A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.
The tendinous cords that connect each cusp of the two atrioventricular HEART VALVES to appropriate PAPILLARY MUSCLES in the HEART VENTRICLES, preventing the valves from reversing themselves when the ventricles contract.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
Narrowing below the PULMONARY VALVE or well below it in the infundibuluar chamber where the pulmonary artery originates, usually caused by a defective VENTRICULAR SEPTUM or presence of fibrous tissues. It is characterized by restricted blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE into the PULMONARY ARTERY, exertional fatigue, DYSPNEA, and chest discomfort.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)
Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from INTUBATION in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annulus of the MITRAL VALVE. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the PULMONARY VALVE. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the PULMONARY ARTERY. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.
Tracheal stenosis is a narrowing or obstruction of the trachea, the airway that carries air from the mouth and nose to the lungs.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
Measurement of intracardiac blood flow using an M-mode and/or two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiogram while simultaneously recording the spectrum of the audible Doppler signal (e.g., velocity, direction, amplitude, intensity, timing) reflected from the moving column of red blood cells.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.
Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Prosthesis, usually heart valve, composed of biological material and whose durability depends upon the stability of the material after pretreatment, rather than regeneration by host cell ingrowth. Durability is achieved 1, mechanically by the interposition of a cloth, usually polytetrafluoroethylene, between the host and the graft, and 2, chemically by stabilization of the tissue by intermolecular linking, usually with glutaraldehyde, after removal of antigenic components, or the use of reconstituted and restructured biopolymers.
A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
A type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the AORTIC VALVE, anywhere between the aortic valve and the MITRAL VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.
A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Acquired degenerative dilation or expansion (ectasia) of normal BLOOD VESSELS, often associated with aging. They are isolated, tortuous, thin-walled vessels and sources of bleeding. They occur most often in mucosal capillaries of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE and ANEMIA.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Widening of a stenosed HEART VALVE by the insertion of a balloon CATHETER into the valve and inflation of the balloon.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Graphic registration of the heart sounds picked up as vibrations and transformed by a piezoelectric crystal microphone into a varying electrical output according to the stresses imposed by the sound waves. The electrical output is amplified by a stethograph amplifier and recorded by a device incorporated into the electrocardiograph or by a multichannel recording machine.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.
Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.
Diseases that do not exhibit symptoms.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
Elastin is a protein found in connective tissue that provides elasticity and allows for stretching and recoil.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.
Developmental or acquired stricture or narrowing of the LARYNX. Symptoms of respiratory difficulty depend on the degree of laryngeal narrowing.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
Types of spiral computed tomography technology in which multiple slices of data are acquired simultaneously improving the resolution over single slice acquisition technology.
The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The graphic recording of chest wall movement due to cardiac impulses.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
A method of recording heart motion and internal structures by combining ultrasonic imaging with exercise testing (EXERCISE TEST) or pharmacologic stress.
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The geometric and structural changes that the HEART VENTRICLES undergo, usually following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. It comprises expansion of the infarct and dilatation of the healthy ventricle segments. While most prevalent in the left ventricle, it can also occur in the right ventricle.
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Echocardiography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image.
Radiography of the heart and great vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Radiographic visualization of the aorta and its branches by injection of contrast media, using percutaneous puncture or catheterization procedures.
Narrowing of the pyloric canal due to HYPERTROPHY of the surrounding circular muscle. It is usually seen in infants or young children.
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
Prenatal interventions to correct fetal anomalies or treat FETAL DISEASES in utero. Fetal therapies include several major areas, such as open surgery; FETOSCOPY; pharmacological therapy; INTRAUTERINE TRANSFUSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; and GENETIC THERAPY.
The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
The blood pressure in the ARTERIES. It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY.
The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.
The period following a surgical operation.
The sounds heard over the cardiac region produced by the functioning of the heart. There are four distinct sounds: the first occurs at the beginning of SYSTOLE and is heard as a "lubb" sound; the second is produced by the closing of the AORTIC VALVE and PULMONARY VALVE and is heard as a "dupp" sound; the third is produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls when suddenly distended by the rush of blood from the HEART ATRIA; and the fourth is produced by atrial contraction and ventricular filling.
The veins and arteries of the HEART.
Azetidines are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms, used in the development of medications for various conditions.
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
A nonparametric method of compiling LIFE TABLES or survival tables. It combines calculated probabilities of survival and estimates to allow for observations occurring beyond a measurement threshold, which are assumed to occur randomly. Time intervals are defined as ending each time an event occurs and are therefore unequal. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1995)
Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.
A method of delineating blood vessels by subtracting a tissue background image from an image of tissue plus intravascular contrast material that attenuates the X-ray photons. The background image is determined from a digitized image taken a few moments before injection of the contrast material. The resulting angiogram is a high-contrast image of the vessel. This subtraction technique allows extraction of a high-intensity signal from the superimposed background information. The image is thus the result of the differential absorption of X-rays by different tissues.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.
A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.
Changes in the observed frequency of waves (as sound, light, or radio waves) due to the relative motion of source and observer. The effect was named for the 19th century Austrian physicist Johann Christian Doppler.
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
Treatments which are undergoing clinical trials or for which there is insufficient evidence to determine their effects on health outcomes; coverage for such treatments is often denied by health insurers.
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.
The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.
The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.
The yellowish discoloration of connective tissue due to deposition of HOMOGENTISIC ACID (a brown-black pigment). This is due to defects in the metabolism of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. Ochronosis occurs in ALKAPTONURIA, but has also been associated with exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., PHENOL, trinitrophenol, BENZENE DERIVATIVES).
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion.
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.
Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
An inborn error of amino acid metabolism resulting from a defect in the enzyme HOMOGENTISATE 1,2-DIOXYGENASE, an enzyme involved in the breakdown of PHENYLALANINE and TYROSINE. It is characterized by accumulation of HOMOGENTISIC ACID in the urine, OCHRONOSIS in various tissues, and ARTHRITIS.
A type of heart valve surgery that involves the repair, replacement, or reconstruction of the annuli of HEART VALVES. It includes shortening the circumference of the annulus to improve valve closing capacity and reinforcing the annulus as a step in more complex valve repairs.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.
Either of two large arteries originating from the abdominal aorta; they supply blood to the pelvis, abdominal wall and legs.
An approach to health care financing with only one source of money for paying health care providers. The scope may be national (the Canadian System), state-wide, or community-based. The payer may be a governmental unit or other entity such as an insurance company. The proposed advantages include administrative simplicity for patients and providers, and resulting significant savings in overhead costs. (From Slee and Slee, Health Care Reform Terms, 1993, p106)
Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.
The ratio of maximum blood flow to the MYOCARDIUM with CORONARY STENOSIS present, to the maximum equivalent blood flow without stenosis. The measurement is commonly used to verify borderline stenosis of CORONARY ARTERIES.
A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.
Care given during the period prior to undergoing surgery when psychological and physical preparations are made according to the special needs of the individual patient. This period spans the time between admission to the hospital to the time the surgery begins. (From Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Motion pictures of the passage of contrast medium through blood vessels.
A type of imaging technique used primarily in the field of cardiology. By coordinating the fast gradient-echo MRI sequence with retrospective ECG-gating, numerous short time frames evenly spaced in the cardiac cycle are produced. These images are laced together in a cinematic display so that wall motion of the ventricles, valve motion, and blood flow patterns in the heart and great vessels can be visualized.
Congenital, inherited, or acquired anomalies of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, including the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS.
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.
Occlusion of the outflow tract in either the LEFT VENTRICLE or the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This may result from CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS, predisposing heart diseases, complications of surgery, or HEART NEOPLASMS.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The force that opposes the flow of BLOOD through a vascular bed. It is equal to the difference in BLOOD PRESSURE across the vascular bed divided by the CARDIAC OUTPUT.
Surgery performed on the heart.
Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.
The state of being a eunuch, a male without TESTES or whose testes failed to develop. It is characterized by the lack of mature male GERM CELLS and TESTICULAR HORMONES.
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).
Compounds that inhibit HMG-CoA reductases. They have been shown to directly lower cholesterol synthesis.
A characteristic symptom complex.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The downward displacement of the cuspal or pointed end of the trileaflet AORTIC VALVE causing misalignment of the cusps. Severe valve distortion can cause leakage and allow the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to aortic regurgitation.
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.
The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
An arrangement of wires distributing electricity.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with the superposition of flow information as colors on a gray scale in a real-time image. This type of ultrasonography is well-suited to identifying the location of high-velocity flow (such as in a stenosis) or of mapping the extent of flow in a certain region.
Fluorobenzenes are a class of organic compounds containing a fluorine atom bonded to a benzene ring, which have potential medical applications such as in the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs.
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Surgical shunt allowing direct passage of blood from an artery to a vein. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.

