Apigenin. Medical search

Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.

5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES.

A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.

A group of 4-keto-FLAVONOIDS.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.

A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain arctiin and onopordopicrin.

A group of FLAVONOLS based on kaempferol. They are derived from naringenin and can be hydroxylated to QUERCETIN or reduced to leucopelargonidin.

A group of FLAVONOIDS characterized with a 4-ketone.

A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that has been found as a natural infection of the Brazilian guinea pig. Its host-tissue relationship is, in general, comparable to that of L. braziliensis.

Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE that is an ingredient of Banxia Houpu (DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL).

17 beta-Hydroxy-4-androsten-3-ones. Testosterone derivatives formed by the substitution of one or more hydroxyl groups in any position.

A plant species of the family APIACEAE. The stalks are a food source.

A subtype of mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocase found primarily in FIBROBLASTS.

A plant genus of the family VIOLACEAE. Some species in this genus are called bouncing bet which is a common name more often used with SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. Members contain macrocyclic peptides.

The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved.

A genus of zygomycetous fungi of the family Cunninghamellaceae, order MUCORALES. Some species cause systemic infections in humans.

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A plant genus of subsucculent annual or perennial plants in the family BALSAMINACEAE, order Geraniales.

An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.

Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)

A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. The common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for MONARDA.

The above-ground plant without the roots.

A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A group of 3-hydroxy-4-keto-FLAVONOIDS.

A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype with specificity for TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR LIGAND SUPERFAMILY MEMBER 15. It is found in tissues containing LYMPHOCYTES and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis and APOPTOSIS. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

Mutant strains of mice that produce little or no hair.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group.

5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES.

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.

Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.

An inducibly-expressed subtype of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase. It plays an important role in many cellular processes and INFLAMMATION. It is the target of COX2 INHIBITORS.

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A human liver tumor cell line used to study a variety of liver-specific metabolic functions.

Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.

Phenomena and pharmaceutics of compounds that inhibit the function of agonists (DRUG AGONISM) and inverse agonists (DRUG INVERSE AGONISM) for a specific receptor. On their own, antagonists produce no effect by themselves to a receptor, and are said to have neither intrinsic activity nor efficacy.

A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL.

A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor family members that are widely expressed and play a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. The receptors are specific for TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND and signal via conserved death domains that associate with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the INSULIN RECEPTOR. Although commonly referred to as the IGF-I receptor, it binds both IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The beta subunit contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Any inflammation of the skin.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Membrane proteins encoded by the BCL-2 GENES and serving as potent inhibitors of cell death by APOPTOSIS. The proteins are found on mitochondrial, microsomal, and NUCLEAR MEMBRANE sites within many cell types. Overexpression of bcl-2 proteins, due to a translocation of the gene, is associated with follicular lymphoma.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

The period of the CELL CYCLE following DNA synthesis (S PHASE) and preceding M PHASE (cell division phase). The CHROMOSOMES are tetraploid in this point.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A transmembrane-protein belonging to the TNF family of intercellular signaling proteins. It is a widely expressed ligand that activates APOPTOSIS by binding to TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND RECEPTORS. The membrane-bound form of the protein can be cleaved by specific CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES to form a soluble ligand form.

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of intracellular tyrosine kinases that participate in the signaling cascade of cytokines by associating with specific CYTOKINE RECEPTORS. They act upon STAT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS in signaling pathway referred to as the JAK/STAT pathway. The name Janus kinase refers to the fact the proteins have two phosphate-transferring domains.

A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.

3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.

7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

A nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS and PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS. It contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in CHROMATIN REMODELING during the process of nuclear receptor-induced transcription. The coactivator has been found at elevated levels in certain HORMONE-DEPENDENT NEOPLASMS such as those found in BREAST CANCER.

The reproductive organs of plants.

A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A cyclin subtype that is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE. It stimulates the G2/M phase transition by activating CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Substances that possess antiestrogenic actions but can also produce estrogenic effects as well. They act as complete or partial agonist or as antagonist. They can be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in structure.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is regulated by OXYGEN availability and is targeted for degradation by VHL TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

A short pro-domain caspase that plays an effector role in APOPTOSIS. It is activated by INITIATOR CASPASES such as CASPASE 9. Isoforms of this protein exist due to multiple alternative splicing of its MESSENGER RNA.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.

Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.

The main structural component of the LIVER. They are specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

DEFENSINS found mainly in epithelial cells.

Inhibitors of SERINE ENDOPEPTIDASES and sulfhydryl group-containing enzymes. They act as alkylating agents and are known to interfere in the translation process.

Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.

Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.

A family of signaling adaptor proteins that contain SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS. Many members of this family are involved in transmitting signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS to MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

One of the six homologous soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors (SOMATOMEDINS) and modulate their mitogenic and metabolic actions at the cellular level.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Transplantation between animals of different species.

A cyclin B subtype that colocalizes with MICROTUBULES during INTERPHASE and is transported into the CELL NUCLEUS at the end of the G2 PHASE.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Forceful administration into the peritoneal cavity of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the abdominal wall.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Substances that reduce or suppress INFLAMMATION.

A member of the Bcl-2 protein family and homologous partner of C-BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN. It regulates the release of CYTOCHROME C and APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR from the MITOCHONDRIA. Several isoforms of BCL2-associated X protein occur due to ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of the mRNA for this protein.

A family of inhibitory proteins which bind to the REL PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and modulate their activity. In the CYTOPLASM, I-kappa B proteins bind to the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B. Cell stimulation causes its dissociation and translocation of active NF-kappa B to the nucleus.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

(2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.

Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.

A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a role in APOPTOSIS. It is composed of two subunits: ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR NUCLEAR TRANSLOCATOR and HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT.

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Enzyme complexes that catalyze the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS from the appropriate unsaturated FATTY ACIDS, molecular OXYGEN, and a reduced acceptor.

