Antitussive Agents
Dextromethorphan
Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.
Cough
Chlorpheniramine
Hydrocodone
Intestinal Obstruction
Biliary Tract Diseases
Gastric Outlet Obstruction
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
Histamine H1 Antagonists
Drugs that selectively bind to but do not activate histamine H1 receptors, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous histamine. Included here are the classical antihistaminics that antagonize or prevent the action of histamine mainly in immediate hypersensitivity. They act in the bronchi, capillaries, and some other smooth muscles, and are used to prevent or allay motion sickness, seasonal rhinitis, and allergic dermatitis and to induce somnolence. The effects of blocking central nervous system H1 receptors are not as well understood.
Pharmacological studies on root bark of mulberry tree (Morus alba L.) (1/196)
Pharmacological studies were done on the root bark of mulberry tree and pharmacological effects were compared with the clinical effects of "Sohakuhi" in Chinese medicine. n-Butanol- and water-soluble fractions of mulberry root had similar effects except for those on the cadiovascular system. Both fractions showed cathartic, analgesic, diuretic, antitussive, antiedema, sedative, anticonvulsant, and hypotensive actions in mice, rats, guinea pigs and dogs. There appears to be a correlation between the experimental pharmacological results and the clinical applications of mulberry root found in the literature on Chinese medicine. (+info)Influence of central antitussive drugs on the cough motor pattern. (2/196)
The present study was conducted to determine the effects of administration of centrally active antitussive drugs on the cough motor pattern. Electromyograms of diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles were recorded in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. Cough was produced by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea. Centrally acting drugs administered included codeine, morphine, dextromethorphan, baclofen, CP-99,994, and SR-48,968. Intravertebral artery administration of all drugs reduced cough number (number of coughs per stimulus trial) and rectus abdominis burst amplitude in a dose-dependent manner. Codeine, dextromethorphan, CP-99,994, SR-48,968, and baclofen had no effect on cough cycle timing (CTtot) or diaphragm amplitude during cough, even at doses that inhibited cough number by 80-90%. Morphine lengthened CTtot and inhibited diaphragm amplitude during cough, but these effects were not dose dependent. Only CP-99,994 altered the eupneic respiratory pattern. Central antitussive drugs primarily suppress cough by inhibition of expiratory motor drive and cough number. CTtot and inspiratory motor drive are relatively insensitive to the effects of these drugs. CTtot can be controlled independently from cough number. (+info)Sigmoidal kinetics of CYP3A substrates: an approach for scaling dextromethorphan metabolism in hepatic microsomes and isolated hepatocytes to predict in vivo clearance in rat. (3/196)
The metabolism of a number of compounds by the cytochrome P-450 subfamily CYP3A does not exhibit classic Michaelis-Menten kinetics but displays a sigmoidal rate-substrate concentration relationship. Intrinsic clearance (CLint) cannot be calculated for these drugs due to the lack of a first order region in their kinetic profiles, and a suitable parameter has yet to be identified to allow such data to be scaled to predict in vivo clearance. As sigmoidal kinetics have only been observed with microsomal systems, we have investigated whether this behavior is demonstrable in freshly isolated hepatocytes. We have also evaluated the term maximum clearance (CLmax), which refers to the in vitro clearance when the enzyme is fully activated, to predict in vivo clearance. To these ends we have studied the metabolism of dextromethorphan to methoxymorphinan and dextrorphan; methoxymorphinan production is best described by sigmoidal kinetics in both hepatocytes and microsomes, dextrorphan production is best described by a two site Michaelis-Menten model in microsomes but is sigmoidal in hepatocytes. Total clearance, estimated from the CLmax and CLint terms, was scaled to give mean predictions of 127 to 319 ml/min/standard rat weight of 250 g. In vivo CLint, determined after infusion via the hepatic portal vein to steady state and correcting for plasma protein binding and blood-to-plasma concentration ratio, was 259 +/- 59.2 ml/min/standard rat weight of 250 g. These investigations show that sigmoidal kinetics is not unique to microsomes and that CLmax is a useful parameter for scaling to the in vivo situation. (+info)Characterization of cytochrome P-450 2D1 activity in rat brain: high-affinity kinetics for dextromethorphan. (4/196)
We investigated the enzymatic function, stability, and regional distribution of rat brain cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2D1 activity. CYP2D1 is the homolog of human CYP2D6, a genetically variable enzyme that activates or inactivates many clinical drugs acting on the central nervous system (e.g., antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, serotonin uptake inhibitors, and neuroleptics), drugs of abuse (e.g., amphetamine and codeine), neurotoxins (e.g., 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline), and endogenous neurochemicals (e.g., tryptamine). The CYP2D family has been identified in rodent, canine, and primate brain. Conversion of dextromethorphan to dextrorphan by rat brain membranes was assayed by HPLC and was dependent on NADPH, protein concentration, and incubation time. Significant loss of activity was observed in some homogenizing buffers and after freezing of whole tissues or membrane preparations. Dextromethorphan (0.5-640 microM) metabolism was mediated by high- and low-affinity enzyme systems; K(m1) was 2.7 +/- 2.6 and K(m2) was 757 +/- 156 microM (n = 3 rats, mean +/- S.E.). The enzyme activity was significantly (p <.01) and stereoselectively inhibited by CYP2D1 inhibitors quinine and quinidine (not by CYP2C or CYP3A inhibitors), and by anti-CYP2D6 peptide antiserum (not by anti-CYP2C, -CYP2B, or -CYP3A antibodies). The enzymatic activity demonstrated significant brain regional variation (n = 10 regions, p <.001). These data characterize CYP2D1-mediated dextromethorphan metabolism in rat brain and suggest that localized metabolism of other CYP2D1 substrates (drugs, neurotoxins, and possibly endogenous compounds) within the brain will occur. In humans, CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic; the variable expression of brain CYP2D6 may result in interindividual differences in central drug and neurotoxin metabolism, possibly contributing to interindividual differences in drug effects and neurotoxicity. (+info)The role of codeine phosphate premedication in fibre-optic bronchoscopy under insufficient local anaesthesia and midazolam sedation. (5/196)