Pathological features of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) in the elderly. (1/45)

The pathological findings and available clinical data in 15 necropsy cases of HOCM, aged over 61 years, are reported. Three patients were in the eighth decade and 4 in the ninth; 8 were women. Five presented as sudden death, 2 died in congestive cardiac failure, and 7 died of unrelated conditions and HOCM was an apparently incidental postmortem finding. Compared with cases under 60 years, the hearts of the elderly patients were heavier and less likely to show typical asymmetrical hypertrophy, the free wall of the left ventricle also being thickened in two-thirds of the cases over 60 years. Most of the elderly cases showed a distinctive band of fibrous thickening over the upper part of the interventricular septum. This lesion had a "mirror image" relation to the lower part of the aortic surface of the anterior mitral cusp, with the histological features of a friction lesion. It appears to be a morphological expression of the systolic contact of anterior mitral cusp and interventricular septum seen on cineangiography and thus diagnostic of HOCM. Once formed, the fibrous band appears to persist even if the obstructive element disappears. It is, therefore, a valuable diagnostic feature indicating a diagnosis of HOCM in an age group where the morphology is usually not the classical asymmetrical form and in which this diagnosis is usually not considered.  (+info)

Subaortic stenosis diagnosed in the course of a twins pregnancy: a controversial management. (2/45)

Fixed subaortic stenosis, commonly associated with other congenital cardiac defects, is the cause of 10 per cent of cases of congenital obstruction of the left ventricular outflow. Corrective surgery is frequently a successful treatment, recommendations being based on the transaortic gradient in Europe while in the USA the most prevalent opinion is surgical repair independently of the gradient. We present a case of adult clinical onset of a fixed subaortic stenosis during pregnancy, in which hemodynamic changes are significant, that was medically treated and followed in the outpatient clinic of our hospital, and review the state of the art of the management and surgical indications of this condition.  (+info)

Ultrastructural features of degenerated cardiac muscle cells in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. (3/45)

Degenerated cardiac muscle cells were present in hypertrophied ventricular muscle obtained at operation from 12 (38%) of 32 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or aortic valvular disease. Degenerated cells demonstrated a wide variety of ultrastructural alterations. Mildly altered cells were normal-sized or hypertrophied and showed focal changes, including preferential loss of thick (myosin) filaments, streaming and clumping of Z band material, and proliferation of the tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were normal-sized or atrophic and showed additional changes, including extensive myofibrillar lysis and loss of T tubules. The appearance of the most severely degenerated cells usually reflected the cytoplasmic organelle (sarcoplasmic reticulum, glycogen, or mitochondria) which underwent proliferation and filled the myofibril-free areas of these cells. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were present in areas of fibrosis, had thickened basement membranes, and had lost their intercellular connections. These observations suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with chronic ventricular hypertrophy.  (+info)

Neurally-mediated increase in calcineurin activity regulates cardiac contractile function in absence of hypertrophy. (4/45)

OBJECTIVE: The calcineurin pathway has been involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, yet it remains unknown whether calcineurin activity can be regulated in myocardium independently from hypertrophy and cardiac load. METHODS: To test that hypothesis, we measured calcineurin activity in a rat model of infrarenal aortic constriction (IR), which affects neurohormonal pathways without increasing cardiac afterload. RESULTS: In this model, there was no change in arterial pressure over the 4-week experimental period, and the left ventricle/body weight ratio did not increase. At 2 weeks after IR, calcineurin activity was increased 1.8-fold (P<0.05) and remained elevated at 4 weeks (1.7-fold, P<0.05). Similarly, the cardiac activity of calcium calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) was increased significantly after IR, which confirms a regulation of Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes in this model. In cardiac myocytes, the increased activity of calcineurin was accompanied by a significant decrease in L-type Ca(2+) channel activity (I(Ca)) and contraction velocity (-dL/dt). Cardiac denervation prevented the activation of calcineurin after IR, which demonstrates that a neurohormonal mechanism is responsible for the changes in enzymatic activity. In addition, cardiac denervation suppressed the effects of IR on I(Ca) and -dL/dt, which shows that calcineurin activation is related to altered contractility. However, action potential duration, the densities of inward rectifier K(+) currents (I(K1)), and outward K(+) currents (I(to) and I(K)) were not altered in IR myocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Calcineurin can be activated in the heart through a neural stimulus, which induces alterations in Ca(2+) currents and contractility. These effects occur in the absence of myocyte hypertrophy, electrophysiological changes in action potential, and K(+) channel currents.  (+info)

Rheologic genesis of discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis: a Doppler echocardiographic study. (5/45)

To determine whether morphologic structures or abnormal flow patterns predispose to pathologic proliferation of subvalvular tissue, 26 patients (mean age 19.8 +/- 10.3 years) were studied greater than or equal to 6 months after operation for isolated discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis. The aortic root diameter and the mitral-aortic separation were measured with sector echocardiography. Flow patterns in the left ventricular outflow tract of these patients and control subjects were evaluated with a color flow mapping system optimized for the detection of turbulence. All control subjects had laminar flow throughout systole in the left ventricular outflow tract. By contrast, turbulence originating well below the site where the shelf had previously been resected was observed in 20 (77%) of the 26 patients. In 16 of these 20 patients turbulence was caused by a ridge, which in 13 patients could be identified as the offshoot of a ventricular band. In four patients the turbulence was caused by malalignment of the muscular and membranous septum, resulting in protrusion of the muscular septum into the outflow tract. Except for the latter four patients, the aortic root diameter was 84 +/- 10% of values predicted by body surface area, with values in six patients falling below the third percentile (p less than 0.01). The mitral-aortic separation was 9.7 +/- 3.5 mm, values in 21 patients falling above the 97th percentile (p less than 0.001). These data support the theory that discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis may be caused by a chronic flow disturbance, preferably in a small and long outflow tract. Left ventricular bands, if reaching the outflow tract, may be a factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  (+info)

Echocardiographic assessment of subvalvular aortic stenosis before and after operation. (6/45)

The development of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography has provided a noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and serial assessment of patients with subvalvular aortic stenosis. The clinical records and echocardiographic data were reviewed of all patients with subaortic stenosis diagnosed between 1983 and 1991. Of the 77 patients identified (45 male and 32 female), 28 had isolated subaortic stenosis and 49 had associated cardiac lesions. The most frequently encountered associated lesions were ventricular septal defect (n = 19) and coarctation of the aorta/interrupted aortic arch (n = 14). Serial echocardiographic studies, performed in 38 of the 77 patients, documented significant progression of the left ventricular outflow tract gradient in 25 patients (66%) and development of aortic regurgitation in 25 patients (66%). Surgical resection was performed in 36 patients. The preoperative outflow tract peak gradient was 62.9 +/- 31 mm Hg (range 0 to 153), whereas the immediate postoperative gradient was 14.4 +/- 14 mm Hg (range 0 to 67). The two patients with a significant residual gradient (37 and 67 mm Hg, respectively) in the immediate postoperative period had severe subaortic stenosis preoperatively with marked left ventricular hypertrophy and intracavitary gradient. The immediate postoperative echocardiograms demonstrated no worsening of aortic regurgitation in any patient and regression of regurgitation in one patient from mild to none. Intermediate-term follow-up studies were available for review in 13 postoperative patients at a mean of 4 years postoperatively. In 2(15%) of these 13 patients, subaortic stenosis recurred; however, the degree of aortic regurgitation did not increase in any patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  (+info)

Left subclavian artery to descending aorta bypass for coarctation physiology after descending aortic repair. (7/45)

Stenosis of the aorta observed after descending aorta replacement for traumatic aortic injury was managed by a placement of a bypass between the left subclavian artery and the distal descending aorta with success.  (+info)

Subaortic stenosis caused by an unusual fibrous blood-filled cyst of the left ventricle with outflow tract obstruction associated with a ventricular septal defect. (8/45)

A large blood-filled cyst formed from a fibrous tissue tag of a right ventricular septal aneurysm was successfully resected. This cyst, which was causing subaortic stenosis, was attached to the margin of the closed ventricular septal defect and not to the mitral valve itself nor the papillary muscle of the left ventricle.  (+info)

Aortic stenosis is a condition in which the aortic valve, which controls the flow of blood from the heart's left ventricle to the aorta, becomes narrowed or hardened. Subvalvular aortic stenosis is a type of aortic stenosis that occurs when the subvalvular apparatus, which is a group of structures located just below the aortic valve, becomes thickened or damaged, leading to narrowing of the aortic valve opening. This can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Subvalvular aortic stenosis is typically diagnosed using imaging tests such as echocardiography or cardiac MRI, and treatment may include medications to manage symptoms or surgery to replace the damaged valve.

