Anaphase
Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
An E3 ubiquitin ligase primarily involved in regulation of the metaphase-to-anaphase transition during MITOSIS through ubiquitination of specific CELL CYCLE PROTEINS. Enzyme activity is tightly regulated through subunits and cofactors, which modulate activation, inhibition, and substrate specificity. The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC-C, is also involved in tissue differentiation in the PLACENTA, CRYSTALLINE LENS, and SKELETAL MUSCLE, and in regulation of postmitotic NEURONAL PLASTICITY and excitability.
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes
Complexes of enzymes that catalyze the covalent attachment of UBIQUITIN to other proteins by forming a peptide bond between the C-terminal GLYCINE of UBIQUITIN and the alpha-amino groups of LYSINE residues in the protein. The complexes play an important role in mediating the selective-degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins. The complex of enzymes can be broken down into three components that involve activation of ubiquitin (UBIQUITIN-ACTIVATING ENZYMES), conjugation of ubiquitin to the ligase complex (UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES), and ligation of ubiquitin to the substrate protein (UBIQUITIN-PROTEIN LIGASES).
Cdc20 Proteins
Highly conserved proteins that specifically bind to and activate the anaphase-promoting complex-cyclosome, promoting ubiquitination and proteolysis of cell-cycle-regulatory proteins. Cdc20 is essential for anaphase-promoting complex activity, initiation of anaphase, and cyclin proteolysis during mitosis.
Cdh1 Proteins
Mitosis
Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly evolutionarily conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc subunits 6, 7, and 8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc3 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to co-activators and APC-C inhibitors.
Cell Cycle Proteins
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
The largest subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. It acts primarily as a scaffold for the proper organization and arrangement of subunits. The C-terminal region of Apc1 contains a series of tandem amino acid repeats that are also seen in the 26S proteasome regulatory particle, and may assist with forming and stabilizing protein-protein interactions.
Spindle Apparatus
Securin
Securin is involved in the control of the metaphase-anaphase transition during MITOSIS. It promotes the onset of anaphase by blocking SEPARASE function and preventing proteolysis of cohesin and separation of sister CHROMATIDS. Overexpression of securin is associated with NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION and tumor formation.
Cyclin B
F-Box Proteins
A family of proteins that share the F-BOX MOTIF and are involved in protein-protein interactions. They play an important role in process of protein ubiquition by associating with a variety of substrates and then associating into SCF UBIQUITIN LIGASE complexes. They are held in the ubiquitin-ligase complex via binding to SKP DOMAIN PROTEINS.
Genes, APC
Metaphase
Ligases
M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Cyclin A2
Apc5 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Mad2 Proteins
Mad2 is a component of the spindle-assembly checkpoint apparatus. It binds to and inhibits the Cdc20 activator subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex, preventing the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly aligned at the metaphase plate. Mad2 is required for proper microtubule capture at KINETOCHORES.
Cyclin B1
Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
A diverse class of enzymes that interact with UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYMES and ubiquitination-specific protein substrates. Each member of this enzyme group has its own distinct specificity for a substrate and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Ubiquitin-protein ligases exist as both monomeric proteins multiprotein complexes.
Cell Cycle
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Prometaphase
CDC2 Protein Kinase
Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.
HeLa Cells
Meiosis
Ubiquitination
Geminin
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins
Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Together with the Apc11 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C). Its N-terminus has cullin domains which associate with the RING FINGER DOMAINS of Apc11. Apc2 also interacts with the E2 ubiquitin ligases involved in APC-C ubiquitination reactions.
Cyclin A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Schizosaccharomyces
Apc8 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34-amino-acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc6, and Apc7, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc8 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
Separase
Amino Acid Sequence
Nocodazole
Mutation
Nuclear Proteins
Telophase
Aurora Kinases
A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.
Chromatids
Either of the two longitudinally adjacent threads formed when a eukaryotic chromosome replicates prior to mitosis. The chromatids are held together at the centromere. Sister chromatids are derived from the same chromosome. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos
Xenopus Proteins
G1 Phase
Genes, cdc
Protein Binding
Oocytes
Protein Subunits
Microtubules
Ubiquitin
A highly conserved 76-amino acid peptide universally found in eukaryotic cells that functions as a marker for intracellular PROTEIN TRANSPORT and degradation. Ubiquitin becomes activated through a series of complicated steps and forms an isopeptide bond to lysine residues of specific proteins within the cell. These "ubiquitinated" proteins can be recognized and degraded by proteosomes or be transported to specific compartments within the cell.
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
Xenopus
Apc6 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc7, and Apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc6 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ubiquitins
Kinetochores
Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
A large multisubunit complex that plays an important role in the degradation of most of the cytosolic and nuclear proteins in eukaryotic cells. It contains a 700-kDa catalytic sub-complex and two 700-kDa regulatory sub-complexes. The complex digests ubiquitinated proteins and protein activated via ornithine decarboxylase antizyme.
Phosphorylation
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Chromosomes
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
S Phase
Amino Acid Motifs
Calcium-Binding Proteins
Drosophila Proteins
Models, Biological
G2 Phase
Protein Kinases
Substrate Specificity
Centromere
Apc11 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Carrier Proteins
Repressor Proteins
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein
Cadherins
Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Cyclins
Drosophila
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Protein Stability
Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone
Macromolecular Substances
Apc7 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
A highly conserved subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C) containing multiple 34 amino acid tetratricopeptide repeats. These domains, also found in Apc3, Apc6, and Apc8, have been shown to mediate protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Apc7 may assist in coordinating the juxtaposition of the catalytic and substrate recognition module subunits relative to coactivators and APC-C inhibitors.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Base Sequence
Microtubule-Associated Proteins
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Kinesin
A microtubule-associated mechanical adenosine triphosphatase, that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move organelles along microtubules toward the plus end of the microtubule. The protein is found in squid axoplasm, optic lobes, and in bovine brain. Bovine kinesin is a heterotetramer composed of two heavy (120 kDa) and two light (62 kDa) chains. EC 3.6.1.-.
Prophase
Bivalvia
Endoreduplication
Endopeptidases
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Interphase
Aurora Kinase B
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Spermatocytes
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Cell Division
Apc10 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
Centrosome
The cell center, consisting of a pair of CENTRIOLES surrounded by a cloud of amorphous material called the pericentriolar region. During interphase, the centrosome nucleates microtubule outgrowth. The centrosome duplicates and, during mitosis, separates to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle (MITOTIC SPINDLE APPARATUS).
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Binding Sites
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Saccharomycetales
Cloning, Molecular
Macropodidae
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.
Chromosomes, Fungal
Caenorhabditis elegans
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Enzyme Activation
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
Regulatory signaling systems that control the progression through the CELL CYCLE. They ensure that the cell has completed, in the correct order and without mistakes, all the processes required to replicate the GENOME and CYTOPLASM, and divide them equally between two daughter cells. If cells sense they have not completed these processes or that the environment does not have the nutrients and growth hormones in place to proceed, then the cells are restrained (or "arrested") until the processes are completed and growth conditions are suitable.