Midazolam is widely used as a sedative agent to produce amnesia in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. However, if a patient does not receive sufficient local anaesthesia, continuous severe cough and physical movement may interrupt the procedure and reduce its safety. We therefore examined whether codeine phosphate is a useful premedication for bronchoscopy. The study design was a randomized comparison between codeine phosphate and a placebo in patients undergoing light local anaesthesia and midazolam sedation. We used low dose local anaesthesia (5 ml of nebulized 2% xylocaine) on the assumption of insufficient local anaesthesia. Patients were allocated to receive codeine phosphate 0.4 mg kg-1 or a saline placebo 60 min before they were sedated with i.v. midazolam. If the patients exhibited severe cough during bronchoscopy, intrabronchial supplemental local anaesthesia (2% xylocaine solution in 1 ml increments) was instilled via a bronchoscope to the trachea and segmental bronchi to suppress the cough. The dose of supplemental xylocaine was assessed and the requirements were significantly lower in the codeine group compared to the placebo group: 36.4 +/- 10.2 mg vs. 95.1 +/- 24.6 mg, respectively. After bronchoscopy, patients were interviewed by a doctor to assess their willingness to undergo a repeat procedure if one was clinically indicated, but no significant difference was observed between the two groups. If local anaesthesia is insufficient, midazolam together with codeine phosphate premedication is useful for both the patient and the bronchoscopist. (+info)The antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in relation to CYP2D6 activity. (6/196)
AIMS: To test the hypothesis that inhibition of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by quinidine increases the antitussive effect of dextromethorphan (DEX) in an induced cough model. METHODS: Twenty-two healthy extensive metaboliser phenotypes for CYP2D6 were studied according to a double-blind, randomised cross-over design after administration of: (1) Placebo antitussive preceded at 1 h by placebo inhibitor; (2) 30 mg oral DEX preceded at 1 h by placebo inhibitor (DEX30); (3) 60 mg oral DEX preceded at 1 h by placebo inhibitor (DEX60); (4) 30 mg oral DEX preceded at 1 h by 50 mg oral quinidine sulphate (QDEX30). Cough frequency following inhalation of 10% citric acid was measured at baseline and at intervals up to 12 h. Plasma concentrations of DEX and its metabolites were measured up to 96 h by h.p.l.c. RESULTS: Inhibition of CYP2D6 by quinidine caused a significant increase in the mean ratio of DEX to dextrorphan (DEX:DOR) plasma AUC(96) (0.04 vs 1.81, P<0.001). The mean (+/-s.d.) decrements in cough frequency below baseline over 12 h (AUEC) were: 8% (11), 17% (14.5), 25% (16.2) and 25% (16.9) for placebo, DEX30, DEX60 and QDEX30 treatments, respectively. Statistically significant differences in antitussive effect were detected for the contrasts between DEX60/placebo (P<0.001; 95% CI of difference +80, +327) and QDEX30/placebo (P<0.001, +88, +336), but not for DEX30/placebo, DEX30/DEX60 or DEX30/QDEX30 (P=0.071, -7, +241; P=0.254, -37, +211; P=0.187, -29, +219, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A significant antitussive effect was demonstrated after 60 mg dextromethorphan and 30 mg dextromethorphan preceded by 50 mg quinidine using an induced cough model. However, although the study was powered to detect a 10% difference in cough response, the observed differences for other contrasts were less than 10%, such that it was possible only to imply a dose effect (30 vs 60 mg) in the antitussive activity of DEX and enhancement of this effect by CYP2D6 inhibition. (+info)Dextromethorphan. Extrapolation of findings from reproductive studies in animals to humans. (7/196)
QUESTION: One of my patients, who is now 8 weeks pregnant, just read in the newspaper that dextromethorphan (DM), an antitussive found in a variety of cough medicines, caused birth defects in chicken embryos. The author of the study stated that even one dose could be dangerous and that he would never allow his wife to use this drug if she were pregnant. My patient was understandably very concerned because last week she was suffering from a nasty cough and had been advised by her pharmacist to use a cough mixture containing DM, which she subsequently took for several days. ANSWER: You may reassure your patient that she did not put her baby at risk by using this substance. Dextromethorphan has been on the market for many years and has never been implicated as a human teratogen. Furthermore, chick embryos are not a good model for predicting teratogenic potential in humans and, consequently, were abandoned as such more than 30 years ago. (+info)Effect of oral mexiletine on the cough response to capsaicin and tartaric acid. (8/196)
BACKGROUND: The effect of the orally active local anaesthetic mexiletine on the cough response to two different tussive agents, a C-fibre ending stimulator capsaicin and a chemostimulant tartaric acid, was examined in normal subjects. METHODS: The cough threshold, defined as the lowest concentration of capsaicin (C(5)-CP) or tartaric acid (C(5)-TA) causing five or more coughs, and histamine induced bronchoconstriction were measured three hours after a single oral dose of 300 mg mexiletine or placebo in 14 normal subjects. RESULTS: Mexiletene in a mean (SE) serum concentration of 0.99 (0. 04) microg/ml significantly increased C(5)-TA from a geometric mean (SE) of 32.0 (1.27) mg/ml with placebo to 49.9 (1.34) mg/ml, but C(5)-CP did not differ significantly between treatment with mexiletine (12.2 (1.33) microM) and placebo (14.9 (1.23) microM). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the cough response to capsaicin and tartaric acid may be mediated in part via different neural pathways. (+info)Cough Medicine Results Sickening
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What does sodium oxybate oral solution used for?
