Apocrine Glands
Anal Sacs
Sweat Gland Neoplasms
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Perianal Glands
Paget Disease, Extramammary
Dog Diseases
Salivary Glands
Dogs
Exocrine Glands
Submandibular Gland
Parotid Gland
Encyclopedias as Topic
Fibrocystic Breast Disease
Osteitis Deformans
Paget's Disease, Mammary
Myositis, Inclusion Body
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
Mohs Surgery
Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki-67, p53, p21, and p27 in benign and malignant apocrine lesions of the breast: its correlation to histologic findings in 43 cases. (1/80)
We examined Ki-67, p53, p21, and p27 immunolocalization in 43 cases of apocrine lesions of the breast and correlated these findings with histologic parameters to understand their biologic significance. Twenty cases were benign, 1 case was borderline, and 22 cases were diagnosed as malignant, including 9 intraductal and 13 invasive apocrine carcinomas. Both the ratio of Ki-67-positive cases (17 of 21 [88.9%] versus 1 of 19 [5.3%]; P < .001) and the Ki-67 labeling index of positive cases examined (15.0% versus 2.7%; P < .005) were significantly higher in malignant than in benign apocrine lesions. None of the benign or borderline cases was immunohistochemically positive for p53, but 15 of 22 malignant cases (68.2%) demonstrated p53 (P < .001). In addition, the ratio of p53-positive cases was significantly higher in high nuclear grade cases (11 of 13 [84.6%]) than in intermediate nuclear grade cases (4 of 9 [44.4%]; P < .05). P53 immunoreactivity was also positively correlated with the nuclear grade of carcinoma cases examined in this study. Neither p21 nor p27 demonstrated any correlation with histologic parameters or findings of the apocrine lesions. Results of these studies suggest that Ki-67 and p53 may be good markers for differentiation between benign and malignant breast apocrine lesions. (+info)Immunohistochemical localisation of androgen receptor in apocrine metaplasia and apocrine adenosis of the breast: relation to oestrogen and progesterone receptors. (2/80)
AIM: To investigate the receptor status of the sex steroid hormones in apocrine metaplasia of the breast. METHODS: 82 cases of apocrine metaplasia, including 18 of the rare lesion apocrine adenosis, were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of androgen receptor, oestrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor proteins on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. The standard avidin biotin complex (ABC) technique was followed and appropriate positive and negative controls were used. RESULTS: All the studied cases (82/82) were positive for androgen receptor, but were negative for oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Apocrine metaplastic epithelium, unlike the normal breast epithelium, is responsive to androgens, through androgen receptors, rather than to the female sex hormones. This may have clinical implications. (+info)A novel aspartyl proteinase from apocrine epithelia and breast tumors. (3/80)
GCDFP-15 (gross cystic disease fluid protein, 15 kDa) is a secretory marker of apocrine differentiation in breast carcinoma. In human breast cancer cell lines, gene expression is regulated by hormones, including androgens and prolactin. The protein is also known under different names in different body fluids such as gp17 in seminal plasma. GCDFP-15/gp17 is a ligand of CD4 and is a potent inhibitor of T-cell apoptosis induced by sequential CD4/T-cell receptor triggering. We now report that GCDFP-15/gp17 is a protease exhibiting structural properties relating it to the aspartyl proteinase superfamily. Unexpectedly, GCDFP-15/gp17 appears to be related to the retroviral members rather than to the known cellular members of this class. Site-specific mutagenesis of Asp(22) (predicted to be catalytically important for the active site) and pepstatin A inhibition confirmed that the protein is an aspartic-type protease. We also show that, among the substrates tested, GCDFP-15/gp17 is specific for fibronectin. The study of GCDFP-15/gp17-mediated proteolysis may provide a handle to understand phenomena as diverse as mammary tumor progression and fertilization. (+info)Extramammary Paget disease is characterized by the consistent lack of estrogen and progesterone receptors but frequently expresses androgen receptor. (4/80)
Extramammary Paget disease (EPD) is an uncommon cutaneous malignant neoplasm that arises in areas rich in apocrine glands (perineum, vulva, and axilla). Apocrine gland origin or apocrine differentiation of cells of EPD has been suggested. Estrongen, progesterone, and androgen hormone receptors have been reported to exhibit a characteristic pattern of expression in mammary apocrine type carcinomas; however, their expression in EPD has not been elucidated fully. By using immunohistochemical methods, we studied the expression of steroid receptors in EPD on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 28 patients with EPD without associated visceral malignant neoplasms or adnexal carcinoma. Androgen receptor (AR) was identified in 15 of 28 cases. The proportion of AR-positive cells varied from 1% to more than 75%; 8 cases expressed AR in more than 10% of cells. Strong AR expression also was seen in the invasive carcinoma arising from 1 case of EPD. All cases lacked immunohistochemically detectable estrogen and progesterone receptors. The immunophenotype characteristic of apocrine carcinomas (AR-positive, estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative) was seen in a substantial proportion of EPD cases. Results suggest that AR expression is a factor in pathogenesis of EPD. This may be important for the therapy of recurrent or invasive disease. (+info)Histo-physiology of the scent-marking glands of the penile pad, anal pouch, and the forefoot in the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus). (5/80)