Aortic valve stenosis is a medical condition in which the aortic valve, which is located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta, becomes narrowed or hardened, making it difficult for blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body. This can lead to an increase in blood pressure in the left ventricle, which can cause the heart to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve. Over time, this can cause the heart muscle to become thickened and weakened, which can lead to heart failure. Aortic valve stenosis is typically caused by the buildup of calcium deposits or other substances on the valve, and it is more common in older adults. Treatment options for aortic valve stenosis may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery to replace the damaged valve.

Aortic stenosis, supravalvular, is a rare form of aortic stenosis that occurs when there is a narrowing of the aortic valve due to a congenital abnormality in the aortic root or ascending aorta. This condition is also known as supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) or aortic stenosis with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). SVAS is typically caused by a bicuspid aortic valve, which is a condition where the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of the normal three. This can cause the valve to become thickened and narrowed, leading to a restriction in blood flow through the aortic valve. Symptoms of SVAS may include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and dizziness. In severe cases, it can lead to heart failure and even death. Treatment for SVAS may include medications to manage symptoms and improve blood flow, or surgery to replace the aortic valve or repair the aortic root. The specific treatment approach will depend on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs.

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a medical condition in which the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, becomes narrowed or stiffened. This can restrict the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. MVS can be caused by a variety of factors, including rheumatic fever, congenital heart defects, and certain infections or autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of MVS may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Treatment for MVS may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Pulmonary subvalvular stenosis is a type of congenital heart defect that affects the pulmonary valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow from the heart to the lungs. In this condition, the valve is narrowed or obstructed, which can cause an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and restrict blood flow to the lungs. The subvalvular portion of the pulmonary valve is made up of three small flaps called the leaflets, which are attached to the valve ring. In pulmonary subvalvular stenosis, the leaflets may be thickened or malformed, causing them to obstruct the flow of blood through the valve. Symptoms of pulmonary subvalvular stenosis may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and heart palpitations. In severe cases, the condition can lead to heart failure or other complications. Treatment for pulmonary subvalvular stenosis may include medications to manage symptoms and improve blood flow, or surgery to repair or replace the affected valve. The specific treatment approach will depend on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs.

Mitral Valve Insufficiency (MVI) is a medical condition in which the mitral valve, which is located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart, does not close properly. This allows blood to flow back from the left ventricle into the left atrium, which can lead to an overload of blood in the left atrium and a decrease in the amount of blood flowing to the rest of the body. MVI can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the valve from infection, rheumatic fever, or high blood pressure, or it can be a result of a congenital defect. Symptoms of MVI may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Treatment for MVI may include medications to manage symptoms and improve heart function, or surgery to repair or replace the damaged valve.

Carotid stenosis is a medical condition in which the carotid artery, which supplies blood to the brain, becomes narrowed or blocked. This can lead to a reduced flow of blood to the brain, which can cause symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, and difficulty speaking or thinking. Carotid stenosis is typically caused by the buildup of plaque in the walls of the artery, which can thicken and harden over time. Other risk factors for carotid stenosis include high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for carotid stenosis may include medication to manage symptoms and prevent further narrowing of the artery, or surgery to remove the plaque and restore blood flow to the brain.

Coronary stenosis is a medical condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked. This can occur due to the buildup of plaque, a fatty substance that can accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries over time. When the arteries become narrowed, it can reduce the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Coronary stenosis is a common condition, particularly in older adults, and can be a serious health concern if left untreated. Treatment options for coronary stenosis may include medications, lifestyle changes, and procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Spinal stenosis is a medical condition that occurs when the spinal canal, which is the channel that runs through the spine and contains the spinal cord, becomes narrowed. This narrowing can put pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that exit from the spinal cord, leading to a variety of symptoms. There are several types of spinal stenosis, including foraminal stenosis, central stenosis, and foraminal-central stenosis. Foraminal stenosis occurs when the openings that allow the nerves to exit the spinal canal become narrowed. Central stenosis occurs when the spinal canal itself becomes narrowed. Foraminal-central stenosis is a combination of both types of stenosis. Symptoms of spinal stenosis can include back pain, leg pain, numbness or tingling in the legs, weakness in the legs, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, spinal stenosis can lead to loss of bladder or bowel control. Treatment for spinal stenosis may include physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis (PVS) is a medical condition in which the pulmonary valve, which is located between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery, becomes narrowed or blocked. This can restrict the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications. PVS can be congenital, meaning it is present at birth, or it can develop later in life due to various factors such as infection, injury, or scarring. The severity of PVS can vary widely, ranging from mild to severe, and can be classified as either isolated or associated with other heart defects. Symptoms of PVS may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and a heart murmur. In severe cases, PVS can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Treatment for PVS depends on the severity of the condition and may include medications, balloon dilation, or surgery to replace the damaged valve. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are also important to manage the condition and prevent complications.

Tracheal stenosis is a medical condition in which the trachea (windpipe) becomes narrowed or blocked, making it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury, infection, inflammation, or scarring. Symptoms of tracheal stenosis may include difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Treatment options for tracheal stenosis may include medications, breathing exercises, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a type of heart disease characterized by the thickening of the heart muscle, particularly the walls of the left ventricle. This thickening can obstruct blood flow through the heart, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. HCM can be caused by genetic mutations or be acquired as a result of other medical conditions or environmental factors. It is a common condition, affecting an estimated 1 in 500 people worldwide. Treatment for HCM may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery or other procedures to improve blood flow and reduce the risk of complications.

Aortic Valve Insufficiency (AVI) is a medical condition in which the aortic valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle of the heart. This can lead to a decrease in the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart with each beat, which can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. AVI can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the valve from infection, high blood pressure, or aging. It can also be caused by certain medical conditions, such as rheumatic fever or Marfan syndrome. Treatment for AVI may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Calcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the skin and other tissues. It is most commonly seen in people with certain medical conditions, such as scleroderma, lupus, and kidney disease, as well as in people who have undergone long-term treatment with certain medications, such as corticosteroids. The calcium phosphate crystals that accumulate in the skin and other tissues can cause hard, raised areas that may be painful or itchy. In severe cases, calcinosis can lead to scarring, skin thickening, and limited joint mobility. Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, medications may be used to help reduce the formation of calcium phosphate crystals, while in other cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected tissue.

Pathologic constriction refers to a medical condition in which a blood vessel or other tubular structure becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow or obstruction of the flow of other substances through the vessel. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including inflammation, scarring, abnormal growths, or the presence of a foreign object. Pathologic constriction can have serious consequences, depending on the location and severity of the constriction, and may require medical intervention to treat.

Pyloric stenosis is a condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine (pylorus) becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to difficulty in emptying the stomach contents into the small intestine. This can cause a build-up of pressure in the stomach, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration. Pyloric stenosis is most commonly seen in infants, particularly those between 2 and 8 weeks of age. It is usually treated with surgery to widen the pylorus and relieve the blockage.