Noscapine
This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. Noscapine is often used as an antitussive ... Church J, Jones MG, Davies SN, Lodge D (June 1989). "Antitussive agents as N-methylaspartate antagonists: further studies". Can ... Noscapine's antitussive effects appear to be primarily mediated by its σ-receptor agonist activity. Evidence for this mechanism ... Noscapine is itself an anti-mitiotic agent, therefore its analogs have great potential as novel anti-cancer drugs. Analogs ...
Glaucium flavum
"Objective evaluation of dextromethorphan and glaucine as antitussive agents". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (5 ... and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. Glaucine may produce side effects such as sedation, fatigue, and a ... "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 553- ...
Ceilings of the Natural History Museum, London
"Objective evaluation of dextromethorphan and glaucine as antitussive agents". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 17 (5): 521-524. doi:10.1111 ...
Glaucine
It is currently used as an antitussive agent in Iceland, as well as Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and other eastern European ... "Objective evaluation of dextromethorphan and glaucine as antitussive agents". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 17 (5 ... May 2008). "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ... and is used medically as an antitussive in some countries. TLRs plays role in its anti inflammatory effects. Glaucine may ...
Meprotixol
Hougs W, Nielsen IM, Norn S, Nymark M (1966). "Pharmacology of a new antitussive agent: meprotixol (N 7020)". Acta ... Antitussives, Thioxanthenes, Phenol ethers, Tertiary alcohols, Dimethylamino compounds, All stub articles, Respiratory system ...
Morclofone
Schenker H (April 1983). "[Efficacy of morclofon, an new synthetic antitussive agent, in geriatric patients. Results of a ... Antitussives, Morpholines, Phenol ethers, Benzophenones, Chloroarenes, All stub articles, Respiratory system drug stubs). ...
Butamirate
Clinical comparison of butamirate citrate with a codeine-based antitussive agent]". Revue Médicale de la Suisse Romande. 110 ( ... Effect of sigma ligands and other agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 251 (1): 207-15. PMID ... Antitussives, Diethylamino compounds, Carboxylate esters, Ethers, All stub articles, Respiratory system drug stubs). ...
Chiral switch
Dextropropoxyphene is an analgesic agent (Darvon) and levopropoxyphene an effective antitussive (Novrad). Interestingly the ...
Fominoben
... is an antitussive agent of the benzanilide class, formerly marketed under the name Noleptan. It binds poorly to the ... Sasaki T, Sugiyama M, Sasaki H, Suzuki S, Takishima T (1985). "Effects of the antitussive fominoben (PB89) on hypoxia in ... Antitussives, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators, Benzanilides, Morpholines, Chloroarenes, Tertiary amines). ... sigma-1 receptor, a receptor activated by many other antitussives. It is reported to have respiratory stimulant activity. Other ...
Drotebanol
Kobayashi, S; Hasegawa, K; Mori, M; Takagi, H (1970). "Pharmacological studies on a new specifically potent antitussive agent, ... Drotebanol has powerful antitussive (cough suppressant) effects, and is around 10x more potent than codeine in producing this ... Antitussives, Morphinans, Mu-opioid receptor agonists, Phenol ethers, Semisynthetic opioids, Cyclohexanols). ...
Pholcodine
... is used as an antitussive agent in Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK [1 ... Pholcodine is a drug which is an opioid cough suppressant (antitussive). It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a ... when essential neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are administered to prevent patient movement under general anaesthesia. ... Antitussives, 4,5-Epoxymorphinans, Morpholines, Phenol ethers, Secondary alcohols). ...
Phenyltoloxamine
... is widely used in preparations as an enhancing agent for some analgesics and antitussives (acetaminophen, ... possesses antitussive action of its own and is particularly useful in semi-productive coughs because of its moderate drying ...
