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Antiviral AgentsVirus ReplicationAcyclovirOrganophosphonatesRimantadineDrug Resistance, ViralAmantadineTrifluridineOseltamivirViral Plaque AssayInterferonsNucleosidesInfluenza, HumanRibavirinZanamivirGanciclovirHepacivirusCell LineCytosineVero CellsVirus DiseasesFoscarnetProdrugsInterferon-alphaHIV-1Cercopithecus aethiopsIdoxuridineCytomegalovirusZalcitabineOrganophosphorus CompoundsRNA, ViralSimplexvirusRibonucleosidesVirusesAdenineInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype2-AminopurineAnti-HIV AgentsInfluenza B virusInfluenza A virusPost-Exposure ProphylaxisOrthomyxoviridaeHepatitis B virusHerpes SimplexZidovudineLamivudineReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsPyransViral ProteinsInhibitory Concentration 50Cytomegalovirus InfectionsHepatitis B, ChronicViral Nonstructural ProteinsHepatitis C, ChronicHIVHerpesvirus 1, HumanArabinonucleotidesVidarabine PhosphateInterferon Type IMolecular Sequence DataDNA, ViralArabinofuranosyluracilDrug Therapy, CombinationVirus InternalizationDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalVidarabineCytopathogenic Effect, ViralHerpesviridaeHepatitis CViral LoadNeuraminidaseHerpesvirus 2, HumanDrug DesignStructure-Activity RelationshipCells, CulturedEnterovirus A, HumanEye Infections, ViralInterferon-betaHepatitis BDideoxynucleosidesMyxovirus Resistance ProteinsIsoxazolesInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHerpes ZosterInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza VaccinesRepliconProtease InhibitorsGuanineVirus ActivationVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusAmino Acid SequenceHerpesvirus 3, HumanVaccinia virusHerpesviridae InfectionsMolecular StructureModels, MolecularOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsHeLa CellsRNA ReplicaseMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPolyethylene GlycolsDisease OutbreaksImmunity, InnateRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1MutationHIV InfectionsHIV Protease InhibitorsTreatment OutcomeAcetamidesGuanidinesVirus AssemblyRecombinant Proteins2',5'-Oligoadenylate SynthetaseMice, Inbred BALB CAdministration, TopicalHIV ProteaseDose-Response Relationship, DrugEncephalomyocarditis virusTime FactorsAdministration, OralInterferon Regulatory Factor-3Base SequenceValineThymidine KinaseDEAD-box RNA HelicasesHIV Reverse TranscriptaseGenotypeImmunocompromised HostSARS VirusCricetinaeDogsRNA, Double-StrandedDrug Resistance, MicrobialDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseProtein BindingThymidineHost-Pathogen InteractionsAmidesRNA Virus InfectionsEnzyme InhibitorsCell Line, TumorSendai virusVesiculovirusDisease Models, AnimalCell SurvivalPoly I-CBinding SitesOligopeptidesPeptidesViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidDrug SynergismLymphocytic choriomeningitis virusKineticsRNA VirusesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsLiver TransplantationVesicular StomatitisInterferon InducersLivereIF-2 KinaseRecurrenceReceptors, InterferonAntibodies, ViralClinical Trials as TopicModels, BiologicalInterferon-gammaPolymerase Chain ReactionVirus Physiological PhenomenaMengovirusCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesProtein ConformationRhabdoviridae InfectionsRNA InterferenceMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySTAT2 Transcription FactorLymphocytic ChoriomeningitisReceptor, Interferon alpha-betaCytidine DeaminaseTransfectionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidN-Glycosyl HydrolasesToll-Like Receptor 3Arenaviridae InfectionsVacciniaSTAT1 Transcription FactorSubstrate SpecificityRhinovirusMice, Inbred C57BLSignal TransductionL Cells (Cell Line)Gene Expression Regulation, ViralAntigens, ViralViremiaMuromegalovirusEnterovirus B, HumanInterferon Regulatory Factor-7Sindbis VirusViral InterferenceAntineoplastic Agents
Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.Organophosphonates: Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.Drug Resistance, Viral: The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557)Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.Viral Plaque Assay: Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.Interferons: Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.Nucleosides: Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Influenza, Human: An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.Ribavirin: A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.Ganciclovir: An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.Hepacivirus: A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Cytosine: A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids.Vero Cells: A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses.Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.Prodrugs: A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Idoxuridine: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent.Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.Organophosphorus Compounds: Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Simplexvirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.Ribonucleosides: Nucleosides in which the purine or pyrimidine base is combined with ribose. (Dorland, 28th ed)Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).Anti-HIV Agents: Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.Influenza B virus: Species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS B that cause HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. Antigenic variation is less extensive than in type A viruses (INFLUENZA A VIRUS) and consequently there is no basis for distinct subtypes or variants. Epidemics are less likely than with INFLUENZA A VIRUS and there have been no pandemics. Previously only found in humans, Influenza B virus has been isolated from seals which may constitute the animal reservoir from which humans are exposed.Influenza A virus: The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.Post-Exposure Prophylaxis: The prevention of infection or disease following exposure to a pathogen.Orthomyxoviridae: A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Herpes Simplex: A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.Lamivudine: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.PyransViral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Inhibitory Concentration 50: The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.Hepatitis B, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.Hepatitis C, Chronic: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.Herpesvirus 1, Human: The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.Arabinonucleotides: Nucleotides containing arabinose as their sugar moiety.Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.Interferon Type I: Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA).Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Arabinofuranosyluracil: A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.Drug Therapy, Combination: Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.Virus Internalization: The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.Drug Evaluation, Preclinical: Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.Vidarabine: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral: Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.Herpesviridae: A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE; BETAHERPESVIRINAE; and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.Hepatitis C: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)Herpesvirus 2, Human: A species of SIMPLEXVIRUS associated with genital infections (HERPES GENITALIS). It is transmitted by sexual intercourse and close personal contact.Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Enterovirus A, Human: A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.Eye Infections, Viral: Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.Interferon-beta: One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. It is a cytokine with antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulating activity.Hepatitis B: INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.Dideoxynucleosides: Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.Myxovirus Resistance Proteins: Interferon-induced DYNAMIN-like GTP-binding proteins localized in the cytoplasm, nuclear pore complex and nucleus. They play a role in antiviral defense and immunity.Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.Herpes Zoster: An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.Influenza Vaccines: Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).GuanineVirus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus: The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Herpesvirus 3, Human: The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.Vaccinia virus: The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.Herpesviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Orthomyxoviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.RNA Replicase: An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)Microbial Sensitivity Tests: Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).Polyethylene Glycols: Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Ribosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1: Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of only the toxic A subunit, which is a polypeptide of around 30 kDa.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).HIV Protease Inhibitors: Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Acetamides: Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.Guanidines: A family of iminourea derivatives. The parent compound has been isolated from mushrooms, corn germ, rice hulls, mussels, earthworms, and turnip juice. Derivatives may have antiviral and antifungal properties.Virus Assembly: The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP into a series of (2'-5') linked oligoadenylates and pyrophosphate in the presence of double-stranded RNA. These oligonucleotides activate an endoribonuclease (RNase L) which cleaves single-stranded RNA. Interferons can act as inducers of these reactions. EC 2.7.7.-.Mice, Inbred BALB CAdministration, Topical: The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.HIV Protease: Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Encephalomyocarditis virus: The type species of CARDIOVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in rodents, pigs, and monkeys. Infection in man has been reported with CNS involvement but without myocarditis.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Interferon Regulatory Factor-3: An interferon regulatory factor that is expressed constitutively and undergoes POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION following viral infection. PHOSPHORYLATION of IRF-3 causes the protein to be translocated from the CYTOPLASM to CELL NUCLEUS where it binds DNA, and activates transcription.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.DEAD-box RNA Helicases: A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.HIV Reverse Transcriptase: A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Immunocompromised Host: A human or animal whose immunologic mechanism is deficient because of an immunodeficiency disorder or other disease or as the result of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs or radiation.SARS Virus: A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, RHINOLOPHUS sinicus.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Dogs: The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)RNA, Double-Stranded: RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.Drug Resistance, Microbial: The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase: DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.ThymidineHost-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Amides: Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)RNA Virus InfectionsEnzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Sendai virus: The type species of RESPIROVIRUS in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE. It is the murine version of HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, distinguished by host range.Vesiculovirus: A genus of the family RHABDOVIRIDAE that infects a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. The type species is VESICULAR STOMATITIS INDIANA VIRUS.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Poly I-C: Interferon inducer consisting of a synthetic, mismatched double-stranded RNA. The polymer is made of one strand each of polyinosinic acid and polycytidylic acid.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.Drug Synergism: The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: The type species of ARENAVIRUS, part of the Old World Arenaviruses (ARENAVIRUSES, OLD WORLD), producing a silent infection in house and laboratory mice. In humans, infection with LCMV can be inapparent, or can present with an influenza-like illness, a benign aseptic meningitis, or a severe meningoencephalomyelitis. The virus can also infect monkeys, dogs, field mice, guinea pigs, and hamsters, the latter an epidemiologically important host.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.RNA Viruses: Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.Vesicular Stomatitis: A viral disease caused by at least two distinct species (serotypes) in the VESICULOVIRUS genus: VESICULAR STOMATITIS INDIANA VIRUS and VESICULAR STOMATITIS NEW JERSEY VIRUS. It is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the ORAL MUCOSA in cattle, horses, pigs, and other animals. In humans, vesicular stomatitis causes an acute influenza-like illness.Interferon Inducers: Agents that promote the production and release of interferons. They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides, and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.eIF-2 Kinase: A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.Receptors, Interferon: Specific molecular sites or structures on or in cells with which interferons react or to which they bind in order to modify the function of the cells. Interferons exert their pleiotropic effects through two different receptors. alpha- and beta-interferon crossreact with common receptors, while gamma-interferon initiates its biological effects through its own specific receptor system.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Clinical Trials as Topic: Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Virus Physiological Phenomena: Biological properties, processes, and activities of VIRUSES.Mengovirus: A strain of ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS, a species of CARDIOVIRUS, isolated from rodents and lagomorphs and occasionally causing febrile illness in man.CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Rhabdoviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by RHABDOVIRIDAE. Important infections include RABIES; EPHEMERAL FEVER; and vesicular stomatitis.RNA Interference: A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).STAT2 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to TYPE I INTERFERONS. Stat2 protein is associated constitutively with INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR-9. After PHOSPHORYLATION Stat2 forms the IFN-STIMULATED GENE FACTOR 3 COMPLEX to regulate expression of target GENES.Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis: A form of meningitis caused by LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS. MICE and other rodents serve as the natural hosts, and infection in humans usually occurs through inhalation or ingestion of infectious particles. Clinical manifestations include an influenza-like syndrome followed by stiff neck, alterations of mentation, ATAXIA, and incontinence. Maternal infections may result in fetal malformations and injury, including neonatal HYDROCEPHALUS, aqueductal stenosis, CHORIORETINITIS, and MICROCEPHALY. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp1-3)Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta: A ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric receptor that is specific for both INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA. It is composed of two subunits referred to as IFNAR1 and IFNAR2. The IFNAR2 subunit is believed to serve as the ligand-binding chain; however both chains are required for signal transduction. The interferon alpha-beta receptor signals through the action of JANUS KINASES such as the TYK2 KINASE.Cytidine Deaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.N-Glycosyl Hydrolases: A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.Toll-Like Receptor 3: A pattern recognition receptor that binds DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA. It mediates cellular responses to certain viral pathogens.Arenaviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the ARENAVIRIDAE.Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.STAT1 Transcription Factor: A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Rhinovirus: A genus of PICORNAVIRIDAE inhabiting primarily the respiratory tract of mammalian hosts. It includes over 100 human serotypes associated with the COMMON COLD.Mice, Inbred C57BLSignal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.L Cells (Cell Line): A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Viremia: The presence of viruses in the blood.Muromegalovirus: A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, causing infection involving several organs in mice and rats. Murid herpesvirus is the type species.Enterovirus B, Human: A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 36 serotypes. It is comprised of all the echoviruses and a few coxsackieviruses, including all of those previously named coxsackievirus B.Interferon Regulatory Factor-7: An interferon regulatory factor that is induced by INTERFERONS as well as LMP-1 protein from EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS. IRF-7 undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION prior to nuclear translocation and it activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of multiple interferon GENES.Sindbis Virus: The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.Viral Interference: A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (1/11278)

The intracranial migration of transduced glioma cells was investigated in order to improve the treatment of malignant glioma by gene therapy using retroviral vectors. In this study, about half the volume of the tumor mass could be transduced in 14 days after only a single implantation of 3 x 10(5) retrovirus-producing cells into a tumor mass with a diameter of 5 mm. Moreover, we were able to follow the migration of glioma cells transduced by the lacZ-harboring retroviruses originating from the high-titer retrovirus-producing cells. Besides the importance of using a high-titer retroviral vector system, our results also indicate that the implantation site of the virus-producing cells and the interval between the implantation of the virus-producing cells and the subsequent administration of ganciclovir are important factors for the efficient killing of glioma cells.  (+info)

The bystander effect in the HSVtk/ganciclovir system and its relationship to gap junctional communication. (2/11278)

