Apamin
Bee Venoms
Charybdotoxin
Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Biological Factors
Potassium Channel Blockers
Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated
Potassium Channels
Scorpion Venoms
Nitroarginine
Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
4-Aminopyridine
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Vasodilation
Potassium
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
Mesenteric Arteries
Guinea Pigs
Muscle, Smooth
Unstriated and unstriped muscle, one of the muscles of the internal organs, blood vessels, hair follicles, etc. Contractile elements are elongated, usually spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. Smooth muscle fibers are bound together into sheets or bundles by reticular fibers and frequently elastic nets are also abundant. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Acetylcholine
Cromakalim
Tubocurarine
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors
Nitric Oxide
A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.
Dequalinium
Action Potentials
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Endothelium, Vascular
Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
Muscle Contraction
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
Indomethacin
Nitroprusside
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Myography
Tetrodotoxin
Bees
Encyclopedias as Topic
Butyrylthiocholine
Honey
A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
Acetylcholine-induced membrane potential changes in endothelial cells of rabbit aortic valve. (1/590)
1. Using a microelectrode technique, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane potential changes were characterized using various types of inhibitors of K+ and Cl- channels in rabbit aortic valve endothelial cells (RAVEC). 2. ACh produced transient then sustained membrane hyperpolarizations. Withdrawal of ACh evoked a transient depolarization. 3. High K+ blocked and low K+ potentiated the two ACh-induced hyperpolarizations. Charybdotoxin (ChTX) attenuated the ACh-induced transient and sustained hyperpolarizations; apamin inhibited only the sustained hyperpolarization. In the combined presence of ChTX and apamin, ACh produced a depolarization. 4. In Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of Co2+ or Ni2+, ACh produced a transient hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. In BAPTA-AM-treated cells, ACh produced only a depolarization. 5. A low concentration of A23187 attenuated the ACh-induced transient, but not the sustained, hyperpolarization. In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid, the hyperpolarization induced by ACh was maintained after ACh removal; this maintained hyperpolarization was blocked by Co2+. 6. Both NPPB and hypertonic solution inhibited the membrane depolarization seen after ACh washout. Bumetanide also attenuated this depolarization. 7. It is concluded that in RAVEC, ACh produces a two-component hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. It is suggested that ACh-induced Ca2+ release from the storage sites causes a transient hyperpolarization due to activation of ChTX-sensitive K+ channels and that ACh-activated Ca2+ influx causes a sustained hyperpolarization by activating both ChTX- and apamin-sensitive K+ channels. Both volume-sensitive Cl- channels and the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter probably contribute to the ACh-induced depolarization. (+info)Charybdotoxin and apamin block EDHF in rat mesenteric artery if selectively applied to the endothelium. (2/590)
In rat mesenteric artery, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is blocked by a combination of apamin and charybdotoxin (ChTX). The site of action of these toxins has not been established. We compared the effects of ChTX and apamin applied selectively to the endothelium and to the smooth muscle. In isometrically mounted arteries, ACh (0.01-10 micrometers), in the presence of indomethacin (2.8 microM) and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (100 microM), concentration dependently relaxed phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated tone (EC50 50 nM; n = 10). Apamin (50 nM) and ChTX (50 nM) abolished this relaxation (n = 5). In pressurized arteries, ACh (10 microM), applied intraluminally in the presence of indomethacin (2.8 microM) and L-NAME (100 microM), dilated both PE-stimulated (0.3-0.5 microM; n = 5) and myogenic tone (n = 3). Apamin (50 nM ) and ChTX (50 nM) applied intraluminally abolished ACh-induced dilatations. Bath superperfusion of apamin and ChTX did not affect ACh-induced dilatations of either PE-stimulated (n = 5) or myogenic tone (n = 3). This is the first demonstration that ChTX and apamin act selectively on the endothelium to block EDHF-mediated relaxation. (+info)Role of K+ channels in A2A adenosine receptor-mediated dilation of the pressurized renal arcuate artery. (3/590)
1. Adenosine A2A receptor-mediated renal vasodilation was investigated by measuring the lumenal diameter of pressurized renal arcuate arteries isolated from the rabbit. 2. The selective A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 dilated the arteries with an EC50 of 130 nM. The CGS21680-induced vasodilation was, on average, 34% less in endothelium-denuded arteries. 3. The maximum response and the EC50 for CGS21680-induced vasodilation in endothelium-intact arteries were not significantly affected by incubation with the K+ channel blockers apamin (100 nM), iberiotoxin (100 nM), 3,4-diaminopyridine (1 mM), glibenclamide (1 microM) or Ba2+ (10 microM). However, a cocktail mixture of these blockers did significantly inhibit the maximum response by almost 40%, and 1 mM Ba2+ alone or 1 mM Ba2+ in addition to the cocktail inhibited the maximum CGS21680-response by 58% and about 75% respectively. 4. CGS21680-induced vasodilation was strongly inhibited when the extracellular K+ level was raised to 20 mM even though the dilator response to 1 microM levcromakalim, a K(ATP) channel opener drug, was unaffected. 5. CGS21680-induced vasodilation was inhibited by 10 microM ouabain, an inhibitor of Na+/K(+)-ATPase, but ouabain had a similar inhibitory effect on vasodilation induced by 30 nM nicardipine (a dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonist) or 1 microM levcromakalim. 6. The data suggest that K+ channel activation does play a role in A(2A) receptor-mediated renal vasodilation. The inhibitory effect of raised extracellular K+ levels on the A(2A) response may be due to K(+)-induced stimulation of Na+/K(+)-ATPase. (+info)Blockade of SK-type Ca2+-activated K+ channels uncovers a Ca2+-dependent slow afterdepolarization in nigral dopamine neurons. (4/590)