The scentmarking glands of the anal pouch, penile pad, and the forefoot of the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) were studied by histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical methods, and by electron microscopy. The morphological observations are correlated with eco-ethological aspects of this nocturnal animal. In all studied regions there was a superficial layer of holocrine sebaceous glands and a deeper layer of apocrine scent glands; these two types of glands apparently function in concert. Only in the forefoot were additional tubular glands, resembling eccrine sweat glands found, which may improve the frictional capacities of the paw, while apocrine and holocrine glands serve scent-marking functions of the forefoot. Penile pad and anal pouch are exclusively scent marking organs. The secretion modus of the apocrine glands is both via exocytosis and apocrine mechanism. Homogeneous apical, secretory granules, which contain glycoproteinaceous material, represent evidence for exocytosis. In the anal pouch, additional variably sized granules contain endogenous pigments which are probably responsible for the brownish coloration of the secretory product of the male animals. Variable heights of the glandular cells, frequent apical tall protrusions as well as pinched-off pieces of cytoplasm in the glandular tubules support the concept of an apocrine secretion in the scent glands. The immunohistochemical staining pattern of actin points to the involvement of actin filaments in the pinching-off process of the apical cell protrusion, which does not contain any cell organelles. The variable actin staining patterns suggest a dynamic process during which actin filaments form a ring or sheet at the basis of the pinching-off bleb. Proliferative and apoptotic phenomena show no preference for active and inactive glandular cells suggesting that replacement of cells occurs independently of the functional status of the glands. (+info)Aspects of general antimicrobial properties of skin secretions in the common seal Phoca vitulina. (6/80)
Considerable amounts of several saccharide residues (alpha-D-Man, beta-D-GlcNAc, alpha-D-GalNAc, beta-D-Gal, alpha-D-Gal, alpha-L-Fuc, NeuNAc) are demonstrated by lectin histochemistry in the sections of the sebaceous glands, and, particularly, the apocrine tubular glands of the common seal. These sugars may be liberated on the skin surface by microbial activities and, then, represent a general antimicrobial protection mechanism of the skin because of their ability to inhibit the adherence of different bacteria and fungi to the epidermis. (+info)Molecular cytogenetic comparison of apocrine hyperplasia and apocrine carcinoma of the breast. (7/80)
The relationship of apocrine metaplasia to invasive breast cancer is controversial. Different authors have reported that apocrine differentiation in proliferative lesions may be a risk factor, a precursor lesion, or have no association with malignancy. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic alterations in benign apocrine hyperplasia with apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive apocrine carcinomas of the breast using comparative genomic hybridization. The mean number of alterations in apocrine hyperplasia was 4.1 (n = 10) compared to 10.2 in apocrine DCIS (n = 10) and 14.8 (n = 4) in invasive carcinoma. The most common alterations in apocrine hyperplasia were gains of 2q, 13q, and 1p and losses of 1p, 17q, 22q, 2p, 10q, and 16q. Apocrine DCIS and invasive carcinomas showed gains of 1q, 2q, 1p, and losses of 1p, 22q, 17q, 12q, and 16q as their most common DNA copy number changes. Apocrine hyperplasia is considered to be a benign lesion and its relationship to invasive carcinoma remains unclear. Our data suggest that some apocrine hyperplasias may be clonal proliferations. The mean number of alterations are lower in apocrine hyperplasia, however the changes show considerable overlap with those identified in in situ and invasive apocrine carcinoma. These alterations are also commonly seen in nonapocrine breast cancer. The data are consistent with apocrine hyperplasia as a putative nonobligate precursor of apocrine carcinoma. (+info)Mixed apocrine/endocrine ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast coexistent with lobular carcinoma in situ. (8/80)
An unusual mixed form of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is described, which exhibits a biphenotypic morphology encompassing a range of differential diagnostic DCIS subtypes. In addition, immunophenotypic and ultrastructural studies demonstrate neuroendocrine and apocrine differentiation, raising questions regarding appropriate classification and biological behaviour. In two cases, coexistence of this mixed form of DCIS with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in the same duct lobular units is an additional unusual feature that might, at least in some cases, indicate a closer relation between them. (+info)Apocrine glands are a type of sweat gland found in mammals, including humans. They are most concentrated in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the axillae (armpits) and genital region. These glands release their secretions into the hair follicle, which then reaches the skin surface through the pores.