The bystander effect (BSE) is an interesting and important property of the herpes thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (hTK/GCV) system of gene therapy for cancer. With the BSE, not only are the hTK expressing cells killed upon ganciclovir (GCV) exposure but also neighboring wild-type tumor cells. On testing a large number of tumor cell lines in vitro, a wide range of sensitivity to bystander killing was found. Since transfer of toxic GCV metabolites from hTK-modified to wild-type tumor cells via gap junctions (GJ) seemed to be a likely mechanism of the BSE, we tested GJ function in these various tumors with a dye transfer technique and pharmacological agents known to affect GJ communication. We confirmed that mixtures of tumor cell resistant to the BSE did not show dye transfer from cell to cell while bystander-sensitive tumor cells did. Dieldrin, a drug known to decrease GJ communication, diminished dye transfer and also inhibited the BSE. Forskolin, an upregulator of cAMP did increase GJ, but directly inhibited hTK and therefore its effect on BSE could not be determined. We conclude that these observations further support port the concept that functional GJ play an important role in the BSE and further suggest that pharmacological manipulation of GJ may influence the outcome of cancer therapy with hTK/GCV.  (+info)

An antiviral mechanism of nitric oxide: inhibition of a viral protease. (3/11278)

Although nitric oxide (NO) kills or inhibits the replication of a variety of intracellular pathogens, the antimicrobial mechanisms of NO are unknown. Here, we identify a viral protease as a target of NO. The life cycle of many viruses depends upon viral proteases that cleave viral polyproteins into individual polypeptides. NO inactivates the Coxsackievirus protease 3C, an enzyme necessary for the replication of Coxsackievirus. NO S-nitrosylates the cysteine residue in the active site of protease 3C, inhibiting protease activity and interrupting the viral life cycle. Substituting a serine residue for the active site cysteine renders protease 3C resistant to NO inhibition. Since cysteine proteases are critical for virulence or replication of many viruses, bacteria, and parasites, S-nitrosylation of pathogen cysteine proteases may be a general mechanism of antimicrobial host defenses.  (+info)

Characterization of transgenic mice with targeted disruption of the catalytic domain of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. (4/11278)

The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR has been implicated in anti-viral, anti-tumor, and apoptotic responses. Others have attempted to examine the requirement of PKR in these roles by targeted disruption at the amino terminal-encoding region of the Pkr gene. By using a strategy that aims at disruption of the catalytic domain of PKR, we have generated mice that are genetically ablated for functional PKR. Similar to the other mouse model of Pkr disruption, we have observed no consequences of loss of PKR on tumor suppression. Anti-viral response to influenza and vaccinia also appeared to be normal in mice and in cells lacking PKR. Cytokine signaling in the type I interferon pathway is normal but may be compromised in the erythropoietin pathway in erythroid bone marrow precursors. Contrary to the amino-terminal targeted Pkr mouse, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and the anti-viral apoptosis response to influenza is not impaired in catalytic domain-targeted Pkr-null cells. The observation of intact eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha phosphorylation in these Pkr-null cells provides proof of rescue by another eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha kinase(s).  (+info)

Infectious complications in 126 patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. (5/11278)

The effect of an extensive prophylactic antimicrobial regimen was prospectively assessed in 126 patients after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous PBSC. They received ciprofloxacin (500 mg/12 h), acyclovir (200 mg/6 h), and itraconazole (200 mg/12 h) orally until neutrophil recovery. Febrile patients received i.v. imipenem (500 mg/6 h) to which vancomycin and amikacin were added if fever persisted for 2-3 and 5 days, respectively. Amphotericin B lipid complex was further given on day 7 or 8 of fever. Median times for a neutrophil count of >0.5 x 10(9)/l and a platelet count of >20 x 10(9)/l were 9 and 11 days. Severe neutropenia (<0.1 x 10(9)/l) lasted for a median of 5 days in which 72% of febrile episodes and 50% of cases of bacteremia occurred. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 30 of 40 episodes of bacteremia, 25 of which were caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Clinical foci were the intravascular catheter in 35 cases, respiratory infection in 11, cellulitis in two, anal abscess in one, and neutropenic enterocolitis in one. The high incidence of febrile episodes (94%) and bacteremias (31%) may be due to the lack of efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis and the persistence of a 5-day period of severe neutropenia.  (+info)

Herpetic keratitis. Proctor Lecture. (6/11278)

Although much needs to be learned about the serious clinical problem of herpes infection of the cornea, we have come a long way. We now have effective topical antiviral drugs. We have animal models which, with a high degree of reliability, clearly predict the effect to be expected clinically in man, as well as the toxicity. We have systemically active drugs and the potential of getting highly active, potent, completely selective drugs, with the possibility that perhaps the source of viral reinfection can be eradicated. The biology of recurrent herpes and stromal disease is gradually being understood, and this understanding may result in new and better therapy of this devastating clinical disease.  (+info)

Comparative study of the anti-human cytomegalovirus activities and toxicities of a tetrahydrofuran phosphonate analogue of guanosine and cidofovir. (7/11278)

Cidofovir is the first nucleoside monophosphate analogue currently being used for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis in individuals with AIDS. Unfortunately, the period of therapy with the use of this compound may be limited due to the possible emergence of serious irreversible nephrotoxic effects. New drugs with improved toxicity profiles are needed. The goal of this study was to investigate the anticytomegaloviral properties and drug-induced toxicity of a novel phosphonate analogue, namely, (-)-2-(R)-dihydroxyphosphinoyl-5-(S)-(guanin-9'-yl-methyl) tetrahydrofuran (compound 1), in comparison with those of cidofovir. The inhibitory activities of both compounds on HCMV propagation in vitro were similar against the AD 169 and Towne strains, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.17 microgram/ml for cidofovir and < 0.05 to 0.09 microgram/ml for compound 1. A clinical HCMV isolate that was resistant to ganciclovir and that had a known mutation within the UL54 DNA polymerase gene and a cidofovir-resistant laboratory strain derived from strain AD 169 remained sensitive to compound 1, whereas their susceptibilities to ganciclovir and cidofovir were reduced by 33- and 10-fold, respectively. Both compound 1 and cidofovir exhibited equal potencies in an experimentally induced murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection in mice, with a prevention or prolongation of mean day to death at dosages of 1.0, 3.2, and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight/day. In cytotoxicity experiments, compound 1 was found to be generally more toxic than cidofovir in cell lines Hs68, HFF, and 3T3-L1 (which are permissive for HCMV or MCMV replication) but less toxic than cidofovir in MRC-5 cells (which are permissive for HCMV replication). Drug-induced toxic side effects were noticed for both compounds in rats and guinea pigs in a 5-day repeated-dose study. In guinea pigs, a greater weight loss was noticed with cidofovir than with compound 1 at dosages of 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/day. An opposite effect was detected in rats, which were treated with the compounds at relatively high dosages (up to 100 mg/kg/day). Compound 1 and cidofovir were nephrotoxic in both rats and guinea pigs, with the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules in the renal cortex being the primary target site. The incidence and the severity of the lesions were found to be dose dependent. The lesions observed were characterized by cytoplasm degeneration and nuclear modifications such as karyomegaly, the presence of pseudoinclusions, apoptosis, and degenerative changes. In the guinea pig model, a greater incidence and severity of lesions were observed for cidofovir than for compound 1 (P < 0.001) with a drug regimen of 10 mg/kg/day.  (+info)

Single-dose pharmacokinetics of a pleconaril (VP63843) oral solution in children and adolescents. Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network. (8/11278)

Pleconaril is an orally active, broad-spectrum antipicornaviral agent which demonstrates excellent penetration into the central nervous system, liver, and nasal epithelium. In view of the potential pediatric use of pleconaril, we conducted a single-dose, open-label study to characterize the pharmacokinetics of this antiviral agent in pediatric patients. Following an 8- to 10-h period of fasting, 18 children ranging in age from 2 to 12 years (7.5 +/- 3.1 years) received a single 5-mg/kg of body weight oral dose of pleconaril solution administered with a breakfast of age-appropriate composition. Repeated blood samples (n = 10) were obtained over 24 h postdose, and pleconaril was quantified from plasma by gas chromatography. Plasma drug concentration-time data for each subject were fitted to the curve by using a nonlinear, weighted (weight = 1/Ycalc) least-squares algorithm, and model-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the polyexponential parameter estimates. Pleconaril was well tolerated by all subjects. A one-compartment open-model with first-order absorption best described the plasma pleconaril concentration-time profile in 13 of the subjects over a 24-h postdose period. Pleconaril pharmacokinetic parameters (means +/- standard deviations) for these 13 patients were as follows. The maximum concentration of the drug in serum (Cmax) was 1,272.5 +/- 622.1 ng/ml. The time to Cmax was 4.1 +/- 1.5 h, and the lag time was 0.75 +/- 0.56 h. The apparent absorption rate constant was 0.75 +/- 0.48 1/h, and the elimination rate constant was 0.16 +/- 0.07 1/h. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h was 8,131.15 +/- 3,411.82 ng.h/ml. The apparent total plasma clearance was 0.81 +/- 0.86 liters/h/kg, and the apparent steady-state volume of distribution was 4.68 +/- 2.02 liters/kg. The mean elimination half-life of pleconaril was 5.7 h. The mean plasma pleconaril concentrations at both 12 h (250.4 +/- 148.2 ng/ml) and 24 h (137.9 +/- 92.2 ng/ml) after the single 5-mg/kg oral dose in children were higher than that from in vitro studies reported to inhibit > 90% of nonpolio enterovirus serotypes (i.e., 70 ng/ml). Thus, our data support the evaluation of a 5-mg/kg twice-daily oral dose of pleconaril for therapeutic trials in pediatric patients with enteroviral infections.  (+info)