Dyneins
Chromosomes, Human
Nondisjunction, Genetic
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Proteolysis
Multiprotein Complexes
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
DNA-Binding Proteins
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Cell Nucleolus
Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Cells, Cultured
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Proton-Translocating ATPases
Protein Phosphatase 2
A phosphoprotein phosphatase subtype that is comprised of a catalytic subunit and two different regulatory subunits. At least two genes encode isoforms of the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, while several isoforms of regulatory subunits exist due to the presence of multiple genes and the alternative splicing of their mRNAs. Protein phosphatase 2 acts on a broad variety of cellular proteins and may play a role as a regulator of intracellular signaling processes.
Models, Molecular
DNA, Catenated
Phenotype
Potoroidae
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Chromosomal Instability
Protein C
Cytoskeletal Proteins
Dipodomys
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Aneuploidy
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Protein Transport
Sister Chromatid Exchange
An exchange of segments between the sister chromatids of a chromosome, either between the sister chromatids of a meiotic tetrad or between the sister chromatids of a duplicated somatic chromosome. Its frequency is increased by ultraviolet and ionizing radiation and other mutagenic agents and is particularly high in BLOOM SYNDROME.
Blotting, Western
Microscopy, Video
Diptera
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Mutagenesis
Luminescent Proteins
DNA Primers
Drosophila melanogaster
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Microinjections
Cytoplasm
Gene Deletion
Transfection
Peptide Fragments
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Vaccines, Subunit
Nuclear Matrix-Associated Proteins
beta Catenin
A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.
DNA, Complementary
Chromatin
Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases
Salamandridae
Xenopus laevis
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.
Transcription, Genetic
Precipitin Tests
ROC1, a homolog of APC11, represents a family of cullin partners with an associated ubiquitin ligase activity. (1/11)
We have identified two highly conserved RING finger proteins, ROC1 and ROC2, that are homologous to APC11, a subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex. ROC1 and ROC2 commonly interact with all cullins while APC11 specifically interacts with APC2, a cullin-related APC subunit. YeastROC1 encodes an essential gene whose reduced expression resulted in multiple, elongated buds and accumulation of Sic1p and Cln2p. ROC1 and APC11 immunocomplexes can catalyze isopeptide ligations to form polyubiquitin chains in an E1- and E2-dependent manner. ROC1 mutations completely abolished their ligase activity without noticeable changes in associated proteins. Ubiquitination of phosphorylated I kappa B alpha can be catalyzed by the ROC1 immunocomplex in vitro. Hence, combinations of ROC/APC11 and cullin proteins proteins potentially constitute a wide variety of ubiquitin ligases. (+info)Expression analyses and interaction with the anaphase promoting complex protein Apc2 suggest a role for inversin in primary cilia and involvement in the cell cycle. (2/11)
Homozygous inv mice lack a functional inversin protein and exhibit situs inversus plus severe cystic changes in the kidney and pancreas. Although the inversin sequence has provided few clues to its function, we and others have previously identified calmodulin as a binding partner. We now provide evidence that inversin interacts with the anaphase promoting complex protein Apc2. As expected of an Apc2 target, inversin possesses D-boxes and site-directed mutagenesis of the well-conserved D-box residues abrogates inversin-Apc2 interaction. An inversin-specific antibody reveals a dynamic expression pattern throughout the cell cycle and strong expression in the primary cilia of renal epithelium. Our data support a role for inversin in primary cilia and involvement in the cell cycle. Mutations of the proteins polaris, cystin and polycystin-2 which are expressed in renal epithelium primary cilia, lead to renal cystic changes. Aberrant cell proliferation is also involved in cyst development. The data reported here suggest that inversin may provide a link between these two mechanisms. (+info)Loss of the anaphase-promoting complex in quiescent cells causes unscheduled hepatocyte proliferation. (3/11)
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is an ubiquitin protein ligase that together with Cdc20 and Cdh1 targets mitotic proteins for degradation by the proteosome. APC-Cdc20 activity during mitosis triggers anaphase by destroying securin and cyclins. APC-Cdh1 promotes degradation of cyclins and other proteins during G(1). We show that loss of APC/C during embryogenesis is early lethal before embryonic day E6.5 (E6.5). To investigate the role of APC/C in quiescent cells, we conditionally inactivated the subunit Apc2 in mice. Deletion of Apc2 in quiescent hepatocytes caused re-entry into the cell cycle and arrest in metaphase, resulting in liver failure. Re-entry into the cell cycle either occurred without any proliferative stimulus or could be easily induced. We demonstrate that the APC has an additional function to prevent hepatocytes from unscheduled re-entry into the cell cycle. (+info)Depletion of anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) subunit homolog APC1 or CDC27 of Trypanosoma brucei arrests the procyclic form in metaphase but the bloodstream form in anaphase. (4/11)
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C) is a multiprotein subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that controls segregation of chromosomes and exit from mitosis in eukaryotes. It triggers elimination of key cell cycle regulators such as securin and mitotic cyclins during mitosis by polyubiquitinating them for proteasome degradation. Seven core subunit homologs of APC/C (APC1, APC2, APC11, CDC16, CDC23, CDC27, and DOC1) were identified in the Trypanosoma brucei genome data base. Expression of six of them was individually ablated by RNA interference in both the procyclic and bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Only the CDC27- and APC1-depleted cells were enriched in the G2/M phase with inhibited growth. Further studies indicated that T. brucei APC1 and CDC27 failed to complement the corresponding deletion mutants of budding yeast. However, their depletion from procyclic-form T. brucei enriched cells with two kinetoplasts and an enlarged nucleus possessing short metaphase-like mitotic spindles, suggesting that APC1 and CDC27 may play essential roles in promoting anaphase in the procyclic form. Their depletion from the bloodstream form, however, enriched cells with two kinetoplasts and two nuclei connected through a microtubule bundle, suggesting a late anaphase arrest. This is the first time functional APC/C subunit homologs were identified in T. brucei. The apparent differential activities of this putative APC/C in two distinct developmental stages suggest an unusual function. The apparent lack of functional involvement of some of the other individual structural subunit homologs of APC/C may indicate the structural uniqueness of T. brucei APC/C. (+info)An architectural map of the anaphase-promoting complex. (5/11)
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC) is an unusually complicated ubiquitin ligase, composed of 13 core subunits and either of two loosely associated regulatory subunits, Cdc20 and Cdh1. We analyzed the architecture of the APC using a recently constructed budding yeast strain that is viable in the absence of normally essential APC subunits. We found that the largest subunit, Apc1, serves as a scaffold that associates independently with two separable subcomplexes, one that contains Apc2 (Cullin), Apc11 (RING), and Doc1/Apc10, and another that contains the three TPR subunits (Cdc27, Cdc16, and Cdc23). We found that the three TPR subunits display a sequential binding dependency, with Cdc27 the most peripheral, Cdc23 the most internal, and Cdc16 between. Apc4, Apc5, Cdc23, and Apc1 associate interdependently, such that loss of any one subunit greatly reduces binding between the remaining three. Intriguingly, the cullin and TPR subunits both contribute to the binding of Cdh1 to the APC. Enzymatic assays performed with APC purified from strains lacking each of the essential subunits revealed that only cdc27Delta complexes retain detectable activity in the presence of Cdh1. This residual activity depends on the C-box domain of Cdh1, but not on the C-terminal IR domain, suggesting that the C-box mediates a productive interaction with an APC subunit other than Cdc27. We have also found that the IR domain of Cdc20 is dispensable for viability, suggesting that Cdc20 can activate the APC through another domain. We have provided an updated model for the subunit architecture of the APC. (+info)Regulation of APC/C activity in oocytes by a Bub1-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint. (6/11)
(+info)Regulation of ciliary polarity by the APC/C. (7/11)
(+info)Structures of APC/C(Cdh1) with substrates identify Cdh1 and Apc10 as the D-box co-receptor. (8/11)
(+info)
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ANAPC2
2004). "The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit". ... A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition ... 2004). "TPR subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1". Curr. Biol. 13 (17): ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene. ...