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

A class of MOLECULAR CHAPERONES whose members act in the mechanism of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by STEROID RECEPTORS.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

The artificial induction of GENE SILENCING by the use of RNA INTERFERENCE to reduce the expression of a specific gene. It includes the use of DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA, such as SMALL INTERFERING RNA and RNA containing HAIRPIN LOOP SEQUENCE, and ANTI-SENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."

A large group of proteins that control APOPTOSIS. This family of proteins includes many ONCOGENE PROTEINS as well as a wide variety of classes of INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS such as CASPASES.

Drugs that bind to and activate excitatory amino acid receptors.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Exogenous and endogenous compounds which inhibit CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES.

An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The aggregation of soluble ANTIGENS with ANTIBODIES, alone or with antibody binding factors such as ANTI-ANTIBODIES or STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A, into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Increase in wild-type p53 stability and transactivational activity by the chemopreventive agent apigenin in keratinocytes. (1/264)

Apigenin, a naturally occurring, non-mutagenic flavonoid, has been shown to inhibit UV-induced skin tumorigenesis in mice when topically applied. In this report we have used the mouse keratinocyte 308 cell line, which contains a wild-type p53 gene, to study the effect of apigenin treatment on p53 protein levels and the expression of its downstream partner, p21/waf1. Cells were treated with 70 microM apigenin for various times and levels of p53 and p21/waf1 protein were assessed by western blot analysis. The level of p53 protein was induced 27-fold after 4 h of apigenin treatment and levels remained elevated through 10 h of exposure. After 24 h of exposure to 70 microM apigenin, p53 protein levels returned to control levels. p21/waf1 protein levels increased approximately 1. 5-2-fold after 4 h and remained elevated at 24 h. To investigate the mechanism of p53 protein accumulation, we compared the half-life of p53 protein in vehicle- and apigenin-treated cells. Cells were incubated for 4 h in the presence of apigenin, then cycloheximide was added to inhibit further protein synthesis and p53 protein levels were measured by western blot. The half-life of p53 protein was found to be increased an average of 8-fold in apigenin-treated cells compared with vehicle-treated cells (t(1/2) = 131 min versus 16 min in apigenin- versus vehicle-treated cells, respectively). The mechanism of p53 protein stabilization is currently being investigated. To determine whether p53 was transcriptionally active, we also performed gel mobility shift assays and transient transfection studies using a luciferase plasmid under the control of the p21/waf1 promoter. Both p53 DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activation peaked after 24 h of exposure to apigenin. These studies suggest that apigenin may exert anti-tumorigenic activity by stimulating the p53-p21/waf1 response pathway. (+info)

Endogenous protein kinase CK2 participates in Wnt signaling in mammary epithelial cells. (2/264)

Protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is a serine/threonine kinase overexpressed in many human tumors, transformed cell lines, and rapidly proliferating tissues. Recent data have shown that many cancers involve inappropriate reactivation of Wnt signaling through ectopic expression of Wnts themselves, as has been seen in a number of human breast cancers, or through mutation of intermediates in the Wnt pathway, such as adenomatous polyposis coli or beta-catenin, as described in colon and other cancers. Wnts are secreted factors that are important in embryonic development, but overexpression of certain Wnts, such as Wnt-1, leads to proliferation and transformation of cells. We report that upon stable transfection of Wnt-1 into the mouse mammary epithelial cell line C57MG, morphological changes and increased proliferation are accompanied by increased levels of CK2, as well as of beta-catenin. CK2 and beta-catenin co-precipitate with the Dvl proteins, which are Wnt signaling intermediates. A major phosphoprotein of the size of beta-catenin appears in in vitro kinase reactions performed on the Dvl immunoprecipitates. In vitro translated beta-catenin, Dvl-2, and Dvl-3 are phosphorylated by CK2. The selective CK2 inhibitor apigenin blocks proliferation of Wnt-1-transfected cells, abrogates phosphorylation of beta-catenin, and reduces beta-catenin and Dvl protein levels. These results demonstrate that endogenous CK2 is a positive regulator of Wnt signaling and growth of mammary epithelial cells. (+info)

Flavopiridol binds to duplex DNA. (3/264)

Flavopiridol, the first potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor to enter clinical trials, was recently found to be cytotoxic to noncycling cells. The present studies were performed to examine the hypothesis that flavopiridol, like several other antineoplastic agents that kill noncycling cells, might also interact with DNA. Consistent with this possibility, treatment of A549 human lung cancer cells with clinically achievable concentrations of flavopiridol resulted in rapid elevations of the DNA damage-responsive protein p53. In further studies, the binding of flavopiridol to DNA was examined in vitro by four independent techniques. Absorption spectroscopy revealed that addition of DNA to aqueous flavopiridol solutions resulted in a red shift of the flavopiridol lambda(max) from 311 to 344 nm, demonstrating an isosbestic point typical of changes seen with DNA-binding compounds. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated that flavopiridol binds to genomic DNA to a similar extent as ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33258. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that DNA caused extreme broadening of flavopiridol 1H nuclear magnetic resonance signals that could be reversed by addition of ethidium bromide or by DNA melting, suggesting that flavopiridol binds to (and likely intercalates into) duplex DNA. Equilibrium dialysis demonstrated that the equilibrium dissociation constant of the flavopiridol-DNA complex (5.4+/-3.4 x 10(-4) M) was in the same range observed for binding of the intercalators doxorubicin and pyrazoloacridine to DNA. Molecular modeling confirmed the feasibility of flavopiridol intercalation into DNA and analysis of the effects of flavopiridol in the National Cancer Institute tumor cell line panel using the COMPARE algorithm demonstrated that flavopiridol most closely resembles cytotoxic antineoplastic intercalators. Collectively, these data suggest that DNA might be a second target of flavopiridol, providing a potential explanation for the ability of this agent to kill noncycling cancer cells. (+info)

Wortmannin inhibition of forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion by T84 cells. (4/264)

