Antimony
Antimony Potassium Tartrate
Antimony Sodium Gluconate
Meglumine
Leishmania donovani
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
Organometallic Compounds
Genes, gag
Technetium Compounds
Arsenic
A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Pregnanediol
Leishmaniasis
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).
Leishmania
A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.
Leishmania braziliensis
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania viannia that infects man and animals. It causes cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS) depending on the subspecies of this organism. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, is the vector. The Leishmania braziliensis complex includes the subspecies braziliensis and peruviana. Uta, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World, is caused by the subspecies peruviana.
Neutron Activation Analysis
Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous
A disease characterized by the chronic, progressive spread of lesions from New World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by species of the L. braziliensis complex to the nasal, pharyngeal, and buccal mucosa some time after the appearance of the initial cutaneous lesion. Nasal obstruction and epistaxis are frequent presenting symptoms.
Drug Resistance
Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.
Ion Pumps
Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) in human heavy metal-selected tumor cells. (1/319)
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance to cytotoxic heavy metals remain largely to be characterized in mammalian cells. To this end, we have analyzed a metal-resistant variant of the human lung cancer GLC4 cell line that we have selected by a step-wise procedure in potassium antimony tartrate. Antimony-selected cells, termed GLC4/Sb30 cells, poorly accumulated antimony through an enhanced cellular efflux of metal, thus suggesting up-regulation of a membrane export system in these cells. Indeed, GLC4/Sb30 cells were found to display a functional overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP1, a drug export pump, as demonstrated by Western blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and calcein accumulation assays. Moreover, MK571, a potent inhibitor of MRP1 activity, was found to markedly down-modulate resistance of GLC4/Sb30 cells to antimony and to decrease cellular export of the metal. Taken together, our data support the conclusion that overexpression of functional MRP1 likely represents one major mechanism by which human cells can escape the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals. (+info)Chemistry and toxicity of flame retardants for plastics. (2/319)
An overview of commercially used flame retardants is give. The most used flame retardants are illustrated and the seven major markets, which use 96% of all flame-retarded polymers, are described. Annual flame retardant growth rate for each major market is also projected. Toxicity data are reviewed on only those compositions that are considered commercially significant today. This includes 18 compounds or families of compounds and four inherently flame-retarded polymers. Toxicological studies of flame retardants for most synthetic materials are of recent origin and only a few of the compounds have been evaluated in any great detail. Considerable toxicological problems may exist in the manufacturing of some flame retardants, their by-products, and possible decomposition products. (+info)Asp45 is a Mg2+ ligand in the ArsA ATPase. (3/319)
The ATPase activity of ArsA, the catalytic subunit of the plasmid-encoded, ATP-dependent extrusion pump for arsenicals and antimonials in Escherichia coli, is allosterically activated by arsenite or antimonite. Magnesium is essential for ATPase activity. To examine the role of Asp45, mutants were constructed in which Asp45 was changed to Glu, Asn, or Ala. Cells expressing these mutated arsA genes lost arsenite resistance to varying degrees. Purified D45A and D45N enzymes were inactive. The purified D45E enzyme exhibited approximately 5% of the wild type activity with about a 5-fold decrease in affinity for Mg2+. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence was used to probe Mg2+ binding. ArsA containing only Trp159 exhibited fluorescence enhancement upon the addition of MgATP, which was absent in D45N and D45A. As another measure of conformation, limited trypsin digestion was used to estimate the surface accessibility of residues in ArsA. ATP and Sb(III) synergistically protected wild type ArsA from trypsin digestion. Subsequent addition of Mg2+ increased trypsin sensitivity. D45N and D45A remained protected by ATP and Sb(III) but lost the Mg2+ effect. D45E exhibited an intermediate Mg2+ response. These results indicate that Asp45 is a Mg2+-responsive residue, consistent with its function as a Mg2+ ligand. (+info)Short report: improved diagnosis and follow-up of canine leishmaniasis using amastigote-based indirect immunofluorescence. (4/319)