Williams Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 7,500 to 1 in 20,000 people worldwide. It is caused by a deletion of a small segment of chromosome 7, which results in the loss of several genes. The symptoms of Williams Syndrome can vary widely among individuals, but some common features include: - Intellectual disability - Heart defects - distinctive facial features, such as a broad forehead, a small mouth, and full cheeks - a high-pitched voice - a love of social interaction and a strong desire to be around people - a tendency to be overly friendly and trusting - a unique personality and mannerisms - a strong interest in music and the arts Treatment for Williams Syndrome typically involves managing the symptoms and providing support for individuals with intellectual disabilities and other health issues. Early intervention and specialized education can help individuals with Williams Syndrome reach their full potential.

Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular refers to the thickening of the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. This thickening can occur due to an increase in the workload on the heart, such as high blood pressure or a condition called aortic stenosis, or due to an underlying genetic disorder. Left ventricular hypertrophy can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and an increased risk of heart attack. It is typically diagnosed through an echocardiogram, a test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart. Treatment may include medications to lower blood pressure and reduce workload on the heart, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

Discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS) is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the aortic valve, which is the valve that controls the flow of blood from the heart's left ventricle to the aorta. In DSS, there is a small, discrete narrowing of the aortic valve that can cause blood to flow more slowly through the valve, leading to a backup of blood in the left ventricle. This can cause the left ventricle to work harder to pump blood out of the heart, which can lead to heart failure over time. DSS is typically diagnosed in infancy or early childhood, and it is usually treated with medications to help the heart pump blood more efficiently. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the aortic valve. Despite its rarity, DSS can be a serious condition that requires careful monitoring and management by a team of healthcare professionals.

Tricuspid valve stenosis is a medical condition in which the tricuspid valve, which is located between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart, becomes narrowed or hardened. This can restrict the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle, making it harder for the heart to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. Symptoms of tricuspid valve stenosis may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Treatment options for tricuspid valve stenosis may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Angiodysplasia is a condition characterized by abnormal and enlarged blood vessels in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. These vessels can become dilated and tortuous, leading to bleeding and other complications. Angiodysplasia can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, but it is most commonly found in the small intestine and colon. The exact cause of angiodysplasia is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to aging and certain medications, such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other risk factors for angiodysplasia include a history of gastrointestinal bleeding, a family history of the condition, and certain medical conditions, such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Symptoms of angiodysplasia may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. In some cases, bleeding may be severe and require immediate medical attention. Diagnosis of angiodysplasia typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies, such as endoscopy or angiography. Treatment of angiodysplasia depends on the severity of symptoms and the location of the affected vessels. In some cases, medications may be used to reduce bleeding or prevent future episodes. In more severe cases, surgery or endoscopic procedures may be necessary to remove or treat the abnormal vessels.

Heart valve diseases refer to disorders that affect the heart's valves, which are responsible for regulating the flow of blood through the heart. There are four valves in the heart: the tricuspid valve, the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. Heart valve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetics, infections, and certain medical conditions such as rheumatic fever. Some common types of heart valve diseases include: 1. Stenosis: This occurs when the valve becomes narrowed, making it difficult for blood to flow through it. 2. Regurgitation: This occurs when the valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow backward into the heart. 3. Prolapse: This occurs when the valve leaflets prolapse (push out) from the valve ring, causing the valve to leak. 4. Endocarditis: This is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can damage the valves. Heart valve diseases can lead to a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Treatment options for heart valve diseases depend on the type and severity of the condition, and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Renal artery obstruction is a medical condition in which there is a blockage or narrowing of the renal artery, which is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidneys. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), fibromuscular dysplasia (a condition in which the walls of the arteries become thick and abnormal), renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the renal artery), or kidney stones that have moved and become lodged in the renal artery. Renal artery obstruction can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, which can cause damage to the kidneys and impair their ability to filter waste products from the blood. This can lead to a range of symptoms, including blood in the urine, high blood pressure, and kidney failure. Treatment for renal artery obstruction may include medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol, angioplasty (a procedure in which a balloon is inflated to widen a narrowed or blocked artery), or surgery to remove the blockage or repair the damaged artery.

Ventricular dysfunction, left, is a medical condition in which the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. When it is not functioning properly, it can lead to a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain. There are several causes of left ventricular dysfunction, including heart attacks, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, and heart valve problems. Treatment for left ventricular dysfunction depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery. Left ventricular dysfunction can be a serious condition and requires prompt medical attention.

Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds heard in the heart during auscultation, which is the process of listening to the heart with a stethoscope. These sounds are caused by turbulent blood flow within the heart or blood vessels, and they can be caused by a variety of conditions, including congenital heart defects, valvular heart disease, and heart infections. Heart murmurs can be classified into several types based on their characteristics, including systolic murmurs, diastolic murmurs, and continuous murmurs. Systolic murmurs occur during the contraction of the heart, while diastolic murmurs occur during the relaxation of the heart. Continuous murmurs occur throughout the cardiac cycle. The presence of a heart murmur does not necessarily indicate a serious condition, as many people have innocent murmurs that do not cause any problems. However, some heart murmurs may be indicative of a more serious underlying condition, such as a heart valve disorder or a congenital heart defect, and may require further evaluation and treatment.

Endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) is a rare heart condition that occurs in infants and young children. It is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fibrous and elastic tissue in the inner lining of the heart's heart chambers (endocardium). This buildup of tissue can obstruct blood flow through the heart and lead to heart failure. EFE is usually diagnosed in infants and young children, and it is more common in boys than girls. The exact cause of EFE is not known, but it is thought to be related to a viral infection or exposure to certain medications during pregnancy. Other risk factors for EFE include prematurity, low birth weight, and a family history of heart disease. Treatment for EFE typically involves medications to manage symptoms and improve heart function. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the excess tissue and improve blood flow through the heart. The prognosis for children with EFE depends on the severity of their condition and how well they respond to treatment. Some children with EFE may recover fully, while others may require ongoing medical care.

Postoperative complications are adverse events that occur after a surgical procedure. They can range from minor issues, such as bruising or discomfort, to more serious problems, such as infection, bleeding, or organ damage. Postoperative complications can occur for a variety of reasons, including surgical errors, anesthesia errors, infections, allergic reactions to medications, and underlying medical conditions. They can also be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, dehydration, and smoking. Postoperative complications can have serious consequences for patients, including prolonged hospital stays, additional surgeries, and even death. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to take steps to prevent postoperative complications and to promptly recognize and treat them if they do occur.

Asymptomatic diseases are medical conditions in which an individual is infected with a pathogen or has a disease, but they do not exhibit any symptoms or signs of illness. In other words, the person is not aware that they have the disease and is not experiencing any discomfort or pain. Asymptomatic diseases can be contagious, meaning that an infected person can spread the disease to others without showing any symptoms themselves. This is why asymptomatic diseases can be difficult to control and prevent, as infected individuals may not realize they are carrying the disease and may continue to interact with others without taking precautions to prevent its spread. Examples of asymptomatic diseases include the common cold, influenza, and some sexually transmitted infections. It is important to note that not all individuals who are infected with a disease will be asymptomatic, and some may develop symptoms at a later time. Additionally, some diseases may only be asymptomatic in certain populations or under certain circumstances.

Arterial occlusive diseases refer to a group of medical conditions in which the arteries become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow to the affected area. This can result in a range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the blockage. The most common types of arterial occlusive diseases include: 1. Atherosclerosis: A condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden. 2. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): A condition that affects the arteries in the legs, causing pain, cramping, and weakness in the legs, especially during physical activity. 3. Coronary artery disease (CAD): A condition that affects the arteries that supply blood to the heart, leading to chest pain, shortness of breath, and other symptoms. 4. Carotid artery disease: A condition that affects the arteries in the neck, leading to a reduced blood flow to the brain, which can cause stroke. Treatment for arterial occlusive diseases may include lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly, as well as medications to manage symptoms and prevent further progression of the disease. In some cases, surgery or other medical procedures may be necessary to open or bypass blocked arteries.