The time- and dose-dependent effects of wortmannin on transepithelial electrical resistance (Rte) and forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion in T84 monolayer cultures were studied. In both instances, maximal effects developed over 2 h and were stable thereafter. Inhibition of forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion, as measured by the short-circuit current (Isc) technique, had an IC50 of 200-500 nM, which is 100-fold higher than for inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), but similar to the IC50 for inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Previous work demonstrated that 500 nM wortmannin did not inhibit the cAMP activation of apical membrane chloride channels. We show here that 500 nM wortmannin has no affect on basolateral Na/K/2Cl-cotransporter activity, but inhibits basolateral membrane Na/K-ATPase activity significantly. The MLCK inhibitors ML-7 and KT5926 were without affect on forskolin-stimulated Isc. Similarly, the p38- and MEK-specific MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and PD98059 did not reduce forskolin-stimulated Isc. In contrast, the non-specific MAPK inhibitor apigenin reduced forskolin-stimulated Isc and basolateral membrane Na/K-ATPase activity similar to wortmannin. In isolated membranes from T84 cells, wortmannin did not inhibit Na/K-ATPase enzymatic activity directly. We conclude that one or more MAPK may regulate the functional expression of basolateral membrane Na/K-ATPase by controlling the abundance of enzyme molecules in the plasma membrane. (+info)

Flavonoids inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. (5/264)

We investigated the growth inhibitory activity of several flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin, kaempherol, quercetin, butein, isoliquiritigenin, naringenin, genistein, and daizein against B16 mouse melanoma 4A5 cells. Isoliquiritigenin and butein, belonging to the chalcone group, markedly suppressed the growth of B16 melanoma cells and induced cell death. The other flavonoids tested showed little growth inhibitory activity and scarcely caused cell death. In cells treated with isoliquiritigenin or butein, condensation of nuclei and fragmentation of nuclear DNA, which are typical phenomena of apoptosis, were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining and by agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Flowcytometric analysis showed that isoliquiritigenin and butein increased the proportion of hypodiploid cells in the population of B16 melanoma cells. These results demonstrate that isoliquiritigenin and butein inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in B16 melanoma cells. Extracellular glucose decreased the proportion of hypodiploid cells that appeared as a result of isoliquiritigenin treatment. p53 was not detected in cells treated with either of these chalcones, however, protein of the Bcl-2 family were detected. The level of expression of Bax in cells treated with either of these chalcones was markedly elevated and the level of Bcl-XL decreased slightly. Isoliquiritigenin did not affect Bcl-2 expression, but butein down-regulated Bcl-2 expression. From these results, it seems that the pathway by which the chalcones induce apoptosis may be independent of p53 and dependent on proteins of the Bcl-2 family. It was supposed that isoliquiritigenin induces apoptosis in B16 cells by a mechanism involving inhibition of glucose transmembrane transport and promotion of Bax expression. On the other hand, it was suggested that butein induces apoptosis via down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression and promotion of Bax expression. This mechanism differs from the isoliquiritigenin induction pathway. (+info)

Structural determinants for activation and block of CFTR-mediated chloride currents by apigenin. (6/264)

Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is an activator of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-mediated Cl(-) currents across epithelia at low concentrations and a blocker at high concentrations. We determined the roles of structural components of apigenin for both stimulation and block of Cl(-) currents across Calu-3 epithelia. The half-maximal binding affinity of apigenin for current stimulation (K(s)) was 9.1 +/- 1.3 microM, and the rank-order of molecular structures was 7-hydroxyl > pyrone = 4'-hydroxyl > 5-hydroxyl. Both the 7-hydroxyl and the 4'-hydroxyl served as H-bond acceptors, whereas the 5-hydroxyl was an H-bond donor. The half-maximal binding affinity of apigenin during current block was 74 +/- 11 microM. Blocked Cl(-) currents were structurally determined by 7-hydroxyl = 4'-hydroxyl > pyrone > 5-hydroxyl. Prestimulation of tissues with forskolin significantly affected activation kinetics and binding characteristics. After forskolin stimulation, K(s) was 4.1 +/- 0.9 microM, which was structurally determined by pyrone > all hydroxyls > single hydroxyls. In contrast, block of Cl(-) current by apigenin was not affected by forskolin stimulation. We conclude that apigenin binds to a stimulatory and an inhibitory binding site, which are distinguished by their affinities and the molecular interactions during binding. (+info)

The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on amyloid beta protein-induced toxicity are mediated by abrogating the activation of caspase cascade in rat cortical neurons. (7/264)

Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. In present study we attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which Abeta confers its neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on Abeta-mediated toxicity were also investigated. Cortical neurons treated with 5 microm Abeta-(25-35) for 40 h decreased the cell viability by 45.5 +/- 4.6% concomitant with the appearance of apoptotic morphology. 50 microm kaempferol and apigenin decreased the Abeta-induced cell death by 81.5 +/- 9.4% and 49.2 +/- 9.9%, respectively. Abeta increased the activity of caspase 3 by 10.6-fold and to a lesser extent for caspase 2, 8, and 9. The Abeta-induced activation of caspase 3 and release of cytochrome c showed a biphasic pattern. Apigenin abrogated Abeta-induced cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase cascade. Kaempferol showed a similar effect but to a less extent. Kaempferol was also capable of eliminating Abeta-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These two events accounted for the remarkable effect of kaempferol on neuroprotection. Quercetin and probucol did not affect the Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity. However, they potentiated the protective effect of apigenin. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Abeta elicited activation of caspase cascades and reactive oxygen species accumulation, thereby causing neuronal death. The blockade of caspase activation conferred the major neuroprotective effect of phytoestrogens. The antioxidative activity of phytoestrogens also modulated their neuroprotective effects on Abeta-mediated toxicity. (+info)

Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by flavonoids in mouse macrophages. (8/264)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma transcription factor has been implicated in anti-inflammatory response. Of the compounds tested, apigenin, chrysin, and kaempferol significantly stimulated PPAR gamma transcriptional activity in a transient reporter assay. In addition, these three flavonoids strongly enhanced the inhibition of inducible cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter activities in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages which contain the PPAR gamma expression plasmids. However, these three flavonoids exhibited weak PPAR gamma agonist activities in an in vitro competitive binding assay. Limited protease digestion of PPAR gamma suggested these three flavonoids produced a conformational change in PPAR gamma and the conformation differs in the receptor bound to BRL49653 versus these three flavonoids. These results suggested that these three flavonoids might act as allosteric effectors and were able to bind to PPAR gamma and activate it, but its binding site might be different from the natural ligand BRL49653. (+info)