Sharp electrode current-clamp recording techniques were used to characterize the response of nigral dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in rat brain slices to injected current pulses applied in the presence of TTX (2 microM) and under conditions in which apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels were blocked. Addition of apamin (100-300 nM) to perfusion solutions containing TTX blocked the pacemaker oscillation in membrane voltage evoked by depolarizing current pulses and revealed an afterdepolarization (ADP) that appeared as a shoulder on the falling phase of the voltage response. ADP were preceded by a ramp-shaped slow depolarization and followed by an apamin-insensitive hyperpolarizing afterpotential (HAP). Although ADPs were observed in all apamin-treated cells, the duration of the response varied considerably between individual neurons and was strongly potentiated by the addition of TEA (2-3 mM). In the presence of TTX, TEA, and apamin, optimal stimulus parameters (0.1 nA, 200-ms duration at -55 to -68 mV) evoked ADP ranging from 80 to 1,020 ms in duration (355.3 +/- 56.5 ms, n = 16). Both the ramp-shaped slow depolarization and the ensuing ADP were markedly voltage dependent but appeared to be mediated by separate conductance mechanisms. Thus, although bath application of nifedipine (10-30 microM) or low Ca2+, high Mg2+ Ringer blocked the ADP without affecting the ramp potential, equimolar substitution of Co2+ for Ca2+ blocked both components of the voltage response. Nominal Ca2+ Ringer containing Co2+ also blocked the HAP evoked between -55 and -68 mV. We conclude that the ADP elicited in DA neurons after blockade of apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels is mediated by a voltage-dependent, L-type Ca2+ channel and represents a transient form of the regenerative plateau oscillation in membrane potential previously shown to underlie apamin-induced bursting activity. These data provide further support for the notion that modulation of apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels in DA neurons exerts a permissive effect on the conductances that are involved in the expression of phasic activity. (+info)Differential effects of apamin- and charybdotoxin-sensitive K+ conductances on spontaneous discharge patterns of developing retinal ganglion cells. (5/590)
The spontaneous discharge patterns of developing retinal ganglion cells are thought to play a crucial role in the refinement of early retinofugal projections. To investigate the contributions of intrinsic membrane properties to the spontaneous activity of developing ganglion cells, we assessed the effects of blocking large and small calcium-activated potassium conductances on the temporal pattern of such discharges by means of patch-clamp recordings from the intact retina of developing ferrets. Application of apamin and charybdotoxin (CTX), which selectively block the small and large calcium-activated potassium channels, respectively, resulted in significant changes in spontaneous firings. In cells recorded from the oldest animals [postnatal day 30 (P30)-P45], which manifested relatively sustained discharge patterns, application of either blocker induced bursting activity. With CTX the bursts were highly periodic, short in duration, and of high frequency. In contrast, with apamin the interburst intervals were longer, less regular, and lower in overall spike frequency. These differences between the effects of the two blockers on spontaneous activity were documented by spectral analysis of discharge patterns. Filling cells from which recordings were made with Lucifer yellow revealed that these effects were obtained in all three morphological classes of cells: alpha, beta, and gamma. These findings provide the first evidence that apamin- and CTX-sensitive K+ conductances can have differential effects on the spontaneous discharge patterns of retinal ganglion cells. Remarkably, the bursts of activity obtained after apamin application in more mature neurons appeared very similar to the spontaneous bursting patterns observed in developing neurons. These findings suggest that the maturation of calcium-activated potassium channels, particularly the apamin-sensitive conductance, may contribute to the changes in spontaneous firings exhibited by retinal ganglion cells during the course of normal development. (+info)Coordinate regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal firing patterns by cytosolic calcium and store depletion. (6/590)
Elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in excitable cells often acts as a negative feedback signal on firing of action potentials and the associated voltage-gated Ca2+ influx. Increased [Ca2+]i stimulates Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels (IK-Ca), and this, in turn, hyperpolarizes the cell and inhibits Ca2+ influx. However, in some cells expressing IK-Ca the elevation in [Ca2+]i by depletion of intracellular stores facilitates voltage-gated Ca2+ influx. This phenomenon was studied in hypothalamic GT1 neuronal cells during store depletion caused by activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+)ATPase with thapsigargin. GnRH induced a rapid spike increase in [Ca2+]i accompanied by transient hyperpolarization, followed by a sustained [Ca2+]i plateau during which the depolarized cells fired with higher frequency. The transient hyperpolarization was caused by the initial spike in [Ca2+]i and was mediated by apamin-sensitive IK-Ca channels, which also were operative during the subsequent depolarization phase. Agonist-induced depolarization and increased firing were independent of [Ca2+]i and were not mediated by inhibition of K+ current, but by facilitation of a voltage-insensitive, Ca2+-conducting inward current. Store depletion by thapsigargin also activated this inward depolarizing current and increased the firing frequency. Thus, the pattern of firing in GT1 neurons is regulated coordinately by apamin-sensitive SK current and store depletion-activated Ca2+ current. This dual control of pacemaker activity facilitates voltage-gated Ca2+ influx at elevated [Ca2+]i levels, but also protects cells from Ca2+ overload. This process may also provide a general mechanism for the integration of voltage-gated Ca2+ influx into receptor-controlled Ca2+ mobilization. (+info)Endothelium-derived relaxing, contracting and hyperpolarizing factors of mesenteric arteries of hypertensive and normotensive rats. (7/590)