Anaphase-promoting complex
The APC/C is a large complex of 11-13 subunit proteins, including a cullin (Apc2) and RING (Apc11) subunit much like SCF. Other ... April 2015). "Structure of an APC3-APC16 complex: insights into assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome". Journal ... Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins ... The catalytic core of the APC/C consists of the cullin subunit Apc2 and RING H2 domain subunit Apc11. These two subunits ...
Cullin
... or APC2), part of the Anaphase-promoting complex. CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 7 each form part of a multi-subunit ubiquitin ... and the ANAPC2 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome; both CUL9 and ANAPC2 have ubiquitin ligase activity. The N- ... The human genome contains eight cullin genes CUL1, part of SCF complex CUL2, part of ECS complex (Elongin C - CUL2 - SOCS-box) ... CUL3, part of CUL3-BTB complex CUL4A CUL4B CUL5 CUL7 CUL9, also known as PARC There is also a more distant member called ANAPC2 ...
APC/C Cdh1 Enables Removal of Shugoshin-2 from the Arms of Bivalent Chromosomes by Moderating Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity
At the first meiotic division, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome associated wit … ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome / metabolism* * Animals * Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome / metabolism ... At the first meiotic division, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome associated with Cdc20 (APC/CCdc20) activates separase and ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome * Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome * Aurkb protein, mouse ...
Publications of the Plant Developmental Biology Group - WUR
The Arabidopsis Anaphase-Promoting Complex or Cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. The Plant ... Serralbo O, Pérez-Pérez J-M, Heidstra R, Scheres B. (2006). Non-cell-autonomous rescue of anaphase-promoting complex function ... Specialization of CDC27 function in the Arabidopsis thaliana anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). Plant J. . ... Kornet N, Scheres B. (2009) Members of the GCN5 histone acetyltransferase complex regulate PLETHORA-mediated root stem cell ...
ANAPC2 - Wikipedia
2004). "The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit". ... A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition ... 2004). "TPR subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1". Curr. Biol. 13 (17): ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene. ...
Cullin homology domain superfamily (IPR036317) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
... such as the APC2 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and the p53 cytoplasmic anchor PARC; both APC2 and PARC ... Humans express seven cullins (Cul1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 7), each forming part of a multi-subunit ubiquitin complex. Cullin-RING ... Structure of the Cand1-Cul1-Roc1 complex reveals regulatory mechanisms for the assembly of the multisubunit cullin-dependent ... Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex.. Nature 416 703-9 2002 ...
The Control of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth by Cell Proliferation and Endoreplication Requires the F-Box Protein FBL17 | Plant...
2003). The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: Molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. ... For instance, in mammalian cells, the RING-finger protein KPC1 (Kip1 ubiquitylation-promoting complex1) promotes the ... Finally, SCFSKP2 and SCFFBL17 promote the degradation of animal and plant CKIs, respectively (Yu et al., 1998; Carrano et al., ... 1999). p45SKP2 promotes p27Kip1 degradation and induces S phase in quiescent cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 1: 207-214. ...
Cell Cycle Progression in the Pericycle Is Not Sufficient for SOLITARY ROOT/IAA14-Mediated Lateral Root Initiation in...
The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: Molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. Plant Cell ... APC8/CDC23 is part of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) that is involved in targeting A- and B-type cyclins for degradation ... Ullah, H., Chen, J.-G., Temple, B., Boyes, D.C., Alonso, J.M., Davis, K.R., Ecker, J.R., and Jones, A.M. (2003). The β-subunit ... Overexpression of G1/S regulators, such as CYCD3;1 (Dewitte et al., 2003) or the transcription factor complex E2Fa/DPa (De ...
ANAPC2 Gene - GeneCards | ANC2 Protein | ANC2 Antibody
Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 2, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. GeneCards ... Anaphase-Promoting Complex Subunit 2 3 4 * Cyclosome Subunit 2 3 4 ... APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase-promoting complex. ( ... A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition ...
Anaphase-promoting complex - Wikipedia
The APC/C is a large complex of 11-13 subunit proteins, including a cullin (Apc2) and RING (Apc11) subunit much like SCF. Other ... April 2015). "Structure of an APC3-APC16 complex: insights into assembly of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome". Journal ... Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins ... The catalytic core of the APC/C consists of the cullin subunit Apc2 and RING H2 domain subunit Apc11. These two subunits ...
humchr09.txt
HUMAN 606946 Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 (APC2) (Cyclosome subunit 2) [APC2] [KIAA1406] ANGPTL2 9q34 Q9UKU9 ANGL2_ ... HUMAN 614533 Anaphase-promoting complex subunit CDC26 (Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 12) (APC12) (Cell division cycle ... PSE-binding factor subunit alpha) (PTF subunit alpha) (snRNA-activating protein complex 190 kDa subunit) (SNAPc 190 kDa subunit ... CRSP complex subunit 8) (Mediator complex subunit 27) (P37 TRAP/SMCC/PC2 subunit) (Transcriptional coactivator CRSP34) [CRSP34 ...
APC2 - Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 - Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain ATCC 204508 / S288c) (Baker's yeast) - APC2 gene...
In early mitosis, the APC/C is activated by CDC20 and targets securin PDS1, the B-type cyclin CLB5, and other anaphase ... a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the ... to allow exit from mitosis and creating the low CDK state necessary for cytokinesis and for reforming prereplicative complexes ... inhibitory proteins for proteolysis, thereby triggering the separation of sister chromatids at the metaphase-to-anaphase ...
Plus it
... is a peri-nuclear phospho-protein that is a co-activator of the cell cycle regulatory anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC ... are a novel class of small molecule compounds that interfere with CARP-1 binding with APC/C subunit APC-2, and suppress growth ... of a variety of cancer cells in part by promoting apoptosis. Here we investigated MB growth inhibitory potential of the CFM-1, ... analysis of the CFM-4-treated Daoy MB cells indicated down-regulation of a number of key cell growth and metastasis-promoting ...