Damiana's anxiolytic properties might be due to apigenin. The extract from damiana has been found to suppress aromatase ... apigenin; α-pinene; β-carotene; β-pinene; tannins; thymol; and hexacosanol. In total, 22 flavonoids, maltol glucoside, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnera_diffusa

Some of the metabolites separated: Acacetin-7-O-rutinoside; Apigenin 7-O-rutinoside; Chlorogenic acid; Coumaroylagmatine; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromeria_fruticosa

Apigenin chamomile, celery, parsley. Chrysin Passiflora caerulea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Oroxylum indicum. Diosmetin Vicia. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phytochemicals_in_food

the apigenin-6-C-glucoside. In this case, the prefix 'iso' does not imply an isoflavonoid (the position of the B-ring on the C- ... Vitexin, the 8-C-glucoside of apigenin Isoorientin, the 3'-OH derivative "Pharmacological studies of Passiflora sp. and their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovitexin

Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg/gram apigenin. The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, ... Parsley is a source of flavonoids and antioxidants, especially luteolin, apigenin, folate, vitamin K, vitamin C, and vitamin A ... Meyer, H.; Bolarinwa, A.; Wolfram, G. & Linseisen, J. (2006). "Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans" ( ... "Plant flavone apigenin: An emerging anticancer agent". Current Pharmacology Reports. 3 (6): 423-446. doi:10.1007/s40495-017- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley

... the flavonoids apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin; and coumarin. Chamomile, a relative of ragweed, can cause allergy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricaria_chamomilla

In plant synthesis the enzyme apigenin 4′-O-methyltransferase uses S-adenosyl methionine and 5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone (apigenin ... Acacetin is a 4′-O-methylated flavone of the parent compound apigenin, found in Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Turnera ... methoxylated apigenin) Zhao, J; Dasmahapatra, AK; Khan, SI; Khan, IA (December 2008). "Anti-aromatase activity of the ... to produce S-adenosylhomocysteine and 4′-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavone (acacetin). Genkwanin (methoxylated apigenin) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacetin

Apigenin and chrysin are also transformed by C. elegans and produce apigenin 7-sulfate, apigenin 7,4′-disulfate, chrysin 7- ... Ibrahim, A. R. S. (2005). "Biotransformation of Chrysin and Apigenin by Cunninghamella elegans". Chemical & Pharmaceutical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunninghamella_elegans

... contains the bioactive agents apigenin and luteolin. The total antioxidant capacity of artichoke flower heads is one ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artichoke

The glycoside moiety at carbon-7 of apigenin, O-β-D-apiofuranosyl(→)2-β-D-glucosyl, is carried by several other flavones in ... Apiin is a natural flavonoid, a diglycoside of the flavone apigenin found in the winter-hardy plants parsley and celery, and in ... Apiose H. Meyer; A. Bolarinwa; G. Wolfram; J. Linseisen (2006). "Bioavailability of Apigenin from Apiin-Rich Parsley in Humans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiin

Various species contain apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, other flavonoids and ecdysteroids. Species Serratula alata Desf. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serratula

Flavonoids found in Scorzonera include apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, and quercetin. Other secondary metabolites reported from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorzonera

V. I. Lutskii, A. S. Gromova and N. A. Tyukavkina (1971). "Aromadendrin, apigenin, and kaempferol from the wood of Pinus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromadendrin

... apigenin, oroxylin A, scutellarein, and skullcapflavone II. Baicalin and baicalein, wogonin, and apigenin have been confirmed ... Viola H, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC (1995). "Apigenin, a component of ... Other active constituents include baicalin, apigenin, oroxylin A, scutellarein, and skullcapflavone. Some Scutellaria species, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutellaria

The flavonoid apigenin has been show to strongly inhibit SASP production. SASP can aid in signaling to immune cells for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence-associated_secretory_phenotype

... also has active properties such as camphor, leutiolin, and apigenin. A new hygrine-like compound has been found ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisochilus

... and apoptosis induction by apigenin, bisabolol, and protocatechuic acid". Journal of Medicinal Food. 14 (3): 276-283. Hassan, S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocatechuic_acid

CYP93G1 of the CYP450 superfamily in rice then desaturates naringenin into apigenin. After this step, it is proposed that ... flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) changes apigenin into tricetin. Upon formation of tricetin, 3'-O-methyltransferase and 5'-O ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricin

Apigenin Pan X, Tan N, Zeng G, Zhang Y, Jia R (2005). "Amentoflavone and its derivatives as novel natural inhibitors of human ... Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid (bis-apigenin coupled at 8 and 3' positions, or 3′,8′′-biapigenin) constituent of a number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amentoflavone

The flavonoid apigenin has been show to reduce gene expression of IκBζ. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000144802 - Ensembl, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFKBIZ

Yarrow can be used for dying wool as it contains apigenin and luteolin. Depending on the mordant the color may be green to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achillea_millefolium

The flavones genistein and apigenin may explain the cannabis-like effects of Zornia latifolia. "Zornia latifolia". Germplasm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zornia_latifolia

Chuang CM, Monie A, Wu A, Hung CF (May 2009). "Combination of apigenin treatment with therapeutic HPV DNA vaccination generates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy

Apigenin showed to be antiallergic while diosgenin exhibited anti-inflammatory effects (Singh et al., 2010). The leaf extract ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-fruit_nightshade

Other flavonoids present in P. incarnata include chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isovitexin. The main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata

Heartsease plants contain aglycones[clarification needed] apigenin, chrysoeriol, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_tricolor

Dong J, Qiu J, Wang J, Li H, Dai X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Tan W, Niu X, Deng X, Zhao S (October 2012). "Apigenin alleviates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysin

