Anaphase
Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).
Cdc20 Proteins
Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.
Cdh1 Proteins
Mitosis
Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly evolutionarily conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc subunits 6, 7, and 8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc3 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to co-activators and APC-C inhibitors.
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
The largest subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. It acts primarily as a scaffold for the proper organization and arrangement of subunits. The C-terminal region of Apc1 contains a series of tandem amino acid repeats that are also seen in the 26S proteasome regulatory particle, and may assist with forming and stabilizing protein-protein interactions.
Spindle Apparatus
Securin
Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.
Cyclin B
F-Box Proteins
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
Genes, APC
Metaphase
Ligases
M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Cyclin A2
Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Mad2 Proteins
Mad2 is a component of the spindle-assembly checkpoint apparatus. It binds to and inhibits the Cdc20 activator subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, preventing the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. Mad2 is required for proper microtubule capture at KINETOCHORES.
Cyclin B1
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Prometaphase
CDC2 Protein Kinase
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.
HeLa Cells
Meiosis
Ubiquitination
Geminin
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Together with the Apc11 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C). Its N-terminus has cullin domains which associate with the RING FINGER DOMAINS of Apc11. Apc2 also interacts with the E2 ubiquitin ligases involved in APC-C ubiquitination reactions.
Cyclin A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Schizosaccharomyces
Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc6, and Apc7, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc8 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
Separase
Amino Acid Sequence
Nocodazole
Mutation
Nuclear Proteins
Telophase
Aurora Kinases
A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.
Chromatids
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
Xenopus Proteins
G1 Phase
Genes, cdc
Protein Binding
Oocytes
Protein Subunits
Microtubules
Ubiquitin
A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
Xenopus
Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc7, and Apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc6 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ubiquitins
Kinetochores
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
Phosphorylation
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Chromosomes
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
S Phase
Amino Acid Motifs
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Drosophila Proteins
Models, Biological
G2 Phase
Protein Kinases
Substrate Specificity
Centromere
Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Carrier Proteins
Repressor Proteins
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein
Cadherins
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Cyclins
Drosophila
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Protein Stability
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
Macromolecular Substances
Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc6, and Apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc7 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Base Sequence
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Kinesin
A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.
Prophase
Bivalvia
Endoreduplication
Endopeptidases
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Interphase
Aurora Kinase B
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Spermatocytes
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Cell Division
Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Centrosome
The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Binding Sites
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Saccharomycetales
Cloning, Molecular
Macropodidae
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Chromosomes, Fungal
Caenorhabditis elegans
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Enzyme Activation
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.
Dyneins
Chromosomes, Human
Nondisjunction, Genetic
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Proteolysis
Multiprotein Complexes
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
DNA-Binding Proteins
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Cell Nucleolus
Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Cells, Cultured
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Protein Phosphatase 2
A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes.
Models, Molecular
DNA, Catenated
Phenotype
Potoroidae
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Chromosomal Instability
Protein C
Cytoskeletal Proteins
Dipodomys
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Protein Transport
Sister Chromatid Exchange
An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
Blotting, Western
Microscopy, Video
Diptera
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Mutagenesis
Luminescent Proteins
DNA Primers
Drosophila melanogaster
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Microinjections
Cytoplasm
Gene Deletion
Transfection
Peptide Fragments
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Vaccines, Subunit
Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins
beta Catenin
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
DNA, Complementary
Chromatin
Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases
Salamandridae
Xenopus laevis
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.