Progression through Meiosis I and Meiosis II in Arabidopsis Anthers Is Regulated by an A-Type Cyclin Predominately Expressed in...
The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. Plant Cell ... Geley S, Kramer E, Gieffers C, Gannon J, Peters JM, Hunt T (2001) Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-dependent proteolysis of ... Zachariae W, Nasmyth K (1999) Whose end is destruction: cell division and anaphase-promoting complex. Genes Dev 13: 2039-2058. ... Taieb FE, Gross SD, Lewellyn AL, Maller JL (2001) Activation of the anaphase-promoting complex and degradation of cyclin B is ...
Small molecule inhibitors as emerging cancer therapeutics
2011) Antagonists of anaphase-promoting complex (APC)-2-cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein (CARP)-1 interaction are ... to identify small molecule inhibitors of CARP-1 interaction with cell cycle regulatory anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome ( ... Screening of a chemical library led to discovery of multiple small molecule inhibitors of CARP-1 binding with APC/C subunit APC-2 ... CFMs promote apoptosis and inhibit growth of a number of cancer cell types including the breast cancer cells that are resistant ...
Arabidopsis ULTRAVIOLET-B-INSENSITIVE4 maintains cell division activity by temporal inhibition of the anaphase-promoting...
The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome: molecular and genetic characterization of the APC2 subunit. ... The Arabidopsis anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome subunit 1 is critical for both female gametogenesis and embryogenesis(F). ... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome in control of plant development. Oct 5, 2012·Molecular Plant·Jefri Heyman, Lieven De ... APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase-promoting complex. ...
DeCS
Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex Cyclosome Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ... Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex. Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex Cyclosome. Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting ... Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex Cyclosome [D08.811.464.938.750.092.750] Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex ... Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex Cyclosome [D08.811.464.938.750.092.500] Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase Promoting Complex ...
Interactive Fly, Drosophila
The anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC) is an unusually complicated ubiquitin ligase, composed of 13 core subunits ... The cullin subunit APC2 and its binding partner, the RING finger protein APC11, are found in a subcomplex with APC1, APC4, and ... Microinjection of antibodies against subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome or against human Cdc20 (fizzy) ... one of the substrate-targeting subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). However, Cdh1, another targeting subunit used ...
Buy Ciriax (Ciprofloxacin) Online
We show mr encodes the APC2 subunit of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. We confirmed that the variations of ICG ... Paracrine from ADSC after being stimulated by insulin can promote proliferation and migration of HUVEC, and suppress its ... Chemical speciation of metal complexes from chemical shift calculations: the interaction of 2-amino-N-hydroxypropanamide with V ...
SWISS-MODEL Template Library | 4yii.1
Structure of an APC2-UBCH10 complex reveals distinctive cullin-RING ligase mechanism for Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome ... Structure of an APC2-UBCH10 complex reveals distinctive cullin-RING ligase mechanism for Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2: B. SMTL:PDB. SMTL Chain Id:. PDB Chain Id:. A. U ... Brown, N.G. et al., Crystal Structure of E2 Complex. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA (2015) Release Date. 2015-04-08. Peptides. ...
Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C - edoc
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase with essential functions in mitosis, meiosis, and G1 ... Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C ... Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C. ... substrates are ubiquitinated by E2 enzymes that interact with a hetero-dimer of the RING subunit Apc11 and the cullin Apc2. We ...
HIPHOP chemogenomics database
APC2. Subunit of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase required for degradation ... Subunit of U3-containing Small Subunit (SSU) processome complex involved in production of 18S rRNA and assembly of small ... Essential subunit of the Dam1 complex (aka DASH complex), couples kinetochores to the force produced by MT depolymerization ... Subunit of the exocyst complex; the exocyst mediates polarized targeting and tethering of post-Golgi secretory vesicles to ...
RCSB PDB - 5L9U: Model of human Anaphase-promoting complex/Cyclosome (APC/C-CDH1) with a cross linked Ubiquitin variant...
Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2. N. 822. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ANAPC2, APC2, KIAA1406. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit CDC26. G, W. 85. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: CDC26, ANAPC12, C9orf17. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 16. E. 110. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ANAPC16, C10orf104, CENP-27. ... Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 15. D. 121. Homo sapiens. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: ANAPC15, C11orf51, HSPC020. ...
Systematic Phosphorylation Analysis of Human Mitotic Protein Complexes | Science Signaling
Structure of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome interacting with a mitotic checkpoint complex. Science 323, 1477-1481 ( ... Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C. Mol. ... The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome: A machine designed to destroy. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 644-656 (2006).. ... Identification of cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation sites on the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome by mass spectrometry. ...
Research | Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Cryo electron microscopy reconstructions of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome, highlighting how the APC2-APC11 cullin-RING ... Crystal structure of a complex between the tumor suppressor E3 ligase subunit SPOP and a ubiquitylation substrate. The ... Cryo electron microscopy reconstructions of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome, highlighting how the APC2-APC11 cullin-RING ... Cryo electron microscopy reconstructions of Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome, highlighting how the APC2-APC11 cullin-RING ...
Cell Cycle Regulation by Poxviruses
... of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C is a ubiquitin ligase and through this activity it functions as a ... The OV homologue of APC11, referred to as PACR (Poxvirus APC/C Regulator), shares with APC11 the ability to bind APC2 and ... The parapoxvirus, orf virus (OV) encodes a RING-H2 protein that is a homologue of subunit 11 (APC11) ... Surprisingly on top of this, there are also indications of OV having a cell cycle promoting affect similar to mitogenic ...
RefSeq: NP 001131136
... "anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 isoform b" /note="cyclosome subunit 7" /calculated_mol_wt=59872 Region 135..168 /region_ ... The results showed that APC2 and APC7 subunits were both over expressed in cancer cell lines REFERENCE 5 (residues 1 to 537) ... the contribution of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome subunits APC7 and APC16 to APC/C composition and function in human ... TITLE Characterization of the DOC1/APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase-promoting complex JOURNAL J. Biol. Chem. ...
lemmingA encodes the Apc11 subunit of the APC/C in Drosophila melanogaster that forms a ternary complex with the E2-C type...
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) plays a pivotal role in these transitions by recognizing and marking ... to the APC/C together with Mr/Apc2 by forming a ternary complex. ... lemmingA encodes the Apc11 subunit of the APC/C in Drosophila ... The APC/C is, however, a multisubunit assembly with at least 13 subunits and their function and interaction within the complex ... lemmingA encodes the Apc11 subunit of the APC/C in Drosophila melanogaster that forms a ternary complex with the E2-C type ...
Molecular structure of the N-terminal domain of the APC/C subunit Cdc27 reveals a homo-dimeric tetratricopeptide repeat...