... leaves contain phytochemicals, such as anthraquinones, apigenin, catechins, cinnamic acid derivatives, vitexin, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia

Apigenin, a phytochemical in chamomile, may interact with anticoagulant agents and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while ... The main constituents of chamomile flowers are polyphenol compounds, including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, and luteolin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamomile

It contains notably high levels of apigenin, 452±192 μg/kg, which vary widely among legumes. Consumption of baked beans has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_bean

... apigenin 8-C-glucoside) Isovitexin (apigenin 6-C-glucoside) Rhoifolin (apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside) Schaftoside (apigenin 6-C ... Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram. The apigenin ... The naturally occurring glycosides formed by the combination of apigenin with sugars include: Apiin (apigenin 7-O-apioglucoside ... Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin

However, the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits cancer cells is not fully understood. Id1 (inhibitor of differentiation or ... Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to possess anti-tumor properties. ... Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid, has been shown to possess anti-tumor properties. However, the mechanism by which apigenin ... Apigenin inhibits proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1 FEBS Lett. 2009 Jun 18;583(12):1999-2003. doi: ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19447105/

Crystal structure of human CK2 alpha complexed with apigenin ... Crystal structure of human CK2 alpha complexed with apigenin. * ... Crystal structure of human CK2 alpha complexed with apigenin. Asada, N., Kitaura, K., Sekiguchi, Y., Nakaniwa, T., Kinoshita, T ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3AMY

Apigenin Synonym: Eriodictyl-7-Rutinoside CAS Number: 520-36-5 Specification:95% 98%HPLC Appearance: Yellowish brown fine ... Product Name: Apigenin. Synonym: Eriodictyl-7-Rutinoside. CAS Number: 520-36-5. Specification:95% 98%HPLC. Appearance: ... Belonging to the flavone class, which is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides, apigenin can be found in many ... Apigenin exist in many plant, but the main source is celery, celeriac, and chamomile. ...

https://www.ingredientsnetwork.com/apigenin-cas-520365-prod1270072.html

Apigenin Water-dispersive Powder (AG). Characteristics. *AG is a raw material for foods that is processed from water- ... insoluble Apigenin to a water-dispersive powder by introduction of a leading emulsifying and powder-producing technology. ...

https://www.petroeuroasia.com/english/apigenin/

CH$NAME: Apigenin. CH$COMPOUND_CLASS: Flavones. CH$FORMULA: C15H10O5. CH$EXACT_MASS: 270.24. CH$SMILES: OC1=CC=C(C=C1)C1=CC(=O) ... RECORD_TITLE: Apigenin; LC-ESI-QTOF; MS2. DATE: 2019.03.28. AUTHORS: Tetsuya Mori, Center for Sustainable Resource Science, ... Apigenin with the InChIKey KZNIFHPLKGYRTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N. ...

https://massbank.eu/MassBank/RecordDisplay?id=MSBNK-RIKEN-PR306670

The active Apigenin in food and herbal sources is in the form of various acylated derivates and Apigenin-7-O-glucoside.[xxxix] ... APIGENIN AND HORMONES. Animal studies show Apigenin has a beneficial effect on many hormones, some of which could be cancer- ... APIGENIN AS AN ANTI-CANCER AGENT. Abundant evidence speculates that flavonoids like Apigenin may be helpful in the reduction of ... Apigenin is an aglycone Flavonoid; its in the Flavone class of the subgroup Anthoxanthins. Apigenin is a natural, active ...

https://drjaysnaturals.com/apigenin/

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Evaluation of apigenin using in vitro cytochalasin blocked micronucleus assay. Toxicology in Vitro. 2006 Oct;20(7):1168-1172. ... Evaluation of apigenin using in vitro cytochalasin blocked micronucleus assay. In: Toxicology in Vitro. 2006 ; Vol. 20, No. 7. ... Evaluation of apigenin using in vitro cytochalasin blocked micronucleus assay. Sanjeev Noel, Madhu Kasinathan, Srikanta Kumar ... Evaluation of apigenin using in vitro cytochalasin blocked micronucleus assay. / Noel, Sanjeev; Kasinathan, Madhu; Rath, ...

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These results suggests the possible use of apigenin as a chronic rhinosinusitis therapeutic agent which can suppress tissue ... Apigenin suppressed the activation of MAPK (p-38, JNK) and NF-κB induced by TGF-β1 treatment. Apigenin also inhibited the ... Apigenin alleviates TGF-β1-induced nasal mucosa remodeling by inhibiting MAPK / NF-kB signaling pathways in chronic ... Apigenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a bioflavonoid compound and has anti-tissue remodeling characteristics. The aims of this ...

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title = "Cytotoxic apigenin derivatives from Chrysopogon aciculatis",. abstract = "Four new apigenin derivatives, 7-de-O- ... Cytotoxic apigenin derivatives from Chrysopogon aciculatis. Chien Chang Shen, Jing Jy Cheng, Horng Liang Lay, Szu Yuan Wu, ... Shen, C. C., Cheng, J. J., Lay, H. L., Wu, S. Y., Ni, C. L., Teng, C. M., & Chen, C. C. (2012). Cytotoxic apigenin derivatives ... Cytotoxic apigenin derivatives from Chrysopogon aciculatis. In: Journal of Natural Products. 2012 ; Vol. 75, No. 2. pp. 198-201 ...

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1. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides from aerial parts. J Agric.Food Chem. 2001;49:753-758. View abstract. ...

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Apigenin is a flavonoid, which is a compound that exists in many types of plants, including the humble parsley. Thanks to a ... This active ingredient is called apigenin. It has been found to switch off the pro-inflammatory genes leading to the ... Youd be wise to make sure you suppress your CD38 expression with an inhibitor such as apigenin. ... significant body of recent research, we now know that supplemental apigenin can inhibit CD38 directly, and result in increased ...

