Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.
Alkaloids derived from TYRAMINE combined with 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde via a norbelladine pathway, including GALANTAMINE, lycorine and crinine. They are found in the Amaryllidaceae (LILIACEAE) plant family.
A plant genus of the family LILIACEAE. Members contain ungiminorine and LECTINS.
Pyrido-CARBAZOLES originally discovered in the bark of OCHROSIA ELLIPTICA. They inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis and have immunosuppressive properties.
Compounds with 1,2-diphenylethane. They are structurally like reduced STILBENES.
Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetius. It is a hydroxy derivative of DAUNORUBICIN.
Methods of investigating the effectiveness of anticancer cytotoxic drugs and biologic inhibitors. These include in vitro cell-kill models and cytostatic dye exclusion tests as well as in vivo measurement of tumor growth parameters in laboratory animals.
Chemical substances, produced by microorganisms, inhibiting or preventing the proliferation of neoplasms.
Thiadiazines are a class of heterocyclic compounds with a sulfur atom and two nitrogen atoms, used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and erectile dysfunction.
A group of 20-member macrolactones in which there are three remotely substituted pyran rings that are linked by a methylene bridge and an E-disubstituted alkene, and have geminal dimethyls at C8 and C18 carbons. Some interact with PROTEIN KINASE C.
A class of drugs that differs from other alkylating agents used clinically in that they are monofunctional and thus unable to cross-link cellular macromolecules. Among their common properties are a requirement for metabolic activation to intermediates with antitumor efficacy and the presence in their chemical structures of N-methyl groups, that after metabolism, can covalently modify cellular DNA. The precise mechanisms by which each of these drugs acts to kill tumor cells are not completely understood. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2026)
Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.
Compounds consisting of chains of AMINO ACIDS alternating with CARBOXYLIC ACIDS via ester and amide linkages. They are commonly cyclized.
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.
An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Acridines which are substituted in any position by one or more amino groups or substituted amino groups.
A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.
Sarcoma 180 is a type of cancer that originates in connective tissue, such as bone, muscle, or fat, and is commonly used as a model for studying cancer growth and treatment in laboratory animals.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Cyclic esters of hydroxy carboxylic acids, containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure. Large cyclic lactones of over a dozen atoms are MACROLIDES.
Leukemia L1210 is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is commonly used as a research model to study cancer biology and test new treatments.
Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.
A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.
A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.
A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
A semisynthetic derivative of PODOPHYLLOTOXIN that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.
A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.
Any process by which toxicity, metabolism, absorption, elimination, preferred route of administration, safe dosage range, etc., for a drug or group of drugs is determined through clinical assessment in humans or veterinary animals.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
In vivo methods of screening investigative anticancer drugs, biologic response modifiers or radiotherapies. Human tumor tissue or cells are transplanted into mice or rats followed by tumor treatment regimens. A variety of outcomes are monitored to assess antitumor effectiveness.
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.
An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity.
Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.
A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
A group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine. The ring structure is characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids such as papaverine. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Injuries to DNA that introduce deviations from its normal, intact structure and which may, if left unrepaired, result in a MUTATION or a block of DNA REPLICATION. These deviations may be caused by physical or chemical agents and occur by natural or unnatural, introduced circumstances. They include the introduction of illegitimate bases during replication or by deamination or other modification of bases; the loss of a base from the DNA backbone leaving an abasic site; single-strand breaks; double strand breaks; and intrastrand (PYRIMIDINE DIMERS) or interstrand crosslinking. Damage can often be repaired (DNA REPAIR). If the damage is extensive, it can induce APOPTOSIS.
Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.
A family of intracellular CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASES that play a role in regulating INFLAMMATION and APOPTOSIS. They specifically cleave peptides at a CYSTEINE amino acid that follows an ASPARTIC ACID residue. Caspases are activated by proteolytic cleavage of a precursor form to yield large and small subunits that form the enzyme. Since the cleavage site within precursors matches the specificity of caspases, sequential activation of precursors by activated caspases can occur.
A group of diterpenoid CYCLODECANES named for the taxanes that were discovered in the TAXUS tree. The action on MICROTUBULES has made some of them useful as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Phospholipids which have an alcohol moiety in ethereal linkage with a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic alcohol. They are usually derivatives of phosphoglycerols or phosphatidates. The other two alcohol groups of the glycerol backbone are usually in ester linkage. These compounds are widely distributed in animal tissues.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Coverings for the hands, usually with separations for the fingers, made of various materials, for protection against infections, toxic substances, extremes of hot and cold, radiations, water immersion, etc. The gloves may be worn by patients, care givers, housewives, laboratory and industrial workers, police, etc.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. This plant should not be confused with microtubule asters (MICROTUBULES) nor with aster yellows phytoplasma (mycoplasma-like organisms).
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
A small plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Individuals responsible for various duties pertaining to the medical office routine.
A nursing specialty concerned with the care provided to cancer patients. It includes aspects of family functioning through education of both patient and family.
Laundering in the medical field refers to the process of cleaning and disinfecting medical equipment and supplies to prevent the spread of infection.
A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.
Devices designed to provide personal protection against injury to individuals exposed to hazards in industry, sports, aviation, or daily activities.
Functions and activities of DENTITION as a whole.
Any materials used in providing care specifically in the hospital.
Clothing designed to protect the individual against possible exposure to known hazards.
The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.
An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.
The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.
Inorganic compounds that contain vanadium as an integral part of the molecule.
Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).
Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in a hospital.
The monitoring of the level of toxins, chemical pollutants, microbial contaminants, or other harmful substances in the environment (soil, air, and water), workplace, or in the bodies of people and animals present in that environment.
Elements, compounds, mixtures, or solutions that are considered severely harmful to human health and the environment. They include substances that are toxic, corrosive, flammable, or explosive.
The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.
Thiosemicarbazones are a class of compounds that have potential therapeutic applications in the medical field due to their ability to bind to metal ions and their antioxidant properties.
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.
The individuals employed by the hospital.
An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)
An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.
Clinical protocols used to inhibit the growth or spread of NEOPLASMS.
A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.
Facilities for the preparation and dispensing of drugs.
A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)
Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II. Included in this category are a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS which target the eukaryotic form of topoisomerase II and ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS which target the prokaryotic form of topoisomerase II.
Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate.
The hospital department responsible for the administration and provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services for the cancer patient.
A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage.
Drugs which have received FDA approval for human testing but have yet to be approved for commercial marketing. This includes drugs used for treatment while they still are undergoing clinical trials (Treatment IND). The main heading includes drugs under investigation in foreign countries.
Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.
A group of alkylating agents derived from mustard gas, with the sulfur replaced by nitrogen. They were formerly used as toxicants and vesicants, but now function as antineoplastic agents. These compounds are also powerful mutagens, teratogens, immunosuppressants, and carcinogens.
Professionals qualified by graduation from an accredited school of nursing and by passage of a national licensing examination to practice nursing. They provide services to patients requiring assistance in recovering or maintaining their physical or mental health.
Dioxoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds containing an oxygen atom and two carbon atoms in a six-membered ring.
A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.
Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.
Compounds that inhibit the activity of DNA TOPOISOMERASE I.
A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.
The products of chemical reactions that result in the addition of extraneous chemical groups to DNA.
DNA TOPOISOMERASES that catalyze ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. These enzymes bring about relaxation of the supercoiled DNA and resolution of a knotted circular DNA duplex.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Nitrosourea compounds are a class of chemotherapy drugs used to treat certain types of cancer, particularly glioblastoma and ovarian cancer.
BALB/C is a commonly used strain of inbred mice in medical research, known for their genetic uniformity and susceptibility to various diseases.
Those persons legally qualified by education and training to engage in the practice of pharmacy.
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Keto-pyrans.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.
Pyrazines are a class of heterocyclic compounds with two nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring, which have potential medicinal applications as antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory agents.
Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells such as the GOBLET CELLS.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Compounds of the general formula R:N.NR2, as resulting from the action of hydrazines with aldehydes or ketones. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A group of compounds that contain the structure SO2NH2.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases.
Experimentally induced mammary neoplasms in animals to provide a model for studying human BREAST NEOPLASMS.
An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.
Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.
Organic compounds which contain platinum as an integral part of the molecule.
A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.
A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.
An alkylating agent of value against both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
Piperazines are a class of psychoactive drugs that act as anticholinergics, antispasmodics, and central nervous system stimulants, and are sometimes used in the treatment of various medical conditions.
A group of methylazirinopyrroloindolediones obtained from certain Streptomyces strains. They are very toxic antibiotics used as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS in some solid tumors. PORFIROMYCIN and MITOMYCIN are the most useful members of the group.
The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.
Organic compounds that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.
Institutions specializing in the care of cancer patients.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits interleukin 6 secretion from KPL-4 human breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo: a possible mechanism of the anticachectic effect. (1/2596)

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine. Recent reports suggest that circulating IL-6 secreted from tumour cells plays an important role in cancer-induced cachexia. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has been used as an endocrine therapeutic agent for patients with breast cancer. It has been suggested that MPA decreases serum IL-6 levels and preserves the bodyweight of patients with advanced breast cancer. However, the mechanisms of action responsible for the anticachectic effect of MPA have not been elucidated. Therefore, the effects of MPA on IL-6 secretion were studied both in vitro and in vivo using a human breast cancer cell line, KPL-4, which secretes IL-6 into medium and induces cachexia when injected into female nude mice. MPA (10-1000 nM) dose-dependently decreased basal IL-6 secretion into medium, and also suppressed tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)-induced IL-6 secretion. Both basal and TNF-alpha-induced IL-6 mRNA levels were dose-dependently lowered by MPA. Moreover, intramuscular injections of MPA (100 mg kg(-1) twice a week) into nude mice bearing KPL-4 transplanted tumours significantly decreased serum IL-6 levels without affecting tumour growth and preserved the bodyweight of recipient mice. These findings suggest that suppression of IL-6 secretion from tumour cells, at least in part, causes the anticachectic effect of MPA.  (+info)

The somatostatin analog octreotide inhibits growth of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent and IL-6-independent human multiple myeloma cell lines. (2/2596)

Somatostatin and its analogs can inhibit growth in several cell types, in part by interfering with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling. Our previous studies point to the importance of paracrine and autocrine IGF-I in the support of growth and survival of human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines. In this report, we have investigated the potential role of a somatostatin analog, octreotide, in regulating growth and/or survival in MM. The results show that all MM cell lines express functional somatostatin receptors (sst). The MM cell lines express the subtypes sst2, sst3, and predominantly sst5 as determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Octreotide inhibited the growth of both the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent and the IL-6-independent MM cell lines. The effect is mainly cytostatic, resulting in 25% to 45% growth inhibition, and in three of eight of the MM cell lines a weak induction of apoptosis was recorded. Our results also show that octreotide may act as an inducer of apoptosis in primary B-B4(+) plasma cells isolated from bone marrow of MM patients. In conclusion, the results show a novel pathway for growth inhibition of MM cells: the activation of somatostatin receptor signaling.  (+info)