A comparison of an indirect immunofluorescence test using promastigotes (IFATp) or cultured amastigotes (IFATa) in the diagnosis and follow-up of canine leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum was carried out. Results obtained with both diagnostic methods were in good agreement although the IFATa titration was more sensitive than the currently used IFATp without losing specificity. The higher sensitivity of the amastigote-based IFAT resulted in an earlier diagnosis in the absence of clinical signs. Both methods showed comparable results for monitoring the clinical evolution of naturally infected and treated (meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol) dogs. (+info)High frequency of serious side effects from meglumine antimoniate given without an upper limit dose for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients. (5/319)
Organic pentavalent antimonials are one of the mainstays of treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Few data are available on the toxicity and efficacy of these drugs at the dosing schedule recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Atlanta, GA). We analyzed 25 VL episodes in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who were treated with meglumine antimoniate (MA) at the CDC-recommended dose in southern Spain. Adverse effects were observed in 14 (56%) VL episodes. In 7 (28%), treatment with MA was permanently discontinued due to serious adverse effects that included acute pancreatitis, acute renal failure, and leukopenia. Three (12%) patients died during therapy due to severe acute pancreatitis attributable to MA. The dosing regimen of MA currently recommended for treating VL is associated with a high rate of serious side effects in HIV-1-infected patients. (+info)Roles of endogenous gamma interferon and macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in host response to chemotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. (6/319)
In experimental visceral leishmaniasis, in which the tissue macrophage is the target, in vivo responsiveness to conventional chemotherapy (pentavalent antimony [Sb]) requires a T-cell-dependent mechanism. To determine if this mechanism involves gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced activation and/or specific IFN-gamma-regulated macrophage leishmanicidal mechanisms (generation of reactive nitrogen or oxygen intermediates, we treated gene-deficient mice infected with Leishmania donovani. In IFN-gamma gene knockout (GKO) mice, Sb inhibited but did not kill intracellular L. donovani (2% killing versus 76% in controls). Sb was active (>94% killing), however, in both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) knockout (KO) and respiratory burst (phagocyte oxidase)-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) mice. Sb's efficacy was also maintained in doubly deficient animals (X-CGD mice treated with an iNOS inhibitor). In contrast to Sb, amphotericin B (AmB) induced high-level killing in GKO mice; AmB was also fully active in iNOS KO and X-CGD animals. Although resolution of L. donovani infection requires iNOS, residual visceral infection remained largely suppressed in iNOS KO mice treated with Sb or AmB. These results indicate that endogenous IFN-gamma regulates the leishmanicidal response to Sb and achieves this effect via a pathway unrelated to the macrophage's primary microbicidal mechanisms. The role of IFN-gamma is selective, since it is not a cofactor in the response to AmB. Treatment with either Sb or AmB permits an iNOS-independent mechanism to emerge and control residual intracellular L. donovani infection. (+info)Ultrastructural histochemical alteration of the plasma membrane in chronic myelocytic leukemia. (7/319)
Ultrastructural histochemical evaluation of the surface of normal human blood and bone marrow cells exposed to the pyroantimonate-osmium (PAO) reaction indicated the selective binding of pyroantimonate to certain cations (calcium, magnesium, and possibly sodium) associated with the plasma membrane of neutrophilic leukocytes and their developmental forms. Other leukocytes and their precursors did not exhibit plasma membrane PAO reactivity. The extent of surface binding was related to cell maturity, with maximal labeling evident in the mid and late promyelocytes; decreased binding occurred with subsequent maturation while myeloblasts were nonreactive. This study was initiated to ascertain if histochemical surface modifications of neutrophilic cells occur in certain myeloproliferative disorders. In this regard, we have been able to demonstrate a distinctive defect in the plasma membrane PAO binding characteristics of the leukemic cells in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Limited binding of pyroantimonate to the plasma membrane of the leukemic cell series in four patients with CML contrasted with that of the normal granulocytic cell series and the neutrophilic cells seen in myelomonocytic leukemia (two patients), myelofibrosis (one patient), and acute myelocytic leukemia (three patients). Comparison of surface PAO reactivity of neutrophilic cells in all stages of maturation in two patients with CML in blast crisis revealed that, in the patient with 30% circulating blast cells, PAO reactivity was identical to that noted in CML, while in the patient with 80% circulating blast forms, the PAO reactivity of the maturing neutrophilic cells more nearly resembled that observed in neutrophilic cells from normal individuals. Many neutrophilic cells from patients with myelofibrosis and myelomonocytic leukemia and from one patient in severe blast crisis had large surface deposits of pyroantimonate considered to reflect increased membrane-associated reactive cation. (+info)Concentrations of antimony in infants dying from SIDS and infants dying from other causes. (8/319)