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Apigenin increases cisplatin inhibitory effects on the telomerase activity of triple negative breast cancer cells ... Apigenin-increases-cisplatin-inhibitory-effects-on-the-telomerase-activity-of-triple-negative-breast-cancer-cells_2018_Jurnal- ... In the current study, the effect of cisplatin in combination with apigenin was investigated with regards to telomerase activity ... The results showed that the combined treatment of cisplatin and apigenin significantly down-regulated telomerase activity. The ...

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A proprietary product, FlavoCare capsules by Dr. Jay's Naturals, combines these two flavonoids, Apigenin (the primary ingredient) and Luteolin, with the flavones Chrysoeriol and Tricin for augmented, synergistic effect. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Among the known compounds, the natural occurrence of apigenin-8-carbaldehyde and luteolin-7-sulfate is demonstrated for the first time. (elsevier.com)
Celery contains apigenin and luteolin. (eatthis.com)
Chamomile contains the flavonoids of luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, which makes it beneficial in wound treatment. (progressivehealth.com)
Multiple flavonoids, luteolin, apigenin, chrysoeriol and their glycosides were identified from desert poplar dyed wool samples. (mfa.org)
Apigenin and luteolin are both flavonoids within parsley. (naturalsociety.com)
Parsley is also rich in flavonoids with powerful anti-oxidant properties including apiin, apigenin, crisoeriol, and luteolin. (alive.com)
Its active compounds, apigenin, luteolin and α-bisabolol, promote relaxation by gradually lowering blood pressure (10). (worldtruth.tv)
3-O-methylquercetin, tangeritin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-8-C-glucoside, luteolin-8-C-glucoside, luteolin-6-C-glucoside, diosmetin and catechin from the methanolic extract of Hyparrhenia hirta employing high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. (who.int)
For subjects in the top one fifth of flavanone (hesperitin, narigenin and eriodictyol) intake, there was a 22 percent reduction in the risk of coronary heart disease mortality compared with those who consumed the least amount, and for flavones (luteolin and apigenin) a 12 percent reduction in total mortality was determined. (lifeextension.com)
Enzyme preparations from flowers of Antirrhinum majus catalysed the oxidation of naringenin to apigenin and o f eriodictyol to luteolin. (mpg.de)

Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. (wikipedia.org)
Flavonoids such as Apigenin are reported to initiate the production of cell-signaling molecules which stimulate the body's regulation, response and repair at the molecular level. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Abundant evidence speculates that flavonoids like Apigenin may be helpful in the reduction of cancer risk simply by functioning as antioxidants and eliminating free radicals that have been linked to DNA damage and inflammation. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Acts on a number of flavonoids, including the flavanone naringenin and the flavone apigenin. (genome.jp)
2. Apigenin, the major polyphenol in parsley, which is part of the group of compounds called flavonoids. (cbn.com)

Apigenin is a bioflavonoid and antioxidant compound which is found in many different plants and herbs but is especially abundant in chamomile tea. (doublewoodsupplements.com)
Due to its many nutrients, Apigenin works as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in the body. (architectboy.com)
Peak Performance Apigenin is all plant based, Non-GMO and is sourced from Chamomile flowers and buds which is extremely rich with this antioxidant compound. (architectboy.com)
The functions of apigenin are recognized as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer. (biocoreopen.org)
The antioxidant apigenin in the chamomile helps cancer cells and reduces the risk of cancer. (heavenonseven.com)
Its sedative effects could be attributed to its abundant apigenin content (an antioxidant). (plushbeds.com)
Chamomile flower also contains an antioxidant called apigenin, said to help calm an anxious mind. (pukkaherbs.com)
How it works - The science: Antioxidant apigenin works to ease an overactive mind. (frontierspinning.com)
Chamomile tea helps to reduce menstrual pain and muscle spasms, improves sleep and relaxation and reduces stress because it contains an antioxidant called apigenin that can induce sleep. (hollandandbarrett.com)
It is a superstar, which is choco-full of apigenin, an antioxidant that binds to receptors in the brain, promoting sleepiness. (ndtv.com)
The amazing chamomile tea contains apigenin, an antioxidant that helps to binds to certain receptors in your brain which reduce insomnia. (thehealthsite.com)

Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea are the most common sources. (wikipedia.org)
The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams. (wikipedia.org)
The naturally occurring glycosides formed by the combination of apigenin with sugars include: Apiin (apigenin 7-O-apioglucoside), isolated from parsley and celery Apigetrin (apigenin 7-glucoside), found in dandelion coffee Vitexin (apigenin 8-C-glucoside) Isovitexin (apigenin 6-C-glucoside) Rhoifolin (apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside) Schaftoside (apigenin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside) Amentoflavone Merck Index, 11th Edition, 763. (wikipedia.org)
Apigenin exist in many plant, but the main source is celery, celeriac, and chamomile. (ingredientsnetwork.com)
There are different active ingredients such as phthalides, apigenin, and d-limonene in celery seeds. (researchgate.net)
Apigenin, a compound abundant in parsley and celery, assists to inhibit breast cancer cell growth and increases the immunity to develop cancerous tumours. (asiaone.com)
Apigenin is a bioflavonoid found in a number of plants, including chamomile, onions, grapefruits, and celery, that has the unique ability to inhibit 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD). (unboundsupplements.com)

Apigenin and quercetin may have a therapeutic role in preventing and treating gastric spasm. (greenmedinfo.com)
In the present study we examined the mechanism of action underlying gastric relaxation induced by apigenin and quercetin in isolated mouse stomach. (greenmedinfo.com)
KEY FINDINGS: Apigenin and quercetin-induced a concentration-dependent gastric relaxation, apigenin being more potent than quercetin. (greenmedinfo.com)
SIGNIFICANCE: Our results support the hypothesis that the gastric myorelaxant effects of apigenin and quercetin arise from their negative modulation of calcium influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, however intracellular modulation of signalling cascade leading to contraction could be involved. (greenmedinfo.com)
Kaempferol, quercetin and apigenin-O/C-glycosides, fatty acyl amides and carotenoids appeared crucial for biological activities and leaves origin discrimination. (bvsalud.org)

Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a bioflavonoid compound and has anti-tissue remodeling characteristics. (greenmedinfo.com)
Apigenin is a flavonoid, which is a compound that exists in many types of plants, including the humble parsley. (donotage.org)
Chamomile tea contains apigenin, a bioactive plant compound that may help improve sleep. (greatist.com)
Using this approach, we evaluate the efficacy of a library of flavone derivatives, identifying apigenin as a compound that simultaneously delays and reduces the formation of α-synuclein oligomers. (lu.se)

Higher purity means more of the active compounds in each serving that give apigenin its powerful properties. (architectboy.com)
Two compounds in the herb-apigenin and myristicin-work to boost liver enzyme production, which leads to better detoxing of the body. (naturalsociety.com)
Blackburn's team recognized the compounds apigenin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin from their earlier research on chamomile dyes. (naturalnews.com)

Apigenin is a bioflavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, such as parsley, onions, oranges and chamomile. (almondhair.com)

something most other chamomile extract and apigenin 50mg supplements don't provide as it requires an extra step (and expense) in the manufacturing process. (architectboy.com)
Apigenin, a powerful plant flavonoid, is also added to the formula to boost cell protection, while cabbage extract, a source of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), is included to maintain cell health. (forbiddenbroadway.com)

However, the mechanism by which apigenin inhibits cancer cells is not fully understood. (nih.gov)
Here, we demonstrate that apigenin inhibits proliferation and tumorigenesis of human ovarian cancer A2780 cells through Id1. (nih.gov)
Conclusions The outcomes suggested that apigenin inhibits T-24 cells proliferation via blocking cell routine inducing and development apoptosis. (gbic2012.org)

Our results may elucidate a new mechanism underlying the inhibitory effects of apigenin on cancer cells. (nih.gov)

'AG' is a raw material for foods that is processed from water-insoluble Apigenin to a water-dispersive powder by introduction of a leading emulsifying and powder-producing technology. (petroeuroasia.com)
Deal Supplement plant based Apigenin powder capsules. (architectboy.com)

3. Liu R, Zhang T, Yang H, Lan X, Ying J, Du G. "The flavonoid apigenin protects brain neurovascular coupling against amyloid-β- induced toxicity in mice. (alsearsmd.com)

Finally, a flavanone synthase (FNS) enzyme oxidizes naringenin to apigenin. (wikipedia.org)

Belonging to the flavone class, which is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides, apigenin can be found in many plant. (ingredientsnetwork.com)
In the present study, we evaluated apigenin, a plant-derived flavonoid in doses of 10, 33, and 100 μM per 5 ml culture using cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay in peripheral human lymphocytes. (elsevier.com)
It also contains apigenin, a plant chemical that boosts your body's detoxification. (avera.org)
The white horehound plant is rich in apigenin, a flavonoid which has been found to have anticancer properties. (organicfacts.net)
Apigenin is a powerful plant bioflavonoid. (outliyr.com)

SUPPORTS HEALTHY STRESS LEVELS - Apigenin supports healthy stress levels by exerting an inhibitory effect on cortisol. (doublewoodsupplements.com)

MANUFACTURED IN THE USA - Our Apigenin is manufactured right here in the U.S.A. and is tested for purity and potency. (doublewoodsupplements.com)

Myristicin and apigenin have both been identified as having anticancer properties. (naturalsociety.com)

While a 100 mg (2 capsules) can be taken safely many people may find this dosage to be too high to be used in the morning so a 2 capsule dosage is only recommended for those using Apigenin for sleep who find a 1 capsule dosage to be insufficient. (doublewoodsupplements.com)
Two Month Supply: Each bottle of Apigenin contains 120 capsules and 50mg per capsule. (architectboy.com)
LIPO Apigenin™ is a sustained-released liposomal delivery system that provides superior absorption of Apigenin in easy-to-swallow capsules. (renuebyscience.com)

Cortisol - In isolated human H295R adrenal cells, 12.5μM of Apigenin decreased cortisol to 47.5% of control (yet was outperformed by both soy isoflavones). (drjaysnaturals.com)

Apigenin is thought to be estrogenic, anxiolytic and have anti-inflammatory properties. (cannadelics.com)

Taking place apigenin is available mainly in hydroxylated type Normally, and it has been proven to inhibit tumour cell proliferation, motility, angiogenesis, and induce apoptosis [22-25]. (gbic2012.org)
We demonstrated that apigenin inhibited T-24 cells proliferation via blocking cell routine inducing and development apoptosis. (gbic2012.org)
It showed that apigenin reduced cell growth and induced apoptosis in the cells. (autosuprem.ro)

Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides. (wikipedia.org)
Apigenin is a natural, active ingredient found almost ubiquitously in plants. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Apigenin has also been found to exert anti-diabetic effects in the body by potentiating the GLUT4 response to insulin. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Apigenin was found to induce micronuclei in a dose dependent manner indicating potential genotoxic hazard in humans. (elsevier.com)
In animal studies, apigenin was found to slow cancer growth and even shrink tumors. (progressivehealth.com)
The animal studies have found that apigenin may be more effective than other treatments because it has multiple effects on tumors, such as cutting off blood flow to tumors, binding proteins to the body, and slowing the replication rate of cancer cells. (progressivehealth.com)
APIG - Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the flavone class that is the aglycone of several natu. (anagrammer.com)
Apig: Apigenin (4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), found in many plants, is a natural product belonging to the fla. (anagrammer.com)
I've also found benefit from the B vitamins, and apigenin, which is found in parsley, but can also be taken now in pill form. (gentlechristianmothers.com)

Animal studies show apigenin protects against symptoms of Alzheimer's. (alsearsmd.com)

At a 98%+ purity level, Toniiq Apigenin provides some of the purest, most potent apigenin available. (architectboy.com)
Apigenin (NSC 83244, LY 080400) is a potent P450 inhibitor for CYP2C9 with K i of 2 μM. (selleckchem.com)

