Snake Bites
Crotalus
Viperidae
Crotalid Venoms
Scorpions
Venoms
Urticaria
Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: randomised, placebo controlled trial. (1/204)
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and safety of low dose adrenaline injected subcutaneously to prevent acute adverse reactions to polyspecific antivenom serum in patients admitted to hospital after snake bite. DESIGN: Prospective, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. SETTING: District general hospital in Sri Lanka. SUBJECTS: 105 patients with signs of envenomation after snake bite, randomised to receive either adrenaline (cases) or placebo (controls) immediately before infusion of antivenom serum. INTERVENTIONS: Adrenaline 0.25 ml (1:1000). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of acute adverse reactions to serum and side effects attributable to adrenaline. RESULTS: 56 patients (cases) received adrenaline and 49 (controls) received placebo as pretreatment. Six (11%) adrenaline patients and 21 (43%) control patients developed acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum (P=0.0002). Significant reductions in acute adverse reactions to serum were also seen in the adrenaline patients for each category of mild, moderate, and severe reactions. There were no significant adverse effects attributable to adrenaline. CONCLUSIONS: Use of 0.25 ml of 1:1000 adrenaline given subcutaneously immediately before administration of antivenom serum to patients with envenomation after snake bite reduces the incidence of acute adverse reactions to serum. (+info)Sequential randomised and double blind trial of promethazine prophylaxis against early anaphylactic reactions to antivenom for bothrops snake bites. (2/204)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of the H1 antihistamine promethazine against early anaphylactic reactions to antivenom. DESIGN: Sequential randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. SETTING: Public hospital in a venom research institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 101 patients requiring antivenom treatment after being bitten by bothrops snakes. INTERVENTION: Intramuscular injection of promethazine (25 mg for adults and 0.5/kg for children) or placebo given 15-20 min before starting intravenous infusion of antivenom. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and severity of anaphylactic reactions occurring within 24 hours after antivenom. RESULTS: Reactions occurred in 12 of 49 patients treated with promethazine (24%) and in 13 of 52 given placebo (25%); most were mild or moderate. Continuous sequential analysis indicated that the study could be interrupted at the 22nd untied pair, without preference for promethazine or placebo. CONCLUSION: Prophylaxis with promethazine does not prevent early reactions. Patients should be observed carefully during antivenom infusion and the subsequent few hours. (+info)Comparative characterisation of Russell's viper (Daboia/Vipera russelli) venoms from different regions of the Indian peninsula. (3/204)
Russell's viper (Daboia/Vipera russelli) venom from different regions of India was subjected to chromatographic, electrophoretic, biochemical and immunological analysis. The elution profiles from ion-exchange chromatography and protein banding pattern from SDS-PAGE showed a significant variation in the constituents of venoms. The acidic proteins are found to be predominant in the venoms of eastern and western regions while basic proteins are the major contributors of the northern and southern regional venoms. The major variation of phospholipases A(2) in the venom samples of India may be described as: southern regional venom is rich in basic, toxic PLA(2) while this activity showed a dramatic decrease as one moves towards west, north and eastern regions of India. In addition, the caseinolytic, TAME-hydrolytic, anticoagulant, oedema-inducing and haemorrhagic activities of the venoms have also varied from one region to another. The muscle specimens of mice injected with venoms of different regions showed variable change in the muscle fibre damage and cell morphology. The eastern regional venom is most lethal among all the venoms. The lethal potencies for four regional venoms vary as: eastern>western>southern>northern. The polyclonal antibodies prepared against the venom of southern region showed cross-reaction with the venoms of other regions, but the extent of cross-reaction and diffusion patterns are different. However, the polyclonal antibodies prepared against southern regional venom showed no protection against lethal toxicity of other regional venoms. (+info)A new monospecific ovine Fab fragment antivenom for treatment of envenoming by the Sri Lankan Russell's viper (Daboia Russelii Russelii): a preliminary dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study. (4/204)
Russell's viper is the most important cause of life-threatening snake bite and acute renal failure in Sri Lanka. Only equine polyspecific antivenoms imported from India are available. They have not proved effective clinically or in clearing venom antigenemia and they frequently cause reactions. In an attempt to reduce mortality and morbidity, a new monospecific ovine Fab fragment antivenom (PolongaTab; Therapeutic Antibodies, Inc., London, United Kingdom) was raised against Sri Lankan Russell's viper venom. In a preliminary dose-finding study in 35 patients, an initial dose of 3-4 g restored blood coagulability permanently and stopped systemic bleeding, even in severely envenomed patients. Venom antigenemia disappeared within 1 hr of antivenom treatment but recurred, probably as a result of continued absorption of venom from the site of the bite, after the rapid clearance of therapeutic antibody. Twelve patients (34%) experienced early reactions that were usually mild and always responded to epinephrine. (+info)Comparative study on the ability of IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms to neutralize lethal and myotoxic effects induced by Micrurus nigrocinctus (coral snake) venom. (5/204)