Increased activator protein-1 DNA binding and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity in human breast tumors with acquired tamoxifen resistance. (3/2596)

Human breast tumors that are initially responsive to tamoxifen (TAM) eventually relapse during treatment. Estrogen receptor (ER) expression and function are often preserved in these tumors, and clinical evidence suggests that this relapse may be related to TAM's known agonistic properties. ER can interact with the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor complex through protein-protein interactions that are independent of ER DNA binding and, in certain ER-positive cells, this may allow TAM to exert an agonist response on AP-1-regulated genes. We, therefore, assessed both AP-1 DNA binding and the known AP-1 activating enzyme, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), in a panel of 30 ER-positive primary human breast tumors with acquired TAM resistance, as compared to a matched panel of 27 untreated control ER-positive breast tumors and a separate control set of 14 primary tumors, which included 7 ER-positive tumors that were growth-arrested by 3 months of preoperative TAM. AP-1 DNA binding activity was measured from cryopreserved tumor extracts using a labeled oligonucleotide probe containing a consensus AP-1 response element by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. JNK was first extracted from the tumor lysates by incubation over a Sepharose-bound c-Jun(1-89) fusion protein, and its activity was then measured by chemiluminescent Western blot by detection of the phosphorylated product using a phospho-Jun(Ser-63)-specific primary antibody. The set of control ER-positive breast tumors growth arrested by TAM showed no significant difference from untreated control tumors in their AP-1 DNA binding and JNK activities. In contrast, there was a significant (P < 0.001) increase in mean AP-1 DNA binding activity for the panel of ER-positive TAM-resistant (TAM-R) tumors as compared to its matched control panel of untreated tumors. Mean JNK activity in the TAM-R tumors was also significantly higher than that found in the untreated tumors (P = 0.038). Overall, there was no significant correlation between JNK activity and AP-1 DNA binding; however, regression analysis showed that, for any given level of JNK activity, the TAM-R tumors possessed a 3.5-fold increase in AP-1 DNA binding activity as compared to the untreated tumors. These findings indicate that, when compared to untreated ER-positive primary breast tumors, TAM-R tumors demonstrate significantly increased levels of AP-1 DNA binding and JNK activity, consistent with experimental models suggesting that TAM-stimulated ER-positive tumor growth may be mediated by enhanced AP-1 transcriptional activity. These observations support the need for further evaluation of these markers in breast tumors as predictors of TAM resistance.  (+info)

In vivo localization of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide to human ovarian tumor xenografts induced to express the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 using an adenoviral vector. (4/2596)

Adenoviral vectors, encoding genes for cell surface antigens or receptors, have been used to induce their high level expression on tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. These induced antigens and receptors can then be targeted with radiolabeled antibodies or peptides for potential radiotherapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to determine a dosing schema of an adenoviral vector encoding the human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (AdCMVhSSTr2) for achieving the highest tumor localization of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide, which binds to this receptor, in a human ovarian cancer model as a prelude to future therapy studies. AdCMVhSSTr2 was produced and used to induce hSSTr2 on A427 human nonsmall cell lung cancer cells and on SKOV3.ipl human ovarian cancer cells in vitro, as demonstrated by competitive binding assays using [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin and [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide. Mice bearing i.p. SKOV3.ip1 tumors administered 1 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of AdCMVhSSTr2 i.p. 5 days after tumor cell inoculation, followed by an i.p. injection of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide 2 days later, showed a range of 15.3-60.4% median injected dose/gram (ID/g) in tumor at 4 h after injection compared with 3.5% ID/g when [125I]-Tyr1-somatostatin was administered and 0.3% ID/g when the negative control peptide [125I]-mIP-bombesin was administered. Mice administered a control adenoviral vector encoding the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor did not have tumor localization of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide (<1.6% ID/g), demonstrating specificity of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide for the AdCMVhSSTr2 induced tumor cells. In another set of experiments, the tumor localization of [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide was not different 1, 2, or 4 days after AdCMVhSSTr2 injection (31.8, 37.7, and 40.7% ID/g, respectively; P = 0.88), indicating that multiple injections of radiolabeled peptide can be administered with equivalent uptake over a 4-day period. [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide tumor localization in animals administered AdCMVhSSTr2 on consecutive days or 2 days apart was 22.4% ID/g and 53.2% ID/g, respectively (P = 0.009) when [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide was given 1 day after the second AdCMVhSSTr2 injection. There was no difference in [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide localization after a single AdCMVhSSTr2 injection (40.7% ID/g) or two injections of AdCMVhSSTr2 given 1 (45.9% ID/g) or 2 (53.2% ID/g) days apart, where [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide was given in each case 4 days after the first AdCMVhSSTr2 injection (P = 0.65). Therefore, two AdCMVhSSTr2 injections did not increase [(111)In]-DTPA-D-Phe1-octreotide tumor localization compared with one injection, which eliminates concerns about an immune response to a second dose of AdCMVhSSTr2. This will be the basis for a therapeutic protocol with multiple administrations of an octreotide analogue labeled with a therapeutic radioisotope.  (+info)

The aromatase inactivator 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OH-A) inhibits tamoxifen metabolism by rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 3A: potential for drug-drug interaction of tamoxifen and 4-OH-A in combined anti-breast cancer therapy. (5/2596)

Tamoxifen (tam), an anti-breast cancer agent, is metabolized into tam-N-oxide by the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase and into N-desmethyl- and 4-hydroxy-tam by cytochrome P-450s (CYPs). Additionally, tam is metabolically activated by hepatic CYP3A, forming a reactive intermediate that binds covalently to proteins. Tam and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4-OH-A) are currently used to treat breast cancer, and it has been contemplated that 4-OH-A be given concurrently with tam to contravene potential tumor resistance to tam. Because alterations in tam metabolism may influence its therapeutic efficacy, the effect of 4-OH-A on tam metabolism was examined. Incubation of tam with liver microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rats, in the presence of 4-OH-A (10-100 microM), resulted in marked inhibition of tam-N-demethylation and tam covalent binding and in decreased tam-N-oxide accumulation; however, there was no inhibition of the formation of 4-hydroxy-tam and of 3,4-dihydroxytamoxifen. These findings indicate that 4-OH-A inhibits CYP3A, but not P-450(s) that catalyze tam 4-hydroxylation. The diminished tam-N-oxide accumulation could be due to decreased N-oxide formation and/or due to increased N-oxide reduction. Incubation of tam-N-oxide with liver microsomes containing heat-inactivated flavin-containing monooxygenase demonstrated that 4-OH-A increases the accumulation of tam, possibly by diminishing its P-450-mediated metabolism. Kinetic studies indicate that 4-OH-A is a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A, but not a time-dependent inactivator. Consequently, the concurrent treatment of tam and 4-OH-A may result in increased tam half-life and thus could potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of tam and diminish the potential side effects of tam by inhibiting its covalent binding to proteins and possibly to DNA.  (+info)

Lack of evidence from HPLC 32P-post-labelling for tamoxifen-DNA adducts in the human endometrium. (6/2596)

Tamoxifen is associated with an increased incidence of endometrial cancer in women. It is also a potent carcinogen in rat liver and forms covalent DNA adducts in this tissue. A previous study exploring DNA adducts in human endometria, utilizing thin layer chromatography 32P-postlabelling, found no evidence for adducts in tamoxifen-treated women [Carmichael,P.L., Ugwumadu,A.H.N., Neven,P., Hewer,A.J., Poon,G.K. and Phillips,D.H. (1996) Cancer Res., 56, 1475-1479]. However, subsequent work utilizing HPLC 32P-post-labelling [Hemminki,K., Ranjaniemi,H., Lindahl,B. and Moberger,B. (1996) Cancer Res., 56, 4374-4377] suggested that very low levels could be detected. We have sought to investigate this question further by reproducing the HPLC methodology at two centres, and analysing endometrial DNA from 20 patients treated with 20 mg/day tamoxifen for between 22 and 65 months. Liver DNA isolated from tamoxifen-treated rats was used as a positive control. We found no convincing evidence for tamoxifen-derived DNA adducts in human endometrium. HPLC elution profiles of post-labelled DNA from tamoxifen-treated women were indistinguishable from those obtained with DNA from 14 untreated women and from six women taking toremifene, an analogue of tamoxifen.  (+info)

Kleine-Levin and Munchausen syndromes in a patient with recurrent acromegaly. (7/2596)

Hypothalamic disease often affects the patients' personality and this also applies to pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension. We report on a patient with a 12-year history of recurrent acromegaly, treated with three transphenoidal operations, single field radiation therapy and bromocriptine/octreotide administration. During the course of follow-up she presented with self-inflicted anemia and Kleine-Levin syndrome (hypersomnia, hyperphagia and hypersexuality). Furthermore, she developed post-radiation necrosis within the right temporal lobe. Whether her neurological and personality disorders result - at least partially - from the acromegaly or the temporal lobe necrosis remains unclear.  (+info)

Expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) correlates with poor response to tamoxifen therapy in recurrent breast cancer. (8/2596)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease which may play a role in a variety of cancer types, including breast cancer. In the present study, we evaluated whether the level of PSA in breast tumour cytosol could be associated with prognosis in primary breast cancer, or with response to tamoxifen therapy in recurrent disease. PSA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in breast tumour cytosols, and were correlated with prognosis in 1516 patients with primary breast cancer and with response to first-line tamoxifen therapy in 434 patients with recurrent disease. Relating the levels of PSA with classical prognostic factors, low levels were more often found in larger tumours, tumours of older and post-menopausal patients, and in steroid hormone receptor-negative tumours. There was no significant association between the levels of PSA with grade of differentiation or the number of involved lymph nodes. In patients with primary breast cancer, PSA was not significantly related to the rate of relapse, and a positive association of PSA with an improved survival could be attributed to its relationship to age. In patients with recurrent breast cancer, a high level of PSA was significantly related to a poor response to tamoxifen therapy, and a short progression-free and overall survival after start of treatment for recurrent disease. In Cox multivariate analyses for response to therapy and for (progression-free) survival, corrected for age/menopausal status, disease-free interval, site of relapse and steroid hormone receptor status, PSA was an independent variable of poor prognosis. It is concluded that the level of PSA in cytosols of primary breast tumours might be a marker to select breast cancer patients who may benefit from systemic tamoxifen therapy.  (+info)

Antineoplastic agents, also known as cytotoxic agents or chemotherapeutic agents, are drugs that are used to treat cancer by killing or slowing the growth of cancer cells. These agents work by interfering with the normal processes of cell division and growth, which are necessary for the survival and spread of cancer cells. There are many different types of antineoplastic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, among others. These agents are often used in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy, to provide the most effective treatment for cancer.

Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, are a class of drugs derived from plants that have been found to have anti-cancer properties. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, as well as by inducing apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells. Examples of phytogenic antineoplastic agents include paclitaxel (Taxol), derived from the Pacific yew tree, and vinblastine and vincristine, derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant. These agents are often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat a variety of cancers, including breast, ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancer.