Apocrine glands become active during puberty and are associated with the production of odorous sweat. The sweat produced by apocrine glands is initially odorless but can acquire a smell when it comes into contact with bacteria on the skin surface, which break down the organic compounds in the sweat. This can contribute to body odor.
It's important to note that while apocrine glands are often associated with body odor, they do not cause body odor directly. The odor is produced when the sweat from apocrine glands mixes with bacteria on the skin surface.
Anal sacs, also known as scent glands or scent sacs, are small paired sac-like structures located on either side of the anus in many mammals, including dogs and cats. These sacs produce a foul-smelling liquid that is used for marking territory and communication with other animals. In some cases, the ducts leading from the anal sacs can become blocked, causing discomfort or infection, which may require medical intervention.
Anal gland neoplasms, also known as anal sac tumors, are abnormal growths that develop from the cells lining the anal glands. These glands are located on either side of the anus in dogs and some other animals, and they produce a scent used for marking territory.
Anal gland neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more common and tend to grow quickly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis). Common symptoms of anal gland neoplasms include straining to defecate, bleeding from the rectum, and a firm mass that can be felt near the anus.
Treatment for anal gland neoplasms typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended. The prognosis for animals with anal gland neoplasms depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread to other parts of the body, and the overall health of the animal.
Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the sweat glands. These growths can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign sweat gland neoplasms include hidradenomas and syringomas, which are usually slow-growing and cause little to no symptoms. Malignant sweat gland neoplasms, also known as sweat gland carcinomas, are rare but aggressive cancers that can spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as a lump or mass under the skin, pain, swelling, and redness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the growth.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that typically affects areas of the body where there are sweat glands, such as the armpits, groin, and buttocks. The main features of HS are recurrent boil-like lumps or abscesses (nodules) that form under the skin. These nodules can rupture and drain pus, leading to painful, swollen, and inflamed lesions. Over time, these lesions may heal, only to be replaced by new ones, resulting in scarring and tunnel-like tracts (sinus tracts) beneath the skin.
HS is a debilitating condition that can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, causing physical discomfort, emotional distress, and social isolation. The exact cause of HS remains unclear, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Treatment options for HS include topical and oral antibiotics, biologic therapies, surgical interventions, and lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and smoking cessation.
Sweat gland diseases are medical conditions that affect the functioning or structure of sweat glands, leading to excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis), lack of sweating (anhydrosis), or abnormal sweating (e.g., foul-smelling sweat). There are two main types of sweat glands in humans: eccrine glands, which produce a watery sweat that helps regulate body temperature, and apocrine glands, which are located in the armpits and groin and produce a thicker, milky sweat that can mix with bacteria on the skin and cause body odor.
Some examples of sweat gland diseases include:
1. Hidradenitis suppurativa: A chronic skin condition characterized by inflammation and infection of the apocrine glands, leading to the formation of abscesses, nodules, and sinus tracts.
2. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: A condition that causes excessive sweating in specific areas of the body, such as the armpits, hands, feet, or face, without any underlying medical cause.
3. Secondary generalized hyperhidrosis: Excessive sweating that affects the entire body and is caused by an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or obesity.
4. Cystic adenoma of the axilla: A benign tumor that arises from the apocrine glands in the armpit.
5. Eccrine nevus: A rare congenital condition characterized by an increased number of eccrine glands in a localized area of the skin, leading to excessive sweating.
6. Fox-Fordyce disease: A chronic inflammatory disorder that affects the apocrine glands, causing itchy papules and pustules in the armpits and groin.
7. Pachyonychia congenita: A rare genetic disorder characterized by thickened nails, palmoplantar keratoderma, and abnormalities of the eccrine glands, leading to excessive sweating and odor production.
Perianal glands, also known as hepatoid glands or circumanal glands, are specialized sebaceous glands located in the perianal region of many mammals, including dogs and cats. These glands are found in the skin around the anus and are responsible for producing a scent that is unique to each individual animal. The secretions from these glands play a role in territorial marking and communication.
In humans, there are no true perianal glands, but there are some sweat glands located in the perianal region that can sometimes become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as hidradenitis suppurativa or perianal abscesses. However, these conditions are not related to the perianal glands found in animals.
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare skin condition that typically affects the genital or anal areas, but can also occur in other areas such as the axillae (armpits) or male nipples. It is named similar to Paget's disease of the breast, but they are different conditions. EMPD is not related to breast cancer.
EMPD is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Paget cells in the skin. These cells can invade the surrounding tissue and may spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The exact cause of EMPD is unknown, but it's thought to be associated with an underlying malignancy such as an adenocarcinoma in the adjacent area.