A comparative study was performed on the ability of IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms to neutralize lethal and myotoxic activities of Micrurus nigrocinctus venom. Both antivenoms were adjusted to a similar neutralizing potency in experiments where venom and antivenoms were preincubated prior to injection. No significant differences were observed between IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms concerning neutralization of lethal effect in rescue experiments, i.e., when antivenom was administered intravenously after envenomation. However, F(ab')2 antivenom was more effective in prolonging the time of death when subneutralizing doses were administered immediately after venom injection. Both products partially reversed the binding of M. nigrocinctus alpha-neurotoxins to acetylcholine receptor in vitro. The IgG and F(ab')2 antivenoms effectively neutralized venom-induced myotoxicity when administered intravenously immediately after envenomation, although neutralization was poor if antivenom injections were delayed. Intramuscular injection of venom promoted diffusion of antivenom antibodies throughout muscle tissue, and F(ab')2 diffused to a higher extent than IgG molecules. Thus, despite the observation that F(ab')2 antivenom was more effective than IgG antivenom in prolonging the time of death when subneutralizing doses were administered immediately after envenomation, no major differences were observed in antivenom neutralization of lethal and myotoxic effects or in their capacity to reverse neurotoxin binding to the acetylcholine receptor. (+info)A novel Fab-based antivenom for the treatment of mass bee attacks. (6/204)
The frequency of mass bee attacks has dramatically increased in the Americas following the introduction and spread of the aggressive Africanized 'killer' bee (Apis mellifera scutellata). As yet no specific therapy is available, which led us to develop an ovine Fab-based antivenom as a potential new treatment. Sera from sheep immunized against the venom contained high levels of specific antibodies, as demonstrated by ELISA and by small-scale affinity chromatography, against both whole (A. m. mellifera) venom and purified melittin. A nerve muscle preparation was used to show the myotoxic effects of the venom and neutralization by the antivenom. Antivenom neutralizing ability was also demonstrated using assays for venom phospholipase A2 and in vivo activities. Venom from both European and Africanized bees appeared identical when analyzed by acid-urea gel electrophoresis. This antivenom may therefore provide the first specific therapy for the treatment of mass envenomation by either European or Africanized 'killer' bees. (+info)Short report: treatment of snake envenomations by a new polyvalent antivenom composed of highly purified F(ab)2: results of a clinical trial in northern Cameroon. (7/204)
A clinical trial was conducted in 2 health centers in northern Cameroon to assess the safety and efficacy of a new polyvalent antivenom composed of highly purified and pasteurized F(ab')2 (FAV-Africa). Forty-six patients with objective signs of envenomation, including 67% with hemorrhage, were included in the study. Each patient received at least 20 ml of FAV-Africa by direct, slow intravenous injection; 172 10-ml ampules were administered. All patients were clinically cured after treatment. Two patients (4.3%) showed minor immediate adverse events that may have been related to FAV-Africa (induration, light-headedness); no other treatment-related adverse event occurred. No patient had serum sickness. This trial confirms the safety of FAV-Africa administered by intravenous injection and its efficacy in the treatment of snake envenomations in sub-Saharan Africa. (+info)Preparation of a potent anti-scorpion-venom-serum against the venom of red scorpion (Buthus tamalus). (8/204)
A number of children and adults, especially pregnant women succumb to the sting by red Scorpion (Buthus tamalus) in Konkan region--particularly on the coastal line. No specific antiserum or any other antidote is available to treat a victim of scorpion bite and hence the need to prepare a potent antiserum. Red Scorpion (B. tamalus) venom is a mixture of a number of protein moieties and neurotoxins of low molecular weight. Therefore, the venom is poor in antigenic composition and it is difficult to get antibodies specific to neutralise lethal factor/factors. Using Bentonite as an adjuvant and extending the period of immunization a potent antiserum has been prepared capable of neutralising the lethal factor/factors. In vivo testing carried out in albino mice, guinea pigs, dogs and langurs confirms this finding and shows that the antiserum is quite effective in neutralising the scorpion venom to save the life of envenomated animals. (+info)Antivenins are a type of medication used to treat venomous bites or stings from animals such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and others. These medications are made from the venom of the same or similar animals that caused the bite or sting, but they have been purified and weakened so that they are no longer harmful to humans. Antivenins work by neutralizing the toxins in the venom, which can help to prevent or reduce the severity of symptoms such as pain, swelling, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. They are typically administered through injection and may be given in a single dose or in a series of doses over several days, depending on the severity of the venomous bite or sting and the individual's response to treatment. It is important to note that antivenins are not effective against all venomous animals and that the specific type of antivenin needed will depend on the type of animal that caused the bite or sting. In some cases, other treatments such as supportive care, pain management, and wound care may also be necessary.