Leukemia P388 is a type of cancer cell line that is commonly used in laboratory research to study various aspects of cancer biology, including drug development and testing. It is a type of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is derived from a mouse and has been extensively characterized in the laboratory. The P388 cell line is known for its rapid proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, making it a useful model for studying the effects of different drugs on cancer cells. It is also commonly used to study the mechanisms of cancer cell growth and survival, as well as the development of resistance to chemotherapy. In addition to its use in laboratory research, the P388 cell line has also been used in preclinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new cancer drugs before they are tested in humans. Overall, the P388 cell line is an important tool in the fight against cancer and has contributed significantly to our understanding of the biology of this disease.

Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a group of alkaloids found in plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, which includes bulbs such as garlic, onions, and leeks. These alkaloids have a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Some of the most well-known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids include alliin, which is the precursor to allicin, the active compound in garlic that is responsible for its characteristic odor and flavor, and galantamine, which is used as a medication for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In the medical field, Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are of interest for their potential therapeutic applications, and ongoing research is exploring their use in the treatment of a range of conditions, including cancer, infections, and neurological disorders. However, it is important to note that some Amaryllidaceae alkaloids can also have toxic effects, and their use should be carefully monitored and supervised by a healthcare professional.

In the medical field, "Ellipticines" refers to a group of alkaloids that are found in certain plants, particularly in the family Solanaceae. These alkaloids have a characteristic elliptical shape and are known for their antitumor and antiviral properties. Some examples of ellipticines include solanine, tomatine, and α-ellipticine. These compounds have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of various types of cancer and viral infections.

Bibenzyls are a class of organic compounds that consist of two benzene rings joined by a single carbon-carbon bond. They are commonly found in plants and are known for their aroma and flavor. In the medical field, bibenzyls have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral effects. Some specific bibenzyl compounds that have been studied for their medical potential include benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, and benzyl acetate. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using bibenzyls in medicine.

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug that is used to treat a variety of cancers, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia. It works by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and division of cancer cells. Doxorubicin is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the heart and kidneys. It is a powerful drug that can be effective against many types of cancer, but it can also have serious side effects, so it is typically used in combination with other treatments or in low doses.

Antibiotics and antineoplastic drugs are two different classes of medications used in the medical field. Antibiotics are drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are often prescribed for infections of the skin, respiratory system, urinary tract, and other parts of the body. There are many different types of antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones. Antineoplastic drugs, on the other hand, are medications that are used to treat cancer. They work by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells. Antineoplastic drugs can be used to treat a wide range of cancers, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia. There are many different types of antineoplastic drugs, including chemotherapy drugs, targeted therapy drugs, and immunotherapy drugs. Both antibiotics and antineoplastic drugs are important tools in the treatment of various medical conditions, but they are used for very different purposes. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, while antineoplastic drugs are used to treat cancer. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider to ensure their effectiveness and to minimize the risk of side effects.

Thiadiazines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a sulfur atom and two nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring. They are commonly used as pharmaceuticals and are known for their antihistamine, antipsychotic, and anticonvulsant properties. Some examples of drugs that contain thiadiazine rings include thiamine, chlorpromazine, and phenothiazine. In the medical field, thiadiazines are used to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. They are also used as antimalarial agents and as components of some antidepressant medications.

Bryostatins are a group of natural compounds that are isolated from the marine sponge Glaucia spp. They have been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral effects. Bryostatins have also been studied for their potential use in treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. They work by activating a protein called PKC (protein kinase C), which plays a role in cell signaling and has been implicated in the development of these diseases.

Antineoplastic agents, alkylating are a class of chemotherapy drugs that work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. These drugs are called alkylating agents because they contain a group of atoms that can attach to DNA and alter its structure. Alkylating agents are often used to treat a variety of cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and ovarian cancer. They can be given by mouth, injection, or infusion, and they may be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments. However, alkylating agents can also cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection.

Axitabine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer. It works by interfering with the process of DNA replication, which is necessary for the growth and division of cancer cells. Axitabine is usually given in combination with other chemotherapy drugs and is typically administered intravenously or orally. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and hair loss.

In the medical field, neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors of cells that can occur in any part of the body. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected area. Examples of benign neoplasms include lipomas (fatty tumors), hemangiomas (vascular tumors), and fibromas (fibrous tumors). Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas (cancers that start in epithelial cells), sarcomas (cancers that start in connective tissue), and leukemias (cancers that start in blood cells). The diagnosis of neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Gallium is a chemical element with the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is used in a variety of medical applications, including: 1. Radiopharmaceuticals: Gallium-67 is a radioactive isotope of gallium that is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various types of cancer, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and breast cancer. 2. Imaging agents: Gallium compounds are used as imaging agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans to detect and diagnose various medical conditions, including infections, tumors, and inflammatory diseases. 3. Cancer treatment: Gallium nitrate is a medication that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 4. Wound healing: Gallium nitrate has been shown to promote wound healing by reducing inflammation and increasing blood flow to the affected area. Overall, gallium has a variety of medical applications, and its unique properties make it a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.

Depsipeptides are a class of biomolecules that are composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids. They are also known as depsomino acids or depsomino peptides. Depsipeptides are formed by the condensation of an amino acid with a hydroxy acid, typically serine or threonine, through a peptide bond. They are structurally similar to peptides, but with an additional hydroxyl group on the side chain of the amino acid. Depsipeptides have a wide range of biological activities and are found in various natural products, including antibiotics, antifungal agents, and cytotoxic compounds. They have also been used in the development of new drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and neurological disorders.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, bladder, and lung cancer. It works by binding to the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Cisplatin is usually administered intravenously and can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the kidneys and hearing. It is important to note that cisplatin is not effective for all types of cancer and may not be suitable for everyone. The use of cisplatin should be determined by a healthcare professional based on the individual's specific medical needs and circumstances.

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, lung, and pancreatic cancer. It works by interfering with the normal functioning of the microtubules, which are structures in the cell that help it divide and grow. By disrupting the microtubules, paclitaxel can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells. It is usually administered intravenously, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs.

6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a medication that is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma. It is a type of chemotherapy drug that works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in the body. 6-MP is usually given in combination with other medications to increase its effectiveness and reduce the risk of side effects. It is usually taken by mouth, although it can also be given by injection. Common side effects of 6-MP include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and low blood cell counts. It is important to closely follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking 6-MP, as it can have serious side effects if not used properly.

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that occurs naturally in the body. It is a vital mechanism for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. During apoptosis, cells undergo a series of changes that ultimately lead to their death and removal from the body. These changes include chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, which are engulfed by neighboring cells or removed by immune cells. Apoptosis plays a critical role in many physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and immune function. However, when apoptosis is disrupted or dysregulated, it can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Aminoacridines are a class of organic compounds that contain both an amino group and an acridine moiety. They are structurally related to the acridine alkaloids, which are found in plants and have a variety of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial effects. In the medical field, aminoacridines have been studied for their potential use as anti-cancer agents. They are thought to work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, as well as by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in these cells. Some aminoacridines have also been shown to have anti-viral and anti-bacterial properties, and have been investigated for their potential use in the treatment of viral and bacterial infections. Aminoacridines are typically synthesized by condensation reactions between an amino group and an acridine derivative. They are usually obtained in the form of their hydrochloride salts, which are water-soluble and can be administered orally or intravenously. However, aminoacridines can be toxic and may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. As a result, they are typically used in combination with other anti-cancer drugs or under close medical supervision.

Epothilones are a class of natural products that are produced by certain species of bacteria. They are structurally similar to the microtubule-stabilizing agents known as taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel, which are commonly used in the treatment of cancer. Epothilones have been shown to have antimitotic activity, meaning that they can interfere with the normal process of cell division and prevent the growth of cancer cells. They have been studied for their potential use in the treatment of a variety of different types of cancer, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and multiple myeloma. Epothilones are typically administered intravenously, and they can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and low blood cell counts. They may also cause allergic reactions in some people. It is important to note that the use of epothilones in the treatment of cancer is still being studied, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks.

A cell line, tumor is a type of cell culture that is derived from a cancerous tumor. These cell lines are grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the biology of cancer and testing potential new treatments. They are typically immortalized, meaning that they can continue to divide and grow indefinitely, and they often exhibit the characteristics of the original tumor from which they were derived, such as specific genetic mutations or protein expression patterns. Cell lines, tumor are an important tool in cancer research and have been used to develop many of the treatments that are currently available for cancer patients.

In the medical field, "cell survival" refers to the ability of cells to survive and continue to function despite exposure to harmful stimuli or conditions. This can include exposure to toxins, radiation, or other forms of stress that can damage or kill cells. Cell survival is an important concept in many areas of medicine, including cancer research, where understanding how cells survive and resist treatment is crucial for developing effective therapies. In addition, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell survival can also have implications for other areas of medicine, such as tissue repair and regeneration.

Sarcoma 180 is a type of cancer that originates in the connective tissue of the body, such as bone, muscle, fat, and blood vessels. It is a highly aggressive and rapidly growing tumor that is commonly used in laboratory research to study cancer biology and test the effectiveness of new treatments. Sarcoma 180 is a transplantable tumor that can be easily grown in laboratory mice and rats. It is a sarcoma, which means it is a cancer that arises from connective tissue, and the "180" refers to the fact that it was the 180th tumor to be transplanted into laboratory animals. In humans, sarcoma 180 is a rare cancer that typically affects the lungs, bones, and soft tissues. It is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis, with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. Treatment options for sarcoma 180 include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

In the medical field, lactones are a type of organic compound that contain a cyclic ester group. They are commonly found in nature and are often used in medicine as drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. Lactones are characterized by a six-membered ring containing an oxygen atom and a carbon-oxygen double bond. The oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms, one of which is also bonded to a hydrogen atom. The other carbon atom is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a second carbon atom, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. There are several types of lactones, including alpha-hydroxy lactones, beta-hydroxy lactones, and gamma-hydroxy lactones. Some examples of lactones that are used in medicine include: - Valproic acid: a drug used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraines. - Carbamazepine: a drug used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. - Rosiglitazone: a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. Lactones can also be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. For example, they can be used to synthesize certain types of antibiotics, such as penicillin.

Leukemia L1210 is a type of cancerous cell line that was derived from a mouse in the 1960s. It is a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells in the bone marrow. The L1210 cell line is often used in research to study the biology of leukemia and to test new treatments for the disease. It is also used as a model for studying the effects of radiation and chemotherapy on cancer cells.

Antimetabolites, antineoplastic are drugs that mimic the structure of essential cellular building blocks, such as nucleotides or amino acids, and interfere with their metabolism, leading to the death of rapidly dividing cancer cells. These drugs are commonly used in cancer chemotherapy and are classified as either antimetabolites or antimetabolite-like agents. Examples of antimetabolites, antineoplastic include methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, and mercaptopurine.