VX-787 Showed Significant Antiviral Activity and Reduced the Severity and Duration of Influenza Symptoms in Phase 2 Challenge...VX-787 Showed Significant Antiviral Activity and Reduced the Severity and Duration of Influenza Symptoms in Phase 2 Challenge...
VX-787 Showed Significant Antiviral Activity and Reduced the Severity and Duration of Influenza Symptoms in Phase 2 Challenge Study - Treatment with highest dosing regimen of VX-787 reduced viral...
Evaluation of new antiviral agents: I. In vitro perspectives. - Semantic ScholarEvaluation of new antiviral agents: I. In vitro perspectives. - Semantic Scholar
A variety of different methods for the evaluation of antiviral agents in cell culture systems are briefly reviewed. It has been repeatedly noted that many test conditions such as the cell culture system, virus strain, virus challenge dose, virus input multiplicity of infection, and time of harvesting, etc., can substantially affect or even alter the test results, thus making comparative studies and unambiguous evaluations very difficult. Attempts are made to discuss previous test methods together with our recent studies with the aim to simplify test procedures and assay methods. Suggestions are proposed for in vitro evaluation of new antiviral agents. It is hoped that this review will alarm investigators to the problems of assaying new antiviral agents. If the suggestions made in this review can be followed, the screening of the enormous number of promising antiviral compounds may be made more efficiently in the near future.
CPG 10101 Shows Significant Antiviral Activity in Chronic Hepatitis C PatientsCPG 10101 Shows Significant Antiviral Activity in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients
Hepatitis C virus, which infects the liver and certain immune cells, leads to serious liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer more frequently than any other form of hepatitis. HCV is an RNA virus known to undergo a high rate of mutation that may help it both to avoid control by the immune system and to develop resistance to direct antiviral medications. According to the World Health Organization, HCV infects approximately 170 million people worldwide, including at least 2.7 million in the United States, and 10-20 percent of those chronically infected with HCV will ultimately develop liver cirrhosis, making HCV the leading cause of liver transplants in the United States. The Hepatitis Foundation International estimates that between 8,000 and 10,000 people die annually from HCV-related cirrhosis or liver cancer. Coley believes, there is an unmet need for therapies with better side effect profiles and equivalent or superior efficacy, especially in the difficult-to-treat population of ...
Fair prices for new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to make treatment for all affordable | GutFair prices for new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to make treatment for all affordable | Gut
Until 2011, the combination of pegylated interferon (pINF) and ribavirin (RBV) for 24 or 48 weeks was the approved treatment for chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Telaprevir and boceprevir, licensed in 2011 for use in patients infected with HCV genotype 1, were the first direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). With combinations including these agents, higher sustained viral response (SVR) rates were achieved compared with pINF+RBV, but also higher side effects. In 2013, sofosbuvir (SOF) was approved for use in HCV-infected patients with genotypes 2 and 3 in combination with RBV, and in those with genotypes 1 and 4, in combination with pINF and RBV with SVR rates ,90%.1 ,2 With approval of other oral DAAs such as simeprevir and daclatasvir, now highly efficacious interferon-free regimens are also prescribed, particularly in genotypes 1 and 4.3 ,4 Moreover, last week, the European Commission granted marketing authorisation for the SOF-ledipasvir combination (Harvoni), the first single-tablet ...
Highly Significant Antiviral Activity of HIV-1 LTR-Specific Tre-Recombinase in Humanized MiceHighly Significant Antiviral Activity of HIV-1 LTR-Specific Tre-Recombinase in Humanized Mice
Stable integration of HIV proviral DNA into host cell chromosomes, a hallmark and essential feature of the retroviral life cycle, establishes the infection permanently. Current antiretroviral combination drug therapy cannot cure HIV infection. However, expressing an engineered HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) site-specific recombinase (Tre), shown to excise integrated proviral DNA in vitro, may provide a novel and highly promising antiviral strategy. We report here the conditional expression of Tre-recombinase from an advanced lentiviral self-inactivation (SIN) vector in HIV-infected cells. We demonstrate faithful transgene expression, resulting in accurate provirus excision in the absence of cytopathic effects. Moreover, pronounced Tre-mediated antiviral effects are demonstrated in vivo, particularly in humanized Rag2−/−γc−/− mice engrafted with either Tre-transduced primary CD4+ T cells, or Tre-transduced CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC). Taken together, our data ...
HCV Research and News: Management of HCV patients with cirrhosis with direct acting antiviralsHCV Research and News: Management of HCV patients with cirrhosis with direct acting antivirals
Volume 34, Issue Supplement s1, pages 38-45, February 2014. Review Article. You have free access to this content. Vincenzo Boccaccio, Savino Bruno*. Article first published online: 23 DEC 2013. DOI: 10.1111/liv.12391. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Keywords: boceprevir; direct acting antivirals; faldaprevir; HCV-related cirrhosis; hepatitis C virus; simeprevir; sofosbuvir; sustained virological response; telaprevir. Abstract. In recent years, several studies have clearly shown that sustained virological response (SVR) achieved by interferon-based therapies may delay or reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, liver decompensation and all-causes of mortality in all categories of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, a condition characterized by a wide heterogeneity of clinical features, especially in patients with compensated disease. Unfortunately, the advanced fibrosis stage has been shown to be associated with poor SVR rates and poor tolerance with ...
VX-787 Showed Significant Antiviral Activity And Reduced The Severity And Duration Of Influenza Symptoms In Phase 2 Challenge...VX-787 Showed Significant Antiviral Activity And Reduced The Severity And Duration Of Influenza Symptoms In Phase 2 Challenge...
Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Nasdaq: VRTX) today announced that treatment with VX-787 in a Phase 2 influenza challenge study resulted in statistically significant improvements in viral and clinical measurements......VRTX
Potential for Drug-Drug Interactions between Antiretrovirals and HCV Direct Acting Antivirals in a Large Cohort of HIV/HCV...Potential for Drug-Drug Interactions between Antiretrovirals and HCV Direct Acting Antivirals in a Large Cohort of HIV/HCV...
Objectives Development of direct acting antivirals (DAA) offers new benefits for patients with chronic hepatitis C. The combination of these drugs with antiretroviral treatment (cART) is a real challenge in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. The aim of this study was to describe potential drug-drug interactions between DAAs and antiretroviral drugs in a cohort of HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Methods Cross-sectional study of all HIV/HCV coinfected patients attending at least one visit in 2012 in the multicenter French DatAIDS cohort. A simulation of drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral treatment and DAAs available in 2015 was performed. Results Of 16,634 HIV-infected patients, 2,511 had detectable anti-HCV antibodies, of whom 1,196 had a detectable HCV-RNA and were not receiving HCV treatment at the time of analysis. 97.1% of these patients were receiving cART and 81.2% had a plasma HIV RNA |50 copies/mL. cART included combinations of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with a boosted
Arrival of direct antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C sparks debate of who to treat first - Science Blog | (e) Science NewsArrival of direct antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C sparks debate of who to treat first - Science Blog | (e) Science News
For many patients with the hepatitis C virus (HCV), direct antiviral agents (DAA) offer a potential cure for the disease. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently approved two [...]
PLOS ONE: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral TherapeuticsPLOS ONE: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapeutics
Currently there are relatively few antiviral therapeutics, and most which do exist are highly pathogen-specific or have other disadvantages. We have developed a new broad-spectrum antiviral approach, dubbed Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Activated Caspase Oligomerizer (DRACO) that selectively induces apoptosis in cells containing viral dsRNA, rapidly killing infected cells without harming uninfected cells. We have created DRACOs and shown that they are nontoxic in 11 mammalian cell types and effective against 15 different viruses, including dengue flavivirus, Amapari and Tacaribe arenaviruses, Guama bunyavirus, and H1N1 influenza. We have also demonstrated that DRACOs can rescue mice challenged with H1N1 influenza. DRACOs have the potential to be effective therapeutics or prophylactics for numerous clinical and priority viruses, due to the broad-spectrum sensitivity of the dsRNA detection domain, the potent activity of the apoptosis induction domain, and the novel direct linkage between the two which
Incidence and risk factors of early HCC occurrence in HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals: a prospective...Incidence and risk factors of early HCC occurrence in HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals: a prospective...
An unexpected increased HCC recurrence and occurrence rate among HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals combination has been reported. Aim of the study was the evaluation of early HCC occurrence rate and its risk factors in a HCV infected population, treated with direct-acting-antivirals. According to the Italian ministerial guidelines for direct-acting-antivirals treatment, 1022 consecutive HCV patients treated with direct-acting-antivirals were enrolled. Patients either with active HCC at imaging or history of previous treated HCC, HBV or HIV co-infection, or liver transplant recipients were excluded. The SVR, defined as the persistent absence of detectable serum HCV-RNA 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12), was assessed for all enrolled patients. Abdominal ultrasound was performed before starting antiviral therapy, and repeated every 6 months. HCC was diagnosed according to the international guidelines. Patients showing either nodular patterns suggestive of HCC or with uncertain
Incidence and risk factors of early HCC occurrence in HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals: a prospective...Incidence and risk factors of early HCC occurrence in HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals: a prospective...
An unexpected increased HCC recurrence and occurrence rate among HCV patients treated with direct acting antivirals combination has been reported. Aim of the study was the evaluation of early HCC occurrence rate and its risk factors in a HCV infected population, treated with direct-acting-antivirals. According to the Italian ministerial guidelines for direct-acting-antivirals treatment, 1022 consecutive HCV patients treated with direct-acting-antivirals were enrolled. Patients either with active HCC at imaging or history of previous treated HCC, HBV or HIV co-infection, or liver transplant recipients were excluded. The SVR, defined as the persistent absence of detectable serum HCV-RNA 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12), was assessed for all enrolled patients. Abdominal ultrasound was performed before starting antiviral therapy, and repeated every 6 months. HCC was diagnosed according to the international guidelines. Patients showing either nodular patterns suggestive of HCC or with uncertain
Directly acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus.Directly acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus.
The approval of directly acting antivirals (DAA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection will represent a major breakthrough for the 180 million persons infected worldwide. Paradoxically, hepatitis C is the only human chronic v
Aseptic loosening (AL) because of osteolysis may be the primary reason | Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the IMP...Aseptic loosening (AL) because of osteolysis may be the primary reason | Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the IMP...
Aseptic loosening (AL) because of osteolysis may be the primary reason behind joint prosthesis failure. the next factors were noticed: Interleukins 6 and 1 (IL16 and ), Tumor Necrosis Element (TNF), nuclear element kappa-light-chain-enhancer of triggered B cells (NFB), Nuclear element of triggered T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATC1), Cathepsin K (CATK) and Tartrate-resistant acidity phosphatase (Capture). Titanium (Ti) and Polyethylene (PE) had been the most researched contaminants, displaying that Ti up-regulated osteoclastogenesis and swelling related genes, while PE up-regulated osteoclastogenesis related genes mainly. in ZrO2 than Ti[54]0.05, 0.5, 1 mg/mL Ti alloy contaminants (? 0.52 m)SFs from OA pzProtein amounts (IRE1-, CHOP, RANKL, OPG, sRANKL) Gene expression ((at the best concentration)[45]0.1 mg/mL Ti particles (? 3.6 m)Mice BMMOCs number Bone resorption assay Gene expression ( cell viability, ALP, COLL I, OCN, mineralization, CMKBR7 membrane damage viability OBs, BMMs: (at 7 days), (at ...
Real-life Security and Efficacy of DAA-based Therapy in HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govReal-life Security and Efficacy of DAA-based Therapy in HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Treatment strategies aimed to achieve sustained virologic response (SVR) are of highest priority in patients with chronic hepatitis C and HIV coinfection, since SVR leads to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of hepatic decompensations and mortality in this setting. Until recently, therapy against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was based on pegylated interferon (peg-IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV). This combination prompt SVR only in approximately 50% of the HCV genotype 1 (HCV-1)-infected patients. Furthermore, it is costly and associated with multiple and sometimes serious side effects. In the setting of HIV/HCV-1-coinfection, rates of SVR are even lower and do not exceed 25% in the clinical practice.. Considerable increases of SVR have been achieved recently with the arrival of direct acting antivirals (DAA) against HCV. Among the first of these new agents are the protease inhibitors telaprevir (TVR) and boceprevir (BOC), which are approved for HCV-1 infection. Data obtained from clinical trials have ...
Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment and Monitoring Algorithm: Interferon-Free Combination Therapy [Algorithm] - InsightsChronic Hepatitis C Treatment and Monitoring Algorithm: Interferon-Free Combination Therapy [Algorithm] - Insights
Brent Westra is a Marketing Segment Manager at Mayo Clinic Laboratories. He leads marketing strategies for product management and specialty testing along with new media innovations. Brent has worked at Mayo Clinic since 2011 ...
Direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C - CommentDirect-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C - Comment
The study by Carrat and colleagues has some limitations, none of which would be expected to materially affect the overall findings and most likely biased the findings away from clinical benefit with direct-acting antivirals. First, only a few patients underwent liver biopsy to confirm cirrhosis, and either a platelet cutoff less than 150 000 per μL or prothrombin time less than 70% was used to classify cirrhosis in approximately half the patients with cirrhosis (1326 [44%] of 3045). However, in a validation substudy using other non-invasive markers of fibrosis, this method correctly classified cirrhosis in all patients. Second, patients who received more than one course of direct-acting antivirals were considered to have continuous exposure to direct-acting antivirals from the first course through to the last course, even though the first course of direct-acting antivirals might not have been associated with sustained virological response and there could have been a lag time between courses of ...
