Aotus trivirgatus
Cebidae
Haplorhini
Antimalarial activities of various 4-pyridinemethanols with special attention to WR-172,435 and WR-180,409. (1/180)
Pilot appraisals of the activities of 10 specially selected 2,6-substituted-4-pyridinemethanols against acute Plasmodium falciparum infections in owl monkeys identified three derivatives that were two to three times as active as chloroquine against infections with a 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strain and, at the same doses, were equally effective against infections with a strain fully resistant to treatment with maximally tolerated doses of chloroquine, quinine, and pyrimethamine. Two of these derivatives, WR-172,435 and WR-180,409, deemed worthy of evaluation in human volunteers, were studied in greater depth in owl monkeys infected with either the multidrug-resistant Smith strain of P. falciparum or the pyrimethamine-resistant Palo Alto strain of P. vivax. These studies showed (i) that at the same total oral dose, 3-day and 7-day treatment schedules were equally effective and slightly superior to a single-dose schedule; (ii) that WR-172,435 was slightly more active than WR-180,409 in each treatment regimen; (iii) that intravenous delivery of WR-180,409 phosphate was feasible and effective; (iv) that both compounds effected control of parasitemia more rapidly than any standard or newly discovered antimalarial drug; and (v) that WR-172,435 and WR-180,409 had therapeutic indexes at least four to eight times those exhibited by chloroquine in infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains, indexes retained by these pyridinemethanols against infections with various drug-resistant strains. (+info)Cell-mediated immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) with trachoma to soluble antigens of Chlamydia trachomatis. (2/180)
The first temporal study of the cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) following ocular infections with Chlamydia trachomatis is presented. We examined the CMI of owl monkeys infected with trachoma to soluble antigens of C. trachomatis by leucocyte migration inhibition (LIF) and delayed hypersensitivity skin testing. Delayed hypersensitivity of a systemic nature developed after a local eye infection in owl monkeys; clearance of inclusions from conjunctival cells coincided with the onset of this response. The association of eye secretion and circulating antibodies with recovery from primary infection was not so striking. Both cellular and humoral immune responses persisted for at least 2 months, at which time all test animals were completely resistant to re-infection. The elicitation of cell-mediated immune reactions with solubilized chlamydial antigens may permit the isolation of specific antigens involved in the generation of protective immunity in the owl monkey model. (+info)Suppression of lymphocyte transformation by plasma from owl monkeys acutely infected with Plasmodium falciparum. (3/180)
Plasma collected from owl monkeys during the acute phase of Plasmodium falciparum infection was shown to adversely affect several in vitro responses which are considered to be correlates of cell-mediated immune functions of normal monkeys. In the presence of acute-phase plasma, response of normal monkey peripheral blood lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen was severely reduced, as was the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allogenic and xenogenic histocompatible antigens. The transformation response of peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal humans to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A was also suppressed. Since acute-phase plasma was not cytotoxic for peripheral blood lymphocytes, decreased responsiveness did not result from cell destruction. Acute-phase plasma appears to block initial steps in lymphocyte transformation. (+info)The effect of miotics on the intraocular pressure of conscious owl monkeys. (4/180)
The intraocular pressure of conscious, unsedated owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) was measured with an applanation tonometer. Untreated eyes of the conscious animals were found to have higher values than those reported for owl monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbitone. Locally applied pilocarpine, carbachol, and oxotremorine gave concentration-related reduction in pressure, oxotremorine being the most potent and having longer duration of effect than the other compounds. Slight reductions were also observed with aceclidine and R. S. 86. These results are discussed in relation to the effects of miotics in man. (+info)Representational plasticity in cortical area 3b paralleling tactual-motor skill acquisition in adult monkeys. (5/180)
The representations of the surfaces of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortical field, area 3b, were reconstructed in detail in seven owl monkeys and two squirrel monkeys trained to pick up food pellets from five wells of different sizes. From an early clumsy performance in which several to many retrieval attempts were required for each successful pellet retrieval, the monkeys exhibited a gradual improvement in digital dexterity as shown by significant decreases in mean numbers of grasp attempts/successful retrieval and corresponding standard deviations (e.g. 5.8 +/- 4.5 and 4.8 +/- 3.1 respectively, for the smallest well) between the first and last training sessions. All monkeys commonly used alternative, specific retrieval strategies involving various combinations of digits for significant time epochs before developing a highly successful strategy, which, once achieved, was rapidly stereotyped. For example, the numbers of digit combinations used during the first five versus the last five training sessions decreased from 3.3 +/- 0.7 to 1.8 +/- 0.6 for the smallest well. In both owl and squirrel monkeys, as the behavior