Daunorubicin is an anthracycline chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and some types of solid tumors such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and sarcomas. It works by interfering with the ability of cancer cells to divide and grow, ultimately leading to their death. Daunorubicin is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, low white blood cell count, and damage to the heart muscle.

Fluorouracil is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and head and neck cancer. It works by interfering with the production of DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Fluorouracil is usually given intravenously or orally, and it can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue. In some cases, it can also cause more serious side effects, such as mouth sores, skin reactions, and anemia.

Bleomycin is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer, testicular cancer, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Bleomycin is usually given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. It can also be given as a mist in the lungs for lung cancer. Bleomycin can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the lungs, heart, and kidneys. It is important to carefully follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking bleomycin.

Etoposide is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, and some types of leukemia. It works by interfering with the process of cell division, which is necessary for cancer cells to grow and multiply. Etoposide is usually given intravenously or orally, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols (ACCP) are a type of chemotherapy treatment used to treat cancer. They involve the use of multiple drugs in combination to target and destroy cancer cells. The drugs used in an ACCP are chosen based on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. The goal of an ACCP is to shrink the tumor, slow the growth of cancer cells, and improve the patient's quality of life.

Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process by which somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) divide to produce two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body. Meiosis, on the other hand, is the process by which germ cells (reproductive cells) divide to produce four genetically diverse daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction. Abnormalities in cell division can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer. In cancer, cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections. They work by inhibiting the production of proteins that are essential for the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Macrolides are typically administered orally or intravenously, and they have a broad spectrum of activity against many different types of bacteria. Some common examples of macrolides include erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin. Macrolides are generally considered to be safe and effective, although they can cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain. They may also interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all the medications you are taking before starting treatment with a macrolide.

In the medical field, "Neoplasms, Experimental" refers to the study of neoplasms (abnormal growths of cells) in experimental settings, such as in laboratory animals or in vitro cell cultures. These studies are typically conducted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of neoplasms and to develop new treatments for cancer and other types of neoplastic diseases. Experimental neoplasms may be induced by various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, or other forms of cellular stress. The results of these studies can provide valuable insights into the biology of neoplasms and help to identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Methotrexate is a medication that is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and certain skin conditions. It is a chemotherapy drug that works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, which can slow or stop the progression of cancer or other diseases. Methotrexate is usually given by injection or taken by mouth, and it can have a number of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. It is important to carefully follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking methotrexate, as it can be a potent medication that requires careful monitoring.

Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid compound that is derived from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata. It has been used in the medical field as an anti-cancer drug due to its ability to inhibit the activity of topoisomerase I, an enzyme that is essential for DNA replication and repair. This inhibition leads to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, which can cause cell death and prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells. Camptothecin and its derivatives have been used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, lung, and colorectal cancer. However, they can also cause significant side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and may interact with other medications.

Stilbenes are a class of natural and synthetic compounds that contain a trans-1,2-diphenylethene backbone. They are found in a variety of plants, including grapes, peanuts, and berries, and have been shown to have a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant effects. In the medical field, stilbenes are being studied for their potential therapeutic applications. For example, some stilbenes have been shown to have anti-cancer properties, and are being investigated as potential treatments for various types of cancer. Other stilbenes have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, and are being studied for their potential to treat inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Additionally, stilbenes have been shown to have anti-oxidant properties, and are being investigated for their potential to protect against oxidative stress and prevent age-related diseases.

The cell cycle is the series of events that a cell undergoes from the time it is born until it divides into two daughter cells. It is a highly regulated process that is essential for the growth, development, and repair of tissues in the body. The cell cycle consists of four main phases: interphase, prophase, metaphase, and anaphase. During interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell, and in anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by a complex network of proteins that ensure that the cell only divides when it is ready and that the daughter cells receive an equal share of genetic material. Disruptions in the cell cycle can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including cancer.

Cell proliferation refers to the process of cell division and growth, which is essential for the maintenance and repair of tissues in the body. In the medical field, cell proliferation is often studied in the context of cancer, where uncontrolled cell proliferation can lead to the formation of tumors and the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. In normal cells, cell proliferation is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways and feedback mechanisms that ensure that cells divide only when necessary and that they stop dividing when they have reached their full capacity. However, in cancer cells, these regulatory mechanisms can become disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and the formation of tumors. In addition to cancer, cell proliferation is also important in other medical conditions, such as wound healing, tissue regeneration, and the development of embryos. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation is therefore critical for developing new treatments for cancer and other diseases.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lungs. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Lung neoplasms can occur in any part of the lung, including the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Lung neoplasms can be further classified based on their type, including: 1. Primary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs and do not spread to other parts of the body. 2. Secondary lung neoplasms: These are tumors that develop in the lungs as a result of cancer that has spread from another part of the body. 3. Benign lung neoplasms: These are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body. 4. Malignant lung neoplasms: These are cancerous tumors that can spread to other parts of the body. Some common types of lung neoplasms include lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of lung neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as chest X-rays and CT scans, and a biopsy to examine a sample of tissue from the tumor. Treatment options for lung neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

Vincristine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can slow or stop the growth of tumors. Vincristine is usually administered intravenously, and its side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the nerves that control movement. It is also known by the brand name Oncovin.

In the medical field, Isoquinolines are a class of organic compounds that are derived from the isoquinoline ring system. They are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that have a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and four carbon atoms. Isoquinolines have a variety of biological activities and are used in the development of drugs for the treatment of various diseases. For example, some isoquinolines have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-tumor properties. They are also used as antimalarial agents, antiarrhythmics, and as inhibitors of various enzymes. Some well-known drugs that contain isoquinoline rings include quinine, which is used to treat malaria, and hyoscine, which is used as an antispasmodic. Other examples include the anti-inflammatory drug nimesulide and the antiarrhythmic drug quinidine.

Biotransformation is a process in the body where foreign substances, such as drugs, toxins, and environmental chemicals, are converted into more water-soluble and easily excreted forms. This process occurs in the liver and involves various enzymes that modify the chemical structure of the substance, making it less toxic and more easily eliminated from the body. Biotransformation can occur through two main pathways: phase I and phase II. In phase I, enzymes called cytochrome P450 oxidize the substance, adding or removing hydrogen atoms, which can make the substance more reactive and potentially toxic. In phase II, enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases add functional groups to the substance, making it more water-soluble and easier to excrete. Biotransformation is an important process in the body as it helps to detoxify harmful substances and prevent them from building up in the body. However, certain factors such as genetics, age, liver function, and certain medications can affect the rate and efficiency of biotransformation, which can impact the effectiveness and safety of drugs and other substances in the body.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.

Cyclophosphamide is an immunosuppressive drug that is commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cells, including cancer cells, and by suppressing the immune system. Cyclophosphamide is usually administered intravenously or orally, and its dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. Side effects of cyclophosphamide can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. It can also cause damage to the kidneys, bladder, and reproductive organs, and may increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer later in life.

Clinical trials are a type of research study that involves human subjects and is designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new medical treatments, devices, or procedures. These trials are typically conducted in a controlled environment, such as a hospital or research center, and involve the participation of volunteers who have agreed to undergo testing. Clinical trials are an important part of the medical research process, as they allow researchers to gather data and evidence to support the development of new treatments and therapies. They are also used to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of existing treatments and to identify potential side effects or risks associated with their use. There are several different types of clinical trials, including Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III trials. Each type of trial has a specific purpose and involves different levels of testing and evaluation. For example, Phase I trials are used to evaluate the safety and dosage of a new treatment, while Phase III trials are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment in a larger group of people. Overall, clinical trials play a critical role in advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They provide valuable information about the safety and effectiveness of new treatments and help to ensure that patients have access to the best possible care.

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. It is characterized by the abnormal production of white blood cells, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system and other parts of the body. There are several different types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Treatment for leukemia typically involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation.

In the medical field, a cell line refers to a group of cells that have been derived from a single parent cell and have the ability to divide and grow indefinitely in culture. These cells are typically grown in a laboratory setting and are used for research purposes, such as studying the effects of drugs or investigating the underlying mechanisms of diseases. Cell lines are often derived from cancerous cells, as these cells tend to divide and grow more rapidly than normal cells. However, they can also be derived from normal cells, such as fibroblasts or epithelial cells. Cell lines are characterized by their unique genetic makeup, which can be used to identify them and compare them to other cell lines. Because cell lines can be grown in large quantities and are relatively easy to maintain, they are a valuable tool in medical research. They allow researchers to study the effects of drugs and other treatments on specific cell types, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of diseases at the cellular level.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size, shape, and location within the ovaries. Ovarian neoplasms can be classified based on their histological type, which refers to the type of cells that make up the tumor. Some common types of ovarian neoplasms include epithelial ovarian cancer, germ cell tumors, sex cord-stromal tumors, and stromal tumors. Symptoms of ovarian neoplasms may include abdominal pain, bloating, pelvic pain, and changes in menstrual patterns. However, many ovarian neoplasms are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during routine pelvic exams or imaging studies. Diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scans, and blood tests to measure levels of certain hormones and tumor markers. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the neoplasm. Treatment for ovarian neoplasms depends on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates for patients with ovarian neoplasms.

Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the colon, which is the final part of the large intestine. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign colonic neoplasms include polyps, which are small, non-cancerous growths that can develop on the inner lining of the colon. Polyps can be further classified as adenomas, which are made up of glandular tissue, or hyperplastic polyps, which are non-glandular. Malignant colonic neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous tumors that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of colon cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular tissue of the colon. Colonic neoplasms can be detected through various diagnostic tests, including colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and fecal occult blood testing. Treatment options for colonic neoplasms depend on the type, size, and location of the growth, as well as the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment of colonic neoplasms can significantly improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that play a central role in the process of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. They are synthesized as inactive precursors called procaspases, which are activated in response to various cellular signals that trigger apoptosis. Once activated, caspases cleave specific target proteins within the cell, leading to a cascade of events that ultimately result in the dismantling and degradation of the cell. Caspases are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including development, immune response, and cancer. In the medical field, caspases are often targeted for therapeutic intervention in diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Taxoids are a class of natural compounds found in certain plants, particularly in the yew tree family. They are a type of chemotherapy drug that are used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. Taxoids work by interfering with the ability of cancer cells to divide and grow, ultimately leading to their death. The most well-known taxoid is paclitaxel, which is used in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. Other taxoids include docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel.

Prostatic neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the prostate gland, which is a small gland located in the male reproductive system. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign prostatic neoplasms, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are the most common type of prostatic neoplasm and are typically associated with an increase in the size of the prostate gland. Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the prostate. Other types of prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas, which are rare and start in the connective tissue of the prostate, and carcinoid tumors, which are rare and start in the neuroendocrine cells of the prostate.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. In the medical field, DNA is often studied as a tool for understanding and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of genes, leading to a variety of health problems. By analyzing DNA, doctors and researchers can identify specific genetic mutations that may be responsible for a particular disorder, and develop targeted treatments or therapies to address the underlying cause of the condition. DNA is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic fingerprint. This is because each person's DNA sequence is unique, and can be used to distinguish one individual from another. DNA analysis is also used in criminal investigations to help solve crimes by linking DNA evidence to suspects or victims.