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific cell cycle ... a catalytic sub-complex including the cullin domain and RING finger subunits Apc2 and Apc11, respectively, and a ... sub-complex composed of the TPR subunits Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27 (Apc3). Here, we describe the crystal structure of the N- ... and genetic studies are consistent with the notion that subunits of APC/C are organised into two distinct sub-complexes; ...
DeCS 2014 - New terms
Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome. Subunidade Apc2 do Ciclossomo-Complexo Promotor de Anáfase. Subunidad Apc2 ... Apc2 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome. Subunidade Apc2 do Ciclossomo-Complexo Promotor de Anáfase. Subunidad Apc2 ... Apc1 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome. Subunidade Apc1 do Ciclossomo-Complexo Promotor de Anáfase. Subunidad Apc1 ... Apc3 Subunit, Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome. Subunidade Apc3 do Ciclossomo-Complexo Promotor de Anáfase. Subunidad Apc3 ...
CBFβ (D4N2N) Rabbit mAb, UniProt ID Q13951 #62184 to MSH6 (3E1) Mouse mAb, UniProt ID P52701 #12988 from Cell Signaling...
... activity of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), whose main function is to trigger the transition of the cell ... Background: Core-binding factor subunit β (CBFβ) is a non-DNA binding transcription factor subunit that associates with and ... Polyclonal Antibody - APC2 Antibody - Immunoprecipitation, Western Blotting, UniProt ID Q9UJX6, Entrez ID 29882 #12301 ... to the Sec23/24 complex to form a prebudding complex, which directly binds target molecules (2-4). The prebudding complex ...
anaphase-promoting complex (APC): the sum of its parts? | Biochemical Society Transactions | Portland Press
Therefore Apc2 may not contain the helical scaffold found in the N-terminal domain of Cul1. Instead, other subunits could be ... The APC (anaphase-promoting complex) or cyclosome is a large multisubunit protein complex. It has 13 core components (with ... The anaphase-promoting complex (APC): the sum of its parts? L.A. Passmore L.A. Passmore ... The APC (anaphase-promoting complex) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets cell-cycle-related proteins for ...
Human anaphase-promotiProteinsAPc11MetaphaseAnapc2Cdc20PhosphorylationYeastCDH1CatalyticDegradation of the anaphase inhibitorInhibitorTetratricopeptide repeatMitosisCyclinsUbiquitinationGeneInhibitoryHomoCyclinAmino acidsLeast 13 subunitsBUBR1SaccharomycesInteractsOnsetGenesActivatorSpindleSubstratesVertebrateMASS SPECTROMETRYHighly conservedAPC4CohesinRegulatorMultisubunitIsoformLigase complexKinaseBindsSubstrate
Human anaphase-promoti1
- Mechanism of ubiquitin-chain formation by the human anaphase-promoting complex. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Proteins21
- The product of this gene is a component of the complex and shares sequence similarity with a recently identified family of proteins called cullins, which may also be involved in ubiquitin-mediated degradation. (wikipedia.org)
- The APC/C complex acts by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins: it mainly mediates the formation of 'Lys-11'-linked polyubiquitin chains and, to a lower extent, the formation of 'Lys-48'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. (genecards.org)
- Anaphase-promoting complex (also called the cyclosome or APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. (wikipedia.org)
- The APC/C is a large complex of 11-13 subunit proteins, including a cullin (Apc2) and RING (Apc11) subunit much like SCF. (wikipedia.org)
- The APC/C's main function is to trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation. (wikipedia.org)
- In early mitosis, the APC/C is activated by CDC20 and targets securin PDS1, the B-type cyclin CLB5, and other anaphase inhibitory proteins for proteolysis, thereby triggering the separation of sister chromatids at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. (uniprot.org)
- The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multisubunit ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the cell cycle by marking key cell division proteins for destruction. (meta.org)
- APC/C recognizes substrates via coactivator proteins such as Cdh1, and bound substrates are ubiquitinated by E2 enzymes that interact with a hetero-dimer of the RING subunit Apc11 and the cullin Apc2. (unibas.ch)
- The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) plays a pivotal role in these transitions by recognizing and marking regulatory proteins for proteasomal degradation. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a large multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific cell cycle regulatory proteins for ubiquitin-dependent degradation, thereby controlling cell cycle events such as the metaphase to anaphase transition and the exit from mitosis. (sussex.ac.uk)
- VCP homo-hexamers associate with a variety of protein cofactors to form many distinct protein complexes, which act as chaperones to unfold proteins and transport them to specific cellular compartments or to the proteosome (4). (cellsignal.com)
- The APC (anaphase-promoting complex) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets cell-cycle-related proteins for degradation by the 26 S proteasome. (portlandpress.com)
- The APC contains at least 13 subunits and is regulated by the binding of co-activator proteins and by phosphorylation. (portlandpress.com)
- Most cellular proteins form a complex network of interactions with other proteins and many are components of large multiprotein complexes [ 1 - 3 ]. (portlandpress.com)
- The Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C) in complex with its co-activator Cdc20 is responsible for targeting proteins for ubiquitin-mediated degradation during mitosis. (nih.gov)
- Here, the complexes are connected by shared components, e.g. proteins present in more than one complex. (beds.ac.uk)
- Some of these attachments, which can consist of multiple proteins itself, can be connected to different core complexes. (beds.ac.uk)
- APC is a polymeric protein complex composed of at least 11 subunits and contains tetratricopeptide repeat proteins (APC3, 5, 6, 7, and 8), a cullin homolog (APC2), and a ring-H2 finger domain (APC11). (coloproctol.org)
- The anaphase promoting complex (APC) controls the degradation of proteins during exit from mitosis and entry into S-phase. (pnas.org)
- B) Ubiquitylation produces a signal that is often dependent on effector proteins or complexes (ubiquitin readers). (cloudfront.net)
- These include the proteasome, which is a proteolytic machine, or the segregase VCP/p97 (Cdc48 in yeast), which extracts proteins from chromatin, cellular compartments, or protein complexes for recycling or degradation. (cloudfront.net)
APc1111
- The catalytic core of the APC/C consists of the cullin subunit Apc2 and RING H2 domain subunit Apc11. (wikipedia.org)
- These two subunits catalyze ubiquitination of substrates when the C-terminal domain of Apc2 forms a tight complex with Apc11. (wikipedia.org)
- Together with the Apc11 subunit, forms the catalytic core of the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC-C). Its N-terminus has cullin domains which associate with the RING FINGER DOMAINS of Apc11. (bvsalud.org)
- The parapoxvirus, orf virus (OV) encodes a RING-H2 protein that is a homologue of subunit 11 (APC11) of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C). APC/C is a ubiquitin ligase and through this activity it functions as a master regulator of the cell cycle responsible for controlling mitotic exit and G1 phase progression. (otago.ac.nz)
- The OV homologue of APC11, referred to as PACR (Poxvirus APC/C Regulator), shares with APC11 the ability to bind APC2 and competes with APC11 for incorporation into APC/C. However, unlike its cellular counterpart, PACR does not support ubiquitination. (otago.ac.nz)
