Antiviral Agents
Virus Replication
Acyclovir
Organophosphonates
Rimantadine
Drug Resistance, Viral
Amantadine
Trifluridine
Oseltamivir
Viral Plaque Assay
Xenon
Nucleosides
Influenza, Human
Ribavirin
Ganciclovir
Hepacivirus
Vero Cells
Foscarnet
Prodrugs
Interferon-alpha
HIV-1
Cercopithecus aethiops
Idoxuridine
Cytomegalovirus
Zalcitabine
Organophosphorus Compounds
Simplexvirus
Ribonucleosides
Viruses
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
Education, Graduate
Influenza B virus
Influenza A virus
Orthomyxoviridae
Hepatitis B virus
Herpes Simplex
Zidovudine
Lamivudine
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Inhibitory Concentration 50
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Hepatitis B, Chronic
Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Hepatitis C, Chronic
HIV
Herpesvirus 1, Human
Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1
Vidarabine Phosphate
Xanthine
Molecular Sequence Data
Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens
Drug Therapy, Combination
Virus Internalization
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
Vidarabine
Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
Herpesviridae
Hepatitis C
Viral Load
Neuraminidase
Herpesvirus 2, Human
Drug Design
Structure-Activity Relationship
Cells, Cultured
Eye Infections, Viral
Interferon-beta
Hepatitis B
Dideoxynucleosides
Myxovirus Resistance Proteins
Isoxazoles
Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype
Herpes Zoster
Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype
Influenza Vaccines
Replicon
Protease Inhibitors
Virus Activation
Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus
Amino Acid Sequence
Herpesvirus 3, Human
Vaccinia virus
Molecular Structure
Models, Molecular
HeLa Cells
RNA Replicase
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Polyethylene Glycols
Disease Outbreaks
Immunity, Innate
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1
Mutation
HIV Infections
HIV Protease Inhibitors
Treatment Outcome
Acetamides
Guanidines
Virus Assembly
2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase
Administration, Topical
HIV Protease
Nymphaeaceae
Encephalomyocarditis virus
Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
Base Sequence
Valine
Thymidine Kinase
DEAD-box RNA Helicases
Teriparatide
Genotype
Immunocompromised Host
SARS Virus
Cricetinae
Dogs
RNA, Double-Stranded
Drug Resistance, Microbial
DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Protein Binding
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Dictyocaulus Infections
Enzyme Inhibitors
Sendai virus
Vesiculovirus
Disease Models, Animal
Cell Survival
Poly I-C
Binding Sites
Peptides
Viral Envelope Proteins
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Liver Transplantation
Vesicular Stomatitis
Interferon Inducers
Liver
eIF-2 Kinase
Receptors, Interferon
Clinical Trials as Topic
Models, Biological
Interferon-gamma
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Mengovirus
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Protein Conformation
Rhabdoviridae Infections
RNA Interference
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Acculturation
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta
Cytidine Deaminase
Transfection
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
Toll-Like Receptor 3
Vaccinia
STAT1 Transcription Factor
Substrate Specificity
Rhinovirus
Signal Transduction
L Cells (Cell Line)
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Muromegalovirus
Enterovirus B, Human
Interferon Regulatory Factor-7
Sindbis Virus
Viral Interference
vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (1/11278)
The intracranial migration of transduced glioma cells was investigated in order to improve the treatment of malignant glioma by gene therapy using retroviral vectors. In this study, about half the volume of the tumor mass could be transduced in 14 days after only a single implantation of 3 x 10(5) retrovirus-producing cells into a tumor mass with a diameter of 5 mm. Moreover, we were able to follow the migration of glioma cells transduced by the lacZ-harboring retroviruses originating from the high-titer retrovirus-producing cells. Besides the importance of using a high-titer retroviral vector system, our results also indicate that the implantation site of the virus-producing cells and the interval between the implantation of the virus-producing cells and the subsequent administration of ganciclovir are important factors for the efficient killing of glioma cells. (+info)The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/11278)
The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV. (+info)An antiviral mechanism of nitric oxide: inhibition of a viral protease. (3/11278)
Although nitric oxide (NO) kills or inhibits the replication of a variety of intracellular pathogens, the antimicrobial mechanisms of NO are unknown. Here, we identify a viral protease as a target of NO. The life cycle of many viruses depends upon viral proteases that cleave viral polyproteins into individual polypeptides. NO inactivates the Coxsackievirus protease 3C, an enzyme necessary for the replication of Coxsackievirus. NO S-nitrosylates the cysteine residue in the active site of protease 3C, inhibiting protease activity and interrupting the viral life cycle. Substituting a serine residue for the active site cysteine renders protease 3C resistant to NO inhibition. Since cysteine proteases are critical for virulence or replication of many viruses, bacteria, and parasites, S-nitrosylation of pathogen cysteine proteases may be a general mechanism of antimicrobial host defenses. (+info)Characterization of transgenic mice with targeted disruption of the catalytic domain of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. (4/11278)
The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR has been implicated in anti-viral, anti-tumor, and apoptotic responses. Others have attempted to examine the requirement of PKR in these roles by targeted disruption at the amino terminal-encoding region of the Pkr gene. By using a strategy that aims at disruption of the catalytic domain of PKR, we have generated mice that are genetically ablated for functional PKR. Similar to the other mouse model of Pkr disruption, we have observed no consequences of loss of PKR on tumor suppression. Anti-viral response to influenza and vaccinia also appeared to be normal in mice and in cells lacking PKR. Cytokine signaling in the type I interferon pathway is normal but may be compromised in the erythropoietin pathway in erythroid bone marrow precursors. Contrary to the amino-terminal targeted Pkr mouse, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and the anti-viral apoptosis response to influenza is not impaired in catalytic domain-targeted Pkr-null cells. The observation of intact eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation in these Pkr-null cells provides proof of rescue by another eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase(s). (+info)Infectious complications in 126 patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. (5/11278)