Symptoms of EMPD can include redness, itching, burning, or pain in the affected area. There may also be scaling, crusting, or oozing of the skin. The lesions associated with EMPD are typically slow-growing and can be mistaken for eczema, psoriasis, or other benign skin conditions.
Diagnosis of EMPD is usually made through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves surgical excision of the lesion, with wide margins to ensure complete removal of the abnormal cells. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended if there are signs of spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body. Regular follow-up is important to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.
There is no medical definition for "dog diseases" as it is too broad a term. However, dogs can suffer from various health conditions and illnesses that are specific to their species or similar to those found in humans. Some common categories of dog diseases include:
1. Infectious Diseases: These are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Examples include distemper, parvovirus, kennel cough, Lyme disease, and heartworms.
2. Hereditary/Genetic Disorders: Some dogs may inherit certain genetic disorders from their parents. Examples include hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), and degenerative myelopathy.
3. Age-Related Diseases: As dogs age, they become more susceptible to various health issues. Common age-related diseases in dogs include arthritis, dental disease, cancer, and cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS).
4. Nutritional Disorders: Malnutrition or improper feeding can lead to various health problems in dogs. Examples include obesity, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiencies.
5. Environmental Diseases: These are caused by exposure to environmental factors such as toxins, allergens, or extreme temperatures. Examples include heatstroke, frostbite, and toxicities from ingesting harmful substances.
6. Neurological Disorders: Dogs can suffer from various neurological conditions that affect their nervous system. Examples include epilepsy, intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), and vestibular disease.
7. Behavioral Disorders: Some dogs may develop behavioral issues due to various factors such as anxiety, fear, or aggression. Examples include separation anxiety, noise phobias, and resource guarding.
It's important to note that regular veterinary care, proper nutrition, exercise, and preventative measures can help reduce the risk of many dog diseases.
Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.
In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.
Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.
Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.
Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.
Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:
1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.
The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.
The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.
Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.
Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Fibrocystic breast disease, also known as fibrocystic change or chronic cystic mastitis, is not actually a disease but a condition that affects many women at some point in their lives. It is characterized by the formation of benign (non-cancerous) lumps or cysts in the breasts, often accompanied by breast pain, tenderness, and swelling.
The condition is caused by hormonal fluctuations that affect the breast tissue, making it more prone to developing fibrous tissue and fluid-filled sacs called cysts. Fibrocystic breast changes are usually harmless and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. However, in some cases, they can make it harder to detect early signs of breast cancer through mammography or self-examination.
The symptoms of fibrocystic breast change may vary from woman to woman and can range from mild to severe. They tend to be more noticeable just before a woman's menstrual period and may improve after menopause. Treatment options for fibrocystic breast changes include pain relievers, hormonal medications, and lifestyle modifications such as reducing caffeine intake and wearing a well-supportive bra. In some cases, draining or removing the cysts may be necessary to alleviate symptoms.
Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic disorder of the bone characterized by abnormal turnover and remodeling of the bone. In this condition, the bone becomes enlarged, thickened, and deformed due to excessive and disorganized bone formation and resorption.
The process begins when the bone-remodeling cycle is disrupted, leading to an imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone). In Paget's disease, osteoclasts become overactive and increase bone resorption, followed by an overzealous response from osteoblasts, which attempt to repair the damage but do so in a disorganized manner.
The affected bones can become weakened, prone to fractures, and may cause pain, deformities, or other complications such as arthritis, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms if the skull or spine is involved. The exact cause of Paget's disease remains unknown, but it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.
Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications associated with osteitis deformans. Treatment options include medications to slow down bone turnover, pain management, and orthopedic interventions when necessary.
Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the skin of the nipple and areola. The symptoms often include redness, itching, tingling, or burning of the nipple, which can also become flaky, scaly, or crusty. There may also be a discharge from the nipple.
The exact cause of Paget's disease is not known, but it is thought to be associated with underlying breast cancer in about 90% of cases. It is more common in women over the age of 50 and is usually diagnosed through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves removing the affected breast tissue, which may include a mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy.
It's important to note that Paget's disease of the nipple is different from benign paget's disease of the breast, which is a non-cancerous condition that can cause similar symptoms but does not spread to other parts of the body.
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare inflammatory muscle disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles. The term "inclusion body" refers to the presence of abnormal protein accumulations within muscle fibers, which are observed under a microscope during muscle biopsy. These inclusions are primarily composed of aggregated forms of amyloid-β and tau proteins, similar to those found in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.
IBM typically affects individuals over 50 years old, and it is more common in men than women. The disease usually starts with weakness in the wrist and finger flexors, making it difficult to perform tasks such as gripping, buttoning shirts, or lifting objects. Over time, the weakness spreads to other muscle groups, including the thigh muscles (quadriceps), resulting in difficulty climbing stairs or rising from a seated position.