Phospholipid ethers are a type of phospholipid that contain an ether bond instead of an ester bond between the phosphate group and the glycerol backbone. They are found in cell membranes and play important roles in maintaining membrane structure and function. Phospholipid ethers are also used in the production of various pharmaceuticals and personal care products. In the medical field, they are studied for their potential therapeutic effects, such as their ability to modulate inflammation and improve skin barrier function.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are produced as a byproduct of normal cellular metabolism. They include oxygen radicals such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as non-radical species such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite. In small amounts, ROS play important roles in various physiological processes, such as immune responses, cell signaling, and the regulation of gene expression. However, when produced in excess, ROS can cause oxidative stress, which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. This damage can lead to various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, ROS are often studied in the medical field as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

In the medical field, the term "aster plant" typically refers to plants in the Asteraceae family, which includes many species commonly known as aster, daisy, or sunflower. Some species of aster plants are used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating respiratory infections, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. However, it's important to note that the use of aster plants in medicine should only be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as some species may be toxic or interact with other medications. In addition, some species of aster plants are also used in the production of food and beverages, such as chamomile tea, which is made from the flowers of the chamomile plant, which is a member of the Asteraceae family.

Sulindac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It is commonly prescribed to treat conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and other types of pain and inflammation. Sulindac works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause pain, inflammation, and fever. It is available in both over-the-counter and prescription forms, and may be taken orally or applied topically. Like other NSAIDs, sulindac can cause side effects such as stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhea, and may increase the risk of bleeding and ulcers in some people.

Amsacrine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma. It works by interfering with the ability of cancer cells to divide and grow. Amsacrine is usually given intravenously (into a vein) or orally (by mouth). It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low blood cell counts.

In the medical field, decontamination refers to the process of removing or neutralizing harmful substances, such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, or radioactive materials, from a person, object, or environment. The goal of decontamination is to prevent the spread of infection or disease and to protect individuals from harm. Decontamination can be performed using various methods, depending on the type and severity of the contamination. For example, in the case of chemical or biological contamination, decontamination may involve washing with soap and water, using disinfectants or antiseptics, or wearing protective clothing and equipment. In the case of radioactive contamination, decontamination may involve removing contaminated clothing and washing with special detergents or using radiation-absorbing materials. Decontamination is an important part of infection control and is often used in healthcare settings, emergency response situations, and industrial settings where hazardous materials are present. It is essential to follow proper decontamination procedures to ensure the safety of individuals and the environment.

Vanadium compounds are chemical compounds that contain vanadium, a transition metal. In the medical field, vanadium compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects on various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Vanadium is believed to have insulin-mimetic properties, meaning that it can help regulate blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity. Some vanadium compounds have been shown to lower blood glucose levels in animal models of diabetes and improve insulin sensitivity in humans. In addition to its potential effects on diabetes, vanadium compounds have also been studied for their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, which may help protect against cardiovascular disease. Some vanadium compounds have been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve cholesterol levels in animal models of cardiovascular disease. However, it is important to note that the use of vanadium compounds in the medical field is still in the experimental stage, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential therapeutic effects and potential side effects.

Phlebitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of a vein, typically in the legs. It is commonly referred to as "blood clot in the leg" or "thrombophlebitis." Phlebitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury to the vein, infection, or blood clots. Symptoms of phlebitis may include redness, swelling, warmth, tenderness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment for phlebitis typically involves the use of pain medication, compression stockings, and in some cases, anticoagulant medication to prevent the formation of blood clots. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary.

Thiosemicarbazones are a class of organic compounds that contain a thiosemicarbazide moiety (-NH-C=S-NH-SH) attached to a variety of aromatic or aliphatic rings. They have been studied for their potential medicinal applications due to their ability to bind to metal ions, particularly copper and zinc, and their antioxidant properties. In the medical field, thiosemicarbazones have been investigated for their potential use in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases. For example, some thiosemicarbazones have shown activity against certain types of cancer cells, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer. They have also been studied for their potential to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Thiosemicarbazones have also been used as imaging agents in diagnostic medicine. For example, some thiosemicarbazones have been labeled with radioactive isotopes and used to detect and image tumors in the body. Overall, thiosemicarbazones are a promising class of compounds with potential applications in the medical field, although more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and to develop effective therapies based on this class of compounds.

Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor is a type of cancer that arises from the cells of the Ehrlich ascites tumor, which is a type of cancerous tumor that forms in the abdominal cavity of laboratory animals such as mice and rats. In humans, Ehrlich tumor is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that typically affects the skin, lymph nodes, and other organs. It is characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal cells that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Treatment options for Ehrlich tumor include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, but the prognosis for this type of cancer is generally poor.

Floxuridine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat certain types of cancer, including head and neck cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can slow down or stop the growth of tumors. Floxuridine is usually given intravenously (into a vein) or as a solution that is injected directly into the tumor. It can also be given as a pill that is taken by mouth. Floxuridine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and low blood cell counts. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking floxuridine, and to report any side effects to your doctor right away.

2-Propanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a strong odor. It is commonly used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and solvent in the medical field. In the medical field, 2-propanol is used to disinfect surfaces and equipment, as well as to clean wounds and skin. It is also used as a preservative in some medications and as a solvent in the preparation of certain medical solutions. However, it is important to note that 2-propanol can be toxic if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. It can cause respiratory and central nervous system depression, as well as liver and kidney damage. Therefore, proper handling and storage of 2-propanol are essential to prevent accidental exposure and toxicity.

Antineoplastic protocols are treatment plans used in the medical field to manage and treat cancer. These protocols typically involve a combination of different treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, that are used in a specific sequence and dosage to achieve the best possible outcome for the patient. Antineoplastic protocols are developed by medical professionals, such as oncologists, and are based on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and other factors. These protocols are designed to be as effective as possible while minimizing side effects and toxicity. Antineoplastic protocols may also include supportive care measures, such as pain management, nutritional support, and psychological counseling, to help patients cope with the physical and emotional challenges of cancer treatment.

Carmustine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is also known by its brand name BCNU. Carmustine works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can cause them to die or stop growing. It is usually given intravenously (IV) or as a solution that is injected directly into the tumor. Carmustine can cause side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and a decreased white blood cell count. It can also cause damage to healthy cells in the brain, which can cause symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and confusion. Carmustine is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy to increase its effectiveness and reduce the risk of side effects. It is important to carefully follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking this medication.

Cytarabine, also known as cytosine arabinoside, is an antineoplastic medication used to treat various types of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by inhibiting the growth and division of cancer cells, thereby slowing or stopping their growth and spread. Cytarabine is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly, and its dosage and duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as the patient's overall health. Common side effects of cytarabine include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and low blood cell counts, which can increase the risk of infection and bleeding. It is important to note that cytarabine is a chemotherapy drug and can cause serious side effects, so it is typically administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional in a hospital or clinic setting.

Farnesyltransferase is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the post-translational modification of proteins in the cell. It catalyzes the transfer of a farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate to cysteine residues in proteins, which is a process known as prenylation. This modification is important for the proper localization and function of many proteins, including Ras GTPases, which are involved in cell signaling and proliferation. Inhibition of farnesyltransferase has been explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer.

The comet assay, also known as the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, is a laboratory technique used to detect DNA damage in individual cells. It is a sensitive and rapid method that can be used to assess DNA damage in a variety of cell types, including blood cells, skin cells, and cells from various organs. The comet assay involves lysing (breaking open) the cell and allowing the DNA to unwind and form a "comet" shape under the influence of an electric field. The length and intensity of the comet tail, which is formed by the DNA that has been damaged, can be used to quantify the amount of DNA damage in the cell. The comet assay is often used in toxicology to assess the genotoxic (DNA-damaging) effects of chemicals, radiation, and other environmental factors. It can also be used in clinical settings to monitor DNA damage in patients with certain diseases, such as cancer, and to assess the effectiveness of treatments.

Isocoumarins are a class of organic compounds that are structurally related to coumarins. They are characterized by the presence of a benzopyrone ring with an oxygen atom at the 2-position and a double bond between the 3- and 4-positions. Isocoumarins are found in a variety of natural sources, including plants, fungi, and marine organisms, and have a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and anticancer properties. In the medical field, isocoumarins are used as drugs or as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various conditions, such as thrombosis, cancer, and inflammation.

Nitrogen mustard compounds are a class of chemical compounds that contain nitrogen atoms bonded to mustard gas. These compounds are used in chemotherapy to treat certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma. They work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Nitrogen mustard compounds can also cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and skin irritation.

Dioxoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with two oxygen atoms and two double bonds. They are also known as furan derivatives. In the medical field, dioxoles have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral effects. Some dioxoles have also been used as analgesics and anti-emetics. However, it is important to note that dioxoles can also be toxic and have been associated with adverse effects, such as liver damage and developmental toxicity. Therefore, their use in medicine is carefully regulated and monitored.

Suramin is an antiprotozoal drug that is used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. It works by binding to the surface of the parasite and disrupting its ability to feed on red blood cells. Suramin is also being studied for its potential use in treating other parasitic infections, such as leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis. It is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly.

Alkaloids are a diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are derived from plants and have a basic or alkaline nature. They are often found in the leaves, seeds, bark, and roots of plants and are known for their bitter taste and pharmacological properties. In the medical field, alkaloids have been used for centuries as traditional remedies for a variety of ailments, including pain relief, fever reduction, and digestive disorders. Many alkaloids have also been isolated and synthesized for use in modern medicine, particularly in the treatment of cancer, infections, and neurological disorders. Some well-known examples of alkaloids include caffeine, nicotine, morphine, codeine, and quinine. These compounds have a wide range of effects on the body, including stimulating the central nervous system, reducing pain and inflammation, and affecting heart rate and blood pressure. However, it is important to note that many alkaloids can also be toxic in high doses and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Therefore, the use of alkaloids in medicine is typically closely monitored and regulated by healthcare professionals.

Plant extracts refer to the active compounds or bioactive molecules that are extracted from plants and used in the medical field for various therapeutic purposes. These extracts are obtained through various extraction methods, such as solvent extraction, steam distillation, and cold pressing, and can be used in the form of powders, liquids, or capsules. Plant extracts have been used for centuries in traditional medicine and are now widely used in modern medicine as well. They are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including inflammation, pain, anxiety, depression, and cancer. Some examples of plant extracts used in medicine include aspirin (extracted from willow bark), quinine (extracted from cinchona bark), and morphine (extracted from opium poppy). Plant extracts are also used in the development of new drugs and therapies. Researchers extract compounds from plants and test them for their potential therapeutic effects. If a compound shows promise, it can be further developed into a drug that can be used to treat a specific condition. It is important to note that while plant extracts can be effective in treating certain conditions, they can also have side effects and may interact with other medications. Therefore, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before using plant extracts as a form of treatment.