The effect of an extensive prophylactic antimicrobial regimen was prospectively assessed in 126 patients after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous PBSC. They received ciprofloxacin (500 mg/12 h), acyclovir (200 mg/6 h), and itraconazole (200 mg/12 h) orally until neutrophil recovery. Febrile patients received i.v. imipenem (500 mg/6 h) to which vancomycin and amikacin were added if fever persisted for 2-3 and 5 days, respectively. Amphotericin B lipid complex was further given on day 7 or 8 of fever. Median times for a neutrophil count of >0.5 x 10(9)/l and a platelet count of >20 x 10(9)/l were 9 and 11 days. Severe neutropenia (<0.1 x 10(9)/l) lasted for a median of 5 days in which 72% of febrile episodes and 50% of cases of bacteremia occurred. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 30 of 40 episodes of bacteremia, 25 of which were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Clinical foci were the intravascular catheter in 35 cases, respiratory infection in 11, cellulitis in two, anal abscess in one, and neutropenic enterocolitis in one. The high incidence of febrile episodes (94%) and bacteremias (31%) may be due to the lack of efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the persistence of a 5-day period of severe neutropenia. (+info)Herpetic keratitis. Proctor Lecture. (6/11278)
Although much needs to be learned about the serious clinical problem of herpes infection of the cornea, we have come a long way. We now have effective topical antiviral drugs. We have animal models which, with a high degree of reliability, clearly predict the effect to be expected clinically in man, as well as the toxicity. We have systemically active drugs and the potential of getting highly active, potent, completely selective drugs, with the possibility that perhaps the source of viral reinfection can be eradicated. The biology of recurrent herpes and stromal disease is gradually being understood, and this understanding may result in new and better therapy of this devastating clinical disease. (+info)Comparative study of the anti-human cytomegalovirus activities and toxicities of a tetrahydrofuran phosphonate analogue of guanosine and cidofovir. (7/11278)
Cidofovir is the first nucleoside monophosphate analogue currently being used for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis in individuals with AIDS. Unfortunately, the period of therapy with the use of this compound may be limited due to the possible emergence of serious irreversible nephrotoxic effects. New drugs with improved toxicity profiles are needed. The goal of this study was to investigate the anticytomegaloviral properties and drug-induced toxicity of a novel phosphonate analogue, namely, (-)-2-(R)-dihydroxyphosphinoyl-5-(S)-(guanin-9'-yl-methyl) tetrahydrofuran (compound 1), in comparison with those of cidofovir. The inhibitory activities of both compounds on HCMV propagation in vitro were similar against the AD 169 and Towne strains, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.17 microgram/ml for cidofovir and < 0.05 to 0.09 microgram/ml for compound 1. A clinical HCMV isolate that was resistant to ganciclovir and that had a known mutation within the UL54 DNA polymerase gene and a cidofovir-resistant laboratory strain derived from strain AD 169 remained sensitive to compound 1, whereas their susceptibilities to ganciclovir and cidofovir were reduced by 33- and 10-fold, respectively. Both compound 1 and cidofovir exhibited equal potencies in an experimentally induced murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice, with a prevention or prolongation of mean day to death at dosages of 1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight/day. In cytotoxicity experiments, compound 1 was found to be generally more toxic than cidofovir in cell lines Hs68, HFF, and 3T3-L1 (which are permissive for HCMV or MCMV replication) but less toxic than cidofovir in MRC-5 cells (which are permissive for HCMV replication). Drug-induced toxic side effects were noticed for both compounds in rats and guinea pigs in a 5-day repeated-dose study. In guinea pigs, a greater weight loss was noticed with cidofovir than with compound 1 at dosages of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day. An opposite effect was detected in rats, which were treated with the compounds at relatively high dosages (up to 100 mg/kg/day). Compound 1 and cidofovir were nephrotoxic in both rats and guinea pigs, with the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the renal cortex being the primary target site. The incidence and the severity of the lesions were found to be dose dependent. The lesions observed were characterized by cytoplasm degeneration and nuclear modifications such as karyomegaly, the presence of pseudoinclusions, apoptosis, and degenerative changes. In the guinea pig model, a greater incidence and severity of lesions were observed for cidofovir than for compound 1 (P < 0.001) with a drug regimen of 10 mg/kg/day. (+info)Single-dose pharmacokinetics of a pleconaril (VP63843) oral solution in children and adolescents. Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network. (8/11278)
Pleconaril is an orally active, broad-spectrum antipicornaviral agent which demonstrates excellent penetration into the central nervous system, liver, and nasal epithelium. In view of the potential pediatric use of pleconaril, we conducted a single-dose, open-label study to characterize the pharmacokinetics of this antiviral agent in pediatric patients. Following an 8- to 10-h period of fasting, 18 children ranging in age from 2 to 12 years (7.5 +/- 3.1 years) received a single 5-mg/kg of body weight oral dose of pleconaril solution administered with a breakfast of age-appropriate composition. Repeated blood samples (n = 10) were obtained over 24 h postdose, and pleconaril was quantified from plasma by gas chromatography. Plasma drug concentration-time data for each subject were fitted to the curve by using a nonlinear, weighted (weight = 1/Ycalc) least-squares algorithm, and model-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the polyexponential parameter estimates. Pleconaril was well tolerated by all subjects. A one-compartment open-model with first-order absorption best described the plasma pleconaril concentration-time profile in 13 of the subjects over a 24-h postdose period. Pleconaril pharmacokinetic parameters (means +/- standard deviations) for these 13 patients were as follows. The maximum concentration of the drug in serum (Cmax) was 1,272.5 +/- 622.1 ng/ml. The time to Cmax was 4.1 +/- 1.5 h, and the lag time was 0.75 +/- 0.56 h. The apparent absorption rate constant was 0.75 +/- 0.48 1/h, and the elimination rate constant was 0.16 +/- 0.07 1/h. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h was 8,131.15 +/- 3,411.82 ng.h/ml. The apparent total plasma clearance was 0.81 +/- 0.86 liters/h/kg, and the apparent steady-state volume of distribution was 4.68 +/- 2.02 liters/kg. The mean elimination half-life of pleconaril was 5.7 h. The mean plasma pleconaril concentrations at both 12 h (250.4 +/- 148.2 ng/ml) and 24 h (137.9 +/- 92.2 ng/ml) after the single 5-mg/kg oral dose in children were higher than that from in vitro studies reported to inhibit > 90% of nonpolio enterovirus serotypes (i.e., 70 ng/ml). Thus, our data support the evaluation of a 5-mg/kg twice-daily oral dose of pleconaril for therapeutic trials in pediatric patients with enteroviral infections. (+info)Symptoms of influenza include:
* Fever (usually high)
* Cough
* Sore throat
* Runny or stuffy nose
* Headache
* Muscle or body aches
* Fatigue (tiredness)
* Diarrhea and nausea (more common in children than adults)
Influenza can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections. These complications are more likely to occur in people who have a weakened immune system, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain chronic health conditions (like heart disease, diabetes, and lung disease).
Influenza is diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. A healthcare provider may also use a rapid influenza test (RIT) or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for influenza typically involves rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) to relieve fever and body aches. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza), may also be prescribed to help shorten the duration and severity of the illness. However, these medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.
Prevention is key in avoiding influenza. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza, as well as practicing good hygiene such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and staying home when you are sick.
1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and causes symptoms such as sneezing, running nose, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections.
3. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, rashes, coughing, and redness of the eyes.
4. Rubella (German measles): A mild viral infection that can cause fever, rashes, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.
5. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, itching, and a characteristic rash of small blisters on the skin.
6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that can cause genital herpes, cold sores, or other skin lesions.
7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
8. Hepatitis B: A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and damage to liver cells.
9. Hepatitis C: Another viral infection that affects the liver, often leading to chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
10. Ebola: A deadly viral infection that causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
11. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia and respiratory failure.
12. West Nile virus: A viral infection that can cause fever, headache, and muscle pain, as well as more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis.
Viral infections can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces, objects, or insects such as mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include:
1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or utensils.
5. Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity.
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, such as HPV and hepatitis B.
7. Using insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
8. Screening blood products and organs for certain viruses before transfusion or transplantation.
Treatment for viral infections depends on the specific virus and the severity of the illness. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.
Prevention is key in avoiding viral infections, so taking the necessary precautions and practicing good hygiene can go a long way in protecting oneself and others from these common and potentially debilitating illnesses.
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) typically causes cold sores or fever blisters that appear on the lips, mouth, or nose. While herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is responsible for genital herpes which affects the genital area, buttocks, and anal area.
The infection can be spread through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or skin, even if there are no visible sores present. Symptoms of herpes simplex may include itching, burning, tingling, redness, and small blisters that burst and ooze fluid.
There is no cure for herpes simplex, but medications can help manage symptoms and shorten the duration of an outbreak. Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are commonly used to treat herpes simplex.
CMV infections are more common in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or taking immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant. In these individuals, CMV can cause severe and life-threatening complications, such as pneumonia, retinitis (inflammation of the retina), and gastrointestinal disease.
In healthy individuals, CMV infections are usually mild and may not cause any symptoms at all. However, in some cases, CMV can cause a mononucleosis-like illness with fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
CMV infections are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI. Treatment is generally not necessary for mild cases, but may include antiviral medications for more severe infections. Prevention strategies include avoiding close contact with individuals who have CMV, practicing good hygiene, and considering immunoprophylaxis (prevention of infection through the use of immune globulin) for high-risk individuals.
Overall, while CMV infections can be serious and life-threatening, they are relatively rare in healthy individuals and can often be treated effectively with supportive care and antiviral medications.
A persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a bloodborne pathogen and can be spread through contact with infected blood, sexual contact, or vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth.
Chronic hepatitis B is characterized by the presence of HBsAg in the blood for more than 6 months, indicating that the virus is still present in the liver. The disease can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, with symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, and jaundice.
Chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed through serological tests such as HBsAg, anti-HBc, and HBV DNA. Treatment options include interferon alpha and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which can slow the progression of the disease but do not cure it.
Prevention strategies for chronic hepatitis B include vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine, which is effective in preventing acute and chronic HBV infection, as well as avoidance of risky behaviors such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles.
The symptoms of chronic hepatitis C may be mild or absent, but some people experience fatigue, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, loss of appetite, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
Chronic hepatitis C is usually diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Imaging tests such as ultrasound and liver biopsy may also be performed to assess the extent of liver damage.
Treatment for chronic hepatitis C typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can help clear the virus from the body. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary. Prevention of the spread of HCV includes avoiding sharing of needles or other sharp objects, practicing safe sex, and getting tested for the virus before donating blood or organs.
See also: Hepatitis C; Liver; Virus
There are several types of hepatitis C, including genotype 1, which is the most common and accounts for approximately 70% of cases in the United States. Other genotypes include 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The symptoms of hepatitis C can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching all over the body. Some people with hepatitis C may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis C is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests that detect the presence of antibodies against HCV or the virus itself. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including interferon and ribavirin, which can cure the infection but may have side effects such as fatigue, nausea, and depression. In recent years, new drugs known as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have become available, which can cure the infection with fewer side effects and in a shorter period of time.
Prevention measures for hepatitis C include avoiding sharing needles or other drug paraphernalia, using condoms to prevent sexual transmission, and ensuring that any tattoos or piercings are performed with sterilized equipment. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, such as healthcare workers and individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors.
Overall, hepatitis C is a serious and common liver disease that can lead to significant health complications if left untreated. Fortunately, with advances in medical technology and treatment options, it is possible to manage and cure the virus with proper care and attention.
Some common types of viral eye infections include:
1. Conjunctivitis caused by adenovirus: This is a highly contagious form of conjunctivitis that often affects children and can be spread through close contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces.
2. Conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus: This type of conjunctivitis is also highly contagious and can be spread through contact with an infected person's saliva, mucus, or feces.
3. Herpetic keratitis: This is a rare form of viral eye infection that is caused by the herpes simplex virus and can lead to serious complications if left untreated.
4. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: This is a highly contagious form of conjunctivitis that is caused by adenovirus and can affect both children and adults.
Viral eye infections are typically diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam, which may include a visual acuity test, a dilated eye exam, and/or a viral culture. Treatment for viral eye infections usually involves antiviral medication, cold compresses, and good hygiene practices to prevent the spread of the infection.
Prevention:
To prevent the spread of viral eye infections, it is important to practice good hygiene habits such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are infected, and not sharing personal items like towels or makeup. If you have a viral eye infection, it is also important to avoid touching your eyes and to cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
Conclusion:
Viral eye infections can be highly contagious and cause uncomfortable symptoms such as redness, discharge, and blurred vision. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms, as they can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Good hygiene practices and antiviral medication can help prevent and treat viral eye infections.
The symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe and may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, pale stools, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In some cases, hepatitis B can be asymptomatic, meaning that individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.
Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of HBV antigens or antibodies in the body. Treatment for acute hepatitis B typically involves rest, hydration, and medication to manage symptoms, while chronic hepatitis B may require ongoing therapy with antiviral drugs to suppress the virus and prevent liver damage.
Preventive measures for hepatitis B include vaccination, which is recommended for individuals at high risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, sexually active individuals, and those traveling to areas where HBV is common. In addition, safe sex practices, avoiding sharing of needles or other bodily fluids, and proper sterilization of medical equipment can help reduce the risk of transmission.
Overall, hepatitis B is a serious infection that can have long-term consequences for liver health, and it is important to take preventive measures and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
There are several types of herpes zoster, including:
1. Primary herpes zoster: This is the first episode of the virus and is typically more severe than recurrent episodes.
2. Recurrent herpes zoster: This occurs when the virus reactivates in a previously infected area, usually causing milder symptoms than primary herpes zoster.
3. Herpes zoster oticus (Ramsay Hunt syndrome): This is a form of herpes zoster that affects the facial nerve and causes pain, hearing loss, and facial paralysis.
4. Meningitis herpetic: This is a rare form of herpes zoster that causes inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
5. Eczema herpeticum: This is a severe form of herpes zoster that occurs in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy. It causes widespread skin lesions and can be life-threatening.
Symptoms of herpes zoster include:
* Pain or tingling sensation in the affected area before the rash appears
* Small, painful blisters that crust over
* Fever, headache, and fatigue
* Itching or burning sensation on the skin
* Muscle weakness or paralysis (in severe cases)
Herpes zoster is diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as viral cultures or PCR tests. Treatment includes antiviral medications, pain relief medication, and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Home remedies such as cool compresses, calamine lotion, and rest can also provide relief from symptoms.
Prevention:
1. Vaccination: The herpes zoster vaccine is recommended for people over the age of 50 to prevent herpes zoster.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have herpes zoster.
3. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding sharing personal items.
4. Managing stress and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to keep the immune system strong.
5. Getting enough rest and staying hydrated to help the body recover from illness.
In conclusion, herpes zoster is a common condition that can cause significant discomfort and disability. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early treatment can reduce the risk of complications.
Herpesviridae infections are caused by the Herpesviridae family of viruses and can be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, or from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth. Symptoms of herpesviridae infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the individual infected, but may include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and skin sores or rashes.