OBJECTIVES: Raised concentrations of antimony have been found in infants dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The presumed source of this antimony is toxic gases generated from fire retardants that are present in cot mattresses. The aim of this study was to determine the role of antimony in SIDS. DESIGN: Samples of liver, brain, serum, and urine were collected from all patients dying from SIDS and a group of aged matched control infants who had died of other causes. SETTING: Nationwide study in Ireland. SUBJECTS: 52 infants dying from SIDS and 19 control infants aged > 7 days and < 1 year. RESULTS: The median concentration of antimony in the liver and brain of infants dying of SIDS was < 1 ng/g, with no difference detected between the infants dying from SIDS and the control infants. The range of antimony in the serum of infants dying of SIDS was 0.09-0.71 microg/litre (median, 0.26). Although no difference was found between infants dying from SIDS and control infants, SIDS infants were found to have higher concentrations when compared with healthy infants in the 1st year of life, probably as a result of release of antimony into serum after death. Urine antimony concentrations in infants dying from SIDS were < 3.91 ng/mg (corrected for creatinine) and similar to values found both in control infants and healthy infants. CONCLUSION: There is no evidence to support a causal role for antimony in SIDS. (+info) Leishmaniasis, visceral is a form of leishmaniasis that affects the internal organs of the body, particularly the liver, spleen and bone marrow. It is caused by the parasite Leishmania donovani and is transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly.
The symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Enlargement of the liver and spleen
* Pain in the abdomen
* Anemia
* Low blood platelet count
* Low white blood cell count
If left untreated, visceral leishmaniasis can be fatal. Treatment is typically with antiparasitic drugs, such as miltefosine or amphotericin B, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
It is important to note that visceral leishmaniasis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, and prompt medical attention is necessary for effective treatment and management.
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that is caused by the Leishmania protozoa, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected sandflies. It is found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, primarily in South America, Africa, and Asia.
There are several different forms of leishmaniasis, including:
* Cutaneous leishmaniasis: This form of the disease causes skin sores, which can be painful and disfiguring.
* Visceral leishmaniasis: Also known as kala-azar, this form of the disease affects the internal organs and can be fatal if left untreated.
* Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: This form of the disease causes sores on the skin and mucous membranes.
*Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: This form of the disease causes widespread skin lesions.
Leishmaniasis can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including:
* Physical examination and medical history: A doctor may look for signs of the disease, such as skin sores or swelling, and ask about the patient's travel history and exposure to sandflies.
* Laboratory tests: Blood and skin samples can be tested for the presence of the parasite using techniques such as microscopy, PCR, and serology.
* Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans can be used to visualize the spread of the disease in the body.
Treatment for leishmaniasis typically involves antiparasitic drugs, such as pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. The specific treatment regimen will depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the patient's age, health status, and other factors. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue.
Prevention measures for leishmaniasis include:
* Avoiding sandfly bites: Using insecticides, wearing protective clothing, and staying in well-screened areas can help prevent sandfly bites.
* Eliminating sandfly breeding sites: Removing debris and vegetation, and using insecticides to kill sandflies and their eggs can help reduce the risk of infection.
* Vaccination: There is currently no effective vaccine against leishmaniasis, but research is ongoing to develop one.