Differences in the acetylcholine (ACh)-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation and hyperpolarization of the mesenteric arteries of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were studied. Relaxation was impaired in preparations from SHRSP and tendency to reverse the relaxation was observed at high concentrations of ACh in these preparations. Relaxation was partly blocked by NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 100 microM) and, in the presence of L-NOARG, tendency to reverse the relaxation was observed in response to higher concentrations of ACh, even in preparations from WKY. The relaxation remaining in the presence of L-NOARG was also smaller in preparations from SHRSP. The tendency to reverse the relaxation observed at higher concentrations of ACh in preparations from SHRSP or WKY in the presence of L-NOARG were abolished by indomethacin (10 microM). Elevating the K+ concentration of the incubation medium decreased relaxation in the presence of both indomethacin and L-NOARG. Relaxation in the presence of L-NOARG and indomethacin was reduced by the application of both apamin (5 microM) and charybdotoxin (0.1 microM). This suggests that the relaxation induced by ACh is brought about by both endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF, nitric oxide (NO)) and hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), which activates Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. Electrophysiological measurement revealed that ACh induced endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle of both preparations in the presence of L-NOARG and indomethacin; the hyperpolarization being smaller in the preparation from SHRSP than that from WKY. These results suggest that the release of both NO and EDHF is reduced in preparations from SHRSP. In addition, indomethacin-sensitive endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF) is released from both preparations; the release being increased in preparations from SHRSP. (+info)Integrin-regulated secretion of interleukin 4: A novel pathway of mechanotransduction in human articular chondrocytes. (8/590)
Chondrocyte function is regulated partly by mechanical stimulation. Optimal mechanical stimulation maintains articular cartilage integrity, whereas abnormal mechanical stimulation results in development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The responses of signal transduction pathways in human articular chondrocytes (HAC) to mechanical stimuli remain unclear. Previous work has shown the involvement of integrins and integrin-associated signaling pathways in activation of plasma membrane apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels that results in membrane hyperpolarization of HAC after 0. 33 Hz cyclical mechanical stimulation. To further investigate mechanotransduction pathways in HAC and show that the hyperpolarization response to mechanical stimulation is a result of an integrin-dependent release of a transferable secreted factor, we used this response. Neutralizing antibodies to interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-4 receptor alpha inhibit mechanically induced membrane hyperpolarization and anti-IL-4 antibodies neutralize the hyperpolarizing activity of medium from mechanically stimulated cells. Antibodies to interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and cytokine receptors, interleukin 1 receptor type I and the common gamma chain/CD132 (gamma) have no effect on me- chanically induced membrane hyperpolarization. Chondrocytes from IL-4 knockout mice fail to show a membrane hyperpolarization response to cyclical mechanical stimulation. Mechanically induced release of the chondroprotective cytokine IL-4 from HAC with subsequent autocrine/paracrine activity is likely to be an important regulatory pathway in the maintenance of articular cartilage structure and function. Finally, dysfunction of this pathway may be implicated in OA. (+info)
Apamin dictionary definition | apamin defined
Apamin-sensitive, non-nitric oxide (NO) endothelium-dependent...
Plus it
UCL 1530
Summary Report | CureHunter
Apamin - Wikipedia
Apamin Interacts With All Subtypes of Cloned Small-Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ Channels
Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels induce the firing pause periods during the activation of Drosophila nociceptive...
The saga of the inhibitory junction potential (IJP): A brief view from the fringe | Phoebusmonks Blog
Plus it
High affinity binding of [125I]monoiodoapamin to isolated guinea-pig hepatocytes. - UCL Discovery
AHP: सौभाग्य-शुंठी पाक(Saubhagya Sunthi Pak )
Concomitant SK current activation and sodium current inhibition cause J wave syndrome<...
The contribution of d-tubocurarine-sensitive and Apamin-sensitive K-channels to EDHF-mediated Relaxation of Mesenteric Arteries...
The effects of apamin in rats with pretrigeminal or high spinal transsection of the central nervous system<...
Ochranné návleky na kapotu sú rokmi preverené produkty - TopSpeed.sk
Buah Anggur Sk Ii - Jual Produk Terbaru & Terlengkap | Blibli.com
Pneumatiky 205/65 R15C | Morepneu.sk
The antidepressant fluoxetine blocks the human small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels SK1, SK2 and SK3 -...
Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2
KCNN3 - Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 3 - Sus scrofa (Pig) - KCNN3 gene & protein
Abstract 16089: Functional Coupling of SK Channels and L-type Calcium Channels in Cardiomyocytes | Circulation
SK channels and NMDA receptors form a Ca2+-mediated feedback loop in dendritic spines<...
anti-KCNN4 antibody | GeneTex
Apamin, a highly potent blocker of the TTX- and Mn2(+)-insensitive fast transient Na+ current in young embryonic heart
Criss Hartzell Jr. PhD - OpenEmory | Profile
Eveline Bison | INNOWACYJNA KURACJA UJĘDRNIAJĄCA DO WALKI ZE ZMARSZCZKAMI DO SKÓRY NORMALNEJ I MIESZANEJ, CZYLI LA ROCHE-POSAY...
8 in 1 Nylonová rozdvojka lanko 1,4x45 cm od 0 € - Najlepsie-ceny.sk
ARCHIV | Nasodrill nosový výplach sprej 1 × 100 ml v akcii platné do: 31.10.2016 | Zlacnene.sk
Doplnky stravy - Heureka.sk
Semperit Semp Van-Life 195/70 R15 C 104/102 S Letné | E-pneumatiky.sk
G】セペダ合流で再び上げ潮の打撃陣【超激辛練習試合レポート2月24日】 | 超激辛NPBコラム
CHEMBL3381 Target Report Card
Chen | Faculty Labs | Research | IU School of Medicine
International Union of Pharmacology. LII. Nomenclature and Molecular Relationships of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels |...
Apitherapy News: March 2014
Apitherapy News: March 2014
Termination of Vernakalant-Resistant Atrial Fibrillation by Inhibition of Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels in Pigs ...
Apitherapy News: December 2009
ARCHIV | Jogurt smotanový žilinský čučoriedka 125G v akcii platné do: 13.12.2006 | Zlacnene.sk
Hygienici skontrolovali supermarkety, udelili 117 pokút | Zzz.sk
Potassium channel toxin alpha-KTx 5.4 - Hottentotta tamulus (Eastern Indian scorpion)
Evolutionarily ancient role of cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide signalling as an inhibitory regulator of feeding-related...
Effects of Haloperidol on K+ Currents in Acutely Isolated Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells | IOVS | ARVO Journals
Autovôňa Little Joya Sorbet - iAutokozmetika.sk
Online apotek, sundhed & sk?nhedsprodukter til gode priser | PromoFarma
Effect of different calcium channel blockers on inhibitory junction potentials and slow waves in porcine ileum<...
Effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on small conductance calcium - activated potassium channels - Sophion
Tamapin | Cfm Oskar Tropitzsch GmbH
Impaired function of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in smooth muscle of mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats
Budowy sk ry i przydatk w - anatomia24.pl
Uchwała nr XXXI/471/2013 Rady Miasta Wisła z dnia 31 października 2013r. w sprawie określenia warunków i trybu składania
...
LED TV | Nay.sk
Pandinus imperator toxin (Pi4)
Pi4 competes with apamin, another SK-channel toxin. IC50 is 0.5 ± 0.2 μM. Scorpion venoms can be toxic for mammals, insects, ...
Schmidt sting pain index
Apamin is a neurotoxin that augments polysynaptic reflexes. MCD peptide destroys mast cells. Feeling only slight pain, Schmidt ... Since many small bees are categorized into a pain level of 1, most toxic polypeptides in bee venom are melittin, apamin, and ...
Potassium channel blocker
M. Stocker; M. Krause; P. Pedarzani (1999). "An apamin-sentisitive Ca2+-activated K+ current in hippocampal pyramidal neurons ... Examples of calcium-activated channel blockers include: Charybdotoxin Iberiotoxin Apamin Kaliotoxin, Lolitrem, BKCa-specific ...
Potassium channel
Stocker M, Krause M, Pedarzani P (April 1999). "An apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ current in hippocampal pyramidal neurons ...
Robert Charles Hider
Hider RC and Ragnarsson U. A proposal for the structure of apamin. FEBS Letts., 1980; 111, 189-193. Hider RC, Drake AF, Inagaki ...
Tamapin
However, tamapin displaces Apamin in binding assays and is therefore a stronger toxin with respect to Apamin. SK 1 and SK 3 are ... Its sequence similarity to other toxins that can compete with the binding site of apamin is much lower. It is 31 amino acids ... Despite completely different sequences, Apamin (a bee venom toxin) and tamapin share at least in part, the same binding sites ... Tamapin-2 can also compete very effectively with apamin for binding to synaptosomes. The target of tamapin is the small ...
MCD peptide
Gmachl, M; Kreil, G (1995). "The precursors of the bee Venom Constituents Apamin and MCD Peptide Are Encoded by two Genes in ... In addition to MCD peptide, melittin and apamin have also been identified in this venom and are also described as voltage- ... Although the MCD peptide sequence shows similarity with apamin, they have different toxic properties. MCD peptide belongs to a ...
SK channel
In addition, SK channels (SK1-SK3) but not SK4 (IK) are sensitive to blockade by the bee toxin apamin, and the scorpion venoms ... Experiments using apamin have shown that specifically blocking SK channels can increase learning and long-term potentiation. In ... Blatz AL, Magleby KL (1986). "Single apamin-blocked Ca-activated K+ channels of small conductance in cultured rat skeletal ...
OSK3
Zerrouk; Laraba-Djebari (2009). "Characterization of PO1 a new peptide ligand of the apamin-sensitive Ca2+ activated K+ channel ...
Scyllatoxin
This toxin shows similarity in its physiological activity and binding specificity to apamin, but both toxins show no structural ... potent inhibitor of apamin binding from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus venom". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (21): 10192-7. doi:10.1016/ ...
Tetraethylammonium
"Tetraethylammonium blockade of apamin-sensitive and insensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels in a pituitary cell line." J. ... Inhibition of the electrogenic Na,K pump and Na,K-ATPase activity by tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, and apamin. ...
KCNN2
Jäger H, Adelman JP, Grissmer S (2000). "SK2 encodes the apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels in the human leukemic T ... 2004). "Calcium-dependent regulation of secretion in biliary epithelial cells: the role of apamin-sensitive SK channels". ...
BmP02
... which act on apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ channels". European Journal of Biochemistry. 245 (2): 457-64. doi:10.1111/j. ... injection in mice it could very well compete to binding to the SKCa channel with the toxin iodinated apamin. Kv1.3 channels can ...
Tityustoxin
"Characterization of a new peptide from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom which is a ligand of the apamin-binding site". FEBS ...
HsTx1
Unlike other toxins from the same family HsTx1 does not seem to affect the apamin-sensitive calcium-dependent potassium channel ...
Taicatoxin
It has a high affinity for the 125I-apamin acceptor-binding sites of the rat synaptosomal membranes (Ki = 1.45±0.22 nM) and ... Taicatoxin has an inhibitory effect by reducing the affinity of 125I-apamin for its acceptor and not by alteration of the ... 50 nM of taicatoxin blocks the apamin-sensitive after-hyperpolarizing slow tail K+ currents in rat chromaffin cells, but not ... blocks affinity-labeling of a 33-kDa 125I-apamin-binding polypeptide. Other neurotoxins that act on the calcium channels are ...
SK3
... termini and is readily blocked by apamin. The gene for KCa2.3, KCNN3, is located on chromosome 1q21. KCa2.3 is found in the ...
Schaffer collateral
When the stimulus strength was reduced below the action potential threshold, apamin, a neurotoxin, was added to assess the ...
European hornet
V. crabro venom contains neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, histamine and noradrenalineneurotoxin apamin, as well ...
Tamulotoxin
On the other hand, TmTx does not seem to inhibit [125I] apamin binding to synaptic membranes in the rat brain or ionomycin- ...
Olivocochlear system
This channel, the apamin sensitive, small conductance SK2 potassium channel, is activated by calcium that is likely released ...
Maurotoxin
... (MTX) blocks various K+ -channels: Apamin-sensitive small conductance Ca2+ - activated K+ channels (SK) Intermediate ...
Apitoxin
Further protein components include apamin (2%), a neurotoxin, hyaluronidase (2%), which dilates blood vessels, increasing their ...