There is no cure for herpesviridae infections, but antiviral medications can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of transmission to others. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and avoiding close contact with those who are infected, can also help prevent the spread of these viruses.
Some common types of herpesviridae infections include:
* Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
* Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) - Causes chickenpox and shingles.
* Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) - Associated with certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma.
Orthomyxoviridae infections are a group of viral infections caused by the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, which includes influenza A and B viruses, as well as other related viruses. These infections can affect both humans and animals and can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe.
The most common type of Orthomyxoviridae infection is seasonal influenza, which occurs when the virus is transmitted from person to person through the air or by contact with infected surfaces. Other types of Orthomyxoviridae infections include:
1. Pandemic influenza: This occurs when a new strain of the virus emerges and spreads quickly around the world, causing widespread illness and death. Examples of pandemic influenza include the Spanish flu of 1918 and the Asian flu of 1957.
2. Avian influenza: This occurs when birds are infected with the virus and can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected birds or their droppings.
3. Swine influenza: This occurs when pigs are infected with the virus and can be transmitted to humans through close contact with infected pigs or their droppings.
4. H5N1 and H7N9: These are two specific types of bird flu viruses that have caused serious outbreaks in humans in recent years.
Symptoms of Orthomyxoviridae infections can include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle aches, and fatigue. In severe cases, these infections can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, and other respiratory complications, as well as hospitalization and even death.
Diagnosis of Orthomyxoviridae infections is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or viral culture. Treatment is generally focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the immune system, with antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.
Prevention of Orthomyxoviridae infections can include avoiding close contact with infected birds or pigs, wearing protective clothing and gear when handling animals, and practicing good hygiene such as washing hands frequently. Vaccines are also available for some species of birds and pigs to protect against these viruses.
Overall, Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that can cause serious illness in humans and other animals, and it's important to take precautions to prevent exposure and spread of these viruses.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection is a condition in which the body is infected with HIV, a type of retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system. HIV infection can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), a condition in which the immune system is severely damaged and the body is unable to fight off infections and diseases.
There are several ways that HIV can be transmitted, including:
1. Sexual contact with an infected person
2. Sharing of needles or other drug paraphernalia with an infected person
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Blood transfusions ( although this is rare in developed countries due to screening processes)
5. Organ transplantation (again, rare)
The symptoms of HIV infection can be mild at first and may not appear until several years after infection. These symptoms can include:
1. Fever
2. Fatigue
3. Swollen glands in the neck, armpits, and groin
4. Rash
5. Muscle aches and joint pain
6. Night sweats
7. Diarrhea
8. Weight loss
If left untreated, HIV infection can progress to AIDS, which is a life-threatening condition that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including:
1. Opportunistic infections (such as pneumocystis pneumonia)
2. Cancer (such as Kaposi's sarcoma)
3. Wasting syndrome
4. Neurological problems (such as dementia and seizures)
HIV infection is diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and physical examination. Treatment typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is a combination of medications that work together to suppress the virus and slow the progression of the disease.
Prevention methods for HIV infection include:
1. Safe sex practices, such as using condoms and dental dams
2. Avoiding sharing needles or other drug-injecting equipment
3. Avoiding mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding
4. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a short-term treatment that can prevent infection after potential exposure to the virus
5. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), which is a daily medication that can prevent infection in people who are at high risk of being exposed to the virus.
It's important to note that HIV infection is manageable with proper treatment and care, and that people living with HIV can lead long and healthy lives. However, it's important to be aware of the risks and take steps to prevent transmission.
Symptoms: The symptoms of dictyocaulosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Common symptoms include coughing, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fever. In severe cases, the infection can lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure.
Diagnosis: Dictyocaulosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, radiography (x-rays), and laboratory tests such as fecal egg count or serology.
Treatment: Treatment for dictyocaulosis usually involves the use of anthelmintic drugs to eliminate the parasites from the animal's body. Supportive care, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, may also be administered to manage secondary infections and inflammation.
Prevention: Prevention of dictyocaulosis includes regular deworming of animals with anthelmintic drugs, good husbandry practices such as proper feeding and sanitation, and avoiding contact with contaminated feces or pastures. Vaccination is also available for some species.
Prognosis: The prognosis for dictyocaulosis is generally good if the infection is diagnosed and treated early. However, if left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure or pneumonia, which can be fatal.
Complications: Complications of dictyocaulosis include respiratory failure, pneumonia, and secondary bacterial infections.
Differential diagnosis: Dictyocaulosis should be differentiated from other respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and gastroenteritis.
1. Influenza (flu): Caused by the influenza virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
2. HIV/AIDS: Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is an RNA virus that attacks the body's immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
3. Hepatitis B: Caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is an RNA virus that infects the liver and can cause inflammation, scarring, and cancer.
4. Measles: Caused by the measles virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause fever, cough, and a rash.
5. Rabies: Caused by the rabies virus, which is an RNA virus that attacks the central nervous system and can cause brain damage and death.
6. Ebola: Caused by the Ebola virus, which is an RNA virus that affects the blood vessels and can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding.
7. SARS-CoV-2: Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is an RNA virus that affects the respiratory system and can cause COVID-19.