Current Antiviral therapies News and EventsCurrent Antiviral therapies News and Events
... , Antiviral therapies news articles. The latest Antiviral therapies stories, articles, research, discoveries, current news and events from Brightsurf.
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of the HCV polymerase : Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - oiNon-nucleoside inhibitors of the HCV polymerase : Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - oi
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Current therapy using pegylated interferon-α with ribavirin is poorly tolerated and confers an overall sustained virological response around 56%. Compounds exhibiting an improved safety profile with similar or enhanced antiviral properties may represent future treatment options. Several drug discovery programmes are ongoing to directly target the viral enzymes involved in HCV replication. Recent clinical success using a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the viral serine protease has demonstrated proof-of-concept for the use of direct antiviral agents in reducing viral load. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of HCV is also required for viral RNA replication and thus represents an attractive drug discovery target. Preclinical characterization of several non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) of the HCV RdRp have been described, including a promising series of benzothiadiazine derivatives which have been shown to ...
IntechOpen Open Access Publisher - Open Science Open Minds | IntechOpenIntechOpen Open Access Publisher - Open Science Open Minds | IntechOpen
Hepatitis B and C in Kidney Transplantation. By Smaragdi Marinaki, Konstantinos Drouzas, Chrysanthi Skalioti and John N. Boletis. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection has declined among the dialysis population during the past decades. However, it still comprises a major health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Renal transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with end‐stage renal disease and hepatitis B or C, although it is associated to lower patient and allograft survival compared to seronegative kidney recipients. Novel therapeutic strategies with the use of new antiviral agents, especially direct‐acting antiviral agents in hepatitis C, have significantly changed the natural history of both hepatitis B and C not only in the general population but also in renal‐transplant recipients. We believe that future research should focus on the impact of new antiviral medications in this specific subset of patients.. Part of the book: Advances in Treatment ...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Hepatitis C Virus and Natural Compounds: A New Antiviral Approach?Viruses | Free Full-Text | Hepatitis C Virus and Natural Compounds: A New Antiviral Approach?
Hepatitis C is a major global health burden with an estimated 160 million infected individuals worldwide. This long-term disease evolves slowly, often leading to chronicity and potentially to liver failure. There is no anti-HCV vaccine, and, until recently, the only treatment available, based on pegylated interferon and ribavirin, was partially effective, and had considerable side effects. With recent advances in the understanding of the HCV life cycle, the development of promising direct acting antivirals (DAAs) has been achieved. Their use in combination with the current treatment has led to encouraging results for HCV genotype 1 patients. However, this therapy is quite expensive and will probably not be accessible for all patients worldwide. For this reason, constant efforts are being made to identify new antiviral molecules. Recent reports about natural compounds highlight their antiviral activity against HCV. Here, we aim to review the natural molecules that interfere with the HCV life cycle and
Herpes Remedies Archives - Page 527 of 629 - Herpes Cure And Treatment | Herpes AdviceHerpes Remedies Archives - Page 527 of 629 - Herpes Cure And Treatment | Herpes Advice
10. Valtrex works best when the levels in your body are constant. During childbirth it can be transmitted to the baby as it passes through the birth canal, which can cause eye problems (conjunctivitis) if left untreated. It stated that 48 of Black women in the USA have Herpes Type 2; yes, 48this means, half of the Black women in the United States of America. Hi, I have a really painful cold sore up my nose! If you recall, an ex-lover accused him of giving her herpes and sued him because of it. And then theres Derek Jeter whos basically PATIENT ZERO for celebrity herpes.. PS-yes, I understand you have a MASSIVELY powerful team behind you such as JAY-Z and all those guys so you feel safe & keep cascading around town knowing that everything wrong you do, will be covered up. The proanthocyanidins in witch hazel have been shown to exert significant antiviral activity against herpes simplex 1 in the test tube. Her name is marbles. Fluorescent Tricyclic Analogues of Acyclovir and Ganciclovir. I read ...
Buy Antiviral Medication For Anti-Viral Therapy: HIV, Herpes Viruses At Cheap Generic Online Pharmacy.Buy Antiviral Medication For Anti-Viral Therapy: HIV, Herpes Viruses At Cheap Generic Online Pharmacy.
Two groups of antiviral drugs are available for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza. Antiviral drugs used to treat or prevent influenza are critically important antimicrobials. Acyclovir 400mg capsules and oral solution are indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients 18 years of age and older with compensated liver disease previously untreated with alpha interferon and alpha interferon therapy. Another serious problem with the morden anti-viral medication is that giving antiviral drugs to poultry may leave many countries without low-cost options for treating important emerging viruses in humans. Misuse and overuse of antiviral therapy however increase the risk of resistance. ...
HCV New Drugs: HCV clearance by direct antiviral therapy and occurrence/recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A true-or...HCV New Drugs: HCV clearance by direct antiviral therapy and occurrence/recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: A "true-or...
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved VoseviTM (sofosbuvir 400 mg/velpatasvir 100 mg/voxilaprevir 100 mg) tablets, a single-tablet regimen for the re-treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adults with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 previously treated with an NS5A inhibitor-containing regimen, or with genotype 1a or 3 previously treated with a sofosbuvir-containing regimen without an NS5A inhibitor. The approval is based on data from the Phase 3 POLARIS-1 and POLARIS-4 studies, which evaluated 12 weeks of Vosevi in direct-acting antiviral-experienced chronic HCV-infected patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis ...
Stanford scientists working to develop broad-spectrum antiviral drug | Stanford News ReleaseStanford scientists working to develop broad-spectrum antiviral drug | Stanford News Release
When a virus infects a person, it hijacks the bodys natural processes in order to fuel its rampage.. A pair of Stanford scientists aims to turn this strength into a weakness and develop what could become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.. Most antiviral drugs are concocted to act against a specific viral protein. As such, they usually provide a "one drug/one bug" approach.. "Penicillin can kill many types of bacteria, but most antiviral drugs work only against one virus, and sometimes a single subtype of a virus," said Shirit Einav, an assistant professor of medicine and of microbiology and immunology at Stanford School of Medicine.. Additionally, targeting viral proteins is problematic; viruses can mutate quickly, and a single change in the viral sequence can render it fully resistant to the drug.. "With the exception of HIV, we still have very few antiviral drugs to offer patients with viral infections, and even those are often quite limited," Einav said. "No approved antiviral drugs or ...
antiviral agent - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related wordsantiviral agent - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related words
Definition of antiviral agent in the Fine Dictionary. Meaning of antiviral agent with illustrations and photos. Pronunciation of antiviral agent and its etymology. Related words - antiviral agent synonyms, antonyms, hypernyms and hyponyms. Example sentences containing antiviral agent
Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides: Dimensional analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-D...Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides: Dimensional analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-D...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides. T2 - Dimensional analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl) benzimidazole. AU - Chien, Tun Cheng. AU - Saluja, Sunita S.. AU - Drach, John C.. AU - Townsend, Leroy B.. PY - 2004/11/4. Y1 - 2004/11/4. N2 - A series of polyhalogenated imidazole nucleosides were designed and synthesized as ring-contracted analogues of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(β-D- ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) and its 2-bromo analogue (BDCRB) in an effort to explore the spatial limitation of the active pocket(s) in the target protein(s). 2,4,5-Trichloro-, 2-bromo-4,5-dichloro-, and 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole nucleosides were prepared by a condensation of the preformed heterocycles with the appropriate sugar precursors. The ribofuranosyl and xylofuranosyl analogues were prepared by a direct glycosylation using the Vorbruggens silylation method and provided exclusively the β-anomers. The arabinofuranosyl analogues were prepared by the ...
New Zika virus inhibitor identified | Business Standard NewsNew Zika virus inhibitor identified | Business Standard News
Read more about New Zika virus inhibitor identified on Business Standard. A new research has brought a drug to treat Zika infections closer to reality.The team led by Alexey Terskikh and Alex Strongin from Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP) discovered a compound that prevents the virus from
Multiple roles for HIV broadly neutralizing antibodiesMultiple roles for HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies
Novel broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting HIV-1 hold promise for their use in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection. Pre-clinical results have encouraged the evaluation of these antibodies in healthy and HIV-1-infected humans. In first clinical trials, highly potent broadly neutralizing antibodies have demonstrated their safety and significant antiviral activity by reducing viremia and delaying the time to viral rebound in individuals interrupting antiretroviral therapy. While emerging antibody-resistant viral variants have indicated limitations of antibody monotherapy, strategies to enhance the efficacy of broadly neutralizing antibodies in humans are under investigation. These include the use of antibody combinations to prevent viral escape, antibody modifications to increase the half-life and the co-administration of latency-reversing agents to target the cellular reservoir of HIV-1. We provide an overview of the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies of broadly HIV-1 ...
BMS Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Chronic Hepatitis C TreatmentBMS Receives FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation for Chronic Hepatitis C Treatment
Technology Networks is an internationally recognised publisher that provides access to the latest scientific news, products, research, videos and posters.
Petrelis Files: March 2005Petrelis Files: March 2005
This invention provides a method for determining susceptibility for an anti-viral drug comprising: (a) introducing a resistance test vector comprising a patient-derived segment and an indicator gene into a host cell; (b) culturing the host cell from (a); (c) measuring expression of the indicator gene in a target host cell; and (d) comparing the expression of the indicator gene from (c) with the expression of the indicator gene measured when steps (a)-(c) are carried out in the absence of the anti-viral drug, wherein a test concentration of the anti-viral drug is present at steps (a)-(c); at steps (b)-(c); or at step (c). This invention also provides a method for determining anti-viral drug resistance in a patient comprising: (a) determining anti-viral drug susceptibility in the patient at a first time using the susceptibility test described above, wherein the patient-derived segment is obtained from the patient at about said time; (b) determining anti-viral drug susceptibility of the same ...
Interferon-Free Regimens Produce High HCV Sustained ResponseInterferon-Free Regimens Produce High HCV Sustained Response
A trial of an interferon-free regimen of 3 direct-acting antiviral drugs for treatment of hepatitis C virus produced high sustained virologic responses in treatment-naive patients and null responders.
Beyond the blood: viral load studies reassure on antiviral effects throughour the body. | SAFAIDSBeyond the blood: viral load studies reassure on antiviral effects throughour the body. | SAFAIDS
Country Office - South Africa: 479 Sappers Contour, Lynnwood, Pretoria,0081, South Africa. , Tel: +27 12 361-0889 , Fax: +27 12 361-0899 , Contact Us or [email protected] ...
Mucins of Pig Stomach Are Valued as Anti-Viral Agents for Consumer GoodsMucins of Pig Stomach Are Valued as Anti-Viral Agents for Consumer Goods
The mucus lining the stomachs of pigs may well be a much awaited, copious source of mucins being regarded for use as wide-ranging anti-viral agents for various purpose report scientists.
HCV Research and News: Triple combination therapy for hepatitis C with telaprevir exhibits greater early antiviral activity...HCV Research and News: Triple combination therapy for hepatitis C with telaprevir exhibits greater early antiviral activity...
Background: Achievement of early viral suppression is important in patients with chronic HCV infection treated with telaprevir (TLV) or boceprevir (BOC) to avoid selection of drug resistance and attain cure. No head-to-head studies comparing TLV and BOC have been performed so far.. Methods: All consecutive individuals who initiated triple HCV therapy with TLV or BOC outside clinical trials at three European clinics were evaluated. Rapid virological response (RVR) was defined as unquantifiable HCV RNA (,25 IU/ml) at week 4 for TLV and at week 8 for BOC (4 weeks after lead-in).. Results: A total of 106 patients were evaluated, 33 treated with BOC and 73 with TLV. Median age, gender, body mass index, baseline HCV RNA, HCV subtype 1a (45% versus 42%) and IL28B-CC alleles (29% versus 23%) did not differ significantly in BOC and TLV groups, respectively. HIV coinfection was more prevalent in patients on TLV than BOC (24% versus 44%). Conversely, more patients on BOC than TLV had previously failed ...
High priced anti-viral drugs do NOTHING to prevent hepatitis C, study findsHigh priced anti-viral drugs do NOTHING to prevent hepatitis C, study finds
... Friday, June 16, 2017 by: Tracey Watson Tags: DAAs, direct-acting antiviral, hepat
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Systematic Approaches towards the Development of Host-Directed Antiviral TherapeuticsIJMS | Free Full-Text | Systematic Approaches towards the Development of Host-Directed Antiviral Therapeutics
Since the onset of antiviral therapy, viral resistance has compromised the clinical value of small-molecule drugs targeting pathogen components. As intracellular parasites, viruses complete their life cycle by hijacking a multitude of host-factors. Aiming at the latter rather than the pathogen directly, host-directed antiviral therapy has emerged as a concept to counteract evolution of viral resistance and develop broad-spectrum drug classes. This approach is propelled by bioinformatics analysis of genome-wide screens that greatly enhance insights into the complex network of host-pathogen interactions and generate a shortlist of potential gene targets from a multitude of candidates, thus setting the stage for a new era of rational identification of drug targets for host-directed antiviral therapies. With particular emphasis on human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, two major human pathogens, we review screens employed to elucidate host-pathogen interactions and discuss the state of database