The exact cause of inclusion body myositis remains unclear; however, both immune-mediated and degenerative mechanisms are believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Currently, there is no cure for IBM, and treatment options are primarily aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Immunosuppressive medications may be used to target the inflammatory component of the disease; however, their efficacy varies among patients. Physical therapy and exercise programs can help maintain muscle strength and function as much as possible.
Intraductal carcinoma, noninfiltrating is a medical term used to describe a type of breast cancer that is confined to the milk ducts of the breast. It is also sometimes referred to as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Noninfiltrating means that the cancer cells have not spread beyond the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue or elsewhere in the body.
In this type of cancer, abnormal cells line the milk ducts and fill the inside of the ducts. These abnormal cells may look like cancer cells under a microscope, but they have not grown through the walls of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. However, if left untreated, noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma can progress to an invasive form of breast cancer where the cancer cells spread beyond the milk ducts and invade the surrounding breast tissue.
It is important to note that while noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma is considered a precancerous condition, it still requires medical treatment to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the size and location of the tumor and other individual factors.
Mohs surgery, also known as Mohs micrographic surgery, is a precise surgical technique used to treat common types of skin cancer. It's primarily used for basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas that have recurred, are large, aggressive, or in critical areas where preservation of healthy tissue is important, such as the face.
The procedure involves removing the visible tumor along with a thin layer of surrounding tissue. This layer is then processed and examined under a microscope while the patient waits. If cancer cells are found in the margin of the removed tissue, another layer of tissue is taken from that specific area and examined. This process continues until no cancer cells are found in the margins, ensuring complete removal of the tumor while minimizing the removal of healthy tissue.
The main advantage of Mohs surgery is its ability to accurately assess the depth and extent of the cancer, leading to high cure rates and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, it's a specialized procedure that requires extensive training and should be performed by a fellowship-trained Mohs surgeon.
A nipple is a small projection or tubular structure located at the center of the areola, which is the darker circle of skin surrounding the nipple on the breast. The primary function of the nipple is to provide a pathway for milk flow from the mammary glands during lactation in females.
The nipple contains smooth muscle fibers that contract and cause the nipple to become erect when stimulated, such as during sexual arousal or cold temperatures. Nipples can come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and some individuals may have inverted or flat nipples. It is essential to monitor any changes in the appearance or sensation of the nipples, as these could be indicative of underlying medical conditions, such as breast cancer.
Apocrine gland carcinoma
Apocrine sweat gland
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Ceruminous gland
Hidrocystoma
Apocrine
Persistence hunting
Human genetics
Simple Mendelian genetics in humans
Oligogenic inheritance
Astrovirus
Perspiration
Pattern hair loss
Astroviridae
Papillomatosis of breasts
Human anus
Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
Anal sac adenocarcinoma
Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast
Papillary hidradenoma
Biochemistry of body odor
Milk
Chromhidrosis
Sudomotor
Sebaceous gland
Effects of climate change on livestock
Pheromone
Human sex pheromones
Horse
Hispaniolan solenodon
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Secretion15
- The bleb on the apical surface of the secretory cells suggested that the cell underwent apocrine secretion, but recent electron micrographs indicate that the cells use merocrine secretion. (medcell.org)
- In apocrine secretion, secretory cells accumulate material at their apical ends, and this material then buds off from the cells, forming extracellular vesicles . (wikipedia.org)
- Apocrine secretion is less damaging to the gland than holocrine secretion (which destroys a cell) but more damaging than merocrine secretion ( exocytosis ). (wikipedia.org)
- β-adrenoceptors are found in adipocytes as well as apocrine glands, and these receptors may mediate lipid secretion from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. (nih.gov)
- Ca 2+ and cyclic adenosine monophosphate play a part in the secretion of lipids and proteins from apocrine glands for sweat secretion. (nih.gov)
- The translocation of aquaporin 5 plays an important role in sweat secretion from eccrine glands. (nih.gov)
- The sebaceous gland is an example of a holocrine gland because its product of secretion (sebum) is released with remnants of dead cells. (coursehero.com)
- Regardless, the secretion of sebum out of the gland is helped along by the contraction of the arrector pili muscle. (coursehero.com)