RNA virus infections are often difficult to treat and can be highly contagious, so it's important to take precautions to prevent transmission and seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Epidemiology:
VS is most commonly found in the western United States, particularly in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The virus is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus) or a biting fly such as the blood-sucking conenose bug (Triatoma spp.).
Symptoms:
In humans, VS symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. The most characteristic feature of VS is the appearance of painful vesicles or blisters on the skin, usually on the hands, arms, face, and mouth. These blisters may become crusted and form scabs, which can be very uncomfortable and disrupt daily activities. In severe cases, VS can cause more serious complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or pneumonia.
Diagnosis:
VS is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and the presence of tick bites or other exposure to infected insects. Laboratory tests may include PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or viral culture to detect the presence of NJV or IV in patient samples.
Treatment and Prevention:
There is no specific treatment for VS, but symptoms can be managed with pain relief medication, antiviral drugs, and wound care. Prevention is key, and individuals can reduce their risk of contracting VS by avoiding tick-prone areas, wearing protective clothing and insect repellent when outdoors, and conducting regular tick checks.
In animals, VS can cause similar symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, and skin lesions. In severe cases, it can lead to death. VS in animals is usually diagnosed through laboratory tests, and there is no specific treatment available. Prevention measures are similar to those for humans, including avoiding contact with infected ticks, using tick repellents, and conducting regular tick checks.
Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.
In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.
Example sentences:
1. The rhabdoviridae infections in cattle can cause significant economic losses for farmers, as they can lead to reduced milk production and mortality rates.
2. Scientists are working on developing vaccines against rhabdoviridae infections in pigs, which could help reduce the risk of disease transmission to humans.
The symptoms of LCM can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but they typically include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, LCM can cause meningitis, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.
The diagnosis of LCM is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the virus, as well as tests to assess liver function and other organ systems.
Treatment of LCM typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management. Antiviral medications may also be used in some cases. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat the patient.
Prevention of LCM primarily involves avoiding contact with infected rodents, particularly during pregnancy and childhood when the risk of infection is higher. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, can also help reduce the risk of transmission. Vaccines are not available for LCM, but research is ongoing to develop one.
The prognosis for LCM varies depending on the severity of the infection and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the outcome is good for patients with mild symptoms, but those with severe infections may experience long-term neurological problems or death.
The symptoms of Arenaviridae infections can vary depending on the specific virus causing the infection, but they may include:
* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle pain
* Joint pain
* Sore throat
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Rash
* Seizures
* Meningitis
* Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
Some Arenaviridae infections can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected rodents or other animals, while others are spread by blood transfusions or organ transplantation. There is no specific treatment for Arenaviridae infections, and treatment is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and managing complications.
Examples of Arenaviridae infections include:
* Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV)
* Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)
* Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
* Western equine encephalitis (WEE)
* Sabia virus infection
It's important to note that Arenaviridae infections can be severe and potentially life-threatening, so if you suspect you or someone else may have been infected, it's important to seek medical attention immediately.
Vaccinia is most commonly associated with smallpox, which is caused by a similar virus and was eradicated in the late 1970s through widespread vaccination. However, there have been occasional outbreaks of vaccinia in the United States and other countries since then, often linked to laboratory accidents or deliberate releases of the virus.
The treatment of vaccinia typically involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and antipyretic medications to reduce fever. Antiviral medications may also be used in some cases. Prevention of the disease relies on avoiding contact with infected animals or people, and on following proper infection control practices in laboratory and healthcare settings.
Vaccinia is a serious viral infection that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Viremia is a condition where the virus is present in the bloodstream, outside of infected cells or tissues. This can occur during the acute phase of an infection, when the virus is actively replicating and spreading throughout the body. Viremia can also be seen in chronic infections, where the virus may persist in the blood for longer periods of time.
In some cases, viremia can lead to the development of antibodies against the virus, which can help to neutralize it and prevent its spread. However, if the viremia is not controlled, it can cause serious complications, such as sepsis or organ damage.
Diagnosis of viremia typically involves laboratory tests, such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which can detect the presence of virus in the blood. Treatment of viremia depends on the underlying cause and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and management of any related complications.
Alphaviruses are a group of viruses that cause a range of diseases, including arthritis, encephalitis, and fever. These viruses are typically found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes or other insects.
There are several different types of alphaviruses, including:
* Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
* Sindbis virus (SINV)
* Ross River virus (RRV)
* Barmah Forest virus (BFV)
The symptoms of alphavirus infections can vary depending on the specific type of virus and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include:
* Fever
* Headache
* Muscle and joint pain
* Swelling and inflammation
* Rash
* Fatigue
* Weakness
In some cases, alphavirus infections can lead to more serious complications, such as meningitis or encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). These complications are more likely to occur in older adults or people with weakened immune systems.
There is no specific treatment for alphavirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers, fever reducers, and anti-inflammatory medications. Rest, hydration, and supportive care may also be recommended. Prevention is key to avoiding alphavirus infections, and this includes protecting against mosquito bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and staying in air-conditioned or screened areas. Vaccines are also being developed to protect against some of the most common types of alphaviruses.