Normethadone
... is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive agent.[citation needed] Normethadone is listed under the Single Convention on ... Antitussives, Ketones, Mu-opioid receptor agonists, Synthetic opioids, All stub articles, Analgesic stubs, Respiratory system ...
Cressa cretica
... an antifungal and an antitussive agent. In combination with Tridax procumbens and Euphorbia thymifolia, it has been found to be ...
Moguisteine
February 1995). "N-acyl-2-substituted-1,3-thiazolidines, a new class of non-narcotic antitussive agents: studies leading to the ... Morita K, Kamei J (April 2000). "Involvement of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in the anti-tussive effect of moguisteine". ... Moguisteine is a non-narcotic, peripherally acting antitussive. In a small double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 200 mg of ... a novel peripheral non-narcotic antitussive drug". British Journal of Pharmacology. 112 (3): 795-800. doi:10.1111/j.1476- ...
Serotonin
Various agents can inhibit 5-HT reuptake, including cocaine, dextromethorphan (an antitussive), tricyclic antidepressants and ... These agents are available as dietary supplements and in various foods, and may be effective serotonergic agents. One product ... and since it was a serum agent affecting vascular tone, they named it serotonin. In 1952, enteramine was shown to be the same ... are important antiemetic agents. They are particularly important in treating the nausea and vomiting that occur during ...
Enantiomer
One of the partner is dextropropoxyphene, an analgesic agent (Darvon) and the other is called levopropoxyphene, an effective ... antitussive (Novrad). It is interesting to note that the trade names of the drugs, DARVON and NOVRAD, also reflect the chemical ...
Symptomatic treatment
... to reduce pain Anti-inflammatory agents, for inflammation caused by arthritis Antitussives, for cough Antihistaminics (also ...
Terminalia chebula
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Mollipect
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Pseudoephedrine
It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent in higher doses. It was first ... According to one study, pseudoephedrine may show effectiveness as an antitussive drug (suppression of cough). Pseudoephedrine ... Pseudoephedrine is also indicated for vasomotor rhinitis, and as an adjunct to other agents in the optimum treatment of ... It has also been reported that pseudoephedrine, among other sympathomimetic agents, may be associated with the occurrence of ...
Medication
In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War ... Bronchodilators, antitussives, mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systemic corticosteroids, beta2-adrenergic agonists, ... These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three ... Antifungal, alkalinizing agents, quinolones, antibiotics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, 5-alpha reductase ...
Isomethadone
... was used as both an analgesic and antitussive. It binds to and activates both the μ- and δ-opioid receptors, with ... Morton IK, Hall JM (1999). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer. p. 157. ISBN 978-0- ... Winter CA, Flataker L (November 1952). "Antitussive action of d-isomethadone and d-methadone in dogs". Proceedings of the ... Isomethadone (INN, BAN; trade nameLiden; also known as isoamidone) is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive related to ...
Commiphora myrrha
It has been used as an astringent, antiseptic, anti-parasitic, anti-viral anti-tussive, emmenagogue, and anti-spasmodic agent. ... Due to its medicinal properties, it is a potential preventative and therapeutic agent for several diseases, including COVID-19 ...
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Soapberries can act as industrial emulsifiers, moistening agents, or foaming agents, and thus can be used as ingredients in ... antitussives and cytotoxic activities have been demonstrated in the saponins of plants. Traditionally, soapberries were sun ...
Dacemazine
Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. Vol. 1. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. p. 711. ISBN 0-412-46630-9. Retrieved on August 2 ... although a combination of dacemazine and di-tert-butylnaphthalenesulfonate was sold as an antispasmodic and antitussive under ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... anti-asthmatic agents MeSH D27.505.954.796.050.100 - bronchodilator agents MeSH D27.505.954.796.090 - antitussive agents MeSH ... anti-obesity agents MeSH D27.505.954.427.140.155 - appetite depressants MeSH D27.505.954.427.153 - antitussive agents MeSH ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tocolytic agents MeSH D27.505.954.016 - anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122. ...
Tipepidine
... non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. It acts as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled inwardly- ... Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. pp. 1988-. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Index Nominum 2000: International Drug ... Antitussives, Expectorants, Piperidines, Potassium channel blockers, Thiophenes, All stub articles, Respiratory system drug ... "The centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive tipepidine produces antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in ...
Potassium channel
Soeda F, Fujieda Y, Kinoshita M, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2016). "Centrally acting non-narcotic antitussives prevent ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (12): 4214-4216. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627. Lawrence CL, ... "The centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive tipepidine produces antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in ...
Styrax japonicus
It also contains large amounts of egosaponin, a poisonous agent that has been used in East Asian traditional fishing to stun ... such as the anagesic effects used to treat toothaches and sore throats and antitussive purposes to treat coughs. Along with its ...
Levorphanol
606-. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties ... The "right-handed" (dextrorotatory) enantiomer of racemorphan is dextrorphan (DXO), an antitussive, potent dissociative ...