Elastin is a protein found in connective tissues throughout the body, including skin, blood vessels, lungs, and the digestive tract. It is responsible for the elasticity and flexibility of these tissues, allowing them to stretch and return to their original shape. In the medical field, elastin is important for maintaining the integrity and function of various organs and systems. For example, in the skin, elastin helps to keep the skin supple and resistant to wrinkles. In the lungs, elastin helps to maintain the elasticity of the airways, allowing them to expand and contract during breathing. In the blood vessels, elastin helps to maintain the strength and flexibility of the vessel walls, allowing blood to flow smoothly. Elastin is also important for wound healing, as it helps to repair damaged tissue and restore its elasticity. In some medical conditions, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, there is a deficiency or abnormality in elastin production, leading to connective tissue disorders and other health problems.

Laryngostenosis is a medical condition in which the airway of the larynx (voice box) becomes narrowed or blocked. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including congenital abnormalities, injury, or inflammation. Symptoms of laryngostenosis may include difficulty breathing, stridor (a high-pitched whistling sound), and hoarseness. Treatment options for laryngostenosis may include medications, surgery, or the use of a breathing tube. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of laryngostenosis, as it can be a serious condition that requires prompt treatment.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. These defects can affect the heart's structure, function, or both, and can range from minor to severe. CHDs are the most common type of birth defect and affect approximately 1 in 100 live births. CHDs can occur in any part of the heart, including the valves, arteries, veins, and chambers. Some common types of CHDs include: - Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart. - Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. - Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): A blood vessel that remains open between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. - Coarctation of the aorta: A narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. - Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects that affect the flow of blood through the heart. CHDs can cause a range of symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and heart palpitations. Treatment for CHDs depends on the type and severity of the defect, and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Cardiomegaly is a medical condition characterized by an enlarged heart. The term "cardiomegaly" comes from the Greek words "kardia," meaning heart, and "mega," meaning large. Cardiomegaly can be caused by a variety of factors, including hypertension, valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle), and certain genetic disorders. The diagnosis of cardiomegaly is typically made through imaging tests such as echocardiography, chest X-rays, or computed tomography (CT) scans. Cardiomegaly can lead to a variety of complications, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and increased risk of stroke. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the cardiomegaly and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Coronary disease, also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. In severe cases, coronary disease can lead to a heart attack, which occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart is completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. Coronary disease is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for coronary disease may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Ventricular remodeling refers to the structural and functional changes that occur in the heart's ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart) in response to various factors such as heart disease, injury, or genetic predisposition. These changes can include thickening of the heart muscle, enlargement of the ventricles, and changes in the electrical activity of the heart. Ventricular remodeling can lead to a variety of heart conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. It is a complex process that involves multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms, including inflammation, fibrosis, and changes in gene expression. In the medical field, ventricular remodeling is an important area of research, as it can help identify new targets for the prevention and treatment of heart disease. Treatment options for ventricular remodeling may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgical interventions.

Aortic coarctation is a congenital heart defect that occurs when a section of the aorta, the largest artery in the body, is abnormally narrow or constricted. This can restrict blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body, leading to a range of symptoms and health problems. The most common location for aortic coarctation is just after the aortic valve, where the aorta leaves the heart. However, it can also occur in other locations along the aorta. Symptoms of aortic coarctation may include difficulty breathing, a high-pitched heart murmur, chest pain, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to low blood pressure, fainting, and even heart failure. Treatment for aortic coarctation typically involves surgery to widen the narrowed section of the aorta. This can be done using open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, depending on the location and severity of the coarctation. In some cases, medications may also be used to help manage symptoms and blood pressure.

Pyloric stenosis, hypertrophic, is a condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestine (pylorus) becomes narrowed or blocked. This can cause a backup of food and digestive juices in the stomach, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration. Pyloric stenosis is most commonly seen in infants, particularly those between 2 and 8 weeks of age. It is usually treated with surgery to widen the pylorus and relieve the blockage.

Disease progression refers to the worsening or progression of a disease over time. It is a natural course of events that occurs in many chronic illnesses, such as cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. Disease progression can be measured in various ways, such as changes in symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, or imaging studies. In some cases, disease progression can be slowed or stopped through medical treatment, such as medications, surgery, or radiation therapy. However, in other cases, disease progression may be inevitable, and the focus of treatment may shift from trying to cure the disease to managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Understanding disease progression is important for healthcare providers to develop effective treatment plans and to communicate with patients about their condition and prognosis. It can also help patients and their families make informed decisions about their care and treatment options.

Azetidines are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms. They are often used as intermediates in the synthesis of other compounds and have a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Some azetidines have been found to have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties, and have been studied as potential treatments for conditions such as pain, inflammation, and anxiety disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of azetidines and to develop safe and effective drugs based on this chemical structure.

Syncope is a medical condition characterized by a temporary loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain. It is also known as fainting or passing out. Syncope can be caused by a variety of factors, including low blood pressure, heart problems, anemia, dehydration, or certain medications. Symptoms of syncope may include dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and loss of consciousness. Treatment for syncope depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, or medical procedures.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque. This can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms. Over time, CAD can also lead to a heart attack if the blood flow to the heart is completely blocked. CAD is a common condition that affects many people, particularly those who are middle-aged or older, and is often associated with other risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Treatment for CAD may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, procedures such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition in which the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach, becomes narrowed or blocked. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury, infection, inflammation, or scarring. Esophageal stenosis can cause difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and other symptoms, and may require medical treatment to manage. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the blockage or repair the damaged tissue.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a rare and complex congenital heart defect that affects the left side of the heart. It is characterized by underdevelopment or abnormal development of the left ventricle, the left atrium, and the aorta, which are the main pumping chambers and vessels of the heart. As a result of this underdevelopment, the heart is unable to pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the body, leading to a range of symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and blue skin (cyanosis). In severe cases, HLHS can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention. Treatment for HLHS typically involves a series of surgeries to repair or replace the affected heart structures. The first surgery, called the Norwood procedure, is typically performed within the first few days of birth and involves creating a connection between the right ventricle and the aorta to allow some blood to flow to the body. Subsequent surgeries may be required to further repair or replace the heart structures as the child grows.

Dobutamine is a medication that is used to increase the strength of the heart's contractions and to increase the heart's rate. It is a synthetic form of dopamine, a hormone that is naturally produced by the body to help regulate blood pressure and heart function. Dobutamine is typically used to treat heart failure, a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively throughout the body. It is also sometimes used to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) and to increase blood flow to the heart muscle after a heart attack. Dobutamine is usually given intravenously, and the dosage is adjusted based on the patient's response and any side effects that may occur.

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the heart valves. It is caused by a group of bacteria called Streptococcus pyogenes, which can infect the throat and cause a condition called strep throat. In some cases, the body's immune system responds to the infection by attacking the heart valves, leading to inflammation and scarring of the valves. This can cause the valves to become thickened, narrowed, or leaky, which can lead to heart failure, stroke, and other complications. RHD is most common in children and young adults in developing countries, but it can occur at any age. It is treated with antibiotics to prevent recurrent infections and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Aortic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the aorta, which is the largest artery in the human body. The aorta carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aortic diseases can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (developing over time). Some common aortic diseases include: 1. Aortic aneurysm: A bulge or dilation in the wall of the aorta that can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding. 2. Aortic dissection: A tear in the inner lining of the aorta that can cause blood to flow between the layers of the artery, leading to severe pain and potential organ damage. 3. Aortic stenosis: Narrowing of the aortic valve that can restrict blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. 4. Aortic regurgitation: Backflow of blood from the aorta into the heart due to a damaged or insufficient aortic valve. 5. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue and can lead to aortic aneurysms and dissections. 6. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A group of genetic disorders that can affect the connective tissue and increase the risk of aortic aneurysms and dissections. Treatment for aortic diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. In some cases, medications or lifestyle changes may be sufficient, while in others, surgery or other medical procedures may be necessary. Early detection and treatment are crucial for preventing complications and improving outcomes.

In the medical field, "Death, Sudden" refers to an unexpected and rapid loss of life, typically occurring within minutes to hours of the onset of symptoms. Sudden death can be caused by a variety of factors, including heart attacks, strokes, sudden arrhythmias, severe allergic reactions, and other medical emergencies. It is often characterized by the absence of warning signs or symptoms, and can occur in both young and old individuals. Sudden death is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and intervention to prevent further harm or loss of life.