Mitomycin is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and sarcoma. It works by interfering with the DNA replication process in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. Mitomycin is usually given as an intravenous injection or as a solution that is applied directly to the tumor. It can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and mouth sores.

Azacitidine is a medication used to treat certain types of blood cancer, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It works by slowing or stopping the growth of cancer cells in the bone marrow and bloodstream. Azacitidine is usually given by injection into a vein or under the skin, and is typically administered once a day for a period of several days, followed by a break of several days before the next cycle of treatment. It is important to note that azacitidine can cause side effects, including fatigue, nausea, and low blood cell counts, and should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

DNA adducts are chemical modifications of DNA that occur when a foreign chemical molecule binds covalently to a DNA base. These modifications can be caused by exposure to environmental toxins, such as tobacco smoke or air pollution, as well as by certain medications or chemotherapy drugs. DNA adducts can lead to mutations in the DNA sequence, which can increase the risk of cancer and other diseases. In the medical field, DNA adducts are often studied as a way to assess a person's exposure to environmental toxins and to monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatments.

DNA topoisomerases, type II, are a class of enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating DNA topology during various cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, and recombination. These enzymes are responsible for relaxing or tightening the supercoiled structure of DNA, which is essential for maintaining the proper function of the genome. Type II topoisomerases are divided into two subclasses: type IIA and type IIB. Type IIA topoisomerases, also known as topoisomerase II, are involved in DNA replication and transcription, and are often targeted by anti-cancer drugs. Type IIB topoisomerases, on the other hand, are involved in DNA repair and recombination. Type II topoisomerases work by creating temporary breaks in the DNA double helix, allowing the DNA strands to pass through each other and relieve tension. Once the topoisomerase has completed its task, it seals the DNA break, restoring the original topology of the DNA. In the medical field, type II topoisomerases are often targeted by drugs, such as etoposide and doxorubicin, which are used to treat various types of cancer. These drugs work by inhibiting the activity of type II topoisomerases, leading to the accumulation of DNA damage and ultimately causing cell death. However, the use of these drugs can also lead to side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that are commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. They work by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause inflammation, pain, and fever. NSAIDs are available over-the-counter (OTC) or by prescription and are used to treat a variety of conditions, including headaches, menstrual cramps, arthritis, and muscle pain. Some common examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and celecoxib (Celebrex). While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can also have side effects, including stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, and increased risk of bleeding. Long-term use of high doses of NSAIDs can also increase the risk of serious side effects, such as stomach ulcers, kidney damage, and heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is important to use NSAIDs only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of any potential side effects.

Nitrosourea compounds are a class of chemotherapy drugs that are used to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer. These drugs work by interfering with the normal functioning of the cell's DNA, which can cause the cancer cells to die or stop dividing. The most common nitrosourea compounds used in cancer treatment are carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), and nimustine (ACNU). These drugs are usually administered intravenously or intrathecally (into the spinal fluid) and can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue. They can also cause long-term side effects such as cognitive impairment and secondary cancers. Nitrosourea compounds are considered to be effective treatments for certain types of cancer, but they can also be toxic to healthy cells and can cause serious side effects. Therefore, they are typically used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs or radiation therapy to increase their effectiveness and reduce their toxicity.

Pyrones are a class of organic compounds that are derived from the aromatic heterocyclic ring system of furan. They are characterized by the presence of a five-membered ring with one oxygen atom and two nitrogen atoms. Pyrones are found in a variety of natural products, including antibiotics, alkaloids, and other bioactive compounds. In the medical field, pyrones are often used as starting points for the synthesis of new drugs and other therapeutic agents. Some examples of pyrones that have medical applications include the antibiotic penicillin, the anti-inflammatory drug aspirin, and the anticoagulant warfarin.

Pyrazines are a class of heterocyclic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are commonly found in a variety of natural and synthetic compounds, including some drugs and pesticides. In the medical field, pyrazines have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects. For example, some pyrazines have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, making them potential candidates for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Other pyrazines have been found to have antiviral and antifungal activity, making them potential candidates for the treatment of infections. Pyrazines have also been studied for their potential use as pesticides. Some pyrazines have been found to be effective at controlling pests such as insects and fungi, making them potential candidates for use in agriculture and other industries. Overall, pyrazines are a diverse class of compounds with a range of potential applications in the medical and agricultural fields.

Blotting, Western is a laboratory technique used to detect specific proteins in a sample by transferring proteins from a gel to a membrane and then incubating the membrane with a specific antibody that binds to the protein of interest. The antibody is then detected using an enzyme or fluorescent label, which produces a visible signal that can be quantified. This technique is commonly used in molecular biology and biochemistry to study protein expression, localization, and function. It is also used in medical research to diagnose diseases and monitor treatment responses.

Hydrazones are organic compounds that are formed by the condensation of a hydrazine derivative with a carbonyl compound. They are commonly used in the medical field as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and as ligands in metal complexes. Some hydrazones have also been studied for their potential therapeutic applications, such as their ability to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells or to act as antioxidants.

Sulfonamides are a class of synthetic antimicrobial drugs that were first discovered in the 1930s. They are commonly used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections. Sulfonamides work by inhibiting the production of folic acid by bacteria, which is essential for their growth and reproduction. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to increase their effectiveness. Sulfonamides are generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions in some people.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells in the body, which can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances. In the medical field, DNA and neoplasms are closely related because many types of cancer are caused by mutations in the DNA of cells. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of tumors. DNA analysis is often used to diagnose and treat cancer, as well as to identify individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system. It occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and divide uncontrollably, forming abnormal masses or tumors in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, or other parts of the body. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is a less common type of lymphoma that typically affects younger adults and has a better prognosis than non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more common type of lymphoma that can affect people of all ages and has a wide range of outcomes depending on the specific subtype and the stage of the disease. Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and itching. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies, and a biopsy of the affected tissue. Treatment for lymphoma depends on the subtype, stage, and overall health of the patient. It may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. In some cases, a stem cell transplant may also be necessary.

Alkylating agents are a class of chemotherapy drugs that work by forming covalent bonds with DNA, which leads to the disruption of DNA replication and transcription, ultimately causing cell death. These drugs are commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors such as breast, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Alkylating agents can be further classified into two categories: nitrogen mustards and alkyl sulfonates. Nitrogen mustards are the oldest and most widely used alkylating agents, while alkyl sulfonates are newer and have fewer side effects. The mechanism of action of alkylating agents involves the formation of alkyl radicals, which react with the DNA molecule to form covalent bonds. These bonds can cause DNA damage, including cross-linking of DNA strands, which can interfere with DNA replication and transcription. Alkylating agents can also cause damage to other cellular components, such as proteins and lipids. The use of alkylating agents in cancer treatment is associated with significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of developing secondary cancers. However, the benefits of these drugs in treating cancer often outweigh the risks, and they remain an important part of the cancer treatment arsenal.

Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental refers to the study of neoplasms (tumors) that occur in the mammary glands of animals, typically laboratory animals such as mice, rats, and rabbits. These studies are conducted in a controlled laboratory setting to understand the development, progression, and potential treatment of mammary tumors in humans. The animals are typically genetically modified or treated with various chemicals or hormones to induce the development of mammary tumors. The results of these studies can provide valuable information for the development of new treatments for breast cancer in humans.

Razoxane, also known as hydroxyurea, is a medication used to treat certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma. It works by slowing the growth of cancer cells and preventing them from dividing and multiplying. Razoxane is usually given in combination with other chemotherapy drugs and is typically administered intravenously or orally. It can also be used to prevent or reduce the risk of blood clots in people who have had a heart attack or stroke.

Phosphorylcholine, also known as choline phosphate, is a molecule that is composed of choline and a phosphate group. It is a naturally occurring compound that is found in many biological systems, including the brain, liver, and muscles. In the medical field, phosphorylcholine is used as a component of certain medications and supplements. For example, it is a key ingredient in some nootropic supplements, which are designed to improve cognitive function and memory. It is also used in some medications to treat certain types of liver disease, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Phosphorylcholine has also been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in other conditions, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks in these and other medical conditions.

Organoplatinum compounds are chemical compounds that contain a carbon atom bonded to a platinum atom. They are commonly used in the medical field as chemotherapy drugs to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, and lung cancer. Organoplatinum compounds work by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, ultimately leading to their death. Some examples of organoplatinum compounds used in medicine include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. These drugs can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and kidney damage, but they are often effective at stopping the growth of cancer cells and improving outcomes for patients.

Octreotide is a synthetic hormone that is used in the medical field to treat various conditions related to the endocrine system. It is a somatostatin analog, which means that it is similar in structure to the natural hormone somatostatin, which is produced by the pancreas and other glands in the body. Octreotide is primarily used to treat acromegaly, a hormonal disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone. It is also used to treat carcinoid tumors, which are tumors that produce excessive amounts of hormones, and to control diarrhea caused by certain medical conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease or radiation therapy. Octreotide is usually administered as a subcutaneous injection, which means that it is injected just under the skin. It can also be administered as an intravenous infusion or as a nasal spray. The dosage and frequency of administration depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication.

Glutathione transferase (GST) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the detoxification of various harmful substances in the body, including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens. It is a member of a large family of enzymes that are found in all living organisms and are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including metabolism, cell signaling, and immune response. In the medical field, GST is often studied in relation to various diseases and conditions, including cancer, liver disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. GST enzymes are also used as biomarkers for exposure to environmental toxins and as targets for the development of new drugs for the treatment of these conditions. Overall, GST is an important enzyme that helps to protect the body from harmful substances and plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Lomustine is a chemotherapy drug that is used to treat various types of cancer, including brain tumors, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It works by interfering with the growth and division of cancer cells, which can slow down or stop the growth of tumors. Lomustine is usually given orally, although it can also be administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is a prodrug, meaning that it is converted into an active form in the body before it can be used to treat cancer. Common side effects of lomustine include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection.

Piperazines are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms. They are commonly used in the medical field as drugs and are known for their anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and sedative properties. Some examples of piperazine-based drugs include antihistamines, antipsychotics, and antidiarrheals. Piperazines can also be used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs.

Mitomycins are a group of chemotherapy drugs that are derived from Streptomyces bacteria. They are classified as alkylating agents, which means that they work by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing and growing. Mitomycin is used to treat a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and cervical cancer. It is usually given intravenously or as a solution that is injected directly into the tumor. Mitomycin can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and hair loss. It can also increase the risk of infection and bleeding.