List of MeSH codes (D20)
... apamin MeSH D20.888.065.115.580 - melitten MeSH D20.888.065.830 - scorpion venoms MeSH D20.888.065.830.150 - charybdotoxin MeSH ...
Hepoxilin
... induced relaxation by binding to and thereby opening their apamin-sensitive small conductance (SK) Calcium-activated potassium ...
List of MeSH codes (D23)
... apamin MeSH D23.946.833.065.115.580 - melitten MeSH D23.946.833.065.830 - scorpion venoms MeSH D23.946.833.065.830.150 - ...
Apamin
... is an element in bee venom. You can come into contact with apamin through bee venom, so the symptoms that are known are ... Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). Dry bee venom consists of 2-3% of apamin ... Apamin was first isolated by Habermann in 1965 from Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee. Apamin was named after this bee. Bee ... Apamin is the only neurotoxin acting purely on the central nervous system. The symptoms of apamin toxicity are not well known, ...
Nicotine poisoning
The LD50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5-1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children.[19][20] However the widely used human LD50 estimate of 0.5-1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal outcomes is 500-1000 mg of ingested nicotine, corresponding to 6.5-13 mg/kg orally.[21] An accidental ingestion of only 6 mg may be lethal to children.[22] It is unlikely that a person would overdose on nicotine through smoking alone. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated in 2013: "There are no significant safety concerns associated with using more than one [over the counter] OTC [nicotine replacement therapy] NRT at the same time, or using an OTC NRT at the same time as another nicotine-containing product-including a cigarette."[23][24][25] Ingestion of nicotine pharmaceuticals, tobacco products, or ...
Hepoxilin
... biology)-induced relaxation by binding to and thereby opening their apamin-sensitive small conductance (SK) Calcium-activated ...
Apamin - Wikipedia
Apamin is an element in bee venom. You can come into contact with apamin through bee venom, so the symptoms that are known are ... Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). Dry bee venom consists of 2-3% of apamin ... Apamin was first isolated by Habermann in 1965 from Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee. Apamin was named after this bee. Bee ... Apamin is the only neurotoxin acting purely on the central nervous system. The symptoms of apamin toxicity are not well known, ...
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Vertebral Artery Atherothrombosis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Indications for Surgery
Small Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel Knock-Out Mice Reveal the Identity of Calcium-Dependent Afterhyperpolarization...
Apamin (ap) blocks an initial component of the IAHP in all of the genotypes except SK2 Δ/Δ mice, which lack the apamin- ... 2B). In slices from wild-type mice, apamin blocked an early component of the IAHP and the apamin-sensitive component of the ... In particular, the IsAHP in mice lacking the least apamin-sensitive SK subunit, SK1, is similar to wild type and is not apamin ... It is interesting that SK2 channels, required for the apamin-sensitive ImAHP, may also be responsible for the effects of apamin ...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Antimicrobial Properties of Apis mellifera's Bee Venom
Melittin and apamin (Figure 1) were able to inhibit the growth of A. alternate sp. and A. pillows causing upper airway ... bee venom; antimicrobial properties; melittin; apamin; phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Key Contribution: Here, we critically review ... Apamin. A. alternate. NR. At 1 µg/mL inhibits 42.6% of interleukin (IL)-6 production. [3]. ... Shin, S.; Ye, M.; Choi, S.; Park, K. The effects of melittin and apamin on airborne Fungi-Induced chemical mediator and ...
ICSD for WWW
Peptides
ICSD for WWW
Peptides
Potassium
RePub, Erasmus University Repository:
L-NAME-resistant bradykinin-induced relaxation in porcine coronary arteries is NO...
... apamin. Complete blockade was obtained with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+ charybdotoxin+apamin. 4. Repeated exposure to 100 nM BK ... Quinaprilat also relaxed vessels that, due to pretreatment with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+charybdotoxin+apamin, previously had ... apamin (both 100 nM), or the ACE inhibitor quinaprilat (10 microM). 3. BK and HT-BK dose-dependently relaxed preconstricted ...
Index by author - February 03, 2010, 30 (5) | Journal of Neuroscience
Nitric Oxide Acts as a Volume Transmitter to Modulate Electrical Properties of Spontaneously Firing Neurons via Apamin- ... Nitric Oxide Acts as a Volume Transmitter to Modulate Electrical Properties of Spontaneously Firing Neurons via Apamin- ... Nitric Oxide Acts as a Volume Transmitter to Modulate Electrical Properties of Spontaneously Firing Neurons via Apamin- ... Nitric Oxide Acts as a Volume Transmitter to Modulate Electrical Properties of Spontaneously Firing Neurons via Apamin- ...
Effects of pancreatic polypeptide on pancreas-projecting rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus neurons<...
Perfusion with PP induced a TTX- and apamin-sensitive, concentration-dependent outward (22% of neurons) or inward current (21% ... Perfusion with PP induced a TTX- and apamin-sensitive, concentration-dependent outward (22% of neurons) or inward current (21% ... Perfusion with PP induced a TTX- and apamin-sensitive, concentration-dependent outward (22% of neurons) or inward current (21% ... Perfusion with PP induced a TTX- and apamin-sensitive, concentration-dependent outward (22% of neurons) or inward current (21% ...