In the medical field, recurrence refers to the reappearance of a disease or condition after it has been treated or has gone into remission. Recurrence can occur in various medical conditions, including cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. For example, in cancer, recurrence means that the cancer has come back after it has been treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other treatments. Recurrence can occur months, years, or even decades after the initial treatment. In infections, recurrence means that the infection has returned after it has been treated with antibiotics or other medications. Recurrence can occur due to incomplete treatment, antibiotic resistance, or other factors. In autoimmune diseases, recurrence means that the symptoms of the disease return after they have been controlled with medication. Recurrence can occur due to changes in the immune system or other factors. Overall, recurrence is a significant concern for patients and healthcare providers, as it can require additional treatment and can impact the patient's quality of life.

Intracranial arteriosclerosis refers to the hardening and narrowing of the arteries within the skull (intracranial arteries) due to the buildup of plaque, a fatty substance that consists of cholesterol, fat, and other substances. This condition can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the brain, which can cause a range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, and memory problems. In severe cases, it can lead to stroke or other serious neurological complications. Intracranial arteriosclerosis is a common condition that affects many people as they age, and it is often associated with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and smoking.

Graft occlusion, vascular, refers to the blockage or narrowing of a blood vessel or graft that has been surgically implanted to bypass a blocked or narrowed artery or vein. This can occur due to various factors, including the formation of scar tissue, the buildup of plaque, or the development of blood clots. Graft occlusion can lead to reduced blood flow to the affected area, which can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tissue damage. Treatment options for graft occlusion may include medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clot formation, angioplasty to open up the blocked vessel, or surgery to replace the occluded graft.

Ochronosis is a condition characterized by the accumulation of a dark pigment called homogentisic acid (HGA) in the connective tissues of the body. This accumulation occurs as a result of a genetic disorder called alkaptonuria (AKU), which is a rare metabolic disorder that affects the breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. In AKU, the body is unable to properly break down tyrosine, leading to the accumulation of HGA in the urine, sweat, and other bodily fluids. Over time, HGA can accumulate in the connective tissues of the body, leading to the characteristic darkening of the skin, cartilage, and other tissues. Ochronosis can cause a range of symptoms, including joint pain and stiffness, skin discoloration, and eye problems. It can also lead to more serious complications, such as kidney damage and heart disease. Treatment for ochronosis typically involves managing the symptoms and complications of the underlying AKU disorder, such as pain management and kidney disease treatment. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address joint damage or other complications caused by ochronosis.

Angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. The pain is usually described as a squeezing, pressure, or burning sensation in the chest and may radiate to the neck, jaw, arms, or back. Angina pectoris is a common symptom of coronary artery disease, which is a major cause of heart attacks. Treatment options for angina pectoris include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Alkaptonuria is a rare genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of two amino acids: homogentisic acid and tyrosine. People with alkaptonuria lack an enzyme called homogentisate dioxygenase, which is responsible for breaking down homogentisic acid. As a result, homogentisic acid accumulates in the body and is excreted in the urine, giving it a dark brown color. The accumulation of homogentisic acid can lead to the formation of deposits in various tissues and organs, including the joints, heart valves, and connective tissue. These deposits can cause damage and lead to a range of health problems, including arthritis, heart disease, and kidney damage. Alkaptonuria is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that a person must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disorder. There is no cure for alkaptonuria, but treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. This may include medications to reduce pain and inflammation, physical therapy to maintain joint mobility, and surgery to repair damaged organs.

In the medical field, a stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. This can happen in two ways: 1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 85% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off blood flow to the affected area. 2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischemic strokes, accounting for about 15% of all strokes. Strokes can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the brain damage. Common symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; dizziness or loss of balance; and severe headache. Prompt medical treatment is crucial for stroke patients, as the sooner treatment is given, the better the chances of recovery. Treatment options may include medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clot formation, surgery to remove a blood clot or repair a ruptured blood vessel, and rehabilitation to help patients recover from the effects of the stroke.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) is a medical condition that occurs when there is a reduced blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum, which are supplied by the vertebrobasilar artery system. This can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, balance problems, headache, and vision changes. VBI can be caused by a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), blood clots, and certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Treatment for VBI may include medications to improve blood flow or prevent blood clots, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

Simvastatin is a medication used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood. It belongs to a class of drugs called statins, which work by inhibiting an enzyme in the liver that is involved in the production of cholesterol. Simvastatin is typically prescribed to people with high cholesterol levels or to those who are at risk of developing heart disease or stroke due to high cholesterol. It is usually taken once a day with or without food. Common side effects of simvastatin include headache, muscle pain, and digestive problems.

Cardiovascular abnormalities refer to any irregularities or disorders that affect the heart and blood vessels. These abnormalities can range from minor to severe and can affect the heart's ability to pump blood effectively, regulate blood pressure, or maintain a normal rhythm. Some common examples of cardiovascular abnormalities include coronary artery disease, heart valve disorders, arrhythmias, congenital heart defects, and peripheral artery disease. These conditions can lead to a variety of symptoms, including chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness, and can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other serious health complications. Treatment for cardiovascular abnormalities depends on the specific condition and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Carotid artery diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the carotid arteries, which are the main blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the brain. These diseases can lead to a reduced blood flow to the brain, which can cause symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, and even stroke. The most common types of carotid artery diseases are carotid artery stenosis and carotid artery dissection. Carotid artery stenosis occurs when the inside of the carotid artery becomes narrowed or blocked by a buildup of plaque, which is made up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances. Carotid artery dissection occurs when the inner lining of the carotid artery is torn, which can cause a blood clot to form and block the flow of blood. Other types of carotid artery diseases include carotid artery aneurysm, carotid artery occlusion, and carotid artery inflammation. Carotid artery aneurysm occurs when a section of the carotid artery becomes weakened and bulges outwards. Carotid artery occlusion occurs when the carotid artery is completely blocked, which can cause a stroke. Carotid artery inflammation, also known as carotid artery vasculitis, is an inflammatory condition that can cause the walls of the carotid artery to become thickened and narrowed. Treatment for carotid artery diseases depends on the specific type and severity of the condition. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly may be sufficient to manage the condition. In more severe cases, medications such as blood thinners or cholesterol-lowering drugs may be prescribed. In some cases, surgery or endovascular procedures may be necessary to remove plaque or repair damaged arteries.

Heart septal defects, ventricular, refer to a type of congenital heart defect that affects the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood out to the body. In a healthy heart, there is a wall called the septum that separates the left and right ventricles. However, in a person with a ventricular septal defect, there is a hole or opening in this wall, allowing blood to flow from one ventricle to the other. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, depending on the size and location of the defect. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, or heart palpitations. In severe cases, a ventricular septal defect can lead to heart failure or other complications. Treatment for ventricular septal defects typically involves surgical repair or the placement of a device to close the hole in the septum. The specific treatment approach will depend on the size and location of the defect, as well as the individual's overall health and medical history.

Ventricular outflow obstruction (VOO) is a condition in which there is a blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart's ventricles. This can cause the ventricles to work harder to pump blood, which can lead to an increase in blood pressure and strain on the heart. VOO can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital heart defects, heart valve problems, and certain heart diseases. It can also be caused by damage to the heart muscle or blood vessels as a result of a heart attack or other cardiovascular disease. Symptoms of VOO may include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Treatment for VOO depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery.

Heart failure, also known as congestive heart failure, is a medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to a buildup of fluid in the lungs, liver, and other organs, causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Heart failure can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack, high blood pressure, or long-term damage from conditions such as diabetes or coronary artery disease. It can also be caused by certain genetic disorders or infections. Treatment for heart failure typically involves medications to improve heart function and reduce fluid buildup, as well as lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. In some cases, surgery or other medical procedures may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the heart failure or to improve heart function.