Indantadol
June 2001). "Preclinical evaluation of CHF3381 as a novel antiepileptic agent". Neuropharmacology. 40 (7): 866-78. doi:10.1016/ ... Antitussives, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, 2-Aminoindanes, Acetamides). ...
Codeine
Opium poppy has been cultivated and utilized throughout human history for a variety of medicinal (analgesic, anti-tussive and ... antihistamines and other agents, such as those mentioned above. Codeine-only products can be obtained with a prescription as a ... For example, the acetaminophen/codeine antitussive liquid is a Schedule IV controlled substance. Some states have chosen to ... Chao YS, Severn M. "Non-prescription Analgesic and Antitussive Medications Containing Codeine: A Review of Clinical ...
Laudanum
As it gained popularity, opium, and after 1820, morphine, was mixed with a wide variety of agents, drugs and chemicals ... Since opium tincture is usually prescribed for its antidiarrheal and analgesic properties (rather than as an antitussive), ... or antitussive properties). There is probably no single reference that lists all the pharmaceutical variations of laudanum that ... which has antitussive properties. Even modest doses of narcotine can induce profound nausea and vomiting. ...
Levomethadone
... , sold under the brand name L-Polamidon among others, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive which is ... Macdonald F (1997). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. CRC Press. p. 1294. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Retrieved 17 May 2012. ... Antitussives, Dimethylamino compounds, Drug rehabilitation, Glycine receptor antagonists, Ketones, Mu-opioid receptor agonists ...
Phencyclidine
The role of NMDAR antagonism in the effect of PCP, ketamine, and related dissociative agents was first published in the early ... Burns JM, Boyer EW (2013). "Antitussives and substance abuse". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 75-82. doi:10.2147/SAR. ...
Lidocaine
Animal studies and a few human studies suggest that lidocaine has an antitussive effect… Birsa LM, Verity PG, Lee RF (May 2010 ... As a local numbing agent, it is used for the treatment of premature ejaculation. An adhesive transdermal patch containing a 5% ... Lidocaine is often given intravenously as an antiarrhythmic agent in critical cardiac-care situations. Treatment with ... class I antiarrhythmic agents) Prior use of amiodarone hydrochloride Adams-Stokes syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome ...
Dextromethorphan
... is available alone in the form of cough syrup and pills as well as in combination with other agents. As a ... Antitussives, Dissociative drugs, Enantiopure drugs, Morphinans, Mu-opioid receptor agonists, Nicotinic antagonists, NMDA ... "The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans". ... Dextromethorphan is the actual therapeutic agent in the combination; quinidine merely serves to inhibit the enzymatic ...
Controlled Substances Act
Paregoric, an antidiarrheal and anti-tussive, which contains opium combined with camphor (which makes it less addiction-prone ... drug agents. Proceedings to add, delete, or change the schedule of a drug or other substance may be initiated by the DEA, the ... "Hallucinogens and dissociative agents naturally growing in the United States". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 102 (2): 131-138. ...
Opioid
Prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone) Anti-cholinergic agents (e.g. orphenadrine) Evidence suggests that opioid-inclusive ... Matthys H, Bleicher B, Bleicher U (1983). "Dextromethorphan and codeine: objective assessment of antitussive activity in ... Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor ... Vomiting can thus be prevented by prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone or metoclopramide). If vomiting has already started, ...
NMDA receptor antagonist
Farber N, Jiang X, Heinkel C, Nemmers B (23 August 2002). "Antiepileptic drugs and agents that inhibit voltage-gated sodium ... Dextromethorphan: an antitussive found in OTC cough medicines. Dextrorphan: active metabolite of dextromethorphan. ... Farber NB, Hanslick J, Kirby C, McWilliams L, Olney JW (January 1998). "Serotonergic agents that activate 5HT2A receptors ... Maas AI (April 2001). "Neuroprotective agents in traumatic brain injury". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 10 (4): 753- ...
Domiodol
Kogi K, Konishi K, Saito T (1983). "Pharmacological and toxicological studies on domiodol, a new mucolytic agent and ... Antitussives, Organoiodides, Primary alcohols, Dioxolanes, All stub articles, Respiratory system drug stubs). ...
Potassium channel blocker
Because of the reverse use-dependence of class III agents, at low heart rates class III antiarrhythmic agents may paradoxically ... "The centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive tipepidine produces antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in ... Since these agents do not affect the sodium channel, conduction velocity is not decreased. The prolongation of the action ... Agents Chemother. 50 (12): 4214-6. doi:10.1128/AAC.00617-06. PMC 1693980. PMID 17015627. Kindler CH, Yost CS, Gray AT (Apr 1999 ...
Psychoactive drug
These agents also reduce eicosanoid-mediated inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Psychiatric medications are ... Little controversy exists concerning over the counter psychoactive medications in antiemetics and antitussives. Psychoactive ... A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes ...
Browsing by Subject "Antitussive Agents"
Bronchitis Medication: Antimicrobials, Antitussives/expectorants, Bronchodilators, Corticosteroids, Systemic, Corticosteroids,...
