apolipoprotein antibodies have been used for indirect trapping ELISA for quantitation of antigen in serum using a standard curve, for immunoprecipitation and for western blotting for highly sensitive qualitative analysis. (rockland-inc.com)
Typically less than 1% cross reactivity against other types of apoLipoprotein was detected by ELISA against purified standards. (rockland-inc.com)

In this paper we report the isolation of two isoforms of BRF-2 by further purification using high-performance liquid chromatography. (nih.gov)

When activated by its essential co-factor, apoC-II, LPL catalyzes cleavage of acyl-glycerol esters in triglycerides of circulating VLDL and chylomicrons. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, a role for these apolipoproteins in fatty acid recruitment from triglycerides for surfactant lipid synthesis can be postulated. (biomedcentral.com)

As angiotensin II infusion also induces aortic aneurysm we also assessed the effect of RDN on aortic aneurysm severity. (frontiersin.org)
The B2R agonist (B9772) promoted aortic rupture in response to angiotensin II associated with an increase in neutrophil infiltration of the aorta in comparison to controls. (edu.au)

Synonyms for apo C-II deficiency include: C - II an apolipoproteinemia and hyperlipoproteinemia type Ib 5 . (randox.com)

Structure of a biologically active fragment of human serum apolipoprotein C-II in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecylphosphocholine. (randox.com)
In an immunochemical reaction, Apolipoprotein B in the human serum sample form immune complexes with specific antibodies. (cdc.gov)

Our Apolipoprotein A-II/ApoA2 Antibodies can be used in a variety of model species: Human. (novusbio.com)
Conformational rearrangement of apoC-II at lipoprotein surfaces promotes interaction with LPL (show LCP1 Antibodies ). (antibodies-online.com)
Specific cross reaction of anti-apoLipoprotein antibodies with antigens from other species has not been determined. (rockland-inc.com)

In this study, we examined the association between soy isoflavones and lipid profiles, apolipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in China. (semanticscholar.org)

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that LXR agonist TO901317 induced apoM expression in Caco-2 cells might be mediated via the LXR/FXR pathway. (lu.se)

ApoCIII mimicked the effects of VLDL and its effects were also blocked by ERK1/2 inhibition, suggesting that this apolipoprotein was responsible for the effects of VLDL. (springer.com)

The active peptide of apo C - II corresponds to residues 44 - 79 and has been identified to reverse the symptoms of genetic apo C - II deficiency. (randox.com)
The report of recognizable cognitive changes in nuns half a century before the development of frank Alzheimer disease ( 2 ) could conceivably be used as a pretext to justify genetic screening for jobs that require intellectual capacity. (acpjc.org)
Genetic evidence indicates that apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. (jneurosci.org)

Both an excess and deficiency of apo C - II is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and reduced LPL activity. (randox.com)
Whilst extremely rare, a deficiency in apo C-II results in excess fasting hypertriglyceridemia and chylomicronemia. (randox.com)
Biologically and clinically, apo C - II deficiency closely mimics LPL deficiency. (randox.com)
Hoffmann MM, März W. Apo C-II Deficiency. (randox.com)
Our result suggests that cleavage of apoC-II by MMPs would be important for development of pathophysiological situations of apoC-II deficiency such as atherosclerosis. (elsevier.com)

Dyslipidemia increases circulating levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and this may induce alveolar bone loss through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4. (biomedcentral.com)
Low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein B: clinical use in patients with coronary heart disease. (semanticscholar.org)
Using the proteomic approach, apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II), which is a cofactor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and a component of very-low density lipoprotein and chylomicron, has been identified as a putative MMP-14 substrate. (elsevier.com)

Both mR18L and Ac-hE18A-NH(2) showed reduced atherosclerotic lesion areas. (nih.gov)
1,2 ⇓ Recent studies have suggested associations of atherosclerotic risk with infectious agents, 1-3 ⇓ ⇓ and several pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae , Helicobacter pylori , Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been detected in human atheromas. (ahajournals.org)
Rationale: Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2), a thiol-specific peroxidase, has been reported to regulate proinflammatory responses, vascular remodeling, and global oxidative stress.Objective: Although Prdx2 has been proposed to retard atherosclerosis development, no direct evidence and mechanisms have been reported.Methods and Results: We show that Prdx2 is highly expressed in endothelial and immune cells in atherosclerotic lesions and blocked the increase of endogenous H(2)O(2) by atherogenic stimulation. (hanyang.ac.kr)

J. Lewerenz and P. Maher, "Basal levels of eIF2 α phosphorylation determine cellular antioxidant status by regulating ATF4 and xCT expression," Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 284, no. 2, pp. 1106-1115, 2009. (hindawi.com)
RDN significantly increased the aortic mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). (frontiersin.org)
Expression of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), A-II, and H was previously observed at 16 to 50-fold higher levels in the fetal than the adult mouse lung. (biomedcentral.com)
Start Forskningsoutput TO901317 regulating apolipoprotein M expression mediates via. (lu.se)
The major sites of apoC-II and LPL gene expression changed over time and were found mainly in the distal epithelium at the end of gestation but not after birth. (nih.gov)