HCC Risk After HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral TreatmentHCC Risk After HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment
The occurrence or recurrence risk for hepatocellular carcinoma is unclear after direct-acting antiviral agents and interferon based therapy.
Direct antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma: facing the conundrumDirect antiviral therapy for hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma: facing the conundrum
The journal focuses on all topics related to hepatoma.Articles in the following areas are especially welcome: Pathogenesis, clinical examination and diagnosis of hepatoma; Complications of hepatoma, and their preventions and treatments etc.
Year in Review: A cure for hepatitis C | PHARMACYear in Review: A cure for hepatitis C | PHARMAC
My names Hazel Heal, Im 55 years old. I knew Id had Hep C for many years. I was pregnant and I was very worried about my unborn daughter and we didnt know what it meant and at that time it was considered a bit of a death sentence. It was certainly suggested to me in the hospital when I had my daughter that we wouldnt last long. I hoped that the cures would show up in time and I lived my life. I tried the old treatments and they make you very sick but they didnt cure me. I got the bad news that I was out of time late 2015 and just as I was about to sit my first year law exams. I learned at that time that there were wonderful new drugs, the direct acting antivirals, were available but they werent available in New Zealand at that time and I had to seek them off shore. Ive got to say for myself being cured with direct acting antivirals it was just a complete before and after, my life before, my life after is completely different. What people dont realise is that the price that was being ...
PublicationsPublications
Zheltkova V, Argilaguet J, Peligero C, Bocharov G, Meyerhans A. Prediction of PD-L1 inhibition effects for HIV-infected individuals. PLOS Computational Biology (2019).. Prochnow H, Rox K, Birudukota NVS, Weichert L, Hotop SK, Klahn P, Mohr K, Franz S, Banda DH, Blockus S, Schreiber J, Haid S, Oeyen M, Martinez JP, Süssmuth RD, Wink J, Meyerhans A, Goffinet C, Messerle M, Schulz TF, Kröger A, Schols D, Pietschmann T, Brönstrup M. Labyrinthopeptins exert broad-spectrum antiviral activity through lipid-binding-mediated virolysis. J Virol. (2019). Grebennikov D, Bouchnita A, Volpert V, Bessonov N, Meyerhans A, Bocharov G. Spatial Lymphocite Dynamics in Lymph Nodes Predicts the Cytotoxic T Cell Frequency Needed for HIV Infection Control. Front Immunol. Jun 11;10:1213 (2019).. Gonzalez-Cao M, Martinez-Picado J, Karachaliou N, Rosell R, Meyerhans A. Cancer immunotherapy of patients with HIV infection. Clin Transl Oncol. Jun;21(6):713-720 (2019).. Argilaguet J, Pedragosa M, Esteve-Codina A, Riera G, ...
US7323447B2 - Hepatitis C virus inhibitors - Google PatentsUS7323447B2 - Hepatitis C virus inhibitors - Google Patents
The present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to compounds which inhibit the function of the NS3 protease (also referred to herein as
Host Genes Aiming at Anti-Viral Drugs and Vaccines IdentifiedHost Genes Aiming at Anti-Viral Drugs and Vaccines Identified
Influenza virus can rapidly metamorphose, complicating the effectiveness of vaccines and anti-viral drugs employed in treating it.
Revised Guidance on HCV Drug Development Tweaks Trial Standards | 2016-05-12 | FDANewsRevised Guidance on HCV Drug Development Tweaks Trial Standards | 2016-05-12 | FDANews
Companies developing direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C drugs should factor in interferon treatment when designing clinical trials, the FDA said. Revised draft guidance from the agency on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) development introduced new recommendations for how to design clinical trials around interferon-free drug regimens as well as the impact of combination regimens on patients suffering from a combination of . . .
MK3, a One-Pill Triple Direct-Acting Antiviral, Effective for Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, and 3 - TheBodyPRO.comMK3, a One-Pill Triple Direct-Acting Antiviral, Effective for Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, and 3 - TheBodyPRO.com
MK3, a fixed-dose combination of three direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) with different mechanisms of action, provided cure rates exceeding 95% in patients ...
infohep - Who can receive new treatment for hepatitis C?infohep - Who can receive new treatment for hepatitis C?
European guidelines issued by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (ELPA) in 2016 recommend that anyone with liver damage or fibrosis stage 2 (moderate liver damage) or above should receive treatment without delay. In most European countries people with cirrhosis and genotypes 1, 3 or 4 are being given priority for treatment with newer interferon-free drug combinations, in order to prevent liver damage progressing further. At this time, in most countries people without moderate-to-severe liver damage and without evidence of fast progression of liver disease are less likely to receive treatment. Treatment recommendations differ according to genotype. Some combinations of direct-acting antivirals are active against all, or several, HCV genotypes. These are called pan- genotypic drugs. Other direct-acting antivirals are only active against genotype 1.. The table below outlines European recommendations for the treatment of each genotype issued in September 2016. Access to these drugs ...
WO 2008/124300 A1 - Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors - The Lens - Free & Open Patent and Scholarly SearchWO 2008/124300 A1 - Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors - The Lens - Free & Open Patent and Scholarly Search
The Lens serves almost all the patents and scholarly work in the world as a free, open and secure digital public good, with user privacy a paramount focus.
Analysis of driver and passenger CD8+ T-cell responses against variable viruses. - Experimental Medicine DivisionAnalysis of 'driver' and 'passenger' CD8+ T-cell responses against variable viruses. - Experimental Medicine Division
Variable viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), persist despite host immune responses directed against them. Numerous lines of evidence have suggested that antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses are key among these immune responses, but these vary widely in their ability to contain virus. We propose that only a proportion of responses may exert significant antiviral pressure (driver responses), leading to control over viral replication (protection) and/or, ultimately, selection of escape mutants. Another set of responses may exert only weak pressure on the virus (passenger responses): these neither protect nor select. To examine this we have analysed (using established databases of HIV and HCV sequences and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and published experimental datasets) two important features--predicted binding of the epitope to major histocompatibility complex molecule and observed variability of the epitope--that might distinguish such responses. We
Efficient and Selective Palladium-Catalysed C-3 Urea Couplings to 3,5-Dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinonesEfficient and Selective Palladium-Catalysed C-3 Urea Couplings to 3,5-Dichloro-2(1H)-pyrazinones
Since the first approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitors in 2011, numerous direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have reached late stages of clinical trials. Today, several combination therapies, based on different DAAs, with or without the need of pegylated interferon-α injection, are available for chronic HCV infections. The chemical foundation of the approved and late-stage HCV NS3 protease inhibitors is markedly similar. This could partly explain the cross-resistance that have emerged under the pressure of NS3 protease inhibitors. The first-generation NS3 protease inhibitors were developed to efficiently inhibit genotype 1 of the virus and were less potent against other genotypes.. The main focus in this thesis was to design and synthesize a new class of 2(1H)-pyrazinone based HCV NS3 protease inhibitors, structurally dissimilar to the inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials or approved, potentially with a unique resistance profile and with a broad genotypic coverage. Successive ...
Assessment of the in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activity of some selected antitumor organotin complexes.Assessment of the in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activity of some selected antitumor organotin complexes.
Applied Organomerallir Chrmisr? (1989) 3 431-436 9 Longman Group UK Ltd 1989 Assessment of the in vitro broad-spectrum antiviral activity of some selected antitumor organotin complexes Sarah G Ward,* R Craig Taylor,*? Alan J Crowe,$ Jan Balzarinis and Erik De Clercq* * Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, 48309-4401 USA, $ International Tin Research Institute, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PJ, UK, and 9 Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium Received 8 March I989 Accepted 15 June I989 Eleven antitumor-active octahedral organotin complexes of the type R2SnX2L2, where R = methyl, ethyl or phenyl, X = chloride or bromide, and L2 = o-phenantholine (phen), 2-)2-pyridyl)benzimidazole (PBI) or two dimethylsulfoxides (2DMSO), were examined for their broad-spectrum in vitro antiviral activity against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. The DNA viruses included in this study were herpes simplex virus type 1and type 2, ...
Interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C<...Interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C. AU - Gutierrez, Julio A.. AU - Lawitz, E. J.. AU - Poordad, F.. PY - 2015/11. Y1 - 2015/11. N2 - The treatment environment for chronic hepatitis C has undergone a revolution, particularly in genotype 1. Gone are interferon-based therapy and its associated tolerability challenges, inadequate response rates and numerous baseline factors that affect response to therapy. New and emerging treatment regimens employ all-oral combinations of direct-acting antiviral agents, and results of clinical trials suggest that these regimens routinely achieve cure rates ,90%, even in patients who failed prior interferon-based triple therapy. In 2015, three all-oral FDA-approved regiments will be available for genotype 1 (sofosbuvir /ledipasvir, sofosbuvir/simeprevir, and paritaprevir/r/ombitasvir/dasabuvir). Furthermore, new treatment combinations appear to be more tolerable and require shorter duration of therapy. We provide ...
Aminoadamantanes versus other antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis C | CochraneAminoadamantanes versus other antiviral drugs for chronic hepatitis C | Cochrane
Background Hepatitis C virus is mainly transmitted by contact to infected blood. Chronic hepatitis C infection affects around 3% of the world population and progresses slowly. Most patients present without symptoms, or with symptoms like fatigue or liver-related morbidity. Frequently, the disease is discovered by coincidence because of abnormal laboratory results. Around 5% to 40% of all infected patients will develop severe liver damage which can cause severe liver-related morbidities and eventually death. Current treatment consists of pegylated interferon-alpha plus ribavirin and in some subgroups of patients these agents are combined with telaprevir or boceprevir, or other direct acting antivirals. In about 70% of patients with chronic hepatitis C, it is possible to eradicate the virus from the blood, but the clinical effects are not known. Aminoadamantanes (another group of antiviral drugs), mostly amantadine, have been tested in several clinical trials. The authors have previously ...
Gilead Announces Harvoni Study Results in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients with Advanced Liver Disease and Those Who Failed...Gilead Announces Harvoni Study Results in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients with Advanced Liver Disease and Those Who Failed...
Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: GILD) today announced results from several Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies evaluating investigational uses of Harvoni(R) (ledipasvir 90 mg/sofosbuvir 400 mg) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with limited or no treatment options, including patients with decompensated cirrhosis, patients with HCV recurrence following a liver transplant and patients who failed previous treatment with other direct acting antivirals. These data will be presented this week at the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (The Liver Meeting 2014) in Boston. "Chronic hepatitis C patients with advanced liver disease are among the most difficult to cure and traditionally have had limited or no treatment options," said Norbert Bischofberger, PhD, Executive Vice President of Research and Development and Chief Scientific Officer, Gilead Sciences. "The data presented this week demonstrate that Harvoni provides high cure ...
Direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease - Robert G. Gish...Direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with chronic kidney disease - Robert G. Gish...
All-oral, direct-acting antivirals have significantly improved the efficacy and safety of chronic hepatitis C treatment but their effectiveness and safety among patients with chronic kidney disease remains poorly understood.. Open Article!. ...
Direct Acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C-Infected Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations with Long-term Graft Failure and...Direct Acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C-Infected Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations with Long-term Graft Failure and...
Direct Acting Antivirals in Hepatitis C-Infected Kidney Transplant Recipients: Associations with Long-term Graft Failure and Patient Mortality
Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) | Prescription Flu TreatmentTamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) | Prescription Flu Treatment
Tamiflu® (oseltamivir phosphate) is an antiviral medicine for treatment of flu in people 2 weeks of age and older and for prevention of flu in people 1 year of age and older. See full safety for more information.
PPARG | Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the IMP Dehydrogenase InhibitorPPARG | Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity of the IMP Dehydrogenase Inhibitor
Open in another window calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (mouse style of malaria. PPARG from the parasite lifestyle cycle. calcium-dependent proteins kinase 1 (parasite in vitro demonstrated solid inhibition of parasite development in several cases. However, regardless of the appealing potency of the early substances, they JAK Inhibitor I IC50 typically demonstrated high log?beliefs and low balance in microsomes. Furthermore, they exhibited poor selectivity for development inhibitiona (%)parasite.15 It had been rapidly discovered that the pyridyl group on the R1 position from the molecule was less important in adding to the binding affinity compared to the core and R2 groups, which means this R1 could possibly be changed with a far more basic amine group with the purpose of reducing the log?and improving the ADME and physical properties from the substances. Exploration of a variety of different simple amine side stores at R1 uncovered that parasite (Desk 2, illustrations 6C8). C-linked phenyl ...
HCV New Drugs: Safety and Efficacy of Direct-Acting Antivirals for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in a Real-world...HCV New Drugs: Safety and Efficacy of Direct-Acting Antivirals for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in a Real-world...
The availability of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA) regimens has expanded the pool of patients eligible for treatment. However, data on the virologic response and tolerability of DAAs in elderly patients are lacking. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of DAAs in patients with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in real-life practice with the focus on those aged ≥65 years. Between January and December 2015, all consecutive patients with HCV-related advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis treated with DAA at eleven tertiary referral centres in Emilia Romagna (Italy) were enrolled. Regimen choice was based on viral genotype and stage of disease, according to guidelines. The primary end point was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Overall, 282 of 556 (50.7%) patients evaluated were elderly, most of them with cirrhosis. Antiviral therapy was stopped prematurely in four (1.4%) patients. Two patients, both with cirrhosis, died during treatment due to worsening of liver/renal ...