Antiviral Agents. Class Summary. Influenza vaccinations offer greater protection for the appropriate populations because they ... Antitussives/expectorants. Class Summary. Sparse data attest to the efficacy of expectorants outside the test tube. ... This agent inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding with the 30S and, possibly, the 50S ribosomal subunit(s). It is less ... The prototype antitussive, codeine, has been used successfully in some chronic cough and induced-cough models, but scant ...
Formats: Still image / Subjects: Nonprescription Drugs and Antitussive Agents / Titles: Sirop Dr Zed, Paris: [girl in pink hat]...
Results of search for 'su:{Antitussive agents}' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Les opiacés analgésiques et antitussifs et leurs succédanés : rapport d un groupe scientifique de l OMS [réuni à Genève du 9 au 15 novembre 1971] by WHO Scientific Group on Opiates and their Alternates for Pain and Cough Relief , World Health Organization.. Series: Organisation mondiale de la Santé. Série de rapports techniques ; ; no. 495Material type: ...
Cold and Cough Medicines: MedlinePlus
Clinical cough II: therapeutic treatments and management of chronic cough
Fasting Study of Chlorpheniramine Polistirex and Hydrocodone Polistirex Capsules and Tussionex® Pennkinetic® Extended Release...
Vitex negundo | GreenMedInfo | Substance | Natural Medicine
Antitussive Agents. Additional Keywords : Plant Extracts. [+] V. negundo leaf oil is a potent anti-inflammatory agent and acts ... These results indicate that V. negundo exhibits antitussive effect and it was found devoid of toxicity.Dec 31, 2011. ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Interleukin-10 upregulation, Interleukin-6 ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors, Interleukin-1 beta downregulation, Interleukin ...
US7563801B2 - Pharmaceutical formulations: salts of 8-[{1-(3,5-Bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-ethoxy}-methyl]-8-phenyl-1,7-diaza...
A61P11/14-Antitussive agents * * A-HUMAN NECESSITIES * A61-MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE ... Assigned to MIDCAP FINANCIAL TRUST, AS AGENT reassignment MIDCAP FINANCIAL TRUST, AS AGENT FIRST LIEN PATENT SECURITY AGREEMENT ... The present formulation can also contain additional therapeutic agents, for example, chemotherapeutic agents, for example, ... 201000009910 diseases by infectious agent Diseases 0.000 description 1 * 238000007922 dissolution test Methods 0.000 ...
Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects. | Thorax
The Local Anesthetic and Pain Relief Activity of Alkaloids | IntechOpen
... and codeine is also an antitussive agent; colchicine is used as a gout suppressant; caffeine is a central nervous system ... 3. The antitussive action of codeine- mechanism, methodology and evaluation. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1969;. ... For example, a short-acting agent (e.g., mepivacaine) will be useful for creation of excellent intraoperative conditions with ... The enhanced vasodilator activity of a local anesthetic agent results in shorter duration of action because of faster ...
DailyMed - PROMETHAZINE DM- dextromethorphan hydrobromide and promethazine hydrochloride solution
Dextromethorphan is an antitussive agent and, unlike the isomeric levorphanol, it has no analgesic or addictive properties. ... Promethazine is an H1 receptor blocking agent. In addition to its antihistaminic action, it provides clinically useful sedative ... Anticholinergics - Concomitant use of other agents with anticholinergic properties should be undertaken with caution. ... such agents should either be eliminated or given in reduced dosage in the presence of promethazine HCl (see PRECAUTIONS - ...
Hydrocodone
It is a type of analgesic agent, a type of antitussive, and a type of opiate. ... CII agent due out in United States in March 2014. *Available in 10-50 mg capsules and taken twice daily for severe Chronic Pain ... A semisynthetic hydrogenated codeine derivative and opioid agonist with analgesic and antitussive effects. Hydrocodone ... a semisynthetic hydrogenated codeine derivative and opioid agonist with analgesic and antitussive effects. Hydrocodone ...
Beauty of the beast: anticholinergic tropane alkaloids in therapeutics | SpringerLink
... approved but a mixture of homatropine methylbromide and hydrocodone bitartrate has been approved by FDA as antitussive agent ( ... Hence it is classified as class 1b anti-arrhythmic agent and is on the WHO List of Essential Medicines [8]. The mechanism of ... 121]. Trospium is anti-spasmodic agent which is helpful in relaxing smooth muscles thus used to treat over active bladder [122 ... Comparative affinity of several standard anti-secretory agents for the intestinal cholinergic receptors of of rats and dogs. C ...
Classification of Expectorants and Antitussives
Are metallic stents really safe? A long-term analysis in lung transplant recipients | European Respiratory Society
Evaluation of Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Aqueous Extract of Asparagus Stem in Mice
... which was applied in Chinese traditional medicine as a tonic and heat-clearing agent. The present study was designed to ... antitussive, and diuretic agent. In recent years, various healthful effects of the asparagus have been scientifically verified ... A. D. Jordan, C. P. Kordik, A. B. Reitz, and P. J. Sanfilippo, "Novel anxiolytic agents-1994 to present," Expert Opinion on ... J. R. Vogel, B. Beer, and D. E. Clody, "A simple and reliable conflict procedure for testing anti-anxiety agents," ...