RF 1-2* Evidence is accumulating that apolipoprotein E is important in late onset Alzheimer's disease. (bmj.com)
Verghese, P. B., Castellano, J. M. & Holtzman, D. M. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. (nature.com)

Fibrinogen alpha chain precursor and apolipoprotein a-I in urine as biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: a proteomics study. (medscape.com)

Isotopic enrichments of apo A-I and apo A-II were measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with kinetic parameters derived from a multicompartmental model (SAAM II). (nih.gov)

A correlation coefficient of r=1.00 was displayed when the Randox apo C-II assay was compared to commercially available methods. (randox.com)
Materials and methods: Caco-2 cells were cultured in the presence of either TO901317, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist guggulsterone or TO901317 together with guggulsterone at different concentrations for 24 hrs. (lu.se)

Patients who have ESRD and undergo hemodialysis (HD) are at increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) ( 1,2 ⇓ ), which is due at least in part to lipid abnormalities, typically called uremic dyslipidemia ( 3 ). (asnjournals.org)

In this study, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of recombinant human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) in an animal model of ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. (diabetesjournals.org)
We previously reported the antiangiogenic effect of recombinant human apolipoprotein(a) kringle V (rhLK8) ( 10 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

Applications available detailing instrument-specific settings for the convenient use of the Randox apo C-II assay on a variety of clinical chemistry analysers. (randox.com)
Targeted mass spectrometric immunoassays toward apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III were applied on large cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical cohorts. (mdpi.com)
Buy the apolipoprotein C-II biomarker report now and get immediate access to all of the clinical uses of apolipoprotein C-II including 9 clinical trials where apolipoprotein C-II is being measured across 266 conditions. (biomarkerbase.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms8

Diseases37

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science3

Health Care5

Vitamin A is linked to the expression of the AI-CIII-AIV gene cluster in familial combined hyperlipidemia. (1/471)

Apolipoprotein A-I charge and conformation regulate the clearance of reconstituted high density lipoprotein in vivo. (2/471)

Dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol decreases HDL ApoA-I secretion. (3/471)

Acute effects of intravenous infusion of ApoA1/phosphatidylcholine discs on plasma lipoproteins in humans. (4/471)

Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in renal failure: the relation to mode of dialysis. (5/471)

Overexpression of human apolipoprotein A-II in mice induces hypertriglyceridemia due to defective very low density lipoprotein hydrolysis. (6/471)

Protective effect of apolipoprotein A I, A II, C I and C II on endothelial cells injury induced by low density lipoprotein. (7/471)

ApoA-II maintains HDL levels in part by inhibition of hepatic lipase. Studies In apoA-II and hepatic lipase double knockout mice. (8/471)

Apolipoprotein A-I

Apolipoproteins E

Apolipoprotein B-100

Apolipoproteins B

Apolipoprotein E4

Apolipoprotein E3

Apolipoprotein C-III

Apolipoprotein A-II

Apolipoproteins

Apolipoprotein C-II

Apolipoproteins A

Apolipoprotein B-48

Apolipoprotein E2

Apolipoprotein C-I

Apolipoproteins C

Lipoproteins, HDL

Apoprotein(a)

Cholesterol

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins, VLDL

Triglycerides

Lipoprotein(a)

Apolipoproteins D

Lipoproteins, LDL

Lipids

Receptors, LDL

Atherosclerosis

Cholesterol, HDL

Arteriosclerosis

Liver

Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase

Cholesterol, LDL

Mice, Knockout

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type III

Hyperlipidemias

Hyperlipoproteinemias

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Lipid Metabolism

Hypolipoproteinemias

Chylomicrons

Genotype

Receptors, Lipoprotein

Alleles

Hypobetalipoproteinemias

Cholesterol Esters

Lipoproteins, IDL

Lipoprotein Lipase

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II

Hypertriglyceridemia

Clusterin

Polymorphism, Genetic

Hypercholesterolemia

Cholesterol, VLDL

Alzheimer Disease

Molecular Sequence Data

RNA, Messenger

Kringles

Aorta

Diet, Atherogenic

Phospholipids

Tangier Disease

Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined

Base Sequence

Dietary Fats

Mice, Transgenic

Heterozygote

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters

High-Density Lipoproteins, Pre-beta

Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Amino Acid Sequence

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins

Cytidine Deaminase

Hyperlipoproteinemia Type IV

Macrophages

Abetalipoproteinemia

Cholesterol, Dietary

Kinetics

Aortic Diseases