- Here, lemming (lmg) mutants were used to study the APC/C subunit, Apc11, and its interaction partners in Drosophila melanogaster. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The lmgA ORF codes for a putative protein with more than 80% sequence homology to the APC11 subunit of the human APC/C. The 85 amino acid protein also contains a RING-finger motif characteristic of known APC11 subunits. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Based on the presented data, we suggest that the Lmg/Apc11 subunit recruits the E2-C type ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, Vihar, to the APC/C together with Mr/Apc2 by forming a ternary complex. (lancs.ac.uk)
- a catalytic sub-complex including the cullin domain and RING finger subunits Apc2 and Apc11, respectively, and a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) sub-complex composed of the TPR subunits Cdc16, Cdc23 and Cdc27 (Apc3). (sussex.ac.uk)
- lemmingA encodes the Apc11 subunit of the APC/C. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The catalytic core consists of APC2 (Cullin family related protein), APC10, APC11 (RING finger protein), Cdc20 or Cdh1 (catalytic coactivators) and substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
Metaphase8
- A large protein complex, termed the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase-anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. (wikipedia.org)
- During metaphase, sister chromatids are linked by intact cohesin complexes. (wikipedia.org)
- In budding yeast, APC/C(Cdc20) promotes the degradation of the Pds1p anaphase inhibitor at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, whereas APC/C(Cdh1) promotes the degradation of the mitotic cyclins at the exit from mitosis. (sdbonline.org)
- Background: Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation is a critical step in key cell cycle events, such as metaphase-anaphase transition and mitotic exit. (lancs.ac.uk)
- Recently, it has been shown that cyclin A destruction early in mitosis is necessary for progressive stabilization of the mitotic spindle, promoting proper attachments to kinetochores and formation of the metaphase plate ( Kabeche and Compton, 2013 ). (biologists.org)
- CDC27Hs colocalizes with CDC16Hs to the centrosome and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- 9. Funabiki H, Kumada K, Yanagida M (1996) Fission yeast Cut1 and Cut2 are essential for sister chromatid separation, concentrate along the metaphase spindle and form large complexes. (aimspress.com)
- By contrast, HDAC inhibitors and clr6 HDAC mutations rescued temperature sensitive (ts) phenotypes of the mutants of the ubiquitin ligase complex anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which display metaphase arrest. (biologists.org)
Anapc22
- Anaphase-promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
- ANAPC2 (Anaphase Promoting Complex Subunit 2) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Cdc2021
- At the first meiotic division, anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome associated with Cdc20 (APC/C Cdc20 ) activates separase and thereby destroys cohesion along chromosome arms. (nih.gov)
- The CDC20-APC/C complex positively regulates the formation of synaptic vesicle clustering at active zone to the presynaptic membrane in postmitotic neurons. (genecards.org)
- The APC/C also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation, resulting in the inactivation of M-CDK (mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase) complexes, promoting exit from mitosis and cytokinesis Unlike the SCF, activator subunits control the APC/C. Cdc20 and Cdh1 are the two activators of particular importance to the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The subunit, CDC20 allows APC to degrade substrates such as anaphase inhibitors (Pdsp1) at the beginning of anaphase, on the other hand when CDC20 is substituted for specificity factor Hct1, APC degrades a different set of substrates, particularly mitosis cyclins in late anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
- Activators CDC20 and Cdh1 are of particular significance and are the most widely studied and familiar of the APC/C subunits. (wikipedia.org)
- In late mitosis and in G1, degradation of CLB5 allows activation of the APC/C by CDH1, which is needed to destroy CDC20 and the B-type cyclin CLB2 to allow exit from mitosis and creating the low CDK state necessary for cytokinesis and for reforming prereplicative complexes in G1 prior to another round of replication. (uniprot.org)
- Activation of the APC requires its association with substoichiometric activating subunits termed Cdc20 and Hct1 (also known as Cdh1). (sdbonline.org)
- TITLE Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2 JOURNAL J. Cell Biol. (genome.jp)
- When cells enter mitosis, the APC/C is partially activated through phosphorylation of core subunits and binding of the WD40-repeat protein Cdc20 ( 9 , 13 , 14 ). (pnas.org)
- Soon after anaphase onset, Cdc20 is degraded and replaced by Cdh1, which maintains APC/C activity during late mitosis and early G1 ( 15 , 16 ). (pnas.org)
- Mechanisms controlling the temporal degradation of Nek2A and Kif18A by the APC/C-Cdc20 complex. (nih.gov)
- We find that dimerization via the leucine zipper, in combination with the MR motif, is required for stable Nek2A binding to and ubiquitination by the APC/C. Nek2A and the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) have an overlap in APC/C subunit requirements for binding and we propose that Nek2A binds with high affinity to apo-APC/C and is degraded by the pool of Cdc20 that avoids inhibition by the SAC. (nih.gov)
- Kif18A is ubiquitinated by the APC/C-Cdc20 complex. (nih.gov)
- Improper microtubule attachment or chromosome misalignment on the spindle activates the formation of an inhibitory "supercomplex," consisting of the APC and a second complex, the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), which consists of a kinase BubR1, an inhibitor MAD2, and the APC activator CDC20 ( 1 ). (pnas.org)
- The mitotic checkpoint complex binds a second CDC20 to inhibit active APC/C. Izawa D, et al . (nih.gov)
- Nek2 isoform A (Nek2A) is a presumed substrate of the anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome containing Cdc20 (APC/C Cdc20 ). (biologists.org)
- The anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with either one of its regulatory co‐activators, Cdc20 or Cdh1, targets multiple mitotic regulators for proteasomal degradation. (biologists.org)
- At the point in the cell cycle when APC/C Cdc20 complexes are formed, however, the spindle checkpoint also becomes active and blocks Cdc20. (biologists.org)
- TAME hydrochloride is an inhibitor of anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C or APC), which binds to APC/C and prevents its activation by Cdc20 and Cdh1, produces mitotic arrest[1]. (csnpharm.cn)
- 13. Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW (1998) The checkpoint protein MAD2 and the mitotic regulator CDC20 form a ternary complex with the anaphase-promoting complex to control anaphase initiation. (aimspress.com)
- 14. Sudakin V, Chan GK, Yen TJ (2001) Checkpoint inhibition of the APC/C in HeLa cells is mediated by a complex of BUBR1, BUB3, CDC20, and MAD2. (aimspress.com)
Phosphorylation4
- Specificity of APC ligases are proposed to be controlled by incorporation of specificity factors into the ligase complex, instead of substrate phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- Purified Hct1 is phosphorylated in vitro at these sites by purified Cdc28-cyclin complexes, and phosphorylation abolishes the ability of Hct1 to activate the APC in vitro. (sdbonline.org)
- There were 71 phosphorylation sites on nine of the APC subunits. (pnas.org)
- Inactivation and disassembly of the anaphase-promoting complex during human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with degradation of the APC5 and APC4 subunits and does not require UL97-mediated phosphorylation of Cdh1. (nih.gov)
Yeast3
- Studies of APC subunits are mainly conducted in yeast, and studies show that the majority of yeast APC subunits are also present in vertebrates, this suggests conservation across eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