Eunuchism is a medical condition in which a person is born without, or later loses, the ability to produce sperm or eggs. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, or surgical procedures. In some cases, eunuchism may be a desired outcome, as some individuals may choose to undergo surgical procedures to become eunuchs for religious or cultural reasons. However, in most cases, eunuchism is considered a medical condition that can have significant physical and psychological effects on the individual. Treatment options for eunuchism may include hormone therapy, fertility treatments, or psychological counseling.

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare, progressive, and often fatal disease that affects the heart muscle. It is characterized by the accumulation of fibrous tissue within the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart, which can lead to thickening and stiffening of the heart muscle, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. EMF can affect any part of the heart, but it most commonly affects the left ventricle, which is responsible for pumping oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. The disease can also affect the right ventricle, which pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, and the atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart. The exact cause of EMF is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to chronic inflammation and scarring of the heart muscle. Risk factors for developing EMF include hypertension, diabetes, and parasitic infections such as schistosomiasis. Symptoms of EMF can include shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and ankles. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as echocardiography or cardiac MRI, and biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for EMF may include medications to manage symptoms and improve heart function, such as diuretics to reduce fluid buildup and ACE inhibitors or beta blockers to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the fibrous tissue or repair damaged heart valves.

In the medical field, a syndrome is a set of symptoms and signs that occur together and suggest the presence of a particular disease or condition. A syndrome is often defined by a specific pattern of symptoms that are not caused by a single underlying disease, but rather by a combination of factors, such as genetic, environmental, or hormonal. For example, Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is characterized by a specific set of physical and intellectual characteristics, such as a flattened facial profile, short stature, and intellectual disability. Similarly, the flu syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur together, such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches, that suggest the presence of an influenza virus infection. Diagnosing a syndrome involves identifying the specific set of symptoms and signs that are present, as well as ruling out other possible causes of those symptoms. Once a syndrome is diagnosed, it can help guide treatment and management of the underlying condition.

Aortic valve prolapse is a condition in which the aortic valve does not close properly, causing it to bulge or "prolapse" back into the heart. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including shortness of breath, chest pain, and palpitations. Aortic valve prolapse is usually caused by damage to the valve, such as from aging or from certain medical conditions. It is typically diagnosed using an echocardiogram, a type of ultrasound test that allows doctors to see the heart and valves in action. Treatment for aortic valve prolapse may include medications to manage symptoms or surgery to repair or replace the valve.

Pathologic dilatation refers to the abnormal enlargement or widening of a body structure, such as a blood vessel, organ, or tube, beyond its normal size. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or genetic abnormalities. Pathologic dilatation can be a sign of underlying health problems and may require medical intervention to prevent further complications. It is important to note that not all dilatation is considered pathologic, as some degree of dilation may be normal or even beneficial in certain situations.

Cardiomyopathies are a group of heart diseases that affect the heart muscle (myocardium). These diseases can cause the heart to become enlarged, thickened, or rigid, which can lead to problems with the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. There are several different types of cardiomyopathies, including: 1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: This is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick, which can make it difficult for the heart to pump blood. 2. Dilated cardiomyopathy: This is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened and enlarged, which can cause the heart to pump blood less effectively. 3. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): This is a condition in which the heart muscle in the right ventricle becomes abnormal and can cause irregular heart rhythms. 4. Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy: This is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy that is not caused by a lack of blood flow to the heart muscle. 5. Idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy: This is a condition in which the left ventricle of the heart becomes abnormally thick, which can make it difficult for the heart to pump blood. Cardiomyopathies can be inherited or acquired, and they can range from mild to severe. Treatment for cardiomyopathies depends on the specific type and severity of the condition, and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, surgery.

Hypertension, renovascular, is a type of high blood pressure that is caused by problems with the blood vessels that supply blood to the kidneys. These blood vessels, called the renal arteries, can become narrowed or blocked by a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), fibromuscular dysplasia (a condition in which the walls of the blood vessels are abnormally thickened), or a kidney tumor. When the renal arteries are narrowed or blocked, it can reduce the amount of blood flow to the kidneys, which can cause the kidneys to work harder to filter blood. This increased workload can lead to high blood pressure. Hypertension, renovascular, is a serious condition that can cause damage to the kidneys and other organs if left untreated. It is typically treated with medications to lower blood pressure and, in some cases, with procedures to open or bypass narrowed or blocked renal arteries.

Fluorobenzenes are a class of organic compounds that contain a benzene ring with one or more fluorine atoms substituted in place of hydrogen atoms. They are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and other chemical compounds. Some examples of fluorobenzenes include 4-fluorobenzene, 3,4-difluorobenzene, and 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone. In the medical field, fluorobenzenes may be used as starting materials for the synthesis of drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemical compounds that have potential medical applications. However, it is important to note that the use of fluorobenzenes in the medical field is not limited to their use as starting materials or intermediates, and they may also be used in other ways depending on their specific chemical properties and potential applications.

An ischemic attack, also known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), is a temporary disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain. This can cause symptoms such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, or dizziness. Unlike a stroke, which is a more permanent disruption of blood flow, a TIA usually resolves on its own within a few hours. However, a TIA is a warning sign that a person is at increased risk of having a stroke, and prompt medical treatment is important to reduce that risk.