Dehydroascorbic acid, also known as dehydro-vitamin C or DHA, is a compound that is formed when vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is oxidized. It is a white crystalline powder that is water-soluble and is not found naturally in the body. In the medical field, dehydroascorbic acid is used as a diagnostic tool to measure the level of vitamin C in the body. It is also used as a preservative in some medical products, such as eye drops and injectable solutions, to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. Dehydroascorbic acid has also been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in various medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Anthracyclines are a class of chemotherapy drugs that are commonly used to treat various types of cancer, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and leukemia. They work by interfering with the production of DNA and RNA, which are essential for the growth and division of cancer cells. The most commonly used anthracyclines are doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and epirubicin. These drugs are usually administered intravenously, and their side effects can include nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and damage to the heart muscle. Because anthracyclines can be toxic to healthy cells as well as cancer cells, they are often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs or targeted therapies to increase their effectiveness and reduce their side effects.

Cancer care facilities are specialized medical centers or hospitals that provide comprehensive care for patients with cancer. These facilities typically have a team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, radiation therapists, surgeons, pathologists, and nurses, who work together to diagnose, treat, and manage cancer. Cancer care facilities may offer a range of services, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care. They may also provide diagnostic services such as imaging, biopsy, and genetic testing. In addition to medical care, cancer care facilities may also offer support services such as counseling, nutrition counseling, pain management, and palliative care. Some facilities may also have research programs focused on developing new treatments and improving cancer care. Overall, cancer care facilities play a critical role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of cancer, and are an important resource for patients and their families.