- Eleven core APC subunits have been found in vertebrates versus thirteen in yeast. (wikipedia.org)
- 16. Millband DN, Hardwick KG (2002) Fission yeast Mad3p is required for Mad2p to inhibit the anaphase-promoting complex and localizes to kinetochores in a Bub1p-, Bub3p-, and Mph1p-dependent manner. (aimspress.com)
CDH15
- We show here that, by promoting proteolysis of cyclins and Cdc25B at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, APC/C associated with the Cdh1 protein (APC/C Cdh1 ) delays the increase in Cdk1 activity, leading to germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). (nih.gov)
- Both processes require the Cdc14 phosphatase, whose release from the nucleolus during anaphase causes dephosphorylation and thereby activation of Cdh1 and accumulation of another protein, Sic1. (sdbonline.org)
- Localization of the coactivator Cdh1 and the cullin subunit Apc2 in a cryo-electron microscopy model of vertebrate APC/C. Molecular cell, Vol. 20, H. 6. (unibas.ch)
- We have obtained three-dimensional (3D) models of human and Xenopus APC/C by angular reconstitution and random conical tilt (RCT) analyses of negatively stained cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) preparations, have determined the masses of these particles by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and have mapped the locations of Cdh1 and Apc2. (unibas.ch)
- These progenitors are unique to the second tracheal metamere as homologous cells from other segments, express fizzy-related (fzr) , the Drosophila homolog of CDH1 protein of the APC complex , and enter endocycle and do not contribute to adult trachea. (sdbonline.org)
Catalytic4
- Together with the RING-H2 protein ANAPC11, constitutes the catalytic component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. (genecards.org)
- Here, cryo-EM and biochemistry show that the human E3 anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and its two partner E2s, UBE2C (aka UBCH10) and UBE2S, adopt specialized catalytic architectures for these two distinct forms of polyubiquitination. (rcsb.org)
- We have also identified a functionally important SUMO interacting motif in the cullin-homology domain of APC2 located near the APC4 sumoylation sites and APC/C catalytic core. (nih.gov)
- APC/C complex contains three sub-complexes: the scaffolding platform, the TPR lobe and the catalytic core. (biomedcentral.com)
Degradation of the anaphase inhibitor2
- Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis due to the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome is essential for separation of sister chromatids, requiring degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1, and for exit from mitosis, requiring inactivation of cyclin B Cdk1 kinases. (sdbonline.org)
- 1996) Anaphase initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the APC-dependent degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1p. (aimspress.com)
Inhibitor6
- This activity of Pds1p is independent of its activity as an anaphase inhibitor. (sdbonline.org)
- It is proposed that the dual role of Pds1p as an inhibitor of anaphase and of cyclin degradation allows the cell to couple the exit from mitosis to the prior completion of anaphase. (sdbonline.org)
- CBFβ interacts with the viral protein VIF and triggers assembly of a ubiquitin ligase complex that targets the retroviral inhibitor APOBEC3G for degradation (9,10). (cellsignal.com)
- TAME is a small molecule anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC) inhibitor. (csnpharm.cn)
- The signaling of the checkpoint originates from defective kinetochore-microtubule interactions and leads to formation of the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC), a highly potent inhibitor of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C)-the E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for anaphase onset. (aimspress.com)
- FUNCTION: This gene encodes a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle by ubiquitinating its specific substrates, such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, for subsequent degradation by the proteasome. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Tetratricopeptide repeat4
- J. 449 (2), 365-371 (2013) PUBMED 23078409 REMARK GeneRIF: Data indicate that additional density present in the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) structure, proximal to Apc3/Cdc27 of the (tetratricopeptide repeat) lobe, is assigned to the TPR subunit Apc7, a subunit specific to vertebrate APC/C. REFERENCE 6 (residues 1 to 537) AUTHORS Sudakin V, Chan GK and Yen TJ. (genome.jp)
- Summary: This gene encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat containing component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), a large E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls cell cycle progression by targeting a number of cell cycle regulators such as B-type cyclins for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation through ubiquitination. (genome.jp)
- The serine/threonine phosphatase PP5 interacts with CDC16 and CDC27, two tetratricopeptide repeat-containing subunits of the anaphase-promoting complex. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Of these, 32 sites are clustered in parts of Apc1 and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) subunits Cdc27, Cdc16, Cdc23 and Apc7. (embopress.org)
Mitosis8
- Progression through mitosis is controlled by protein degradation that is mediated by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome and its associated specificity factors. (sdbonline.org)
- The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase with essential functions in mitosis, meiosis, and G1 phase of the cell cycle. (unibas.ch)
- Progression through mitosis depends on a large number of protein complexes that regulate the major structural and physiological changes necessary for faithful chromosome segregation. (sciencemag.org)
- These protein complexes participate in many cellular functions, including vesicle transport and fusion, fragmentation and reassembly of the golgi stacks during mitosis, nuclear envelope formation and spindle disassembly following mitosis, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, B- and T-cell activation, NF-κB-mediated transcriptional regulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation and protein degradation (4). (cellsignal.com)
- The proteolytic events triggered by the APC are required to release sister chromatid cohesion during anaphase, to control the exit from mitosis and to prevent premature entry into S-phase. (portlandpress.com)
- The mitotic checkpoint, or spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), is the major cell cycle control mechanism to delay the onset of anaphase during mitosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- 1995) The cyclosome, a large complex containing cyclin-selective ubiquitin ligase activity, targets cyclins for destruction at the end of mitosis. (aimspress.com)
- 1995) A 20S complex containing CDC27 and CDC16 catalyzes the mitosis-specific conjugation of ubiquitin to cyclin B. Cell 81: 279-288. (aimspress.com)
Cyclins1
- Proteolysis of mitotic cyclins depends on a multisubunit ubiquitin-protein ligase, the anaphase promoting complex (APC). (sdbonline.org)
Ubiquitination7
- When securin undergoes ubiquitination by the APC/C and releases separase, which degrades cohesin, sister chromatids become free to move to opposite poles for anaphase. (wikipedia.org)
- Activator subunits bind to APC at varying stages of the cell-cycle to control its ubiquitination activity, often by directing APC to target substrates destined for ubiquitination. (wikipedia.org)
- Apc2 also interacts with the E2 ubiquitin ligases involved in APC-C ubiquitination reactions. (bvsalud.org)
- Ubiquitination by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is essential for proliferation in all eukaryotes. (pnas.org)
- Ube2S and UbcH10 are tightly co-regulated during the cell cycle, and APC/C itself promotes their ubiquitination and degradation. (pnas.org)