Transcription, Genetic
Precipitin Tests
EMB-30: an APC4 homologue required for metaphase-to-anaphase transitions during meiosis and mitosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. (1/7)
Here we show that emb-30 is required for metaphase-to-anaphase transitions during meiosis and mitosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Germline-specific emb-30 mutant alleles block the meiotic divisions. Mutant oocytes, fertilized by wild-type sperm, set up a meiotic spindle but do not progress to anaphase I. As a result, polar bodies are not produced, pronuclei fail to form, and cytokinesis does not occur. Severe-reduction-of-function emb-30 alleles (class I alleles) result in zygotic sterility and lead to germline and somatic defects that are consistent with an essential role in promoting the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during mitosis. Analysis of the vulval cell lineages in these emb-30(class I) mutant animals suggests that mitosis is lengthened and eventually arrested when maternally contributed emb-30 becomes limiting. By further reducing maternal emb-30 function contributed to class I mutant animals, we show that emb-30 is required for the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in many, if not all, cells. Metaphase arrest in emb-30 mutants is not due to activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint but rather reflects an essential emb-30 requirement for M-phase progression. A reduction in emb-30 activity can suppress the lethality and sterility caused by a null mutation in mdf-1, a component of the spindle assembly checkpoint machinery. This result suggests that delaying anaphase onset can bypass the spindle checkpoint requirement for normal development. Positional cloning established that emb-30 encodes the likely C. elegans orthologue of APC4/Lid1, a component of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome, required for the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Thus, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is likely to be required for all metaphase-to-anaphase transitions in a multicellular organism. (+info)TPR subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1. (2/7)
BACKGROUND: Chromosome segregation and mitotic exit depend on activation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) by the substrate adaptor proteins CDC20 and CDH1. The APC is a ubiquitin ligase composed of at least 11 subunits. The interaction of APC2 and APC11 with E2 enzymes is sufficient for ubiquitination reactions, but the functions of most other subunits are unknown. RESULTS: We have biochemically characterized subcomplexes of the human APC. One subcomplex, containing APC2/11, APC1, APC4, and APC5, can assemble multiubiquitin chains but is unable to bind CDH1 and to ubiquitinate substrates. The other subcomplex contains all known APC subunits except APC2/11. This subcomplex can recruit CDH1 but fails to support any ubiquitination reaction. In vitro, the C termini of CDC20 and CDH1 bind to the closely related TPR subunits APC3 and APC7. Homology modeling predicts that these proteins are similar in structure to the peroxisomal import receptor PEX5, which binds cargo proteins via their C termini. APC activation by CDH1 depends on a conserved C-terminal motif that is also found in CDC20 and APC10. CONCLUSIONS: APC1, APC4, and APC5 may connect APC2/11 with TPR subunits. TPR domains in APC3 and APC7 recruit CDH1 to the APC and may thereby bring substrates into close proximity of APC2/11 and E2 enzymes. In analogy to PEX5, the different TPR subunits of the APC might function as receptors that interact with the C termini of regulatory proteins such as CDH1, CDC20, and APC10. (+info)Dim1p is required for efficient splicing and export of mRNA encoding lid1p, a component of the fission yeast anaphase-promoting complex. (3/7)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dim1p is required for maintaining the steady-state level of the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) component Lid1p and thus for maintaining the steady-state level and activity of the APC/C. To gain further insight into Dim1p function, we have investigated the mechanism whereby Dim1p influences Lid1p levels. We show that S. pombe cells lacking Dim1p or Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells lacking its ortholog, Dib1p, are defective in generalized pre-mRNA splicing in vivo, a result consistent with the identification of Dim1p as a component of the purified yeast U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP complex. Moreover, we find that Dim1p is part of a complex with the splicing factor Prp1p. However, although Dim1p is required for efficient splicing of lid1(+) pre-mRNA, circumventing the necessity for this particular function of Dim1p is insufficient for restoring normal Lid1p levels. Finally, we provide evidence that Dim1p also participates in the nuclear export of lid1(+) mRNA and that it is likely the combined loss of both of these two Dim1p functions which compromises Lid1p levels in the absence of proper Dim1p function. These data indicate that a mechanism acting at the level of mRNA impacts the functioning of the APC/C, a critical complex in controlling mitotic progression. (+info)Progression from a stem cell-like state to early differentiation in the C. elegans germ line. (4/7)
(+info)Inactivation and disassembly of the anaphase-promoting complex during human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with degradation of the APC5 and APC4 subunits and does not require UL97-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1. (5/7)
(+info)Proteasome-dependent disruption of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex by HCMV protein pUL21a. (6/7)
(+info)Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. (7/7)
The anaphase-promoting complex is composed of eight protein subunits, including BimE (APC1), CDC27 (APC3), CDC16 (APC6), and CDC23 (APC8). The remaining four human APC subunits, APC2, APC4, APC5, and APC7, as well as human CDC23, were cloned. APC7 contains multiple copies of the tetratrico peptide repeat, similar to CDC16, CDC23, and CDC27. Whereas APC4 and APC5 share no similarity to proteins of known function, APC2 contains a region that is similar to a sequence in cullins, a family of proteins implicated in the ubiquitination of G1 phase cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The APC2 gene is essential in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and apc2 mutants arrest at metaphase and are defective in the degradation of Pds1p. APC2 and cullins may be distantly related members of a ubiquitin ligase family that targets cell cycle regulators for degradation. (+info)
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YRC Public Data Repository - View MS Run
APC4. Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase req.... 1. 1. 3.4%. 7.1E ... Subunit of TORC1, a rapamycin-sensitive complex involved in growth control that contains Tor1p or To.... 2. 2. 1.7%. 5.94E-4. ... Subunit of the SAS complex (Sas2p, Sas4p, Sas5p), which acetylates free histones and nucleosomes an.... 1. 1. 4.0%. 9.62E-4. ... 73 kDa subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex involved in transcriptional regulation; h.... 1. 1. 4.6%. 8.17E-4. ...