came to be stereotyped, monkeys reliably engaged limited surfaces of the glabrous tips of two digits (in eight monkeys), or of three digits (in one monkey) in the palpation and manipulation of these small pellets for their location, capture, and transportation to the mouth. In cortical area 3b, the magnification of representation of these differentially engaged glabrous fingertip surfaces was nearly 2x larger than for the corresponding surfaces of other hand digits, or for the contralateral cortical representations of the same digit surfaces on the opposite hand. In parallel, cutaneous receptive field for area 3b neurons representing crucial digital tip surfaces were less than half as large as were those representing the corresponding surfaces of control digits. Receptive field overlaps were smaller on the trained fingertips than on control fingers. Moreover, the proportion of small overlaps was greater for the trained digits (76 +/- 7%) than for the other digits of the same hand (49 +/- 5.4%). There was still a simple, single--but apparently topologically expanded--representation of these differentially engaged skin surfaces in these monkeys. Thus, with very limited manual exercise over a total period of a few hours of practice at a skill played out in brief daily sessions over a several week long training period, the representations of skin surfaces providing information crucial for successfully performing a small-object retrieval behavior appeared to be substantially remodeled in the most 'primary' of the SI somatosensory cortical fields, cortical area 3b. By that remodeling, behaviorally important skin surfaces were represented in a much finer representational grain than normal. Some implications of these findings for motor skill acquisition are discussed. (+info)Attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant G207: safety evaluation of intracerebral injection in nonhuman primates. (6/180)
This study examined the safety of intracerebral inoculation of G207, an attenuated, replication-competent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) recombinant, in nonhuman primates. Sixteen New World owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae [karyotype 1, formerly believed to be A. trivirgatus]), known for their exquisite susceptibility to HSV-1 infection, were evaluated. Thirteen underwent intracerebral inoculation with G207 at doses of 10(7) or 10(9) PFU, two were vehicle inoculated, and one served as an infected wild-type control and received 10(3) PFU of HSV-1 strain F. HSV-1 strain F caused rapid mortality and symptoms consistent with HSV encephalitis, including fever, hemiparesis, meningitis, and hemorrhage in the basal ganglia. One year after G207 inoculation, seven of the animals were alive and exhibited no evidence of clinical complications. Three deaths resulted from nonneurologic causes unrelated to HSV infection, and three animals were sacrificed for histopathologic examination. Two animals were reinoculated with G207 (10(7) PFU) at the same stereotactic coordinates 1 year after the initial G207 inoculation. These animals were alive and healthy 2 years after the second inoculation. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging studies performed both before and after G207 inoculation failed to reveal radiographic evidence of HSV-related sequelae. Despite the lack of outwardly observable HSV pathology, measurable increases in serum anti-HSV titers were detected. Histopathological examination of multiple organ tissues found no evidence of HSV-induced histopathology or dissemination. We conclude that intracerebral inoculation of up to 10(9) PFU of G207, well above the efficacious dose in mouse tumor studies, is safe and therefore appropriate for human clinical trials. (+info)Susceptibility of Panamanian Aotus lemurinus lemurinus to sporozoite-induced Plasmodium falciparum (Santa Lucia) infection. (7/180)
Aotus monkeys are good models for erythrocyte-induced Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections and have been extensively used in malarial drug and vaccine development. Recently, it has been shown that certain species of Aotus can be infected with sporozoites, and that the degree of susceptibility varies among species. We demonstrate here that Panamanian Aotus lemurinus lemurinus are susceptible to a sporozoite-induced infection, opening the possibility that this species of Aotus could be used as models for testing the efficacy of pre-erythrocytic P. falciparum vaccines and drug candidates directed at the pre-erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. In this species, we compared sporozoite infection rates. Two of four animals splenectomized prior to infection with sporozoites developed patent parasitemias. Seven of eight animals splenectomized either 7 or 35 days after infection became parasitemic. Additionally, we used a P. falciparum-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the early appearance of parasitized erythrocytes in the blood prior to detection by conventional microscopy, and found that the parasitemia was detected first in five animals by the PCR method, first in three animals by blood film, with one parasitemia detected simultaneously. We also demonstrated the feasibility of infecting monkeys located in Panama with sporozoites isolated at an insectary in Atlanta, thus documenting the feasibility of similar studies where the insectary and monkey colony are not in the same location. A subsequent attempt to infect these monkeys using sporozoites was not successful, suggesting that this model of human malaria is not yet ready for routine use in vaccine or drug efficacy screening. This model merits further study because of the importance of testing pre-erythrocytic P. falciparum malaria vaccines and drugs in animals. (+info)Vaccine efficacy of recombinant Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 in malaria-naive, -exposed, and/or -rechallenged Aotus vociferans monkeys. (8/180)