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Categories: Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis. Synonym: Narrowing of Blood Vessel below Aortic Heart Valve ...
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Keywords: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; mitral valve; structural heart disease; subvalvular aortic stenosis; ... The intact subvalvular apparatus displaces the leaflet tips away from the LVOT. LVOT = left ventricular outflow tract; MVO = ... below the aortic valve, with a loop snare positioned through the left atrial (LA) catheter. (B) The electrified guidewire is ...
Aortic valve insufficiency results from leakage and backflow of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle (LV) into the ... Management of aortic stenosis: is cardiac catheterization necessary?. Am J Cardiol. 1991 May 1. 67(11):1031-2. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Anatomy of the aortic valve. The aortic valve is composed of 3 thin leaflets (ie, cusps) that project from the wall of the ... Aortic valve-sparing operations in patients with aneurysms of the aortic root or ascending aorta. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002 Nov. 74 ...
aortic stenosis: narrowing of left ventricular outflow tract (valvular, subvalvular, supravalvular);. *coarctation of aorta: ... The rarity of aortic stenosis and coarctation of aorta in each of the study regions contrasts sharply with European figures ( ... Aortic stenosis and coarctation of aorta showed strong male predominance in Saudi Arabia. These findings agreed with the ... Ventricular outflow tract obstruction such as aortic stenosis had a cumulative detection rate at 1 year of only 40%, while for ...
A single codon insertion in PICALM is associated with development of familial subvalvular aortic stenosis in Newfoundland dogs. ...
Subvalvular aortic stenosis From NCATS Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center File Formats Help:. How do I view different ...
Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Whats New Last Posted: Jan 01, 2011 * Subvalvular aortic stenosis From NCATS Genetic and Rare ...
Aortic coarctation, supravalvular or subvalvular aortic stenosis;. *. Dysplastic mitral valve;. *. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ... To evaluate for subglottic stenosis, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia if respiratory issues or obstructive sleep apnea are ... stridor or noisy breathing at the mild end to subglottic stenosis, tracheomalacia, and tracheostomy with or without mechanical ...
Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis Aortic regurgitation Аортальна регургітація Aortic regurgitation (AR) is incompetency of the ... Subvalvular AS caused by a congenital membrane or fibrous ring just beneath the aortic valve is uncommon. ... Etiology of Aortic Stenosis In older patients, the most common precursor to aortic stenosis is ... Prognosis for Aortic Stenosis Aortic stenosis progresses faster as severity increases, but the wide variability in progression ...
AORTIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS. AORTIC STENOSIS, SUBVALVULAR. ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. BERBINES. BERBERINE ALKALOIDS. ...
AORTIC STENOSIS SUBVALV. Entry Term(s). Aortic Subvalvular Stenosis Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Public MeSH Note. 91; was see ... Aortic Valve Stenosis [C14.280.955.249] * Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [C14.280.955.249.070] * Discrete Subaortic Stenosis [ ... Aortic Valve Disease [C14.280.484.048] * Aortic Valve Stenosis [C14.280.484.048.750] * Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [C14.280. ... Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular Preferred Term Term UI T408071. Date02/28/2000. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2001). ...
AORTIC STENOSIS SUBVALV. Entry Term(s). Aortic Subvalvular Stenosis Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis Public MeSH Note. 91; was see ... Aortic Valve Stenosis [C14.280.955.249] * Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [C14.280.955.249.070] * Discrete Subaortic Stenosis [ ... Aortic Valve Disease [C14.280.484.048] * Aortic Valve Stenosis [C14.280.484.048.750] * Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular [C14.280. ... Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular Preferred Term Term UI T408071. Date02/28/2000. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (2001). ...
Congenital subaortic stenosis Current Synonym true false 122317019 Congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis Current Synonym true ... Congenital muscular subaortic stenosis (disorder) {360473004 , SNOMED-CT } Congenital subaortic stenosis due to fibromuscular ... Congenital subaortic stenosis of tunnel type (disorder) {56309007 , SNOMED-CT } Subaortic stenosis and short stature syndrome ( ... Congenital subaortic stenosis (disorder) {73660006 , SNOMED-CT } Parent/Child (Relationship Type) ...
Subvalvular aortic stenosis;. *Osteochondrosis;. *Allergy;. *von Willebrands disease - an inherited blood disorder; ...
Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis. Skin Problems. Health Test. Heart X-Rays Physical Examination. ...
Subvalvular aortic stenosis. *Epilepsy. *Cherry eye. *Hip dysplasia. *Elbow dysplasia. *Patellar luxation ...
AORTIC SUBVALVULAR STENOSIS. AORTIC STENOSIS, SUBVALVULAR. ATHEROSCLEROSIS. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. BERBINES. BERBERINE ALKALOIDS. ...
... including subvalvular aortic stenosis.. ...
Heart problems such as cardiomyopathy and subvalvular aortic stenosis. These can be managed through treatment. Dogs with heart ...
Codes FDA CDRH C50462 1717 Aortic Stenosis Narrowing of the orifice of the aortic valve or of the supravalvular or subvalvular ... FDA C54450 Patient Problem Codes FDA CDRH C50461 2491 Aortic Dissection Dissection, Aortic A progressive tear in the tissue ... FDA C54450 Patient Problem Codes FDA CDRH C51223 1715 Aortic Insufficiency Dysfunction of the aortic valve characterized by ... FDA C54450 Patient Problem Codes FDA CDRH C50654 1965 Mitral Stenosis Stenosis, Mitral Narrowing of the left atrioventricular ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
Aortic Stenosis, Subvalvular C14.280.955.249.70. Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular C14.280.484.150.60 C14.280.484.150.535. C14.280 ... Pulmonary Subvalvular Stenosis C14.280.484.716.700 C14.280.484.716.762. C14.280.955.750.762. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis C14.280. ... Aortic Valve Stenosis C14.280.955.249. Arcuate Nucleus A8.186.211.730.385.357.352.81 A8.186.211.730.317.357.352.81. Area ... Discrete Subaortic Stenosis C14.280.955.249.70.210. DNA Adducts G5.180.104. DNA, Cruciform G6.184.603.790.486.325. Dorsomedial ...
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the major sequel and is characterized by valvar lesions that can cause regurgitation and/or stenosis mainly in mitral and aortic valves. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Dr. Shudo also performs mitral valve repair/replacement (MVR), aortic valve replacement (AVR), complex valve surgery, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, reoperative cardiac surgery, minimally invasive surgery, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). (stanford.edu)
  • The cause of aortic sclerosis and stenosis is not yet known but is mediated by an inflammatory process that is similar to but distinct from atherosclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lipoprotein (a) is implicated in the pathogenesis of both aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, and more recently, psoriasis has been tied to an increased risk of aortic stenosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Двостулковий аортальний клапан Bicuspid aortic valve is the presence of only two (rather than the normal three) valve cusps. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiovascular abnormality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Aortic valve insufficiency results from leakage and backflow of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle (LV) into the ascending aorta back into the left ventricle. (medscape.com)
  • Many mechanisms contribute to aortic valve insufficiency. (medscape.com)
  • This article primarily focuses on aortic valve insufficiency caused by abnormalities in the aortic valve leaflets. (medscape.com)
  • Aortic valve insufficiency can be due to, or associated with, congenital heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • Causes of acquired aortic valve insufficiency include endocarditis, trauma, systemic diseases, and connective tissue syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, the percentage of individuals with aortic valve insufficiency caused by aortic root disease has been steadily increasing compared with the percentage of those with valvular disease. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, more than half of patients who present with pure aortic regurgitation (AR) without any associated cardiac anomalies have aortic valve insufficiency caused by aortic root disease. (medscape.com)
  • Regardless of etiology, aortic valve insufficiency results in volume overload on the LV because the LV is forced to pump the entire diastolic volume received from the left atrium and the regurgitant volume from the aorta through an incompetent aortic valve. (medscape.com)
  • Most often, valvular stenosis or insufficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Aortic regurgitation. (medscape.com)
  • In long-standing aortic regurgitation, this compensatory mechanism begins to deteriorate. (medscape.com)
  • When LV function cannot continue to compensate for volume overload, the LV dilates, and LV end-diastolic volume increases, even without further increase in aortic regurgitation volume. (medscape.com)
  • A subvalvular apparatus, comprising of 2 papillary muscles (anterolateral and posteromedial), arise from the LV myocardium and the chordae tendineae, supporting the leaflets. (nih.gov)
  • The tricuspid subvalvular apparatus consists of anterior, posterior, and septal papillary muscles and their true chordae tendineae. (medscape.com)
  • The aortic valve is composed of 3 thin leaflets (ie, cusps) that project from the wall of the proximal ascending aorta. (medscape.com)
  • In the embryonic stage, the truncus arteriosus connects to the dorsal aspect of the aorta via 6 pairs of aortic arches. (medscape.com)
  • Aortic stenosis (AS) is narrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Коарктація аорти Coarctation of the aorta is a localized narrowing of the aortic lumen that results in upper-extremity hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and malperfusion of the abdominal organs and. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Supply, which is always abnormally tenuous because of the lower-than-normal coronary driving pressure (difference in aortic diastolic pressure and ventricular diastolic pressure), cannot keep up with the increased demand. (medscape.com)
  • Розшарування аорти Aortic dissection is the surging of blood through a tear in the aortic intima with separation of the intima and media and creation of a false lumen (channel). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Over years, aortic sclerosis progresses to stenosis in as many as 15% of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • M. genitalium in a prosthetic heart valve of a woman who sought care lacks a cell wall, making -lactam, fosfomycin, and in Switzerland for acute aortic valve dysfunction 3 years glycopeptide antimicrobials ineffective ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • SAS (Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis) is the most common and widespread form of heart disease within the entire Golden Retriever species. (howtotrainyourdogfast.com)
  • Lipid deposition and inflammation lead to thickening of aortic valve structures by fibrosis and calcification initially without causing significant obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In Marfan syndrome, the hemodynamic stress placed on the aorta by increased blood pressure and stroke volume during intense activity could increase the rate of aortic enlargement, thereby increasing the risk of aortic rupture. (medscape.com)
  • are at increased risk for atherosclerosis, and more recently, psoriasis has been tied to an increased risk of aortic stenosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Heart problems such as cardiomyopathy and subvalvular aortic stenosis. (clubgoldenretriever.com)
  • TriviumVet is also conducting other clinical trials to assess a candidates for dilated cardiomyopathy, sub-valvular aortic stenosis and gastric ulceration in dogs, as well as chronic kidney disease in cats. (triviumvet.com)
  • Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiovascular abnormality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These include abnormalities of the aortic valve leaflets and pathologies of the proximal aortic root. (medscape.com)
  • Lipid deposition and inflammation lead to thickening of aortic valve structures by fibrosis and calcification initially without causing significant obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A pathological constriction occurring in the region below the AORTIC VALVE . (nih.gov)
  • 19. A single codon insertion in PICALM is associated with development of familial subvalvular aortic stenosis in Newfoundland dogs. (nih.gov)
  • Over years, aortic sclerosis progresses to stenosis in as many as 15% of patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When LV function cannot continue to compensate for volume overload, the LV dilates, and LV end-diastolic volume increases, even without further increase in aortic regurgitation volume. (medscape.com)