This is a list of dual hormonal and cytostatic antineoplastic agents. Estramustine phosphate (Emcyt, Estracyt; Leo 299, NSC- ... Antineoplastic drugs, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nitrogen mustards). ...
"Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal". Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2010 ...
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 181-. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Heinrich Kahr ... This is a list of known sex-hormonal crystalline aqueous suspension formulations. Brand names and developmental code names are ... "Long-acting hormonal contraceptives for women". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40 (4-6): 697-704. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91) ... List of combined sex-hormonal preparations List of androgen esters List of estrogen esters List of progestogen esters Alan C. ...
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. pp. 170-192. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65806-8_11. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Nathanson ... Estrogens are involved in breast development and may be used as a form of hormonal breast enhancement to increase the size of ... An estrogen (E) is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy, ... Estrogens are available widely throughout the world and are used in most forms of hormonal birth control and in all menopausal ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents "Alkylating Agents". US National Library of Medicine. Archived from the ... An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an alkylating agent used in cancer treatment that attaches an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to ... The platinum agents are also sometimes described as nonclassical. Alkylating antineoplastic agents have limitations. Their ... Many of the agents are known as "classical alkylating agents". These include true alkyl groups, and have been known for a ...
ISBN 978-3-642-99941-3. Alan C. Sartorelli; David G. Johns (27 November 2013). Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. ... 185-. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Goldenberg IS, Hayes MA (1959). "Hormonal therapy of metastatic female breast carcinoma. I. 9 ... Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. pp. 170-192. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65806-8_11. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Halogenated ... Tyler, Edward T. (1959). "Fertility promoting and inhibiting effects of new steroid hormonal substances". Journal of the ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters NCI Thesaurus. "Alestramustine". ... Antineoplastic drugs, Chloroethyl compounds, Estradiol esters, Estranes, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nitrogen mustards, ... Milne GW (1 July 2000). Ashgate Handbook of Antineoplastic Agents. Wiley. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-566-08382-2. Tripathi KD (30 ... is a cytostatic antineoplastic agent which was never marketed. It is the L-alanine ester of estramustine, which is a ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: ... Antineoplastic drugs, Estrogen esters, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Carbamates, Phenols, Synthetic estrogens, Chloroethyl ... nonsteroidal estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent of the stilbestrol group and a nitrogen mustard ester of ... compounds, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs, Genito-urinary system drug stubs). ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of corticosteroid esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of ... 868-. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. I.K. Morton; Judith M. Hall (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: ... Antineoplastic drugs, Carboxylate esters, Corticosteroids, Corticosteroid esters, Diketones, Nitrogen mustards, Organochlorides ... Chloroethyl compounds, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs). ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of androgen esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: ... which was developed as a cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., a chemotherapy drug) for the treatment of hormone-dependent ... Antineoplastic drugs, Experimental cancer drugs, Nitrosoureas, Organochlorides, Prodrugs, Steroid esters, Chloroethyl compounds ... All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug stubs, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs, Steroid stubs). ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: ... Antineoplastic drugs, Carboxylate esters, Estrogen esters, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nitrogen mustards, Phenols, Synthetic ... nonsteroidal estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapy drug) and a chlorphenacyl nitrogen mustard ester ... Lagova ND, Sof'ina ZP, Shkodinskaia EN, Kurdiumova KN, Valueva IM (1988). "[The antineoplastic activity of testiphenon]". Vopr ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Elks J (14 November 2014). The ... is an estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent which was never marketed. It is an estrogen ester - specifically, the C3 ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Human drug metabolites, Mitotic inhibitors, Nitrogen mustards, Organochlorides, Pfizer brands, ... Antineoplastic drugs, Carbamates, Chloroethyl compounds, Secondary alcohols, Estradiol esters, Estranes, Estrogens, ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The ... steroidal estrogen and cytostatic antineoplastic agent and a chlorphenacyl nitrogen mustard-coupled estrogen ester that was ... 898-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Asai M, Takeuchi H, Okada H (1978). "In vivo interaction between steroidal alkylating agents and ... V. H. T. James; J. R. Pasqualini (22 October 2013). Hormonal Steroids: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters J. Elks (14 November 2014). The ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nitrogen mustards, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs, Genito- ... is a cytostatic antineoplastic agent which was under development in Japan by Kureha Chemicals (now Kureha Corporation) for the ... Ohsawa N, Yamazaki Z, Wagatsuma T, Isurugi K (1984). "[Bestrabacil: a possible target-oriented anticancer agent]". Gan to ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents Antiestrogen withdrawal response Endocrine therapy resistance in breast ... Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are an important class of hormonal therapy agents which act as antagonists of ... although another class of hormonal agents, aromatase inhibitors, now have an expanding role in that disease. One effective ... Hormonal therapy in oncology is hormone therapy for cancer and is one of the major modalities of medical oncology ( ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of estrogen esters § Estradiol esters Chabner BA, Longo DL (7 December ... is a major active metabolite of the cytostatic antineoplastic agent and estrogen estramustine phosphate, a medication used in ... Antineoplastic drugs, Carbamates, Chloroethyl compounds, Estradiol esters, Estranes, Estrogens, Human drug metabolites, Ketones ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agent World War II Oborotov AV, Smirnova ZS, Osetrova IP, Polozkova AP, Rzheznikov ... Antineoplastic drugs, Carbamates, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nitrogen mustards, Organochlorides, Prodrugs, Russian drugs, ... Cytestrol acetate is a steroidal antiestrogen and a cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapeutic) which was ... Chloroethyl compounds, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs). ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of corticosteroid esters Lagova ND, Kiselev VI, Kurdiumova KN, Sof'ina ... is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and cytostatic antineoplastic agent which was developed in Russia for potential ... Smirnova ZS, Rodionova YV, Khalanskii AS, Gershtein ES, Gerasimova GK (1999). "Dependence of antitumor effect of hormonal ...
List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic agents List of androgen esters § Dihydrotestosterone esters Lagova ND, Sof'ina ZP, ... and a cytostatic antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapeutic) that was never marketed. It is an androgen ester - specifically ... Antineoplastic drugs, Dihydrotestosterone esters, Nitrogen mustards, Organochlorides, Prodrugs, Russian drugs, All stub ... Shkodinskaia EN, Kurdiumova KN, Valueva IM (1988). "[The antineoplastic activity of testiphenon]". Voprosy Onkologii (in ...
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. pp. 170-192. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65806-8_11. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. Council on ... Segaloff A, Horwitt BN, Carabasi RA, Murison PJ, Schlosser JV (1955). "Hormonal therapy in cancer of the breast. VIII. The ... However, androstanolone is nonetheless described as a very poor anabolic agent. This is attributed to its high affinity as a ... von Deutsch DA, Abukhalaf IK, Lapu-Bula R (15 October 2003). "Anabolic Doping Agents". In Mozayani A, Raymon L (eds.). Handbook ...
... an NSAA which is used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. It has similar ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Human drug metabolites, Imidazolidines, Lactams, Nitriles, Nonsteroidal antiandrogens, Thioureas ... Trifluoromethyl compounds, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs). ...
... which was developed as a cytostatic antineoplastic agent but was never marketed. List of hormonal cytostatic antineoplastic ... Antineoplastic drugs, Estranes, Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Nandrolone esters, Nitrogen mustards, Organochlorides, Prodrugs ... nitrosocarbamates as potential anticancer agents". J. Med. Chem. 43 (8): 1484-8. doi:10.1021/jm990417j. PMID 10780904. J. Elks ... agents List of androgen esters § Nandrolone esters Reynolds RC, Tiwari A, Harwell JE, Gordon DG, Garrett BD, Gilbert KS, Schmid ...
... an NSAA which is used as a hormonal antineoplastic agent in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. It has similar ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Human drug metabolites, Nitriles, Nonsteroidal antiandrogens, Pyridines, Spiro compounds, ... Trifluoromethyl compounds, All stub articles, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating drug stubs). ...
... used but now-discontinued progestin ethisterone and the experimental and never-marketed hormonal antineoplastic agent ...
... is a novel antiestrogen and experimental hormonal antineoplastic agent which is being researched for the potential treatment of ... Ekoue DN, Unni N, Raj GV (April 2018). "A new class of agents for estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer". Expert Review of ...
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer with one or more cytotoxic anti-neoplastic drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a ... The primary ones include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and palliative care. ... Hormones are important agents in sex-related cancers, such as cancer of the breast, endometrium, prostate, ovary and testis and ... Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, a critical property of most cancer cells. It was ...
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. pp. 170-192. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65806-8_11. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. v t e v t e ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system drug stubs). ...
Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, IARC Group 1 carcinogens, Mood stabilizers, Phenol ethers, Prodrugs, Progonadotropins, Selective ... ISBN 978-1-84816-959-3. Cole MP, Jones CT, Todd ID (June 1971). "A new anti-oestrogenic agent in late breast cancer. An early ... As of 2004[update], tamoxifen was the world's largest selling hormonal drug for the treatment of breast cancer. In McCune- ... It is a nonsteroidal agent with potent antiestrogenic properties which compete with estrogen for binding sites in breast and ...
Antineoplastic and Immunosuppressive Agents. pp. 170-192. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65806-8_11. ISBN 978-3-642-65806-8. ... Hormonal antineoplastic drugs, Human drug metabolites, Organofluorides, All stub articles, Steroid stubs, Genito-urinary system ...
... as well as the nitrogen mustard alkylating antineoplastic agent estramustine phosphate (estradiol normustine phosphate). The ... Estrogen esters are used in hormone therapy, hormonal contraception, and high-dose estrogen therapy (e.g., for prostate cancer ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / therapeutic use* * Aromatase Inhibitors / therapeutic use* * Breast Neoplasms / prevention & ...
Antineoplastics, Hormones. Class Summary. Estramustine is a conjugate of an alkylating agent to estradiol. As a single agent, ... Prostate cancer should have progressed after treatment with at least 1 hormonal therapy. It inhibits bone resorption, possibly ... Antineoplastics, Antimicrotubular. Class Summary. Antimicrotubule chemotherapy agents such as docetaxel and cabazitaxel have ... Antifungal agents such as ketoconazole produce a response similar to that of antiandrogens. These agents provide an alternative ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal. 1. 2012. 99. 0.030. Why? Gene Expression. 1. 2013 ...
Alimentary tract and metabolism Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic System ... Systemic hormonal preparations, excl. sex hormones and insulins Respiratory system Antiinfectives for systemic use Vitamin & ... Alimentary tract and metabolism Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic System ... Alimentary tract and metabolism Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents Cardiovascular & Hematopoietic System ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal (5) *Show more.... Type of study * Prognostic_studies (101) ...
keywords = "Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use, B-Lymphocytes/drug effects, Comparative Genomic Hybridization, DNA ...
Androgen AntagonistsAntineoplastic Agents, HormonalAryl Hydrocarbon HydroxylasesBiotransformationChemical and Drug Induced ... as a trapping agent. NADPH- and GSH-supplemented human liver microsomal incubations of flutamide gave rise to a novel GSH ... as a trapping agent. NADPH- and GSH-supplemented human liver microsomal incubations of flutamide gave rise to a novel GSH ... a new anti-fungal agent, in human liver microsomes. ... Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal. *Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ...
Antineoplastics, Hormones. Class Summary. Estramustine is a conjugate of an alkylating agent to estradiol. As a single agent, ... Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2006 update of an ... Antineoplastics, Antimicrotubular. Class Summary. Antimicrotubule chemotherapy agents such as docetaxel and cabazitaxel have ... Antifungal agents such as ketoconazole produce a response similar to that of antiandrogens. These agents provide an alternative ...
ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS (329) * M. MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM (169) * N. NERVOUS SYSTEM (485) ... SYSTEMIC HORMONAL PREPARATIONS, EXCL. SEX HORMONES AND INSULINS (66) * J. ANTIINFECTIVES FOR SYSTEMIC USE (424) ...
... hormonal mechanisms 11 Immunologic agents 12 Dermatologic agents 13 Neurologic drugs 14 Antineoplastic drugs 15 Ophthalmic ... AGENT 35420 ANTIDIABETIC AGENT 35430 ANTIEMETIC AGENT 35445 ANTIFUNGAL AGENT 35450 ANTIHISTAMINE 35455 ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT ... 08 Gastrointestinal agents 09 Metabolic and nutrient agents 10 Hormones and agents affecting ... ACIDIFYING AGENTS 54620 POTASSIUM ALKALINIZINING AGENTS 54625 POTASSIUM AMINOBENZOATE 54700 POTASSIUM GUAIACOL SULFONATE 54710 ...
breast cancer, endocrine therapy, window of opportunity therapy, Antineoplastic Agents, Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal, ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal, Breast Neoplasms, Clinical Trials as Topic, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Evidence-Based ...
Sorafenib is an antineoplastic (cancer) agent.. November 2, 2022 ANTI CANCER/ONCLOGY PRODUCTS ... IBRANCE is taken in combination with hormonal therapy to help delay the progression of metastatic breast cancer. IBRANCE works ... It belongs to the group of medicines known as antineoplastics (cancer medicines). ... has been demonstrated to be effective as an ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation agent. However, dose ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal. * Breast Neoplasms. * Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6. * Female. * Genotype. * Humans ...
Alkylating agents (L01A). Main article: Alkylating antineoplastic agent. Alkylating agents are so named because of their ... Hormonal therapy. Several malignancies respond to hormonal therapy. Strictly speaking, this is not chemotherapy. Cancer arising ... Cisplatin and carboplatin, as well as oxaliplatin are alkylating agents. Other agents are mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, ... See main article: antineoplastic The most important immunosuppressant from this group is dactinomycin, which is used in kidney ...
2000) Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs, and Other Pharmaceutical Agents Volume 75 (2000) Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: X- ... 1999) Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy Volume 71 (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, ... 2014) Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents Volume 105 (2013) Diesel and Gasoline Engine ... 1978) Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds - Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals ...
Antiestrogen, Antineoplastic. World Health Organization (WHO). Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen agent used mainly to treat breast ... the tumor cell kinetics of mcf-7 human breast carcinoma xenografts grown in nude mice can be significantly altered by hormonal ... By 2004, tamoxifen was the best selling hormonal drug for the treatment of breast cancer.. ... and further heating of which with quinidine hydrochloride as a demethylating agent gives 2-[p-(1,2-diphenyl- 1-butenyl)phenol ...
Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents Antiparasitics Blood and Blood Forming Organs Cardiovascular Genito-Urinary System ...
Cancer medications (antineoplastic agents)​ * Epilepsy drugs (antiepileptics)​ * Acne, wrinkle meds (retinoids)​ * Immune ... Men, on the other hand, experience hormonal changes during puberty and andropause. So if youre experiencing hormonal ... 2. Hormonal Imbalance Apart from making you moody, cranky, or sad, your hormones can be associated with other changes in your ... During major hormonal shifts, hair changes can occur. 40 to 50% of women experience hair changes while pregnant or ...
Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal [D27.505.954.248.169] Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal * Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic [ ... Agents that inhibit the activity of TOR SERINE-THREONINE KINASES.. Allowable Qualifiers:. AD administration & dosage. AE ...
Some Antiviral and Antineoplastic Drugs and other Pharmaceutical Agents The International Agency for Research on Cancer ... Hormonal Contraception and Post-Menopausal Hormonal Therapy The International Agency for Research on Cancer ...
... as well as use as an antineoplastic agent and palliative, adjuvant or neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in prostate cancer. ... Topical agents. Azelaic acid • Benzoyl peroxide • Glycolic acid • Light therapy • Salicylic acid • Tea tree oil ... Ketoconazole (Nizoral), an imidazole derivative used as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent effective against a variety of fungal ... They are also occasionally used as a male contraceptive agent, to purposefully prevent or counteract masculinisation in the ...
Antineoplastic agents. *Antiemetic agents. *Colony-stimulating factors. *Antidotes. *Show All. *Follow-up *Further Outpatient ...
10:00 Anti-neoplastic agents No observations Barbados. Barbados National Drug Formulary (BNDF) 10.0 Antineoplastics No ... TRATAMIENTO HORMONAL DEL CÁNCER No observations This medicine is present in:. List. Section. Observation. ... ANTINEOPLASTIC AND RELATED AGENTS No observations Belize. National Drug Formulary 08.03 Hormones and antihormones No ... 8.4 Cytotoxic Agents: Hormones and Anti-Hormones No observations Haiti. National List of Essential Medicines 08.03 Hormones and ...
In a study of nurses and pharmacists with occupational exposure to antineoplastic agents, maternal exposure to antineoplastic ... Agents that interfere with male hormones or with hormonal feedback (e.g., testosterone, luteinizing hormone [LH]) may also ... Agents that interfere with the menstrual cycle and ovulation, such as hormonally active agents, may affect fertility [Windham ... Antineoplastic drugs. Miscarriage, low birth weight, birth defects. Certain ethylene glycol ethers such as 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE ...
Systemic Hormonal Preparations. *Anti-infectives for Systemic Use. *Antineoplastic & Immunomodulating Agents. *Musculoskeletal ...
Systemic hormonal preparations. *Antiinfectives for systemic use. *Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. *Musculoskeletal ...
  • Drugs used to manage connective tissue disease (CTD) associated with interstitial lung disease (ILD) (CTD-ILD) include nintedanib, corticosteroids, and antineoplastic agents. (medscape.com)
  • Healthcare worker s are increasingly being exposed to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • Several factors have contributed to the potential for increase in exposure of healthcare worker s to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • These include increasing numbers of patients with cancer and other chronic illnesses, the use of higher doses of drugs (made possible by strategies to reduce the toxic side-effects of the drugs), noncancer use of antineoplastic drugs and the development of other potent drugs, such as antiviral agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Because it has been well documented over the past 20 years that healthcare worker s, especially pharmacists and nurses , are exposed to these drugs in the workplace, government institutions and professional organisations around the world have developed guidelines for the safe handling of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • In the USA, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)l recently published an alert that lists recommendations for the safe handling of all hazardous drugs, of which antineoplastic drugs are the major class. (cdc.gov)
  • Others classes of hazardous drugs include some hormonal, immunosuppressive and antiviral agents, monoclonal antibodies and several miscellaneous drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • Here the transgenic strain FVB/N-Tg(MMTV-PyVT)634Mul/J (also known as PyVT) was used as a model system for measuring tumor burden and drug sensitivity of the antineoplastic drugs tamoxifen, cisplatin, and paclitaxel on tumorigenesis at an early stage of mammary carcinoma development in a male mouse model. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Combination of analogs with chemotherapy has been used very recently for patients who have reached hormonal escape and may be a useful immediate option for patients with cancers with a high risk of progression. (nih.gov)
  • Systemic treatment for breast cancer is constantly expanding and can be accomplished by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biological agents and hormone therapy [5]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Agents that interfere with male hormones or with hormonal feedback (e.g., testosterone, luteinizing hormone [LH]) may also affect production of healthy sperm, thus affecting fertility [Osorio and Windham 2004]. (cdc.gov)
  • Un tumor dependiente de hormonas desaparece cuando se elimina el estímulo hormonal, ya sea mediante cirugía o por bloqueo farmacológico. (bvsalud.org)
  • A hormone-dependent tumor regresses on removal of the hormonal stimulus, by surgery or pharmacological block. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients who received any prior hormonal anti-cancer therapy for advanced breast cancer, except for = 14 days of tamoxifen or NSAI ± goserelin for advanced breast cancer prior to randomization. (who.int)
  • This is an uncontrolled clinical trial with a convenience sample of women in antineoplastic treatment (CHE and TAM) and non-surgical periodontal FMD treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • This suggests an importance in hormonal signaling in male breast cancer pathogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In addition, antineoplastic treatments are given concurrently with adjunct medications to alleviate side effects (such as diphenhydramine for breast cancer), which may independently also impact cognitive function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numerous studies with contradictory results have compared total hormonal blockage, an alog combined with an anti-androgen, with analog alone in locally advanced prostate cancer. (nih.gov)
  • The current antineoplastic treatment modalities have undesirable side effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Turmeric may not be well known in Western medicine, but it has a long and respected history as a healing agent in other medical traditions. (vitagene.com)
  • However, sustained use of these agents causes a decrease in the production of LH and FSH, which in turn leads to a decrease in testosterone production in the testes, reducing testosterone to castrate levels or to below the castrate threshold (50 ng/dL). (medscape.com)
  • Agents that interfere with the menstrual cycle and ovulation, such as hormonally active agents, may affect fertility [Windham and Osorio 2004]. (cdc.gov)