Publications from 1989 - University of Regensburg Publication Server
Comparative Efficacy of 6 Topical Pharmacological Agents for... : Anesthesia & Analgesia
Topical pharmacological agents typically used to treat postoperative sore throat (POS ... Ingredients in licorice reportedly have antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects. One meta-analysis found that lidocaine ... Topical pharmacological agents typically used to treat postoperative sore throat (POST) after tracheal intubation include ... A consensus on the optimal prophylactic agents for the POST treatment remains controversial. A large clinical trial comparing ...
Self-Medication Practices among the Adolescent Population of South Karnataka, India - Fingerprint - Manipal Academy of...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Clinical trial of a new antitussive drug.
Collections: Images from the History of Medicine (IHM) / Subjects: 3 selected / Titles: Sirop Dr Zed, Paris: [girl in pink hat]...
Naringin - SUPP.AI by AI2
World Journal of Hepatology - Baishideng Publishing Group
Camphor Revisited: Focus on Toxicity | Pediatrics | American Academy of Pediatrics
Drug advertising ephemera : France. Box 1. | Wellcome Collection
Code System Concept
ExpectorantCoughExpectorantsDecongestantAnestheticDextromethorphanOpioidSedativePeripherallyCarminativeAnalgesic agentImmunomodulatorAntipruriticDiureticPharmacologicAntibioticsMeSHAnti-inflammatory agentTopicalPharmacologicalActsAntioxidantAntimicrobial agentsEnvironmental irritantsAsthmaEffectiveDrug1980MedicinalInfectionsPotentSearchInflammatoryReceptorActiveProperties
Expectorant7
- These species have been used as carminative, antitussive, and expectorant agents. (journal-jams.org)
- Adulsa (Adhatoda vasika): It is a potent bronchodilator, antiallergic (antihistamine) and expectorant agent, used successfully in the treatment of common cold, cough, whooping cough, chronic bronchitis and asthma. (kofrut.com)
- Saunf (Foeniculun vulgare): It is a respiratory stimulant, expectorant and also acts as an antitussive agent. (kofrut.com)
- Sitopladi Churna is a unique combination of herbs which acts as a very good Antitussive agent and can be used as an Expectorant, Carminative, Anti-Inflammatory digestive agent. (storeela.com)
- It contains combination of Chlorpheniramine which is anti-histaminic, Dextromethorphan which is an antitussive drug, Guaiphenesin which is an expectorant and Bromhexine which is a mucolytic agent. (torex.co.in)
- Acts as a bronchodilator, expectorant, mucolytic and spasmolytic agent. (com.pk)
- Thyme also has expectorant and antitussive actions, and can be helpful for dry, unproductive coughs. (myshopify.com)
Cough8
- CONCLUSIONS--Menthol is an effective antitussive agent in an evoked cough model. (bmj.com)
- Opioid analgesics and antitussives, including hydrocodone should not be used in patients with acute febrile illness associated with productive cough or in patients with chronic respiratory disease where interference with ability to clear the tracheobronchial tree of secretions would have a deleterious effect on the patient's respiratory function. (pdr.net)
- This may explain the lack of effective antitussive agents in patients with a persistent cough. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] Much of the data in humans has come from cough challenge studies and the effects of protussive and antitussive agents. (medscape.com)
- The standard protussive agents or cough stimulants used in cough challenge tests in adults include capsaicin, citric acid chloride-deficient solutions, distilled water, and hypertonic saline solution. (medscape.com)
- Amla (Emblica officinalis): It is a powerful medicine used in cough, bronchitis, hemoptysis, tuberculosis and as rejuvenating agent It also acts as an immune stimulant anti-inflammatory and prevents recurrence of disease. (kofrut.com)
- Therapeutic benefits include the alleviation of cough symptoms, and as diaphoretic and carminative agents. (momothaifood.com)
- Antitussives are drugs that suppress cough. (nursenacole.com)
Expectorants1
- Therapy for patients with acute bronchitis is generally aimed toward alleviation of symptoms and includes the use of analgesics, antipyretics, antitussives, and expectorants. (medscape.com)
Decongestant1
- This preparation is a mixture of antitussive, decongestant and antihistamine agent. (arogga.com)
Anesthetic1
- Since the original statement, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recognized camphor as a safe and effective topical antitussive, analgesic, anesthetic, and antipruritic agent. (aap.org)
Dextromethorphan2
- Dextromethorphan is an antitussive agent and, unlike the isomeric levorphanol, it has no analgesic or addictive properties. (nih.gov)
- Dextromethorphan is a safe, effective, non-narcotic antitussive ag. (arogga.com)
Opioid1
- The antitussives fall into two major groups: (1) opioid antitussives and (2) nonopioid antitussives. (nursenacole.com)
Sedative1
- Wild cherry is a respiratory sedative and antitussive agent. (myshopify.com)
Peripherally1
- Some agents act within the CNS, others act peripherally. (nursenacole.com)
Carminative2
- Ginger's therapeutic uses are as a carminative, antinauseant and antiflatulence agent. (momothaifood.com)
- The approximately 0.04 volatile oil content has therapeutic uses as carminative, stomachic, antirheumatic and antimicrobial agents. (momothaifood.com)
Analgesic agent1