Bropirimine
Diospyros
Infectious diseases (medical specialty)
Poxviridae
Influenza pandemic
Broad-spectrum antiviral drug
Gowardia nigricans
Infectious mononucleosis
Pibrentasvir
Epstein-Barr virus vaccine
Seliciclib
United States biological defense program
Epstein-Barr virus
Katharina Ribbeck
Thymidine kinase
Antiviral drug
Asulam
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
Atovaquone
Edoxudine
Marine fungi
Mozenavir
Lactoperoxidase
Enzyme
Milan Panić
Therapeutic interfering particle
Acute retinal necrosis
Defective interfering particle
Protease
Nitazoxanide
Camelpox
Norovirus
Alovudine
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein
Pauline Cafferkey
2022 monkeypox outbreak in North America
Indinavir
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
2022 monkeypox outbreak
Interferon
Michal Hocek
Decoy cells
Merimepodib
Porphyrin
Yale School of Medicine
Antimicrobial
2022 monkeypox outbreak in Spain
No-Hee Park
Enzyme inhibitor
Pattern recognition receptor
G. D. Hsiung
Human alphaherpesvirus 1
Julius Youngner
Darwin Shaw
High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Orthohantavirus
Primary effusion lymphoma
Feline viral rhinotracheitis
Paul Lewi
Pharmaceutical industry
Antiviral Agents for the Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Influenza
Monkeypox (Mpox) Medication: Antiviral Agents, Vaccine, Live Virus, Antivirals, Ophthalmic
Browsing Meeting reports by Subject "Antiviral Agents"
Can antiviral agents help immune systems fight mosquito-borne dengue?
Prevention and Control of Influenza: Part II, Antiviral Agents Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization...
Herpes Zoster Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Treatments, Pharmacologic Therapy for Herpes Zoster
Results of search for 'su:{Antiviral agents}'
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WHO HQ Library catalog
Impact of antiviral therapy with direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) on kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C. ...
Antivirals: Nonhospitalized - Multimedia - COVID19 Resource Center | CCO
Nanoparticle-assisted Small Molecules as Broadly Active Antiviral Agents
- UTMB Health Research Expert Profiles
Table 1 - Inhibition of SARS Coronavirus Infection In Vitro with Clinically Approved Antiviral Drugs - Volume 10, Number 4...
Observational Study of the Durability of Seroconversion Chronic HBV Patients Who Seroconverted in a Previous Gilead-Sponsored...
JCI -
The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic
Varicella zoster virus infection: clinical features, molecular pathogenesis of disease, and latency
Browsing WHA61 by Subject
Coronavirus Disease | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural Medicine
Application of Nanomaterials and NbC Powder introduction
COVID
Harvoni: 7 things you should know - Drugs.com
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
The global distribution and burden of dengue | Nature
DailyMed - DEXAMETHASONE tablet
Webinar October 08, 2020 - Recommendations for Influenza Prevention and Treatment in Children: An Update for Pediatric Providers
Edurant (rilpivirine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
HEPC I
小蘗鹼、甘草素和棉酚對人類淋巴癌細胞Jurkat細胞株
Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC Recommendations - United States, 2023 | MMWR
Broad-spectrum antiviral3
- The literature indicates that this anti-malarial has broad-spectrum antiviral activity. (who.int)
- Identification of alpha-linolenic acid as a broad-spectrum antiviral against zika, dengue, herpes simplex, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. (bvsalud.org)
- ALA is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral agent . (bvsalud.org)
Drugs9
- Because antiviral agents taken prophylactically may prevent illness but not subclinical infection, some persons who take these drugs may still develop immune responses that will protect them when they are exposed to antigenically related viruses in later years. (cdc.gov)
- Progress in the development and use of antiviral drugs and interferon : report of a WHO Scientific Group [meeting held in Geneva from 10 to 13 March 1987]. (who.int)
- The availability of safe and effective drugs (direct-acting antiviral agents ) for HCV eradication supports this approach. (bvsalud.org)
- Influenza antiviral prescription drugs can be used to treat influenza or to prevent influenza. (cdc.gov)
- These drugs are chemically related antiviral medications known as neuraminidase inhibitors that have activity against both influenza A and B viruses. (cdc.gov)
- Amantadine and rimantadine are antiviral drugs in a class of medications known as adamantanes. (cdc.gov)
- While early use of antiviral drugs in children can reduce the duration of symptoms and prevent serious complications, immunization remains the most effective way to prevent influenza and its complications, including death. (cdc.gov)
- Hazardous drugs can include those used for cancer therapy, some antiviral drugs, hormone agents, and bioengineered drugs. (cdc.gov)
- Some classes of drugs are more hazardous than others and, as a group, antineoplastic drugs have been shown in animal studies to be some of the most potent teratogenic agents known, at doses typically used in cancer treatment. (cdc.gov)
Chemoprophylaxis of Influenza1
- This report contains information on treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza virus infection and provides a summary of the effectiveness and safety of antiviral treatment medications. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A viruses2
- The two antiviral agents with specific activity against influenza A viruses are amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride. (cdc.gov)
- Therefore, amantadine and rimantadine are not recommended for antiviral treatment or chemoprophylaxis of currently circulating influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Vaccines1
- Can the dengue virus be prevented using antiviral agents such as antibiotics or vaccines? (medicalxpress.com)
DAAs2
- Impact of antiviral therapy with direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) on kidney disease in patients with chronic hepatitis C. (bvsalud.org)
- In 2018, WHO's updated 2018 guidelines recommended therapy with pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). (who.int)