SHETHINKS.ORG » Blog Archive » Introduction. Part 2SHETHINKS.ORG » Blog Archive » Introduction. Part 2
Until recently, the treatment standard for chronic hepatitis C infection has been alpha intereron monotherapy. Approximately 40% of interferon-treated patients show biochemical and virological response at the end of therapy; however, more than one-half of these responders relapse after treatment cessation. Attempts to improve these response rates have included modifying the dose or regimen of interferon and combining interferon with other antiviral agents (e.g. ribavirin). Results obtained with pegylated alpha interferon, which has a longer duration of activity than standard interferon, are also encouraging.. Despite our improved understanding of the disease, a number of controversies surrounding the treatment of chronic hepatitis C still exist. The role of this symposium is to address some of these controversies and unanswered questions. Today you will hear a discussion of the use of surrogate markers in treatment and management of hepatitis C, about difficult-to-treat patient populations and ...
Direct-acting Antivirals in Kidney Transplant Patients: Successful Hepatitis C Treatment and Short Term Reduction in Urinary...Direct-acting Antivirals in Kidney Transplant Patients: Successful Hepatitis C Treatment and Short Term Reduction in Urinary...
Direct-acting Antivirals in Kidney Transplant Patients: Successful Hepatitis C Treatment and Short Term Reduction in Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratios
Antiviral Research - Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents | ViroBlogyAntiviral Research - Orthopoxvirus targets for the development of new antiviral agents | ViroBlogy
Via Scoop.it - Virology NewsInvestments in the development of new drugs for orthopoxvirus infections have fostered new avenues of research, provided an improved understanding of orthopoxvirus biology and yielded new therapies that are currently progressing through clinical trials. These broad-based efforts have also resulted in the identification of new inhibitors of orthopoxvirus replication that target…
Histological improvement in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with bicyclol: real world experience | BMC Gastroenterology |...Histological improvement in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with bicyclol: real world experience | BMC Gastroenterology |...
Bicyclol, the most commonly-used liver hepatoprotective drug in China, is often selected to control disease progression in CHB patients who refuse anti-viral treatment. However, data on histological changes after bicyclol treatment in these patients are scarce. Therefore, this study has been conducted to find out whether bicyclol has good benefits of histological improvement in CHB patients who refuse anti-viral agents. The demographic, clinical and pathological data were collected from CHB patients who received bicyclol from January 2010 to June 2016. Improvement in liver inflammation or fibrosis is defined as at least one-grade or one-stage decrease as measured by the Scheuer scoring system. Thirty patients treated with ETV for 48 weeks were chosen as a control group to compare the histological improvement between bicyclol and entecavir (ETV) after 48-week treatment. A total of 123 patients with CHB treated with bicyclol were included in this study. Paired liver biopsies were performed in 70 patients.
FDA Alert: Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) Capsules and for Oral SuspensionFDA Alert: Tamiflu (oseltamivir phosphate) Capsules and for Oral Suspension
Audience: Pediatricians, Primary Care Providers, and other Healthcare professionals. Roche Laboratories and FDA notified healthcare professionals of new preclinical safety data that have implications for the use of Tamiflu in very young children. Preclinical findings in juvenile rats have raised concerns regarding the use of Tamiflu in infants less than 1 year of age. A single dose of 1000 mg/kg oseltamivir phosphate (about 250 times the recommended dose in children) in 7-day-old rats resulted in deaths associated with levels of oseltamivir phosphate in the brain approximately 1500 times those seen in adult animals. It is likely that these high exposures are related to an immature blood-brain barrier. The clinical significance of these preclinical data to human infants is uncertain. Given the uncertainty in predicting the exposures in infants with immature blood-brain barriers, it is recommended that Tamiflu not be administered to children younger than 1 year ...
New anti-viral drug shows promise for dramatic improvement in hepatitis C... ( INDIANAPOLIS Adding a direct acting...)New anti-viral drug shows promise for dramatic improvement in hepatitis C... ( INDIANAPOLIS Adding a direct acting...)
Health, ...INDIANAPOLIS Adding a direct acting anti-viral drug to the standard t...The research team led by Paul Kwo M.D. of Indiana University School...An estimated 3.2 million Americans and 170 million people worldwide ar...Currently fewer than half of patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C are ...,New,anti-viral,drug,shows,promise,for,dramatic,improvement,in,hepatitis,C,treatment,medicine,medical news today,latest medical news,medical newsletters,current medical news,latest medicine news
Patterns of Early Hepatitis C Virus Decline Predict the Outcome of Interferon Therapy (sIFN-pred2) - Full Text View -...Patterns of Early Hepatitis C Virus Decline Predict the Outcome of Interferon Therapy (sIFN-pred2) - Full Text View -...
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rate in China is about 3%, which means about 30 million patients. Combination therapy of ribavirin and interferons (IFN) is the standard clinical treatment of HCV chronical infections. However, overall rate of sustained virological response (SVR) still do not exceed 60% even with ribavirin and peg-IFN. Due to several virus- and patient-related factors, treatment is even less successful in certain populations, especially in HCV genotype 1 infection. Thus the standard therapy duration is optimized according to the virus genotype in the clinical practice. Nowadays, two direct antiviral agents (DAAs) have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA this year, which increases the SVR rate. However, high price, side effects and long duration render people to hesitate about the addition of the third drug in the traditional prescription.. Predicting the outcome of traditional therapy is the cornerstone of the personalized therapy for HCV infected ...
Paritaprevir - DrugBankParitaprevir - DrugBank
Paritaprevir is a direct acting antiviral medication used as part of combination therapy to treat chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that is categorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1 being the most common in the United States, and affecting 72% of all chronic HCV patients [L852]. Treatment options for chronic Hepatitis C have advanced significantly since 2011, with the development of Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) such as paritaprevir. As a newer generation and directly acting HCV antiviral, paritaprevir products have better Sustained Virological Response (SVR) rates, higher barriers to resistance, fewer side effects, and a reduced pill burden compared to older agents such as [DB08873], [DB05521], [DB00008], [DB00022], and [DB00811]. By combining multiple antiretroviral medications into fixed dose products, the viral lifecycle can be targeted at multiple stages while simultaneously
Aciclovir genfar 800mg / Clomid e gonasi 5000Aciclovir genfar 800mg / Clomid e gonasi 5000
achat en ligne aciclovir crème prix, achat en ligne aciclovir pommade prix, achat Aciclovir en ligne france, virex aciclovir 400 mg aciclovir comprimé ordonnance.. PrinciPles of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics The most abundant plasma protein is albumin discount aciclovir 800 mg visa hiv infection rates by country,.Stabilis Aciclovir sodium Noms commerciaux Aciclobene Autriche Acyrax Finlande Cycloviran Italie Geavir Danemark, Suède Herpesin Pologne, Tchéquie.aciclovir comprimé aciclovir iv aciclovir aciclovir posologie aciclovir pommade aciclovir crème sans ordonnance aciclovir 200 mg aciclovir crème 200, posologie.vade-mecum de laciclovir 800 mg pas cher sans ordonnance, achat Aciclovir 100mg pfizer, aciclovir pas cher avion rafale, taux remboursement aciclovir, aciclovir 400.aciclovir comprimés sans ordonnance, aciclovir 400 mg vademecum, Aciclovir pas cher france canada en bateau, achat aciclovir posologie aciclovir mylan génériques.. acheter aciclovir en ligne upmc ...
Dasabuvir - DrugBankDasabuvir - DrugBank
Dasabuvir is a direct acting antiviral medication used as part of combination therapy to treat chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that is categorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1 being the most common in the United States, and affecting 72% of all chronic HCV patients [L852]. Treatment options for chronic Hepatitis C have advanced significantly since 2011, with the development of Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) such as Dasabuvir. Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitor which binds to the palm domain of NS5B and induces a conformational change which renders the polymerase unable to elongate viral RNA [FDA Label]. The binding sites for non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors are poorly conserved across HCV genotypes leading to the restriction of Dasabuvirs use to genotype 1 only. In a joint recommendation published in 2016, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and
Studies on Antiviral Glycosides. 4. Inhibition of the Multiplication of Paramyxoviruses by Phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-β-d...Studies on Antiviral Glycosides. 4. Inhibition of the Multiplication of Paramyxoviruses by Phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-β-d...
Summary The antiviral activity of phenyl-6-chloro-6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (PCG) was studied. PCG specifically inhibited the growth of paramyxoviruses including Sendai, measles and Newcastle disease viruses in LLCMK2 cells at a concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, but did not restrict the multiplication of other RNA viruses (influenza, vesicular stomatitis and polio viruses) at these concentrations. PCG might act in the late stage during virus replication of Sendai virus as it did not inhibit virus RNA and protein synthesis in the infected cells. Comparative studies on the biological properties of virus particles grown in the presence and absence of PCG demonstrated that treatment with it caused the formation of non-haemagglutinating particles.
New Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents and Immunomodulators for Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Gastroenterology & HepatologyNew Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents and Immunomodulators for Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Gastroenterology & Hepatology
available TLR-7 agonist that was selected because its antiviral response dominated its proinflammatory response.33 In preclinical studies of woodchucks and chimpanzees, this agent reduced surface antigen and viral DNA, and some animals lost surface antigen and seroconverted to surface antibody.34 This agent also decreased HBeAg and induced IFN-α and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as well as natural killer cells. However, the agent did not decrease HBsAg in humans in short-term studies, although it did induce ISG-15 production.35 When studied in the clinic in a group of 26 HBeAg-negative CHB patients who were suppressed on TDF for at least 3 years, the addition of 12 weeks of GS-9620 at 1, 2, or 4 mg orally each week did not alter HBsAg levels in serum.36 There were improvements in natural killer cell and specific T-cell responses observed with GS-9620 (eg, IFN-γ and interleukin-2 production).37. Host Cellular Targets. Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetics are targeted agents ...
Merck : Announces Findings for Investigational Triple-Combination Chronic Hepatitis C Therapy Showing High Rates of Sustained...Merck : Announces Findings for Investigational Triple-Combination Chronic Hepatitis C Therapy Showing High Rates of Sustained...
Merck & Co Inc: Merck Announces Findings for Investigational Triple-Combination Chronic Hepatitis C Therapy Showing High Rates of Sustained Virologic Response in People with Genotypes 1, 2 or 3 Infection (Businesswire ...
Most recent papers with the keyword direct acting antiviral | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword direct acting antiviral | Read by QxMD
The first NS3/4A hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir were approved in 2011,and both NS5A and NS5B polymerase inhibitors were launched. Recently, direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have had a major impact on patients infected with Hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV DAAs are highly effective antivirals with fewer side effects. DAAs have been developed for treatment of HCV infection in combination with PEG-IFNα/RBV as well as in IFN-free regimens. However, some drug resistance mutations occur when a single oral DAA is used for treatment, which indicates that there is a low-frequency drug resistance mutation in HCV patients before the application of antiviral drugsOur research showed that natural resistance to HCV DAAs was found in treatment-naïve CHC patients and that the drug resistance mutation rates differ in various HCV genotypes ...
Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With HCV-Associated Cirrhosis Treated With Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents. |...Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With HCV-Associated Cirrhosis Treated With Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents. |...
A sustained virologic response (SVR) was achieved by 2,140 patients (total = 95.2%; 95.9% with Child Pugh class A and 88.3% with Child Pugh class B; P , .001). Seventy-eight patients (3.5%) developed HCC during a mean follow-up of 14 months (range = 6-24 months). At 1 year after exposure to DAAs, HCC developed in 2.1% of patients with Child-Pugh class A with an SVR and 6.6% of patients with no SVR and in 7.8% of patients with Child-Pugh class B with an SVR and 12.4% of patients with no SVR (P , .001 by log-rank test). Albumin level below 3.5 g/dL (hazard ratio = 1.77, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-2.82, P = .015), platelet count below 120 × 109/L (hazard ratio = 3.89, 95% confidence interval = 2.11-7.15, P , .001), and absence of an SVR (hazard ratio = 3.40, 95% confidence interval = 1.89-6.12, P , .001) were independently associated increased risk for HCC. The mean interval from exposure to DAAs to an HCC diagnosis was 9.8 months (range = 2-22 months) and did not differ significantly between ...
Chronic hepatitis C: future treatment | CPAAChronic hepatitis C: future treatment | CPAA
Chronic hepatitis C: future treatment Astrid Wendt, Xavier Adhoute, Paul Castellani, Valerie Oules, Christelle Ansaldi, Souad Benali, Marc BourlièreDepartment of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Joseph, Marseille, FranceAbstract: The launch of first-generation protease inhibitors (PIs) is a major step forward in HCV treatment. However, the major advance is up to now restricted to genotype 1 (GT-1) patients. The development of second-wave and second-generation PIs yields higher antiviral potency through plurigenotypic activity, more convenient daily administration, fewer side effects and, for the second-generation PIs, potential activity against resistance-associated variants. NS5B inhibitors include nucleoside/nucleotide inhibitors (NIs) and non-nucleotide inhibitors (NNIs). NIs have high efficacy across all genotypes. Sofosbuvir has highly potent antiviral activity across all genotypes in association with pegylated interferon and ribavirin (PR), thus allowing shortened treatment duration. NS5A
EMA to review safety of direct-acting antivirals after reports of hepatitis B reactivation | News in brief | Pharmaceutical...EMA to review safety of direct-acting antivirals after reports of hepatitis B reactivation | News in brief | Pharmaceutical...