- The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multiprotein complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and is required for ubiquitination of securin and cyclin-B. Several APC-targeting molecules are reported to be oncogenes. (coloproctol.org)
- Intriguingly, the E3 ligase activity of TRAF6 was dispensable for stabilizing STAT6, despite TRAF6 promoted its K63 ubiquitination. (bvsalud.org)
Gene4
- Human APC2 genome location and APC2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. (wikipedia.org)
- Gene-array-based analysis of the CFM-4-treated Daoy MB cells indicated down-regulation of a number of key cell growth and metastasis-promoting genes including cell motility regulating small GTP binding protein p21Rac1, and extracellular matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-10. (aacrjournals.org)
- We structurally visualize transient ubiquitylation complexes trapped as if in action, biochemically reconstitute novel signaling pathways, develop and use innovative chemical tools to probe ubiquitin signaling, and employ cell biology along with gene targeting to investigate how these pathways are activated precisely when needed. (mpg.de)
- The large complexes involved in transcription (polymerases and transcription factors) and translation (ribosomes) must be tightly regulated to allow the control of gene expression. (portlandpress.com)
Inhibitory1
- To ensure correct cell cycle progression, accurate timing of APC/C activity is important, which is obtained through its association with both activating and inhibitory subunits. (meta.org)
Homo2
- LOCUS NP_001131136 537 aa linear PRI 20-JUN-2020 DEFINITION anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 isoform b [Homo sapiens]. (genome.jp)
- Structure and genetics characteristics of APC/C. a Graphic representation of human ( Homo sapiens ) APC/C subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
Cyclin6
- Recently, we have identified ULTRAVIOLET-B-INSENSITIVE4 (UVI4) as a plant-specific component of the APC/C. Here, we demonstrate that UVI4 uses conserved APC/C interaction motifs to counteract the activity of the CELL CYCLE SWITCH52 A1 (CCS52A1) activator subunit, inhibiting the turnover of the A-type cyclin CYCA2;3. (meta.org)
- Proteolysis commences during anaphase, persisting throughout G1 until it is terminated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) as cells enter S phase. (sdbonline.org)
- A key mechanism of CDK inactivation is ubiquitin-mediated cyclin proteolysis, which is triggered by the late mitotic activation of a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). (sdbonline.org)
- Following anaphase, dephosphorylation of Hct1 by Cdc14 may help initiate cyclin destruction (Jaspersen, 1999). (sdbonline.org)
- One of the key regulators of the SAC is the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) which ubiquitinates cyclin B and securin and targets them for proteolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
- First, enhancing mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC) formation by nocodazole treatment inhibited the degradation of geminin and cyclin A, whereas Nek2A disappeared at a normal rate. (biologists.org)
Amino acids1
- These include Apc1, the largest subunit which contains 11 tandem repeats of 35-40 amino acid sequences, and Apc2, which contains three cullin repeats of approximately 130 amino acids total. (wikipedia.org)
Least 13 subunits1
- The APC/C is, however, a multisubunit assembly with at least 13 subunits and their function and interaction within the complex is still relatively uncharacterized, particularly in metazoan systems. (lancs.ac.uk)
BUBR11
- TITLE Human BUBR1 is a mitotic checkpoint kinase that monitors CENP-E functions at kinetochores and binds the cyclosome/APC JOURNAL J. Cell Biol. (genome.jp)
Saccharomyces1
- This study explores the molecular function and regulation of the APC regulatory subunit Hct1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (sdbonline.org)
Interacts2
- The LmgA protein interacts with Mr/Apc2, and they together form a binding site for Vihar, the E2-C type ubiquitin conjugating enzyme. (lancs.ac.uk)
- 11. He X, Patterson TE, Sazer S (1997) The Schizosaccharomyces pombe spindle checkpoint protein mad2p blocks anaphase and genetically interacts with the anaphase-promoting complex. (aimspress.com)
Onset1
- Mad2 with the cyclosome/anaphase-promoting complex, and is involved in regulating anaphase onset and late mitotic events. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Genes3
- Over the analysed species, the composition of most complexes was highly flexible and only 25% of all genes were never lost. (beds.ac.uk)
- These evolutionary events affecting genes coding for units in human protein complexes showed a significantly different phylogenetic pattern compared to randomly selected genes. (beds.ac.uk)
- Alterations of anaphase-promoting complex genes in human colon cancer cells. (uniprot.org)
Activator1
- CARP-1/CCAR1 is a peri-nuclear phospho-protein that is a co-activator of the cell cycle regulatory anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) E3 ligase. (aacrjournals.org)
Spindle2
- Because APC/C not only ensures cell cycle arrest upon spindle disruption but also promotes cell death in response to prolonged mitotic arrest, it has become an attractive drug target in cancer therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
- The APC is the target of the spindle checkpoint ( 6 ), a complex process that senses the fidelity of microtubule attachment to chromosomes before allowing chromatid separation and cell division to proceed. (pnas.org)
Substrates1
- E3s containing a RING-domain recruit substrates and ubiquitin-charged E2s, and promote the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 active site to a substrate lysine. (pnas.org)
Vertebrate1
- Biochemical studies have shown that the vertebrate APC contains eight subunits. (wikipedia.org)
MASS SPECTROMETRY1
- This suppression coincided with facilitated complex formation of APC/C. Moreover, our mass spectrometry analysis showed that an APC/C subunit, Cut23/APC8, is acetylated. (biologists.org)
Highly conserved1
- We exemplified this trend on the anaphase promoting complex (APC) where a core is highly conserved throughout all metazoans, but flexibility in certain components is observable. (beds.ac.uk)
APC42
- A ) The APC/C complex was affinity purified using an APC4 antibody from nocodazole-arrested cells or cells released from nocodazole into MG132 for 2 h. (nih.gov)
- C ) Stable HeLa cell lines expressing FLAG-tagged Kif18A or Kif18AΔLR were arrested with nocodazole and the APC/C complex purified using an APC4 antibody. (nih.gov)
Cohesin1
- The separase triggers the cleavage of cohesin, the protein complex that binds sister chromatids together. (wikipedia.org)
Regulator1
- The essential RING-E3 anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is a key regulator of cell division in eukaryotes ( 5 ). (pnas.org)
Multisubunit2
- Structure of the Cand1-Cul1-Roc1 complex reveals regulatory mechanisms for the assembly of the multisubunit cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases. (ebi.ac.uk)
- The APC (anaphase-promoting complex) or cyclosome is a large multisubunit protein complex. (portlandpress.com)
Isoform1
- 537 /product="anaphase-promoting complex subunit 7 isoform b" /note="cyclosome subunit 7" /calculated_mol_wt=59872 Region 135. (genome.jp)
Ligase complex1
- Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. (ebi.ac.uk)
Kinase1
- The mutual inhibition between APC and CDKs explains how cells suppress mitotic CDK activity during G1 and then establish a period with elevated kinase activity from S phase until anaphase (Zachariae, 1998). (sdbonline.org)
Binds1
- SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), promotes cellular entry. (bvsalud.org)
Substrate1
- Crystal structure of a complex between the tumor suppressor E3 ligase subunit SPOP and a ubiquitylation substrate. (mpg.de)