- When the sweat gland is stimulated, the cells secrete a fluid ( primary secretion ) that is similar to plasma -- that is, it is mostly water and it has high concentrations of sodium and chloride and a low concentration of potassium -- but without the proteins and fatty acids that are normally found in plasma. (howstuffworks.com)
- But, the secretion of apocrine glands invites bacteria to feast upon it and causes strong body odor. (ayurvediccure.com)
- Yogurt is naturally acidic and it helps to control oil secretion of glands. (ayurvediccure.com)
- Sandalwood makes your skin dry and reduces sweat secretion of glands. (ayurvediccure.com)
- Body temperature is controlled by sweat glands through secretion and evaporation of sweat. (hpathy.com)
- Related glands produce a pungent yellowish secretion during defecation. (petplace.com)
- Secretion of sweat by eccrine glands in the skin. (britannica.com)
Carcinoma15
- Apocrine gland carcinoma is a cutaneous condition characterized by skin lesions which form in the axilla or anogenital regions. (wikipedia.org)
- My mom has been diagnosed Stage IV-Apocrine Carcinoma. (cancer.org)
- Ive just recently been diagnosed with sweat gland carcinoma. (cancer.org)
- Oncotarget published " Ex vivo analysis of DNA repair targeting in extreme rare cutaneous apocrine sweat gland carcinoma " which reported a rare metastatic case with a PALB2 aberration identified previously as a familial susceptibility gene for breast cancer in the Finnish population. (bioengineer.org)
- Apocrine ductal carcinoma in situ (ACDIS) is a very rare breast carcinoma which is regarded as a variant of the ductal carcinoma in situ breast tumors. (wikipedia.org)
- ACDIS tumors have microscopic histopathology features that are similar to pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast tumors but differ from them in that they are completely localized, i.e. have not invaded nearby tissues or metastasized to distant tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Apocrine carcinoma is a very rare form of female breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- [7] Cytologically, the cells of apocrine carcinoma are relatively large, granular, and it has a prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
- [8] When apocrine carcinoma is tested as a "triple negative" , it means that the cells of the patient cannot express the estrogen receptor , progesterone receptor , or HER2 receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- A rare case of apocrine carcinoma of the breast: Cytopathological and immunohistopathological study. (wikipedia.org)
- Given these results, the authors discuss the difficulty in diagnosing differentiation from a primary or metastatic neoplasm of the scalp, with the resources currently available, until the conclusion that it was a primary carcinoma of the sweat gland. (bvsalud.org)
- breast carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, skin cancer. (bvsalud.org)
- This study aimed to report and discuss the challenging differential diagnosis between a primary tumor of sweat glands and cutaneous metastasis of mammary carcinoma using anatomopathological and imaging diagnostic resources available today. (bvsalud.org)
- The findings show the challenge in differentiating a primary tumor of the sweat gland from a metastatic cutaneous tumor of mammary carcinoma, even with the immunohistochemical resources currently available. (bvsalud.org)
- Apocrine skin carcinoma has characteristics similar to those of cutaneous breast carcinoma metastases when it presents a tubule-lobular, or cordonal differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
Sebaceous13
- Cross sectional image of skin showing a sweat gland and a sebaceous gland. (coursehero.com)
- Sebaceous glands are found in most of the skin (except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet). (coursehero.com)
- Sebaceous glands are classified as holocrine glands. (coursehero.com)
- A thick oily substance, secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin, that consists of fat and cellular debris. (coursehero.com)
- Sebaceous glands are the oil secreting glands of your body. (coursehero.com)
- The sebaceous glands are located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin, and they develop from the epithelial cells of the hair follicle itself (the external root sheath of the hair follicle). (coursehero.com)
- Sebaceous gland ducts thus usually open up into the upper part of a hair follicle, called the infundibulum. (coursehero.com)
- The infundibulum is part of the pilosebaceous canal, the one responsible for discharging sebum and one that is composed of the infundibulum and the short duct of the sebaceous gland itself. (coursehero.com)
- However, some sebaceous gland ducts open directly onto our skin surface such as at the corner of the mouth and the glans penis. (coursehero.com)
- Sebaceous glands e. (histology-world.com)
- Dilutional effect of increased sebaceous gland activity on the proportion of linoleic acid in sebaceous wax esters and in epidermal acylceramides. (springer.com)
- Sebaceous glands, found all over the body but especially on the face and head, produce oils to protect the skin and hair. (livescience.com)
- In addition, it also has two appendages, hair and nail and three glands sweat gland, sebaceous glands and apocrine gland. (hpathy.com)
Proteins and fatty acids4
- In addition to the aforementioned ingredients, sweat from apocrine glands may contain proteins and fatty acids. (howstuffworks.com)
- However, the sweat from apocrine glands also contains proteins and fatty acids, which make it thicker and give it a milkier or yellowish color. (howstuffworks.com)