The European Medicines Agency is to review the safety of direct-acting antivirals used to treat patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.
ANA773 Demonstrates Significant Antiviral Response in Early Clinical Trial in Hepatitis ... ( ...)ANA773 Demonstrates Significant Antiviral Response in Early Clinical Trial in Hepatitis ... ( ...)
... ... ... ... ...,ANA773,Demonstrates,Significant,Antiviral,Response,in,Early,Clinical,Trial,in,Hepatitis,C,Patients,medicine,advanced medical technology,medical laboratory technology,medical device technology,latest medical technology,Health
Anti-viral drugs for H1N1 Influenza arrives in Ghana today | Otec FM OnlineAnti-viral drugs for H1N1 Influenza arrives in Ghana today | Otec FM Online
Anti-viral drugs for the treatment of H1N1 Influenza which has killed four students of the Kumasi Academy Senior High School(KUMACA) are expected in the country today.. The World Health Organization(WHO) is supplying the anti-viral agents (Tamiflu) following a request from government as it struggles to deal with the situation at KUMACA.. Some students and staff of the Kumasi Academy, the epicentre of the dreaded H1N1 Influenza outbreak have already been vaccinated.. Parents who withdrew their wards from the Kumasi Academy following the outbreak of the deadly atypical bacterial infection disease were also vaccinated.. It was feared that the parents were at risk of contracting the disease after coming into contact with their wards.. Four students of KUMACA died within a week a fortnight ago after they fell ill to a "strange" disease which was later found to be H1N1 Influnza while over 40 others were admitted at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and ...
Merck presents results from chronic hepatitis C therapy trial | Vaccine NewsMerck presents results from chronic hepatitis C therapy trial | Vaccine News
Merck presented the final results of its investigational chronic hepatitis C therapy clinical trial concerning grazoprevir and elbasvir combinations at the International Liver Congress 2015 in Vienna, Austria, last week.
Vinegar - 1,001 uses but not as an anti-viral agentVinegar - 1,001 uses but not as an anti-viral agent
A chara, - Whatever the merits or not of opening pubs and restaurants on June 29th under the new guidelines issued by the National Public Health Emergency Team (NPHET), can I appeal to everyone concerned to note that vinegar-based solutions, which are wonderful for so many purposes, are not an anti-viral agent. I say this because your photograph on June 18th shows a barman disinfecting a table surface in preparation for the opening of a pub with a bottle marked "vinegar". The same caution should be observed when "sanitising" your hands from the many products labelled as "anti-bacterial" agents. They do not offer protection against corona viruses. While soap and water are still cheap and effective surface cleaners, perhaps its also time for a health campaign to advise the public on the choice and usage of appropriate sanitising agents? - Is mise, Dr VINCENT KENNY,. Knocklyon,. Dublin 16.. ...
Oseltamivir anti-viral drug - Stock Image C015/5296 - Science Photo LibraryOseltamivir anti-viral drug - Stock Image C015/5296 - Science Photo Library
Oseltamivir anti-viral drug. Box containing capsules of oseltamivir, marketed under the name Tamiflu. Oseltamivir used to slow down the spread of the influenza (flu) virus. - Stock Image C015/5296
Medical Science Review - HepatologiaMedical Science Review - Hepatologia
HCV therapy is based on immunomodulatory effect of interferon and direct antiviral activity of ribavirin. The efficacy of this treatment, about 50% in most prevalent genotype 1 HCV infection, is unsatisfactory. Therefore there is an obvious need for the new therapeutic agents and modifications of standard therapy that would allow to enhance efficacy of treatment. The research on novel anti-HCV therapeutics is multidirectional. However, the main streams are focused on the inhibition of HCV specific enzymes and interfering in virus-host interactions. According to results of recent clinical trials the triple therapy based on pegylated interferon, ribavirin and protease inhibitor demonstrates significantly improved antiviral efficacy vs. standard treatment. Moreover, novel formulas of interferon and analogues of ribavirin, devoid of some unfavorable side effects, displaying increased antiviral potency might become the essential component of future anti-HCV therapy. Triple therapy seems to become ...
New anti-viral drug shows promise for dramatic improvement in hepatitis C treatmentNew anti-viral drug shows promise for dramatic improvement in hepatitis C treatment
Boceprevir, a product of Merck & Co., is an HCV protease inhibitor - a compound designed to block a function key to viral reproduction in the cell. Boceprevir directly targets the hepatitis C virus, Kwo noted, while peginterferon and ribavirin are less specific, acting more generally to stimulate the bodys virus-fighting immune system.. The best results were reported for the 103 patients who were treated for four weeks with the standard two drug regiment, followed by 44 weeks of the three-drug regimen including boceprevir: 75 percent of these patients tested negative for evidence of the virus six months after the end of treatment. Results for the other treatment arms were: 67 percent of those who received the three drug regimen for 48 weeks with no lead-in treatment tested negative for the virus (103 patients). 56 percent of those who received the two-drug lead-in for four weeks, followed by 24 weeks of the three drug treatment tested negative for the virus (103 patients). 54 percent of those ...
Enanta Announces New Data From Phase 2b Interferon-Free Combination Studies with Protease Inhibitor ABT-450 for Hepatitis C...Enanta Announces New Data From Phase 2b Interferon-Free Combination Studies with Protease Inhibitor ABT-450 for Hepatitis C...
Enanta Announces New Data From Phase 2b Interferon-Free Combination Studies with Protease Inhibitor ABT-450 for Hepatitis C Treatment to be Presented at EASL - Poster Presentations to Include...
Impact of direct-acting antivirals on de novo occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus patientsImpact of direct-acting antivirals on de novo occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus patients
Hepatoma Research is an open access journal and focuses on all topics related to hepatoma. The following articles are especially welcome: pathogenesis, clinical examination and early diagnosis of hepatoma, complications of hepatoma, and their preventions and treatments, etc.
Anti-Viral Therapy and Decreased Sexual Desire in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C - pdf descargarAnti-Viral Therapy and Decreased Sexual Desire in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C - pdf descargar
Anti-Viral Therapy and Decreased Sexual Desire in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
CCSD School Health ServicesCCSD School Health Services
Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines that can be used to treat influenza illness. They can make people feel better and get better sooner. Antivirals can mean the difference between having milder illness instead of very serious illness that could result in a hospital stay. Antiviral drugs are different from antibiotics, which fight against bacterial infections. They work best when started during the first 2 days of illness. Its very important that antiviral drugs are used early to treat the flu in people who are very sick (for example, people who are in the hospital) or who are at high risk of serious flu complications. Other people with flu illness may also benefit from taking antiviral drugs. These drugs can be given to children and pregnant women.. ...
Low Uptake of Direct-Acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C in U.S. Clinics -- Race and Income Key Factors - TheBodyPRO.comLow Uptake of Direct-Acting Antivirals for Hepatitis C in U.S. Clinics -- Race and Income Key Factors - TheBodyPRO.com
Only 6% of 9500 people living with hepatitis C in a U.S. clinic cohort started direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in 2014 and 2015, according to a recent ...
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Antiviral AgentsVirus ReplicationAcyclovirOrganophosphonatesRimantadineDrug Resistance, ViralAmantadineTrifluridineOseltamivirViral Plaque AssayInterferonsNucleosidesInfluenza, HumanRibavirinZanamivirGanciclovirHepacivirusCell LineCytosineVero CellsVirus DiseasesFoscarnetProdrugsInterferon-alphaHIV-1Cercopithecus aethiopsIdoxuridineCytomegalovirusZalcitabineOrganophosphorus CompoundsRNA, ViralSimplexvirusRibonucleosidesVirusesAdenineInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype2-AminopurineAnti-HIV AgentsInfluenza B virusInfluenza A virusPost-Exposure ProphylaxisOrthomyxoviridaeHepatitis B virusHerpes SimplexZidovudineLamivudineReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsPyransViral ProteinsInhibitory Concentration 50Cytomegalovirus InfectionsHepatitis B, ChronicViral Nonstructural ProteinsHepatitis C, ChronicHIVHerpesvirus 1, HumanArabinonucleotidesVidarabine PhosphateInterferon Type IMolecular Sequence DataDNA, ViralArabinofuranosyluracilDrug Therapy, CombinationVirus InternalizationDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalVidarabineCytopathogenic Effect, ViralHerpesviridaeHepatitis CViral LoadNeuraminidaseHerpesvirus 2, HumanDrug DesignStructure-Activity RelationshipCells, CulturedEnterovirus A, HumanEye Infections, ViralInterferon-betaHepatitis BDideoxynucleosidesMyxovirus Resistance ProteinsIsoxazolesInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHerpes ZosterInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza VaccinesRepliconProtease InhibitorsGuanineVirus ActivationVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusAmino Acid SequenceHerpesvirus 3, HumanVaccinia virusHerpesviridae InfectionsMolecular StructureModels, MolecularOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsHeLa CellsRNA ReplicaseMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPolyethylene GlycolsDisease OutbreaksImmunity, InnateRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1MutationHIV InfectionsHIV Protease InhibitorsTreatment OutcomeAcetamidesGuanidinesVirus AssemblyRecombinant Proteins2',5'-Oligoadenylate SynthetaseMice, Inbred BALB CAdministration, TopicalHIV ProteaseDose-Response Relationship, DrugEncephalomyocarditis virusTime FactorsAdministration, OralInterferon Regulatory Factor-3Base SequenceValineThymidine KinaseDEAD-box RNA HelicasesHIV Reverse TranscriptaseGenotypeImmunocompromised HostSARS VirusCricetinaeDogsRNA, Double-StrandedDrug Resistance, MicrobialDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseProtein BindingThymidineHost-Pathogen InteractionsAmidesRNA Virus InfectionsEnzyme InhibitorsCell Line, TumorSendai virusVesiculovirusDisease Models, AnimalCell SurvivalPoly I-CBinding SitesOligopeptidesPeptidesViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidDrug SynergismLymphocytic choriomeningitis virusKineticsRNA VirusesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsLiver TransplantationVesicular StomatitisInterferon InducersLivereIF-2 KinaseRecurrenceReceptors, InterferonAntibodies, ViralClinical Trials as TopicModels, BiologicalInterferon-gammaPolymerase Chain ReactionVirus Physiological PhenomenaMengovirusCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesProtein ConformationRhabdoviridae InfectionsRNA InterferenceMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySTAT2 Transcription FactorLymphocytic ChoriomeningitisReceptor, Interferon alpha-betaCytidine DeaminaseTransfectionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidN-Glycosyl HydrolasesToll-Like Receptor 3Arenaviridae InfectionsVacciniaSTAT1 Transcription FactorSubstrate SpecificityRhinovirusMice, Inbred C57BLSignal TransductionL Cells (Cell Line)Gene Expression Regulation, ViralAntigens, ViralViremiaMuromegalovirusEnterovirus B, HumanInterferon Regulatory Factor-7Sindbis VirusViral InterferenceAntineoplastic Agents
Mucins of Pig Stomach Are Valued as Anti-Viral Agents for Consumer GoodsMucins of Pig Stomach Are Valued as Anti-Viral Agents for Consumer Goods
Fair prices for new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to make treatment for all affordable | GutFair prices for new direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to make treatment for all affordable | Gut
Arrival of direct antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C sparks debate of who to treat first - Science Blog | (e) Science NewsArrival of direct antiviral agent therapy for hepatitis C sparks debate of who to treat first - Science Blog | (e) Science News
antiviral agent - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related wordsantiviral agent - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related words
Prevention of activation of HIV-1 by antiviral agents in OM-10.1 cells<...Prevention of activation of HIV-1 by antiviral agents in OM-10.1 cells<...
Antiviral Agents for the Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of InfluenzaAntiviral Agents for the Treatment and Chemoprophylaxis of Influenza
Probiotics as Antiviral Agents in Shrimp AquacultureProbiotics as Antiviral Agents in Shrimp Aquaculture
Herpesvirus Target Considerations for the Design of Antiviral Agents | SpringerLinkHerpesvirus Target Considerations for the Design of Antiviral Agents | SpringerLink
Pediatric Hepatitis C Medication: Direct-acting antiviral drugs, Antiviral agentsPediatric Hepatitis C Medication: Direct-acting antiviral drugs, Antiviral agents
Antiviral agent - definition of antiviral agent by The Free DictionaryAntiviral agent - definition of antiviral agent by The Free Dictionary
Lalistat as a new antiviral agentLalistat as a new antiviral agent
Antiviral Monoclonal Antibodies: Can They Be More Than Simple Neutralizing Agents? - PubMed - NCBIAntiviral Monoclonal Antibodies: Can They Be More Than Simple Neutralizing Agents? - PubMed - NCBI
Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapys current antiviral agents FactFile (2nd edition): DNA viruses. - PubMed - NCBIAntiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's current antiviral agents FactFile (2nd edition): DNA viruses. - PubMed - NCBI
Viral Pneumonia Medication: Antiviral agents, Monoclonal Antibodies, Immune Globulins, Beta-AgonistsViral Pneumonia Medication: Antiviral agents, Monoclonal Antibodies, Immune Globulins, Beta-Agonists
Antiviral Agents | Clinical Microbiology ReviewsAntiviral Agents | Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Vinegar - 1,001 uses but not as an anti-viral agentVinegar - 1,001 uses but not as an anti-viral agent
Antiviral agents for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis | CochraneAntiviral agents for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis | Cochrane
Antiviral agents | definition of antiviral agents by Medical dictionaryAntiviral agents | definition of antiviral agents by Medical dictionary
BioCentury - Ampligen nucleic acid antiviral agent dataBioCentury - Ampligen nucleic acid antiviral agent data
Patent US20030171335 - Antisense antiviral agent and method for treating ssRNA viral infection - Google PatentsPatent US20030171335 - Antisense antiviral agent and method for treating ssRNA viral infection - Google Patents
Phytochemicals as Antiviral Agents: Recent Updates getmixapp | RedGagePhytochemicals as Antiviral Agents: Recent Updates getmixapp | RedGage
Benzothiophene analogs as antiviral agents - Patent # 5747511 - PatentGeniusBenzothiophene analogs as antiviral agents - Patent # 5747511 - PatentGenius
Process for the preparation of an antiviral agent - E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.Process for the preparation of an antiviral agent - E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc.
Role of Direct Antiviral Agents in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Renal Transplant RecipientsRole of Direct Antiviral Agents in Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Infection in Renal Transplant Recipients
Viruses | Free Full-Text | A Potent, Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent that Targets Viral MembranesViruses | Free Full-Text | A Potent, Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent that Targets Viral Membranes
Positive Health Online | Article - Colloidal Silver - Master Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antiviral AgentPositive Health Online | Article - Colloidal Silver - Master Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antiviral Agent
NanoRX Publishes New Research Paper: Metadichol® an anti-viral agent against SARS-COV-2 -- NanoRX Inc. | PRLogNanoRX Publishes New Research Paper: Metadichol® an anti-viral agent against SARS-COV-2 -- NanoRX Inc. | PRLog