Manuka ProVENZ 250g
Ultrasound-induced changes in synaptic processes with different transmitters in smooth muscles | SpringerLink
Cara Membuat Pomade Sendiri (Petrol Base) | Lalijungkatan Jogjakarta
CARA MEMBUAT POMADE Sebenarnya membuat POMADE hampir bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja, tidak perlu menjadi ahli kecantikan, gak perlu menjadi seorang hair stylist, ahli kimia dan sebagainya,semua lepas dari yang namanya embel-embel jabatan kompetensi (apalagi di jaman sekarang dimana media informasi mudah didapatkan dengan bantuan media internet salah satunya). Dan di internet pun sebenarnya banyak…
VTX-27 | ≥99%(HPLC) | Selleck | PKC inhibitor
Charles Sturt University - Research Outputs
- Charles Sturt University Research Output
Cara Membuat Pomade Sendiri (Petrol Base) | Lalijungkatan Jogjakarta
CARA MEMBUAT POMADE Sebenarnya membuat POMADE hampir bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja, tidak perlu menjadi ahli kecantikan, gak perlu menjadi seorang hair stylist, ahli kimia dan sebagainya,semua lepas dari yang namanya embel-embel jabatan kompetensi (apalagi di jaman sekarang dimana media informasi mudah didapatkan dengan bantuan media internet salah satunya). Dan di internet pun sebenarnya banyak…
IMSEAR at SEARO: A Review on Bioactivities of Honey Bee Venom
Interstitial cells of Cajal and neuromuscular transmission in the rat lower oesophageal sphincter<...
We conclude that in the rat LES, relaxation is mediated by NO and an apamin-sensitive mediator, and contraction primarily by ... We conclude that in the rat LES, relaxation is mediated by NO and an apamin-sensitive mediator, and contraction primarily by ... keywords = "Apamin, Interstitial cells of Cajal, Lower oesophageal sphincter, Nitric oxide, Ws/Ws rat, c-Kit", ... We conclude that in the rat LES, relaxation is mediated by NO and an apamin-sensitive mediator, and contraction primarily by ...
ICSD for WWW
2015]::TBI Core Facility
Potassium - Calcium-activated - Ion Channels - Products
P2U-receptor mediated endothelium-dependent but nitric oxide-independent vascular relaxation | Lund University Publications
Small-conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated K<sup>+</sup> channel type 2 (SK2) modulates hippocampal learning, memory, and...
Apamin-sensitive, small-conductance, Ca2+-activated K + channels (SK channels) modulate neuronal excitability in CA1 neurons. ... Studies of SK channel knock-out mice reveal that of the three apamin-sensitive SK channel subunits (SK1-SK3), only SK2 subunits ... Studies of SK channel knock-out mice reveal that of the three apamin-sensitive SK channel subunits (SK1-SK3), only SK2 subunits ... Studies of SK channel knock-out mice reveal that of the three apamin-sensitive SK channel subunits (SK1-SK3), only SK2 subunits ...
Vertebral Artery Atherothrombosis Workup: Imaging Studies
Program Baru dari BaliJS | Bali Javascript Community
Bahasa yang dipake apa min?. Pastinya Javascript dong.. *Gimana cara klaim hadiah?. Nanti pemenang akan diumumkan di thread ... Syarat mengikuti quiz ini apa min?. Syaratnya mudah bgt, gak perlu KTP, BPKB, atau Sertifikat Tanah, cukup:. *Mempunyai akun ... Kalo sudah pernah ikut, trus ikut event lagi dapet apa min?. Untuk sementara partisipan hanya akan mendapatkan badge khusus. ...
CharybdotoxinVenomPeptideSmall-conductanceNeuronsBlockerInhibitorSynaptic plasticityBlockadeSelectivelyApisMiceNifedipineChannelsCompoundsChannelSensitiveMelittinApplicationEffectsCharybdotoxinIberiotoxinSmall conductanceSKCaPotassium ChannelsGlibenclamide1999InhibitionContractionsDemonstrateCurrentsMemoryPresenceMaximumActivity
Charybdotoxin12
- These neurotoxins include agitoxin, charybdotoxin and margatoxin (scorpion stings), apamin (bee stings), and dendrotoxin (mamba snake bites). (chemicool.com)
- 2. Porcine coronary arteries (PCAs) were mounted in organ baths, preconstricted, and exposed to BK or the ACE-resistant BK analogue Hyp(3)-Tyr(Me)(8)-BK (HT-BK) with or without the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (100 microM), the NO scavenger hydroxocobalamin (200 microM), the Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-channel blockers charybdotoxin+apamin (both 100 nM), or the ACE inhibitor quinaprilat (10 microM). (eur.nl)
- pEC(50)'s were approximately 10 fold higher with quinaprilat, and approximately 10 fold lower with L-NAME or charybdotoxin+apamin. (eur.nl)
- Complete blockade was obtained with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+ charybdotoxin+apamin. (eur.nl)
- Quinaprilat also relaxed vessels that, due to pretreatment with hydroxocobalamin or L-NAME+charybdotoxin+apamin, previously had not responded to BK. (eur.nl)
- Normal platelets contain three types of K+ channel, sensitive to the inhibitory actions of apamin (small-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels), charybdotoxin (of less specificity, but probably intermediate-conductance calcium-dependent K+ channels), and α-dendrotoxin (voltage-sensitive K+ channels). (ox.ac.uk)
- However, 86Rb+ efflux from the platelets of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia was not inhibited by either apamin or charybdotoxin. (ox.ac.uk)
- This efflux was significantly inhibited by apamin (100 nmol/l), charybdotoxin (300 nmol/l) and alpha-dendrotoxin (100-200 nmol/l), blockers of SKCa channels, KCh channels and Kv channels respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
- This efflux was significantly inhibited by apamin (100 nmol/l) and charybdotoxin (300 nmol/l). (ox.ac.uk)
- Concomitant addition of l -NAME, apamin and charybdotoxin had no further effect. (thecannabisadvisory.com)
- This was discovered because apamin and charybdotoxin applied in combination blocked EDHF responses, but iberiotoxin - a blocker of BKCa - was not able to substitute for charybdotoxin. (ox.ac.uk)
- KT-5823-induced relaxations in small mesenteric arteries are greatly reduced by 35 mM K(+) or 50 nM charybdotoxin + 50 nM apamin, suggesting that endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) is the participating dilator. (ox.ac.uk)
Venom7
- Apamin is an 18 amino acid globular peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). (wikipedia.org)