- Compared to apocrine glands, eccrine glands are smaller, are active from birth (apocrine glands become active at puberty) and produce a sweat that is free of proteins and fatty acids. (roofingcontractor.com)
- Sweat from the apocrine glands contain proteins and fatty acids, making it thicker and yellowish in color (hence those underarm stains). (roofingcontractor.com)
Eccrine and apocrine glands1
- Humans have 4 million exocrine sweat glands, which can be classified into two types: eccrine and apocrine glands. (nih.gov)
Secretions5
- Apocrine ( / ˈ æ p ə k r ɪ n / ) [1] glands are a type of exocrine gland , which are themselves a type of gland , i.e. a group of cells specialized for the release of secretions . (wikipedia.org)
- That's because the sweat you produce as a result of an anxious moment contains more apocrine secretions, which are the ones that contain those smell-inducing proteins. (popsci.com)
- They are coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin. (coursehero.com)
- The anal sacs are glands located near the anus (rectum) that produce secretions that are normally expressed during defecation. (petplace.com)
- The secretions from these glands are normally pungent (in fact, very smelly) and straw-colored with brown flecks. (petplace.com)
Metastatic apocrine1
- Complications associated with iliosacral lymphadenectomy in dogs with metastatic apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. (ufl.edu)
Tubular glands2
- Apocrine sweat glands are coiled tubular glands that discharge in the canals of hair follicles. (coursehero.com)
- Sweat glands, also called sudoriferous glands, are simple tubular glands found almost everywhere on our body. (coursehero.com)
Bacteria4
- These are also the glands largely responsible for body smells, as their excretions are converted by skin bacteria into various chemicals we associated with body odor. (coursehero.com)
- When apocrine sweat mixes with bacteria on the skin (or in your blood), it produces body odor. (womenworking.com)
- The axillary region has a distinct microbiome that is characterized by a higher density of sweat glands and a different composition of bacteria compared to other skin areas. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
- Sweat and apocrine glands in the armpits produce compounds that can be metabolized by specific bacteria, leading to body odor. (cosmeticsdesign.com)
Fatty1
- The apocrine sweat glands , associated with the presence of hair in human beings (as on the scalp, the armpit, and the genital region), continuously secrete a concentrated fatty sweat into the gland tube. (britannica.com)
Epithelium2
- Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic disabling disorder of the terminal follicular epithelium in the apocrine gland-bearing skin. (medscape.com)
- Differential immunostaining of various types of breast carcinomas for growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor - Apocrine epithelium and carcinomas emerging as uniformly positive. (harvard.edu)
Anal sacs1
- The anal sacs (also called anal glands) are two small structures that are positioned under the skin, one on each side of the anus. (cornell.edu)
Merocrine2
- holocrine , merocrine and apocrine . (wikipedia.org)
- Compare and contrast merocrine and apocrine sweat glands. (quizlet.com)
Tumors2
- The expression of GHRH and its receptors in breast carcinomas with apocrine differentiation-further evidence of the presence of a GHRH pathway in these tumors. (harvard.edu)
- Anal sac tumors ("apocrine gland adenocarcinomas") are not often painful and do not usually have redness on the overlying skin or any open wounds. (petplace.com)
Secretory2
- The secretory portion of a sweat gland is a twisted and coiled tube that has an opening at its very top. (coursehero.com)
- It is in the coiled secretory portion of the sweat gland where the sweat is actually produced. (coursehero.com)
Perspiration2
- Eccrine glands trigger perspiration to keep our core temperature regulated, while apocrine glands release sweat as a response to nerves or stimulation, such as exercise. (howstuffworks.com)
- perspiration , in most mammals, water given off by the intact skin, either as vapour by simple evaporation from the epidermis ( insensible perspiration) or as sweat , a form of cooling in which liquid actively secreted from sweat glands evaporates from the body surface. (britannica.com)
Genital2
- Finally, there are the stinkiest glands of all: the apocrine glands, found in the armpit and genital areas. (livescience.com)
- This caused by the presence of apocrine sweat glands in your genital region. (womenworking.com)
Anus1
- The apocrine glands are found in places like the armpits, scrotum, anus, and labia majora. (coursehero.com)
Axillae1
- [2] Apocrine glands are also found in the anogenital region and axillae . (wikipedia.org)
Armpits1
- Apocrine glands, however, are located in targeted areas of the body-the armpits, for example-and they don't really do much to cool you down. (popsci.com)
Mammary1
- An example of true apocrine glands is the mammary glands , responsible for secreting breast milk. (wikipedia.org)
Humans5
- However, although both humans and horses sweat liberally, their sweat glands are not the same, creating different concerns for dehydration and exercise recovery. (alltech.com)
- Humans largely have eccrine sweat glands, while horses predominantly have apocrine sweat glands. (alltech.com)
- Humans have three different types of skin glands. (livescience.com)