Resistance of Herpesviruses to Antiviral Agents | Springer for Research & DevelopmentResistance of Herpesviruses to Antiviral Agents | Springer for Research & Development
DIGITAL.CSIC: Use of casein hydrol ysates as antiviral agentsDIGITAL.CSIC: Use of casein hydrol ysates as antiviral agents
RCSB PDB - 1LP8: HIGH RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT DIANTHIN ANTIVIRAL PROTEIN-POTENT ANTI-HIV AGENTRCSB PDB - 1LP8: HIGH RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT DIANTHIN ANTIVIRAL PROTEIN-POTENT ANTI-HIV AGENT
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Quercetin as an Antiviral Agent Inhibits Influenza A Virus (IAV) EntryViruses | Free Full-Text | Quercetin as an Antiviral Agent Inhibits Influenza A Virus (IAV) Entry
Sulfated Seaweed Polysaccharides as Antiviral Agents | Bentham ScienceSulfated Seaweed Polysaccharides as Antiviral Agents | Bentham Science
Enzyme studies at Brookhaven Lab may lead to new antiviral agentsEnzyme studies at Brookhaven Lab may lead to new antiviral agents
5-(1-Substituted) Alkyl Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Antiviral (herpes) Agents | BenthamScience5-(1-Substituted) Alkyl Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Antiviral (herpes) Agents | BenthamScience
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Antiviral AgentsVirus ReplicationAcyclovirOrganophosphonatesRimantadineDrug Resistance, ViralAmantadineTrifluridineOseltamivirViral Plaque AssayInterferonsNucleosidesInfluenza, HumanRibavirinZanamivirGanciclovirHepacivirusCell LineCytosineVero CellsVirus DiseasesFoscarnetProdrugsInterferon-alphaHIV-1Cercopithecus aethiopsIdoxuridineCytomegalovirusZalcitabineOrganophosphorus CompoundsRNA, ViralSimplexvirusRibonucleosidesVirusesAdenineInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype2-AminopurineAnti-HIV AgentsInfluenza B virusInfluenza A virusPost-Exposure ProphylaxisOrthomyxoviridaeHepatitis B virusHerpes SimplexZidovudineLamivudineReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsPyransViral ProteinsInhibitory Concentration 50Cytomegalovirus InfectionsHepatitis B, ChronicViral Nonstructural ProteinsHepatitis C, ChronicHIVHerpesvirus 1, HumanArabinonucleotidesVidarabine PhosphateInterferon Type IMolecular Sequence DataDNA, ViralArabinofuranosyluracilDrug Therapy, CombinationVirus InternalizationDrug Evaluation, PreclinicalVidarabineCytopathogenic Effect, ViralHerpesviridaeHepatitis CViral LoadNeuraminidaseHerpesvirus 2, HumanDrug DesignStructure-Activity RelationshipCells, CulturedEnterovirus A, HumanEye Infections, ViralInterferon-betaHepatitis BDideoxynucleosidesMyxovirus Resistance ProteinsIsoxazolesInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHerpes ZosterInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeInfluenza VaccinesRepliconProtease InhibitorsGuanineVirus ActivationVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusAmino Acid SequenceHerpesvirus 3, HumanVaccinia virusHerpesviridae InfectionsMolecular StructureModels, MolecularOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsHeLa CellsRNA ReplicaseMicrobial Sensitivity TestsPolyethylene GlycolsDisease OutbreaksImmunity, InnateRibosome Inactivating Proteins, Type 1MutationHIV InfectionsHIV Protease InhibitorsTreatment OutcomeAcetamidesGuanidinesVirus AssemblyRecombinant Proteins2',5'-Oligoadenylate SynthetaseMice, Inbred BALB CAdministration, TopicalHIV ProteaseDose-Response Relationship, DrugEncephalomyocarditis virusTime FactorsAdministration, OralInterferon Regulatory Factor-3Base SequenceValineThymidine KinaseDEAD-box RNA HelicasesHIV Reverse TranscriptaseGenotypeImmunocompromised HostSARS VirusCricetinaeDogsRNA, Double-StrandedDrug Resistance, MicrobialDNA-Directed DNA PolymeraseProtein BindingThymidineHost-Pathogen InteractionsAmidesRNA Virus InfectionsEnzyme InhibitorsCell Line, TumorSendai virusVesiculovirusDisease Models, AnimalCell SurvivalPoly I-CBinding SitesOligopeptidesPeptidesViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidDrug SynergismLymphocytic choriomeningitis virusKineticsRNA VirusesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsLiver TransplantationVesicular StomatitisInterferon InducersLivereIF-2 KinaseRecurrenceReceptors, InterferonAntibodies, ViralClinical Trials as TopicModels, BiologicalInterferon-gammaPolymerase Chain ReactionVirus Physiological PhenomenaMengovirusCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesProtein ConformationRhabdoviridae InfectionsRNA InterferenceMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopySTAT2 Transcription FactorLymphocytic ChoriomeningitisReceptor, Interferon alpha-betaCytidine DeaminaseTransfectionChromatography, High Pressure LiquidN-Glycosyl HydrolasesToll-Like Receptor 3Arenaviridae InfectionsVacciniaSTAT1 Transcription FactorSubstrate SpecificityRhinovirusMice, Inbred C57BLSignal TransductionL Cells (Cell Line)Gene Expression Regulation, ViralAntigens, ViralViremiaMuromegalovirusEnterovirus B, HumanInterferon Regulatory Factor-7Sindbis VirusViral InterferenceAntineoplastic Agents
InfluenzaTherapiesResistanceTherapeuticsInhibitInfectionsApproved antiviral drugsHaving antiviral activityCompoundsCompoundAnalogsEfficacyPotentDevelopment of antiviral agentsVitroInfectionSynthesisNucleic acidAnti-viral agentEvaluation of antiviralResistance to antiviralsHepatitis B virPotential antiviralEffective antiviralEarly antiviralMedicinal ChemistryAntibioticsHerpesAntimicrobialTherapy for hepatitisDerivativesInterferonInfluenza vaccinePotencyRimantadineToxicityRegimensBenefits and harmsNeuraminidaseStrainsSearchComplicationsMethods1993
Influenza1
Therapies1
  • After a discussion of current therapies of AIDS/HIV and their limitations, new strategies in development of antiviral agents are described. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Resistance1
  • Although many companies are focusing their efforts on developing viral inhibitors, cellular targets in the host are beginning to emerge as attractive possibilities because they might enable the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with less chance for developing viral resistance. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Therapeutics1
Inhibit1
  • A variety of compounds are known to have antiviral properties against either acutely or chronically infected cells were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HIV induced expression in these cells. (uthscsa.edu)
Infections1
  • As REP 2139 targets a host protein involved in SVP formation and not the virus or SVP directly, its antiviral effects are expected to be similar in all HBV genotypes and may also be effective in the presence of other co-infections with HBV such as HCV and HIV. (hepb.org)
Approved antiviral drugs2
Having antiviral activity1
Compounds9
Compound7
  • In conclusion, naproxen is a promising lead compound for novel antivirals against influenza A virus that targets the nucleoprotein in its RNA binding groove. (asm.org)
  • Researchers at St. Louis' Washington University School of Medicine have recently discovered an antiviral compound produced naturally in the body that, when applied in large enough doses, serve to tighten the blood-brain barrier enough to prevent a particularly small pathogen-the West Nile virus-from slipping through the system to the brain. (labroots.com)
  • These studies provide a foundation from which to build a greater understanding of resistance to antiviral compound V-073. (asm.org)
  • Antiviral Research Nov Resveratrol has drawn particular interest by researchers who claim it is a "useful antiviral compound for new drug design and influenza treatment. (resveratrolnews.com)
  • The initial research activity concerned the design and synthesis of indole derivatives using as a lead compound Arbidol (ARB), a compound that exerts immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral and antimetastatic effects1. (unisa.it)
  • Travis Warren, Ph.D., a principal investigator at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), said the work is a result of the continuing collaboration between USAMRIID and Gilead Sciences of Foster City, Calif. Scientists at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also contributed by performing initial screening of the Gilead Sciences compound library to find molecules with promising antiviral activity. (med-chemist.com)
  • The initial work identified the precursor to GS-5734, a small-molecule antiviral agent, which led to the effort by Gilead and USAMRIID to further refine, develop and evaluate the compound. (med-chemist.com)
Analogs2
Efficacy9
Potent4
  • Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives are potent cytotoxic agents that inhibit cell mitosis and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (medscape.com)
  • CB-012 is a novel conjugate of a highly potent antiviral agent linked to a human antibody fragment. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Molecular modeling studies of the interactions of DAP and the structurally similar pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) with a single-stranded RNA heptamer predicted a more potent anti-HIV activity for rDAP due to its unique surface topology and more favorable charge distribution in its 20 A-long RNA binding active center cleft. (rcsb.org)
  • In the 5-(1-substituted) group of pyrimidine nucleosides, we demonstrated that novel substituents present at the C-1 carbon of the 5-side chain of the pyrimidine nucleosides are important determinants of potent and broad spectrum antiviral (herpes) activity including EBV and HCMV. (eurekaselect.com)
Development of antiviral agents1
Vitro3
Infection11
Synthesis3
  • It exerts its antiviral activity by selective inhibition at pyrophosphate-binding sites on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases, inhibiting DNA synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Substituted 3-benzylcoumarins as allosteric MEK1 inhibitors: design, synthesis and biological evaluation as antiviral agents. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Interferon alpha also induce the synthesis of several key antiviral mediators, including 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2'-5' A synthetase) and protein kinase R. (pharmacycode.com)
Nucleic acid1
Anti-viral agent5
Evaluation of antiviral1
  • Evaluation of antiviral agents against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been hampered by the lack of a permissive cell system for the replication of this virus. (springer.com)
Resistance to antivirals2
Hepatitis B vir2
Potential antiviral1
  • The known biological properties of Arbidol led us to focus on its derivatives as potential antiviral agents. (unisa.it)
Effective antiviral2
  • 21. The topical pharmaceutical composition of claim 20, wherein the effective antiviral concentration is in the range of approximately 0.1 wt. (patentgenius.com)
  • Therefore, to be effective, antiviral agents must either block viral entry into or exit from the cell or be active inside the host cell. (mhmedical.com)
Early antiviral1
  • Kinetics of lymphocyte proliferation during primary immune response in macaques infected with pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251: preliminary report of the effect of early antiviral therapy. (labome.org)
Medicinal Chemistry2
Antibiotics2
Herpes4
  • STR1## is an antiviral agent with activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, vaccina virus, murine leukemia virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Pharmaceutical compositions are provided containing the antiviral agents, as are methods of treating herpes-infected individuals. (patentgenius.com)
  • During the last few years of our research, we have investigated a variety of C-1 functionalized substituents at the 5-position of the pyrimidine nucleosides to determine their usefulness as antiviral (herpes) agents. (eurekaselect.com)
  • However, both agents are effective when used topically for the treatment of herpes keratitis. (mhmedical.com)
Antimicrobial5
Therapy for hepatitis2
Derivatives2
Interferon1
  • Robyn Klein, co-author of the study, said: "We have identified a new antiviral function of interferon-lambda that doesn't involve directly attacking a virus but stems viral invasion into the brain. (labroots.com)
Influenza vaccine1
  • This report updates the 2003 recommendations by the ACIP for the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents. (aafp.org)
Potency2
Rimantadine3
Toxicity1
  • The problem of mitochondrial toxicity is now sufficiently well-recognized that the FDA recently released recommendations that all new antiviral drug candidates should be screened for toxicity to mitochondria. (thefreedictionary.com)
Regimens1
Benefits and harms1
  • This review looked at the benefits and harms of pre-emptive treatment with antiviral agents in preventing CMV disease in solid organ transplant recipients. (cochrane.org)
Neuraminidase1
Strains3
  • This three-pronged approach may overcome one of the biggest challenges in antiviral therapy -- the spontaneous evolution of drug-resistant strains. (brightsurf.com)
  • All poliovirus isolates tested to date ( n = 45), including wild, vaccine, vaccine-derived, and laboratory strains, are susceptible to the antiviral capsid inhibitor V-073. (asm.org)
  • Randomized controlled trials of currently approved influenza antivirals have demonstrated decreased time to symptom improvement when used to treat otherwise healthy persons with acute uncomplicated influenza caused by circulating seasonal influenza strains within the first few days of illness [1- (flutrackers.com)
Search1
  • NP has no cellular counterpart, and the NP sequence is highly conserved, which led to considering NP a hot target in the search for antivirals. (asm.org)
Complications1
  • On the basis of these trials and additional pooled analyses and observational studies [10- many experts believe that when antiviral agents are given early in the course of uncomplicated influenza illness, both the duration of symptoms and the likelihood of complications are reduced. (flutrackers.com)
Methods1
19932
October 15, 1977 | Science News
October 15, 1977 | Science News (sciencenews.org)
October 15, 1977 | Science News
October 15, 1977 | Science News (sciencenews.org)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacotherapy, Vaccine
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Treatment of Shingles
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Herpes Zoster Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Topical Treatments, Pharmacologic Therapy for Herpes Zoster
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Prevention and Control of Influenza
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Structural basis for the activation of flaviviral NS3 proteases from dengue and West Nile virus | Nature Structural & Molecular...
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Prevention and Control of Influenza Recommendations of the Advisory Committee</FONT><FONT COLOR=#0000ff> </FONT><FONT...
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Antiviral agents Archives - MyDr.com.au
Antiviral agents Archives - MyDr.com.au (mydr.com.au)
Flu Treatment, Symptoms, Causes, Influenza Vaccine, Cold vs Flu
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Share on Linkedin
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CDC H1N1 Flu | Questions and Answers: Antiviral Drugs, 2009-2010 Flu Season
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DailyMed - CRIXIVAN- indinavir sulfate capsule
DailyMed - CRIXIVAN- indinavir sulfate capsule (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
Raffaele Dell'Acqua - Mendeley
Raffaele Dell'Acqua - Mendeley (mendeley.com)
Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines
Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines (cdc.gov)
Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatitis C in Canada | CMAJ
Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatitis C in Canada | CMAJ (cmaj.ca)
Direct Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus-associated Cryoglobulinaemia Vasculitis - No Study Results Posted -...
Direct Antiviral Agents for Hepatitis C Virus-associated Cryoglobulinaemia Vasculitis - No Study Results Posted -... (clinicaltrials.gov)
Pomegranate | GreenMedInfo | Substance | Natural Medicine
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One Radio Network / IT IS CALLED THE POINT OF A HUNDRED DISEASES- HERE IS WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF YOU MASSAGE IT EVERY DAY! | One...
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Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology
Table of Contents | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)