Dried parsley can contain about 45 mg apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram. (wikipedia.org)
The chamomile flower has apigenin that calms your nerves and saves you from sleepless nights. (heavenonseven.com)

Animal studies show Apigenin has a beneficial effect on many hormones, some of which could be cancer-preventive or have therapeutic applications. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Estrogen - Apigenin in DU-125 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells appears to inhibit proliferation, and in yeast analyses activated both subunits of the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ). (drjaysnaturals.com)
Since then, extensive research in various animal models of cancer and clinical trials have shown the promising chemopreventive and potential therapeutic aspects of Apigenin at each stage of carcinogenesis as well as its anti-tumor activities and low toxicity. (drjaysnaturals.com)
Apigenin has been demonstrated optimal effect in cancer prevention and reduce cancer metastasis, including breast cancer. (biocoreopen.org)
Presented results have demonstrated the role of apigenin on breast cancer metastasis is associated with FAK signal pathway inhibition. (biocoreopen.org)
The capacity of low dose apigenin treated in breast cancer for short time has been clarified here. (biocoreopen.org)
Chamomile tea contains apigenin, which is a flavonoid thought to have cancer-fighting properties. (progressivehealth.com)
Because of the central role of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB NF-κB in pancreatic cancer, we investigated the roles of NF-κB in apigenin-induced growth inhibition in pancreatic cancer cells. (autosuprem.ro)
These results indicated that apigenin had a potential to inhibit IKK-β-mediated NF-κB activation, and was a valuable agent for the pancreatic cancer treatment. (autosuprem.ro)

Setting a New Standard for Purity - To ensure that you are getting a high-quality apigenin supplement, each batch is tested for quality and purity both during and after manufacturing. (architectboy.com)

Various experimental models and clinical trials also demonstrate the therapeutic potential of Apigenin for neuroprotection through multiple mechanisms. (drjaysnaturals.com)
These results suggests the possible use of apigenin as a chronic rhinosinusitis therapeutic agent which can suppress tissue remodelling in nasal mucosa. (greenmedinfo.com)

Apigenin (4,5,7,-trihydroxyflavone) is normally a common eating flavonoid and it is broadly distributed in a number of vegetables & fruits, such as for example parsley, onions, oranges, and tea [21]. (gbic2012.org)

Testosterone - Apigenin modifies a receptor (TBXA2) and an enzyme's activity (aromatase) in a manner that brings about increased testosterone activity at relatively low concentrations. (drjaysnaturals.com)

In this study, we verify low dose (≤5 μg/ml) apigenin exposure 3 h would not influence the MCF-7 cells viability but can decrease its FAK signal activation to reduce matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression. (biocoreopen.org)
Moreover, low dose apigenin treated in MCF-7 cells could reduce the cell mobility through the Rho GTPases (Ras, Rac-1, cdc-42, and RhoA) downregulation to cause cytoskeleton remodeling. (biocoreopen.org)
I recently bought some gummies w/ melatonin (total 3 mg/ dose) and have started using apigenin as well. (earthclinic.com)

Apigenin analytical standard provided with w/w absolute assay, to be used for quantitative titration. (extrasynthese.com)

[iii] Apigenin likewise reduces inflammation and arthritis symptoms. (drjaysnaturals.com)

Thanks to a significant body of recent research, we now know that supplemental apigenin can inhibit CD38 directly, and result in increased NAD levels. (donotage.org)
You'd be wise to make sure you suppress your CD38 expression with an inhibitor such as apigenin. (donotage.org)
Apigenin also increased the activation ratio of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), and inhibited CD38 activity in a concentration-dependent manner. (renuebyscience.com)
So, in addition to molecules like Apigenin that directly inhibit CD38, there are many natural products that lower systemic inflammation, resulting in lower CD38 and increased NAD+. (renuebyscience.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms24

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs105

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Health Care2

Increase in wild-type p53 stability and transactivational activity by the chemopreventive agent apigenin in keratinocytes. (1/264)

Endogenous protein kinase CK2 participates in Wnt signaling in mammary epithelial cells. (2/264)

Flavopiridol binds to duplex DNA. (3/264)

Wortmannin inhibition of forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion by T84 cells. (4/264)

Flavonoids inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in B16 melanoma 4A5 cells. (5/264)

Structural determinants for activation and block of CFTR-mediated chloride currents by apigenin. (6/264)

The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on amyloid beta protein-induced toxicity are mediated by abrogating the activation of caspase cascade in rat cortical neurons. (7/264)

Suppression of inducible cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by flavonoids in mouse macrophages. (8/264)

Chamomile

Luteolin

Flavonoids

Flavones

Chrysanthemum

Carduus

Kaempferols

Flavanones

Quercetin

Leishmania enriettii

Plants, Medicinal

Plant Extracts

Perilla frutescens

Hydroxytestosterones

Apium graveolens

Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2

Viola

Lamiaceae

Anticarcinogenic Agents

Cunninghamella

Petroselinum

Cell Line, Tumor

Apoptosis

Impatiens

Genistein

Glycosides

Melissa

Plant Components, Aerial

Farnesol

Glucosides

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Flavonols

Rutin

Antimutagenic Agents

Casein Kinase II

Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 25

Polysorbates

Keratinocytes

Methylcellulose

Picrates

Mice, Hairless

Drug Synergism

Cell Proliferation

Antineoplastic Agents

Biotransformation

Cell Survival

Polyphenols

Apigenin

Phytotherapy

Prostatic Neoplasms

Signal Transduction

Mice, Nude

Inhibitory Concentration 50

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic

Cinnamates

Cyclooxygenase 2

Antioxidants

Phosphorylation

Hep G2 Cells

Phenols

Drug Antagonism

Transcription Factor RelA

Citrus

Glucosyltransferases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Molecular Structure

Administration, Oral

Enzyme Inhibitors

Reactive Oxygen Species

Chlorhexidine

Stilbenes

Caco-2 Cells

Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand

Down-Regulation

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

RNA, Messenger

Receptor, IGF Type 1

Cells, Cultured

Dermatitis