- Our abundance of eccrine glands and relative lack of apocrine glands makes humans, in a word, weird. (livescience.com)
- Sweat glands, although found in the majority of mammals, constitute the primary means of heat dissipation only in certain hoofed animals (orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla) and in primates, including humans. (britannica.com)
Skin10
- Sweat glands are located deep within the skin and primarily regulate temperature. (coursehero.com)
- The major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water and NaCl. (coursehero.com)
- The most numerous types of sweat glands in our skin, found almost everywhere on the body, are called eccrine glands. (coursehero.com)
- They are typically larger than eccrine glands and their ducts tend to open into hair follicles instead of hairless areas of skin. (coursehero.com)
- Miliaria profunda (tropical anhidrosis ) is the result of sweat leaking from the sweat glands into the middle layer of skin (blockage at or below the dermoepidermal junction) following repeated episodes of miliaria rubra. (dermnetnz.org)
- Expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptors in apocrine adnexal tumours and apocrine glands of the skin. (harvard.edu)
- People typically have 2.6 million sweat glands distributed within their skin. (roofingcontractor.com)
- Also called prickly heat, this rash develops when sweat glands are blocked and sweat accumulates under the skin. (greatist.com)
- When the body temperature rises, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands to secrete water to the skin surface, where it cools the body by evaporation. (britannica.com)
- Primary malignant neoplasms of the sweat glands are rare, constituting less than 1% of all primary malignant skin lesions 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Holocrine1
- They are a type of holocrine simple saccular (alveolar) gland. (coursehero.com)
Secrete sweat1
- Eccrine glands are present all over, and typically secrete sweat that is mostly made of water. (popsci.com)
Ducts1
- The ducts of the glands empty into an adjacent hair follicle. (medcell.org)
Typically larger1
- Apocrine sweat glands are typically larger and more productive than eccrine glands. (medcell.org)
Adenocarcinoma1
- The most common type is known as anal sac adenocarcinoma or apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA). (cornell.edu)
Regulation1
- These glands, unlike the eccrine glands, serve virtually no role in the regulation of body temperature. (coursehero.com)
Pungent1
- Body odor or pungent smell of the body occurs when sweat glands secrete too much. (ayurvediccure.com)
Types5
- The human body has two types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine. (popsci.com)
- There are two types of glands involved in sweating: eccrine and apocrine. (howstuffworks.com)
- Introduction to Sweating Disorders There are two types of sweat glands: apocrine and eccrine. (merckmanuals.com)
- These glands release pheromones that convey all different types of information such as age, sex, mood, and if a mammal is able to mate. (kembrel.com)
- There are two types of sweat glands. (roofingcontractor.com)
Odor1
- The type of sweat gland that is least responsible for thermoregulation and most responsible for body odor. (coursehero.com)
Found2
- modified apocrine glands are found in the external auditory. (merckmanuals.com)
- Eccrine glands, found all over the body, produce sweat to regulate temperature, but this sweat is mostly water with trace amounts of salt and other compounds. (livescience.com)
Hyperhidrosis1
- People with hyperhidrosis appear to have overactive sweat glands. (medlineplus.gov)
Composition1
- The two glands differ in size, the age that they become active and the composition of the sweat they produce. (roofingcontractor.com)
Stimulation1
- Medicines -- Use of some medicines may prevent stimulation of sweat glands. (medlineplus.gov)
Body6
- Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous glands, are distributed over most of the body surface. (coursehero.com)
- These are the true sweat glands in the sense of helping to regulate body temperature. (coursehero.com)
- Eccrine glands secrete sweating that has no bad smell and it helps to keep your body cool. (ayurvediccure.com)
- Eccrine glands are the most abundant sweat glands on the human body , setting people apart from most other mammals. (livescience.com)
- Dogs, for example, pant to regulate their body temperature, because their eccrine glands are limited mostly to the bottoms of their paws. (livescience.com)
- Eccrine glands are sympathetically innervated, distributed over the entire body, and active from birth. (msdmanuals.com)
Rash1
- More commonly known as prickly rash or heat rash, miliaria occurs when the eccrine glands become blocked, which results in a series of red bumps. (howstuffworks.com)
Increases1
- In a person unused to heavy sweating, the loss of sodium chloride during a period of heavy labour or high temperatures may be great ( see sodium deficiency ), but the efficiency of the gland increases with use, and in acclimatized persons the salt loss is decreased. (britannica.com)
Produce1
- The glands produce this type of sweat during times of stress or anxiety, so try getting some rest and relaxation during your period. (womenworking.com)
Breast cancer1
- [4] This type of metaplasia represents an exception to the common rule of metaplasia increasing the risk for developing cancer in that apocrine metaplasia doesn't increase the possibility of developing breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Type1
- What type of glands are the glands of Moll? (histology-world.com)