Snake bites refer to the act of being bitten by a venomous snake. Venomous snakes have specialized teeth that inject venom into their prey or potential predators. The venom can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, redness, and tissue damage. In severe cases, snake bites can lead to systemic effects such as respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and even death. Treatment for snake bites typically involves antivenom, which neutralizes the venom and can prevent or mitigate the symptoms of the bite. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect you have been bitten by a venomous snake.
Spider bites refer to injuries caused by the venomous or non-venomous bites of spiders. Spider bites can cause a range of symptoms, from mild pain and swelling to severe allergic reactions, depending on the type of spider and the amount of venom injected. In the medical field, spider bites are typically classified based on the type of spider that caused the bite. Some common types of spiders that can cause bites include black widow spiders, brown recluse spiders, and hobo spiders. The treatment for spider bites depends on the type of spider and the severity of the symptoms. In most cases, the first step is to clean the bite area and apply a cold compress to reduce swelling and pain. In some cases, antivenom may be administered to neutralize the venom and prevent further complications. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have been bitten by a spider, especially if you experience severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, or a rapidly spreading rash.
Crotalid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by snakes of the family Viperidae, particularly those in the subfamily Crotalinae, which includes rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths. These venoms are composed of a complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and other molecules that can cause a range of physiological effects in humans and other animals. The effects of crotalid venom can vary depending on the species of snake, the size of the snake, and the amount of venom injected. Common symptoms of crotalid envenomation include pain, swelling, redness, and necrosis (tissue death) at the site of the bite. In severe cases, crotalid venom can cause systemic effects such as coagulopathy (disruption of the blood clotting process), cardiovascular collapse, and respiratory failure. Treatment for crotalid envenomation typically involves the administration of antivenom, which is a serum containing antibodies that neutralize the venom's toxic effects. In some cases, supportive care such as pain management, fluid replacement, and wound care may also be necessary. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you or someone else has been bitten by a venomous snake.
In the medical field, venoms are toxic substances produced by certain animals, such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and some fish, that are injected into their prey or predators through specialized structures called venom glands. These venoms contain a complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and other molecules that can cause a range of physiological effects in the victim, including pain, swelling, paralysis, and even death. Venoms are often used as a defense mechanism by animals to protect themselves from predators or to subdue their prey. In some cases, venoms are also used for hunting or as a means of communication between animals. In medicine, venoms are studied for their potential therapeutic uses, such as in the development of new drugs for pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer treatments. However, venoms can also be dangerous and can cause serious harm or death if not treated properly. Therefore, medical professionals must be trained in the proper handling and treatment of venomous animals and their bites or stings.
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a common skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy welts or bumps on the skin. These welts or bumps can appear anywhere on the body and can vary in size and shape. Urticaria is caused by an allergic reaction or an inflammatory response in the skin. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including certain foods, medications, environmental factors, and infections. Urticaria can be acute, lasting only a few days, or chronic, lasting for several weeks or months. Treatment for urticaria typically involves identifying and avoiding the triggers that cause the symptoms, as well as using antihistamines and other medications to relieve itching and reduce inflammation.
Immune sera refers to a type of blood serum that contains antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection or vaccination. These antibodies are produced by B cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a key role in the immune response. Immune sera can be used to diagnose and treat certain infections, as well as to prevent future infections. For example, immune sera containing antibodies against a specific virus or bacteria can be used to diagnose a current infection or to prevent future infections in people who have been exposed to the virus or bacteria. Immune sera can also be used as a research tool to study the immune response to infections and to develop new vaccines and treatments. In some cases, immune sera may be used to treat patients with severe infections or allergies, although this is less common than using immune sera for diagnostic or preventive purposes.