RCSB PDB - 6TLJ: Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex ...
... in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex (APC/C-MCC) at 3.8 angstrom resolution ... Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit CDC26. G,. T [auth W]. 85. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4. I. 808. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ANAPC4, APC4. ... Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex (APC/C-MCC) at ...
APC/C Signaling Pathway Luminex Multiplex Assay - Creative Proteomics
The Arabidopsis APC4 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C is critical for both female gametogenesis and ... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific substrates for degradation by ... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. APC/C is widely used in cell proliferation, neuron ... APC/C is a large multi-subunit complex that promotes the metaphase-to-anaphase progression and G1 arrest by targeting different ...
Structural basis for the subunit assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex. - Oxford Cardiovascular Science
Our structure explains how this TPR sub-complex, together with additional scaffolding subunits (Apc1, Apc4 and Apc5), ... Here, we describe a recombinant expression system that allows the reconstitution of holo APC/C and its sub-complexes that, when ... Three conserved tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunits (Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27) share related superhelical homo-dimeric ... provides a precise definition of the organization and structure of all essential APC/C subunits, resulting in a pseudo-atomic ...
YRC Public Data Repository - View MS Run
APC4. Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase req.... 1. 1. 3.4%. 7.1E ... Subunit of TORC1, a rapamycin-sensitive complex involved in growth control that contains Tor1p or To.... 2. 2. 1.7%. 5.94E-4. ... Subunit of the SAS complex (Sas2p, Sas4p, Sas5p), which acetylates free histones and nucleosomes an.... 1. 1. 4.0%. 9.62E-4. ... 73 kDa subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex involved in transcriptional regulation; h.... 1. 1. 4.6%. 8.17E-4. ...
APC/C Signaling Pathway Luminex Multiplex Assay - Creative Proteomics
The Arabidopsis APC4 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C is critical for both female gametogenesis and ... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific substrates for degradation by ... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. APC/C is widely used in cell proliferation, neuron ... APC/C is a large multi-subunit complex that promotes the metaphase-to-anaphase progression and G1 arrest by targeting different ...
RCSB PDB - 6TLJ: Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex ...
... in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex (APC/C-MCC) at 3.8 angstrom resolution ... Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit CDC26. G,. T [auth W]. 85. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 4. I. 808. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ANAPC4, APC4. ... Cryo-EM structure of the Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome, in complex with the Mitotic checkpoint complex (APC/C-MCC) at ...
Structural basis for the subunit assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex. - Oxford Cardiovascular Science
Our structure explains how this TPR sub-complex, together with additional scaffolding subunits (Apc1, Apc4 and Apc5), ... Here, we describe a recombinant expression system that allows the reconstitution of holo APC/C and its sub-complexes that, when ... Three conserved tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunits (Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27) share related superhelical homo-dimeric ... provides a precise definition of the organization and structure of all essential APC/C subunits, resulting in a pseudo-atomic ...
MeSH Browser
Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.937] * Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D08.811.464.938.750.092.937] * Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex- ... Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.750] * Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.984] * Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ...
MeSH Browser
Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.937] * Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D08.811.464.938.750.092.937] * Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex- ... Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.750] * Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.984] * Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ...
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189462 Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189466 Apc4 Subunit, ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189459 Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189465 Apc2 Subunit, ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189467 Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189464 Apc6 Subunit, ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189457 Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome N0000189455 Apc8 Subunit, ...
Sumoylation promotes optimal apc/c activation and timely anaphase<...
"Sumoylation promotes optimal apc/c activation and timely anaphase",. abstract = "The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/ ... that sumoylation of the APC4 subunit of the APC/C peaks during mitosis and is critical for timely APC/C activation and anaphase ... The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions as the gatekeeper to mitotic exit. APC ... N2 - The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions as the gatekeeper to mitotic exit ...