Protection against a lethal challenge infection of Plasmodium falciparum was elicited in malaria-naive Aotus vociferans monkeys by vaccination with the C terminus 19-kDa protein of the major merozoite surface protein (MSP-1(19)) fused to tetanus toxoid universal T-cell epitopes P30 and P2. Three of four monkeys were protected against a 10(4)-parasite challenge. Four monkeys were challenged with 10(5) parasites; one self-cured the infection, two were protected against high parasitemia (<2%) but were treated for severe anemia (hematocrit of <25%), and the fourth was not protected. In this model system, anemia appears to be a manifestation of incomplete protection (prolonged low-level parasitemia). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody titers correlated with protection. Antibodies from some protected monkeys inhibited secondary processing of MSP-1(42) to MSP-1(33) and MSP-1(19). To mimic the repeated reinfections seen in regions where malaria is endemic, a second malaria parasite challenge was administered 4 months later. All P30P2MSP-1(19)-vaccinated monkeys were protected; thus, a single challenge infection may underestimate vaccine efficacy. ELISA antibody titers correlated with protection against a second infection but had decreased compared to the first challenge. As most target populations for asexual blood-stage malaria vaccines will have been exposed to malaria parasites, a malaria parasite-exposed monkey was vaccinated with P30P2MSP-1(19). This monkey was completely protected, while a malaria parasite-naive P30P2MSP-1(19)-vaccinated monkey self-cured a low-grade parasitemia. Prior malaria parasite infection primed the production of anti-native MSP-1(19) antibodies, which were boosted by vaccination with recombinant P30P2MSP-1(19). Preliminary data suggest that immunogenicity studies of vaccines designed for malaria parasite-exposed populations should also be conducted in malaria parasite-exposed subjects. (+info)'Aotus trivirgatus' is a species of New World monkey, also known as the owl monkey or the white-bellied night monkey. It is native to South America, particularly in countries like Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. This nocturnal primate is notable for being one of the few monogamous species of monkeys, and it has a diet that mainly consists of fruits, flowers, and insects.
The medical community may study 'Aotus trivirgatus' due to its use as a model organism in biomedical research. Its genetic similarity to humans makes it a valuable subject for studies on various diseases and biological processes, including infectious diseases, reproductive biology, and aging. However, the use of this species in research has been controversial due to ethical concerns regarding animal welfare.
Cebidae is a family of primates that includes monkeys and capuchins found in the tropical rainforests and woodlands of Central and South America. This family is divided into two subfamilies: Cebinae (capuchin monkeys) and Saimiriinae (squirrel monkeys). These animals are known for their adaptability, complex social structures, and diverse behaviors. They have a varied diet that includes fruits, nuts, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates. Some notable members of this family include the white-faced capuchin, the black-capped squirrel monkey, and the golden lion tamarin.
Haplorhini is a term used in the field of primatology and physical anthropology to refer to a parvorder of simian primates, which includes humans, apes (both great and small), and Old World monkeys. The name "Haplorhini" comes from the Greek words "haploos," meaning single or simple, and "rhinos," meaning nose.
The defining characteristic of Haplorhini is the presence of a simple, dry nose, as opposed to the wet, fleshy noses found in other primates, such as New World monkeys and strepsirrhines (which include lemurs and lorises). The nostrils of haplorhines are located close together at the tip of the snout, and they lack the rhinarium or "wet nose" that is present in other primates.
Haplorhini is further divided into two infraorders: Simiiformes (which includes apes and Old World monkeys) and Tarsioidea (which includes tarsiers). These groups are distinguished by various anatomical and behavioral differences, such as the presence or absence of a tail, the structure of the hand and foot, and the degree of sociality.
Overall, Haplorhini is a group of primates that share a number of distinctive features related to their sensory systems, locomotion, and social behavior. Understanding the evolutionary history and diversity of this group is an important area of research in anthropology, biology, and psychology.
Aotidae is a family of nocturnal primates also known as lorises or slow lorises. They are native to Southeast Asia and are characterized by their small size, round head, large eyes, and a wet-nosed face. Slow lorises have a toxic bite, which they use to defend themselves against predators. They are currently listed as vulnerable or endangered due to habitat loss and hunting.
List of platyrrhines
Three-striped night monkey
White-eared titi monkey
List of Plasmodium species infecting primates
Night monkey
Jackie Hunter
Superior colliculus
Visual cortex
Koniocellular cell
Michael Merzenich
Parvocellular cell
Jon Kaas
Faunia
List of MeSH codes (B01)
List of mammals of Venezuela
Rio Abiseo National Park
Social monogamy in mammalian species
Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
List of mammals of Brazil
List of mammals of Colombia
List of primates
List of mammals of South America
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF NOCTURNALITY FOR AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS (THE NIGHT MONKEY) (ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, PREDATION PRESSURE,...