Medications2
- The information on this page should be considered current for the 2016-2017 influenza season for clinical practice regarding the use of influenza antiviral medications. (cdc.gov)
- The use of antiviral medications depends on the severity of the lesions. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
Chemotherapy2
- Antiviral chemotherapy : new directions for clinical application and research, proceedings of the Conference New Directions in Antiviral Chemotherapy, held in San Francisco, November 4-6, 1985 / editors, John Mills, Lawrence Corey. (who.int)
- by Conference New Directions in Antiviral Chemotherapy (1985: San Francisco, Calif. (who.int)
Oseltamivir2
- Antiviral resistance to oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir among circulating influenza viruses is currently low, but this can change. (cdc.gov)
- A 75 mg capsule of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) twice per day for 5 days is the recommended first choice antiviral. (medlineplus.gov)
Rimantadine1
- These recommendations provide information about two antiviral agents: amantadine hydrochloride and rimantadine hydrochloride. (cdc.gov)
Treatment9
- and 6) consideration of antiviral treatment for outpatients with confirmed or suspected influenza who do not have known risk factors for severe illness, if treatment can be initiated within 48 hours of illness onset. (cdc.gov)
- [ 46 , 47 ] Smallpox preparedness research has led to the development of new antiviral agents for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections. (medscape.com)
- Antiviral agent indicated for treatment of human smallpox disease caused by variola virus in adults and children who weigh at least 13 kg. (medscape.com)
- Hear expert insights on the use of IV and oral antiviral agents for the treatment of nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19. (clinicaloptions.com)
- Although treatment with antiviral agents has proven a very effective way to improve the health and survival of infected individuals, as we discuss here, the epidemic will continue to grow unless greatly improved prevention strategies can be developed and implemented. (jci.org)
- Also, antiviral resistance can emerge during or after treatment in some patients (e.g., immunosuppressed). (cdc.gov)
- Although treatment is not considered curative, antiviral treatment, monitoring, and liver cancer surveillance can reduce morbidity and mortality. (cdc.gov)
- Typically, the earlier antiviral agents are started, the better the treatment response. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
- This early increase in disease incidence highlights the importance of optimizing respiratory virus prevention and treatment measures, including prompt vaccination and antiviral treatment, as outlined below. (cdc.gov)
Dengue3
- Can antiviral agents help immune systems fight mosquito-borne dengue? (medicalxpress.com)
- Scientists gained much-needed insight into the physiology of the species, its immune system response to agents against the dengue virus, and their next steps to develop new control strategies to keep people from getting the disease. (medicalxpress.com)
- The researchers introduce the agents to determine if they would activate or suppress, respectively, the autophagy pathway in an Aedes aegypti cell line that was infected with the dengue virus. (medicalxpress.com)
Viruses2
- Developing antiviral agents is a huge undertaking, not just because of the many types of viruses that plague humankind, but also because of the vast amount of biochemical complexity and genetic diversity among the various viruses. (robocup2009.org)
- Antiviral Drug-Resistance among Influenza Viruses. (cdc.gov)
Therapy2
- Developments in antiviral therapy / edited by L. H. Collier, J. Oxford. (who.int)
- One method to analyze the relationship between anti-HCV status and CKD is to evaluate the impact of anti-HCV antiviral therapy on the risk of CKD in the general population . (bvsalud.org)
Antiretroviral agents1
- However, several behavioral and structural strategies have made a difference - male circumcision provides substantial protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV-1, and the application of antiretroviral agents for prevention holds great promise. (jci.org)
Medicines2
- Harvoni belongs to the class of medicines known as hepatitis C antivirals. (drugs.com)
- It is best to start antiviral medicines within the first 48 hours of developing symptoms, but antivirals can also be used after this time period. (medlineplus.gov)
Anti-viral cleani1
- The use of anti-viral cleaning agents, disinfectants and UV light is set to become commonplace. (hotel-online.com)
Illness1
- Previous Antivirals for influenza-Like Illness? (bmj.com)
Surveillance1
- RÉSUMÉ En Tunisie, la charge de la grippe a été estimée à partir des données de surveillance, en utilisant les paramètres épidémiologiques de la transmission avec les outils classiques de l'OMS et la modélisation mathématique. (who.int)
Investigational1
- [ 54 , 55 ] These agents may be used under an expanded access investigational new drug (EA-IND) available from the CDC. (medscape.com)
Drug1
- If you have been around someone who has the flu, ask your provider if you need an antiviral drug. (medlineplus.gov)
Virus3
- This agent is made from vaccinia, which is related to, but different from, the virus that causes smallpox. (medscape.com)
- Discovering an antiviral candidate from this pathway that may stop the transmission cycle would be an indication that the virus could be controlled at an earlier stage. (medicalxpress.com)
- Also, based on the experiences with SARS-CoA and MERS-CoA, numerous antiviral agents and immunotherapies are being investigated for efficacy against the virus. (who.int)
Children1
- Review recommendations about influenza antiviral use in children. (cdc.gov)
Development1
- and 3) there have been significant advances in the development of antiviral agents with improved efficacy against HCV. (cdc.gov)
Combination1
- It may also be called a combination antiviral agent. (drugs.com)
Oral1
- Applies only to oral form of both agents. (medscape.com)
Host1
- In addition to the usual suspects, there is a host of innovative and promising antiviral compounds on the horizon. (robocup2009.org)