NEW (2014) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 7/29/2013
HN - 2014 MH - Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064192 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92.937 MN - D12.776. ... HN - 2014 MH - Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064197 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92.625 MN - D12.776. ... HN - 2014 MH - Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064198 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92.687 MN - D12.776. ... HN - 2014 MH - Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064190 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92.750 MN - D12.776. ...
strainid orf gene zyg qualifier SGTC 2782|7736369.score SGTC 2782|7736369.expt.zyg.pval SGTC 2782|7736369.expt.zyg.significant...
CHROMOSOME UBIQUITIN LIGASE COMPLEX Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), which is a ubiquitin-protein ... thioredoxin disulfide as acceptor ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex,nucleus,cytoplasm YDR118W YDR118W APC4 het ... CYTOSKELETON UBIQUITIN LIGASE COMPLEX Largest subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome; APC/C is a ubiquitin-protein ... PROTEOLYSIS NUCLEUS UBIQUITIN LIGASE COMPLEX Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C); APC/C is a ubiquitin- ...
MeSH Browser
Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.875] * Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D08.811.464.938.750.092.875] * Apc4 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex- ... Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.968] * Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ... Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [D12.776.167.024.992] * Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome [ ...
and
... refrain grieving future biotype therapies must triethyl troponin ski pat b25 dysgenesis allergies dach adrenocortical complexes ... wood agency scoliosis staging methacrylate choline how cauterization nor persistent instrument mix neisseria promote bilirubin ... side acetic etoposide film fractures segmental tartrate doppler supply longitudinal channel chloroethyl gluconate subunit ... pharmacognosy ascididemin bifenox henson pdpc ketocaproate bred bdw subfoveal isolichenan coalescent deteriorated semg apc4 ...
Ubiquitin ligase4
- The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome. (creative-proteomics.com)
- The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. (creative-proteomics.com)
- The anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is the key E3 ubiquitin ligase which directs mitotic progression and exit by catalysing the sequential ubiquitination of specific substrates. (rcsb.org)
- The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an unusually large E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for regulating defined cell cycle transitions. (ox.ac.uk)
Binds3
- Component of the cytoplasmic Tub4p (gamma-tubulin) complex, binds spindle pole bodies and links them. (yeastrc.org)
- Mitotic exit network regulator, forms GTPase-activating Bfa1p-Bub2p complex that binds Tem1p and spi. (yeastrc.org)
- The SAC effector is the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which binds and inhibits the APC/C. It is incompletely understood how the APC/C switches substrate specificity in a cell cycle-specific manner. (rcsb.org)
Animals1
- Because most APC/C subunits are encode anaphascd bysingle genes,mutants are embryo and/or gametic lethal in bothplants and animals. (creative-proteomics.com)
Large1
- APC/C is a large multi-subunit complex that promotes the metaphase-to-anaphase progression and G1 arrest by targeting different substrates for ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated destruction. (creative-proteomics.com)
Structure2
- Three conserved tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunits (Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27) share related superhelical homo-dimeric architectures that assemble to generate a quasi-symmetrical structure. (ox.ac.uk)
- Our structure explains how this TPR sub-complex, together with additional scaffolding subunits (Apc1, Apc4 and Apc5), coordinate the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module (Apc2, Apc11 and Apc10 (also known as Doc1)), and TPR-phosphorylation sites, relative to co-activator, regulatory proteins and substrates. (ox.ac.uk)
Multiple1
- Component of the GTPase-activating Bfa1p-Bub2p complex involved in multiple cell cycle checkpoint pa. (yeastrc.org)
Cell Cycle Pr2
- HN - 2014 FX - Ammonia MH - Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome UI - D064173 MN - D8.811.464.938.750.92 MN - D12.776.167.24 MS - An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. (nih.gov)
- An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS . (nih.gov)
Mitosis1
- Here, we show that sumoylation of the APC4 subunit of the APC/C peaks during mitosis and is critical for timely APC/C activation and anaphase onset. (elsevier.com)
Ligase1
- The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that functions as the gatekeeper to mitotic exit. (elsevier.com)
Catalytic2
- A subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex whose primary function is to provide structural support for the catalytic and substrate-recognition modules of the complex. (nih.gov)
- We have also identified a functionally important SUMO interacting motif in the cullin-homology domain of APC2 located near the APC4 sumoylation sites and APC/C catalytic core. (elsevier.com)
Activation1
- Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. (nih.gov)