Aotus trivirgatus epitopes - Immune Epitope Database (IEDB)
Aotus trivirgatus | Phenome10k
List of platyrrhines - Wikipedia
Search Results | AJTMH
CaPriCo: Database of Captive Primate Collection
CaPriCo: Database of Captive Primate Collection
The Santa Lucia Strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus Monkeys in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene...
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Hepatitis A - Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual | CDC
Robust continuous in vitro culture of the Plasmodium cynomolgi erythrocytic stages | Nature Communications
ArboCat Virus: Hantaan (HTNV)
Collection - How to Read a Mammal Skull | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
Fact file for X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (CD40L deficiency)
Deutsches Primatenzentrum: Herpes simplex viruses of primates
Primates
Gephebase
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Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: implications for cognitive processing. | Center for Academic...
Spix's Night Monkey, Aotus vociferans | New England Primate Conservancy
Lyme Disease - Cutting Through the B.S. | Power Health Talk With Dr. Martin Rutherford
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Publications
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
The chewing louse genus Aotiella (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae) from the South American night monkeys, Aotus (Primates: Cebidae)
Aotus azarai
Monkeys5
- I. Development in Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys. (ajtmh.org)
- Studies on the Santa Lucia (El Salvador) strain of Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus trivirgatus monkeys. (ajtmh.org)
- Moreover, the saimiriine herpesvirus 1 (SaHV-1) can cause severe disease upon transmission to marmosets (callithrix spp), tamarines (saguinus spp) and owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus). (dpz.eu)
- The taxonomy of the genus Aotus , whose members are collectively referred to as the night or owl monkeys, is a matter of debate. (neprimateconservancy.org)
- Aotus azarai monkeys weigh very little, which makes locomotion through the canopy more feasible. (uwsp.edu)
Vociferans3
- Development of Aotus vociferans as a model for testing transmission-blocking vaccines. (ajtmh.org)
- First described in 1823 by German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix, Spix's night monkey ( Aotus vociferans )-also known as the Colombian gray night monkey, noisy night monkey, or Spix's owl monkey-is found north of the Amazon River in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. (neprimateconservancy.org)
- A. brumbacki , A. lemurinus , A. trivirgatus , A. hershkovitzi , and A. vociferans . (uwsp.edu)
Callithrix1
- Cercopithecus aethiops, Cebus apella, Callithrix jaccus, Maccaca mulatta, M. fasciculatus, S. sciureus, M. nemestrina, and Papio anubis inoc im with Ap P-5 76-118 or the 3rd A-549 TC passage of this virus, and Aotus trivirgatus inoc im with Ap P-3 Lee strain develop antibody with only occasional clinical signs or viremia (2,5). (cdc.gov)
Azarae1
- . A. azarai or A. azarae includes two subspecies, Aotus azarai bolivionsis and Aotus azarai azarai . (uwsp.edu)
Genus1
- Prior to 1983, the genus contained just one species ( Aotus trivirgatus ), with its ten subspecies being elevated to species level after genetic analysis. (neprimateconservancy.org)
Falciparum1
- Effect of sequential infection with Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in the Aotus trivirgatus monkey. (ajtmh.org)
Monkey3
- Humboldt's Night Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) is nocturnal and has large eyes. (si.edu)
- The type host for the former is a red-necked night monkey, Aotus azari Humboldt (Primates: Cebidae), from Bolivia and Argentina, and for the latter a gray-necked night monkey, A. trivirgatus (Humboldt), from Venezuela. (ku.edu)
- Aotus azarai is a New World Monkey. (uwsp.edu)
Primates1
- no obstante, la presencia de especies indicadoras de la comunidad primaria de fauna como Tremarctos ornatus, Lagothrix flavicauda y otros primates, nos indican que todavía existen fragmentos de bosque primario relativamente extensos, en particular entre los ríos Chontayacu y Crisnejas en la provincia de Marañón y entre los ríos Oso mayo y Blanco en la provincia de Puerto Inca, por lo que deben ser tomados en cuenta para su conservación. (bvsalud.org)
Strain1
- Three P. cynomolgi lines were available to us: the Berok strain cryopreserved in 2003 from Aotus trivirgatus (initially isolated in 1964), the B strain ( P. cynomolgi bastianelli , initially isolated in 1959) and the M strain ( P. cynomolgi Mulligan strain first isolated in the 1930s). (nature.com)
Argentina1
- The Aotus azarai range includes Bolivia , Paraguay , and northern Argentina . (uwsp.edu)