- Dry bee venom consists of 2-3% of apamin. (wikipedia.org)
- The first symptoms of apitoxin (bee venom), that are now thought to be caused by apamin, were described back in 1936 by Hahn and Leditschke. (wikipedia.org)
- Mellitin, Apamin, and a peptide that degranulates mast cells are unique to honeybee venom. (nzbees.net)
- Apamin is also unique to bee venom (3%) and is a neurotoxin. (nzbees.net)
- Alvarez-Fischer D, Noelker C, Vulinović F, Grünewald A, Chevarin C,Klein C, Oertel WH, Hirsch EC, Michel PP, Hartmann A (2013) Bee venom and its component apamin as neuroprotective agents in a Parkinson disease mouse model .PLoS One Apr 18;8(4):e61700. (movit.paris)
- A research paper published in December 2016, The Journal of Microbiology by Md Bashir Uddin , Byeong-Hoon Lee , Chamilani stated that the bee venom contains 18 components with medicinal use including melittin (MLT), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and apamin etc. (medium.com)
Peptide1
- Influence of peptide conformation on oligosaccharide binding characteristics--a study using apamin-based chimeric peptide. (tbi.org.tw)
Small-conductance3
- Apamin-sensitive, small-conductance, Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (SK channels) modulate neuronal excitability in CA1 neurons. (elsevier.com)
- The blocker of ATP-modulated potassium channels (K(ATP)), glibenclamide (10 microM), and of small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (SK(Ca)), apamin (30 nM), each failed to affect ODQ-sensitive or -resistant relaxations to DEA NONOate (n=3). (ox.ac.uk)
- Carotid arteries from SHRSP and WKY did not contract to apamin (10-9 to 10"6 mol/L), an antagonist of the small conductance, calcium activated potassium channel. (elsevier.com)
Neurons5
- Examination of transgenic mice, each lacking one of the three SK channel genes expressed in the CNS, reveals that mice without the SK2 subunit completely lack the apamin-sensitive component of the ImAHP in CA1 neurons, whereas the IsAHP is not different in any of the SK transgenic mice. (jneurosci.org)
- Application of apamin to CA1 neurons increases excitability, which can be seen as a shortened interspike interval, especially early in a burst of action potentials, and increases the number of action potentials for a given current injection. (jneurosci.org)
- In addition to contributing to the IAHP, apamin-sensitive channels in CA1 neurons also affect the induction of synaptic plasticity and memory encoding. (jneurosci.org)
- Studies of SK channel knock-out mice reveal that of the three apamin-sensitive SK channel subunits (SK1-SK3), only SK2 subunits are necessary for the apamin-sensitive currents in CA1 hippocampal neurons. (elsevier.com)
- To determine the specific influence of SK2 channels on hippocampal synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory, we used gene targeting through homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to generate transgenic mice that overexpress SK2 subunits by 10-fold (SK2+/T). In these mice, the apamin-sensitive current in CA1 neurons was increased by approximately fourfold, relative to wild-type (WT) littermates. (elsevier.com)
Blocker4
- Dequalinium Chloride is a PKC inhibitor with IC50 of 7-18 μM, and also a selective blocker of apamin-sensitive K+ channels with IC50 of 1.1 μM. (selleckchem.com)
- The SK(Ca) channel blocker apamin (1 μM) enhanced the methacholine-induced catecholamine responses. (elsevier.com)
- The facilitatory effect of apamin on the methacholine-induced catecholamine responses was not observed during treatment with the L-type Ca 2+ channel blocker nifedipine (3 μM) or Ca 2+ -free solution. (elsevier.com)
- Finally, we sought to rescue the observed phenotype by administration of the SK channel blocker Apamin. (mxwbio.com)
Inhibitor1
- By administration of the SK channel inhibitor Apamin, which has previously been shown to be neuroprotective in ALS MN, we were able to achieve beneficial effects on an electrophysiological as well as transcriptional level. (mxwbio.com)
Synaptic plasticity2
- Apamin, which selectively suppresses a component of the mAHP, increases neuronal excitability and facilitates the induction of synaptic plasticity at Schaffer collateral synapses and hippocampal-dependent learning. (jneurosci.org)
- Blocking all SK channel subtypes with apamin facilitates the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and enhances hippocampal learning. (elsevier.com)
Blockade1
- Combined IK(Ca) (1 microM TRAM-34) and SK(Ca) (100 nM apamin) blockade partially inhibited NO-independent relaxations, with residual relaxations sensitive to BK(Ca) or cytochrome P-450 inhibition (100 nM iberiotoxin, and 20 microM 17-ODYA or 10 microM MS-PPOH). (ox.ac.uk)
Selectively1
- Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca2+-activated K+ channel expressed in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Apis1
- Apamin was first isolated by Habermann in 1965 from Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee. (wikipedia.org)
Mice1
- The kinetics of labeled derivatives of apamin were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice by Cheng-Raude et al. (wikipedia.org)
Nifedipine1
- Nifedipine did not affect the methacholine-induced catecholamine responses, but it inhibited the responses during treatment with apamin. (elsevier.com)
Channels3
- Due to its specificity for SK channels, apamin is used as a drug in biomedical research to study the electrical properties of SK channels and their role in the afterhyperpolarizations occurring immediately following an action potential. (wikipedia.org)
- Binding of apamin to SK channels is mediated by amino acids in the pore region as well as extracellular amino acids of the SK channel. (wikipedia.org)
- These channels are sensitive to block by apamin (100 pM-10 nM), which distinguishes them from all other KCa channels. (axonmedchem.com)
Compounds1
- Apamin was separated from the other compounds by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. (wikipedia.org)
Channel2
- These amino acids are involved in the binding of apamin to the Ca2+-activated K+ channel. (wikipedia.org)