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Heterologous antivenin in neutralization of North American coral snake venom
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Antivenom2
- 2016]. The low number of deaths in the United States is due to the availability of antivenin (antivenom) and advanced medical care [Sanders, 2015]. (cdc.gov)
- The only treatment for a bite is antivenom or antivenin, and only available in medical centers. (trippilot.net)
Venom4
- Title : Heterologous antivenin in neutralization of North American coral snake venom Personal Author(s) : Keegan, Hugh L.;Whittemore, Frederick W.;Flanigan, James F. (cdc.gov)
- Because of apparent antigenic differences in black tailed rattlesnake venom, treating bites with "CroFab" antivenin can require comparatively larger doses than bites of other rattlesnake species (Consroe et al. (cdc.gov)
- If diagnosed earlier-and the type of spider confirmed-then quick and aggressive veterinary treatment, possibly including antivenin, can limit the tissue damage by blocking the destructive action of the venom. (equisearch.com)
- Once you arrive at the vet's office, they will examine your dog and likely treat it with antivenin, which is a commercially made serum that neutralizes the effects of the snake venom. (lyotomachida.net)
Severe2
- Antivenin can cause severe allergic reactions in some pets, and must be administered under controlled conditions and monitored closely. (vin.com)
- a) Antivenin should be administered in all cases of severe envenomation. (elearneasily.com)
Australia1
- Despite its reputation as a deadly killer, only a single death has been reported in Australia since the antivenin was introduced in 1956. (wildspeak.com)
Quickly1
- They must be treated quickly with antivenin by an experienced provider. (medlineplus.gov)
Treatment3
- Antivenin administered at the hospital is the most direct and helpful treatment for your pet. (vin.com)
- The only acceptable treatment for venomous snakebite, involves the use of antivenin. (ufl.edu)
- On the helicopter trip to the hospital 85 miles away, the emergency responders secured antivenin and had it flown to the treatment center. (trippilot.net)
Search1
- Remedy contains antivenin (which counteracts your search engine spider toxin) and agony medicines just to make sure. (global-medicalsearch.com)
Found1
- There were no interactions found between North American Coral Snake Antivenin and Ipecac. (hellopharmacist.com)
Latrodectus2
Venomous snakebite1
- Successful venomous snakebite neutralization with massive antivenin infusion in a child. (nih.gov)
Snakebite1
- Most hospitals do not keep NACSAV in stock, and it may be necessary to contact poison control or a regional snakebite expert for dosing instructions and to locate the antivenin or a suitable alternative. (medscape.com)
Equine1
- Your search for CENTRUROIDES FAB2 ANTIVENIN EQUINE did not return any results. (nih.gov)
Antivenom1
- 2016]. The low number of deaths in the United States is due to the availability of antivenin (antivenom) and advanced medical care [Sanders, 2015]. (cdc.gov)
Infusion2
Envenomation3
- Indications for antivenin use in crotalid envenomation include significant or progressive local tissue findings, hematologic laboratory abnormalities, and/or evidence of systemic toxicity (eg, airway swelling, neurological toxicity, cardiovascular collapse). (medscape.com)
- Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab is an affinity-purified, mixed monospecific Crotalidae antivenin indicated for the treatment of envenomation caused by North American pit vipers. (medscape.com)
- We report a case of a 37-year-old male with a history of asthma that was given L. mactans antivenin for symptoms related to a black widow envenomation and developed a severe anaphylactic reaction resulting in cardiac arrest. (nih.gov)
Dose1
- Each single-dose vial contains not less than 6000 Antivenin units. (nih.gov)
Preparation1
- Preparation (The) of antivenin. (nih.gov)
Black2
- Under the right circumstances, L. mactans antivenin remains a safe and effective therapy for severe black widow envenomations. (nih.gov)
- Before the advent of black mamba antivenin , a bite from this fearsome serpent was almost always fatal , usually within about 20 minutes. (nationalgeographic.com)
Effective1
- The sooner antivenin is initiated, the more effective it is. (medscape.com)
Local1
- Regardless of the antivenin used, the goal is to establish "initial control", which means any systemic illness has resolved, any hematologic laboratory abnormalities have begun to improve, and there is no further progression of the local effects. (medscape.com)