- It is a type of analgesic agent, a form of antitussive, and a kind of opiate. (starsuntold.com)
Immunomodulator1
- Haldi (Curcuma Longa): It is a very strong immunomodulator, antiallergic and anti-inflammatory agent. (kofrut.com)
Antipruritic2
- The combination formula provides a three-way therapeutic effect: antipruritic, antitussive, and anti-inflammatory. (modernteckhome.com)
- The trimeprazine in Temaril-P acts as an agent for antipruritic and antitussive and helps relieve frustrating bouts of itching and coughing. (modernteckhome.com)
Diuretic1
- Asparagus officinalis L. , a well-known nutritious and healthy vegetable, was applied widely in the traditional Chinese medicine clinic practice, as a tonic, heat-clearing, antitussive, and diuretic agent. (hindawi.com)
Pharmacologic1
- The office visit rate in exaggerated broncho-constrictor the Northeast was almost 2.5 times that in the South, although the prevalence of response to many physical changes and chemical and pharmacologic agents. (cdc.gov)
Antibiotics1
- Also, the drug "ACC" is not taken together with antibiotics and antitussive agents. (tostpost.com)
MeSH1
- Neuroprotective Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (jefferson.edu)
Anti-inflammatory agent1
- The prednisolone acts as the anti-inflammatory agent, providing treatment for inflammation and pain. (modernteckhome.com)
Topical4
- Comparative Efficacy of 6 Topical Pharmacological Agents for. (lww.com)
- Topical pharmacological agents typically used to treat postoperative sore throat (POST) after tracheal intubation include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, lidocaine, Glycyrrhiza (licorice), and N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (including ketamine and magnesium). (lww.com)
- Combining both direct and indirect evidence, a network meta-analysis was performed to assess odds ratios (ORs) between the topical pharmacological agents and surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) curve for the treatment-based outcomes. (lww.com)
- Eisenkraft A, Krivoy A, Vidan A, Robenshtok E, Hourvitz A, Dushnitsky T. Phase I study of a topical skin protectant against chemical warfare agents. (medscape.com)
Pharmacological1
- It was also used as an aphrodisiac, antidote for numerous toxic agents along with various pharmacological uses. (ayurvedicoils.com)
Acts1
- Acts as an antitussive and has a soothing effect on sore throat. (com.pk)
Antioxidant1
- Thyme has antioxidant properties, and can be used as a preservative agent for foods, oils, and salves. (myshopify.com)
Antimicrobial agents1
- The biofilms are difficult to eliminate and show increased resistance to available antimicrobial agents. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Environmental irritants1
- Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory environmental irritants, viral infections, agents were the most common medications prescribed. (cdc.gov)
Asthma1
- Conclusions --The patient populations receiving care for asthma vary (anti-inflammatory agents) or open the depending on the ambulatory care setting. (cdc.gov)
Effective3
- It is usually well tolerated and provides good coverage of most infectious agents, but it is not effective against Mycoplasma and Legionella species. (medscape.com)
- Herpes simplex virus 1, by gene modification is emerging as an effective therapeutic agent to kill cancer cells. (ajphr.com)
- [ 2 ] An understanding of the pathophysiology of the coordination of the reflex in the medulla will fast track the development of effective antitussive agents. (medscape.com)
Drug2
19801
- 1980). Dibromochloromethane was used formerly as a chemical intermediate in the production of fire extinguishing agents, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, and pesticides (IARC 1991b). (cdc.gov)
Medicinal1
- They are commonly used as herbal teas, flavoring agents, and aromatic and medicinal plants. (journal-jams.org)
Infections1
- This review focused on the potency of saponin-containing plants with antimicrobial properties as antibiofilm agents against these infections. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Potent1
- The effect of Nigerian dietary vegetable mixtures composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Gongronema latifolium, Solanum melongena, Phyllanthus amarus, and Piper nigrum as acclaimed as potent anti-hyperglycaemic agents were evaluated in accordance with local finished medicine products and practices in alloxan-induced diabetic guinea pigs. (ajphr.com)
Search2
- Therefore, the search for new therapeutic agents continues. (hindawi.com)
- The search for novel biological agents from plants is gaining popularity due to the high abundance, accessibility with consequent lower cost for discovery, and lesser side effects and toxicity. (hacettepe.edu.tr)
Inflammatory2
Receptor1
- Promethazine is an H 1 receptor blocking agent. (nih.gov)
Active1
- I. Centrally active antitussive agents II. (pharmacy180.com)
Properties3
- There are few studies on the neuropharmacological properties of asparagus, which was applied in Chinese traditional medicine as a tonic and heat-clearing agent. (hindawi.com)
- The plant has stomachache relieving and antimicrobial properties, and therapeutic benefits as an antitussive and antiflatulence agent. (momothaifood.com)
- Lime juice is used as an appetizer, and has antitussive, antiflu, stomachic and antiscorbutic properties. (momothaifood.com)