- The channel is blocked by apamin. (abcam.cn)
Sensitive3
- Strips from SD and +/+ rats, responded to electrical neuronal stimulation with a relaxation that was in part L-NNA and in part apamin sensitive, followed by a contraction which was decreased by atropine. (uab.cat)
- In Ws/Ws rats, similar to +/+ rats, neurally mediated relaxation was L-NNA and apamin sensitive and the contraction was decreased by atropine. (uab.cat)
- We conclude that in the rat LES, relaxation is mediated by NO and an apamin-sensitive mediator, and contraction primarily by acetylcholine. (uab.cat)
Melittin3
- The peptides melittin, apamin, and mast cell degranulating (MCD) peptides are exclusive to bee venom. (buzzaboutbees.net)
- Bee venom is composed of 30 different components including the anti-inflammatory peptides melittin, and apamin. (beehabitat.com)
- It is extracted from bees' sting and contains 40 kinds of natural ingredients such as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase. (theshopaholicbeauty.com)
Application1
- Further, apamin application increased the firing rate to current injections and completely abolished the difference of the firing rate between control and NMDM. (mtu.edu)
Effects1
- The present findings show that, using Schaffer collateral stimulation, the effects of SNX and apamin are not mutually exclusive and SNX increases EPSPs independent of SK channel activity. (elsevier.com)
Charybdotoxin5
- L-NAME, charybdotoxin + apamin, KCl, and ouabain shifted the bradykinin concentration-response curve (CRC) ≈10-fold to the right BaCl2 did not exert additional effects on top of ouabain. (eur.nl)
- Full blockade of bradykinin was obtained when combining L-NAME with charybdotoxin + apamin, KCl or ouabain + BaCl2. (eur.nl)
- Charybdotoxin + apamin shifted the L-SNC and L-SNG CRCs, but not the D-SNC or SNAP CRCs, ≈5-fold to the right. (eur.nl)
- 1. The contribution of Ca2+-activated K+ currents (IK,Ca) to the control of electrical excitability of motor nerve terminals and the control of acetylcholine release was assessed by studying the effects of the specific K(Ca) channel blocking toxins charybdotoxin and apamin. (strath.ac.uk)
- 2. Charybdotoxin (20-300 nM), but not apamin (10 nM-2.5 microM), selectively reduced the amplitude of an IK,Ca unmasked by prior blockade of the delayed rectifier K+ current with 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP). (strath.ac.uk)
Iberiotoxin2
Small conductance1
- Apamin, the small-conductance Ca2+-reliant K+ (SK) route blocker was utilized at a focus of 10 M. All antagonists and inhibitors had been put into the shower at least 1 h before the begin of documenting. (bicycletouringoncarfreepaths.org)
SKCa1
- To evaluate the part of calcium-activated K+ channels, aortic rings were incubated with the selective blockers, IbTX (BKCa blocker) (Determine 2C, Desk 1) and Apamin (SKCa blocker) (Determine 2E, Table 1), and the nonspecific blockers, ChTX (KCa and Kv blocker) (Figure 2G, Table 1). (icbinhibitor.com)
Potassium Channels1
- Other potential targets of action of H2S on GI easy muscle include apamin-sensitive SK channels and delayed rectifier potassium channels [14], [15]. (rockstarsagainstliveearth.com)
Glibenclamide1
- AP5A-induced vasorelaxation was not inhibited by Ca 2+ - or ATP-dependent K + channel blockade with clotrimazole, apamin, or glibenclamide. (aspetjournals.org)
19991
- Ikonen S, Riekkinen P (1999) Effects of apamin on memory processing of hippocampal-lesioned mice. (yale.edu)
Inhibition2
- Oil-red O staining indicates that the inhibition of apamin in the condition significantly prevents intracellular lipid deposition. (blogspot.com)
- Hexamethonium (55?mol?kg?1, i.v., plus infusion of 17?mol?h?1) NIBR189 SDF-5 abolished the apamin-induced, atropine-resistant colonic propulsion (97% inhibition) and decreased the amplitude from the atropine-resistant contractions (52% inhibition). (informationalwebs.com)
Contractions3
- In atropine-treated pets (6?mol?kg?1, i.v., plus infusion of just one 1.8?mol?h?1), apamin (30?nmol?kg?1, i.v.) restored colonic propulsion (+416%) and improved the amplitude of contractions (+367% when compared with atropine only). (informationalwebs.com)
- In charge pets, apamin (30?nmol?kg?1, i.v.) improved colonic propulsion (+84%) and improved the amplitude of contractions (+68%), when compared with the automobile. (informationalwebs.com)
- In apamin- and atropine-pretreated pets, only the best (1?mol?kg?1) dosage of SR 140333 or Guys 11420 significantly decreased the amplitude of contractions. (informationalwebs.com)
Demonstrate2
- The original bis-isoquinolinium derivatives were synthezised and evaluated using binding studies, electrophysiology, and molecular modeling and demonstrate the blocking potential of the apamin-sensitive after-hyperpolarization. (semanticscholar.org)
- Both the basal and ionomycin-induced I sc were inhibited by basolateral Ba 2+, and approximately 58% of the basolateral K + current was apamin sensitive.These studies demonstrate that cholangiocytes exhibit robust Ca 2+ -stimulated secretion significantly greater in magnitude than that stimulated by cAMP. (epfl.ch)
Currents1
- Currents were Ca 2+ dependent and were inhibited by apamin and by Ba 2+. (epfl.ch)
Memory1
- Research suggests that small doses of apamin can affect memory. (xn--apiterpia-51a.hu)
Presence1
- Treatment with apamin significantly decreased the apoptotic macrophages by decreasing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Bax, caspase-3 and PARP protein levels, as well as through increasing expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein levels in the absence and presence of oxLDL. (blogspot.com)
Maximum1
- Apamin (10(-7) m) inhibited the relaxations to the erythro-isomer (maximum relaxation = 1.2 +/- 5.6%) and increasing [K(+)](o) from 4.6 to 30 mm blocked relaxations to both isomers. (nih.gov)
Activity1
- It was figured, in anaesthetized guinea-pigs, endogenous tachykinins, performing through both NK1 and NK2 receptors, become non-cholinergic excitatory neurotransmitters to advertise an apamin-evoked reflex propulsive activity of the distal digestive tract. (informationalwebs.com)