* Public education: Raising awareness about the disease and how it is transmitted can help prevent infections and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.
Overall, early diagnosis and treatment are key to preventing complications and improving outcomes for patients with leishmaniasis. In addition, public health measures such as insecticide use and vaccination may help reduce the incidence of the disease.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare form of leishmaniasis that affects both the mucous membranes and the skin. It is caused by the Leishmania donovani parasite and is most commonly seen in India, Bangladesh, and parts of Africa.
Symptoms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis include:
* Ulcers on the face, mouth, or nose
* Nosebleeds
* Difficulty swallowing
* Skin lesions on the face, arms, or legs
* Fever
* Swelling of the liver or spleen
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or direct agglutination test (DAT).
Treatment for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis typically involves the use of antiparasitic medications such as miltefosine, amphotericin B, or pentavalent antimonials. In severe cases, surgical debridement of skin lesions may be necessary.
Preventive measures for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis include avoiding sandfly bites and using insecticides to control sandfly populations.
Prognosis for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is generally good if treated promptly and effectively, but can be poor if left untreated or if there is significant damage to the mucous membranes or skin.
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare form of leishmaniasis that affects both the mucous membranes and the skin, causing ulcers, nosebleeds, and skin lesions. Prompt treatment with antiparasitic medications can improve the prognosis. Preventive measures include avoiding sandfly bites and using insecticides to control sandfly populations.
Antimony
... not to exposure to antimony ions (OECD, 2008). Antimony chlorides are corrosive to skin. The effects of antimony are not ... Antimony trioxide is formed when antimony is burnt in air. In the gas phase, the molecule of the compound is Sb 4O 6, but it ... In 2021, no antimony was mined in the U.S. About 60% of antimony is consumed in flame retardants, and 20% is used in alloys for ... Antimony is used as a dopant in semiconductor devices. Antimony is a member of group 15 of the periodic table, one of the ...
Antimony trisulfide
In the extraction of antimony from antimony ores the alkaline sulfide process is employed where Sb2S3 reacts to form ... Antimony trisulfide was also used as the image sensitive photoconductor in vidicon camera tubes. It is a semiconductor with a ... Antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) is found in nature as the crystalline mineral stibnite and the amorphous red mineral (actually a ... In 1817, the dye and fabric chemist, John Mercer discovered the non-stoichiometric compound Antimony Orange (approximate ...
Antimony trioxide
Antimony metal is oxidized to antimony(III) oxide in furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony(III) oxide is formed ... Antimony(III) oxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans. Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m3, as for most antimony compounds. No ... Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercial compound of antimony ... A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite. Global production of antimony(III) ...
Antimony triiodide
It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with elemental iodine, or the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydroiodic acid. ... It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state. Like many iodides of the heavier main group elements, its structure depends on ... Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3. This ruby-red solid is the only characterized "binary" ... "Antimony triiodide". Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand ...
Antimony oxychloride
"Physiochemical analysis of antimony trioxide-antimony trichloride, antimony trioxide-antimony tribromide systems". Zhurnal ... Dissolving antimony trichloride in water yields antimony oxychloride: SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl + 2 HCl Nurgaliev, B. Z.; Popovkin, B ... The suggestion of SbOCl being a mixture of antimony trichloride and antimony oxide or pure SbOCl were raised. Today the ... Antimony oxychloride, known since the 15th century, has been known by a plethora of alchemical names. Since the compound ...
Antimony (disambiguation)
Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. Antimony may also refer to: Antimony, Utah, a town in ... Isotopes of antimony All pages with titles beginning with Antimony All pages with titles containing Antimony This ... peak located in the San Emigdio Mountains of California Antimony Carver, a character in the webcomic Gunnerkrigg Court Antimony ... Look up antimony, antimon, antimoney, antimonic, or stibium in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ...
Antimony pentafluoride
... is prepared by the reaction of antimony pentachloride with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride: SbCl5 + 5 HF → ... Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf "Antimony and Antimony Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia ... Antimony pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SbF5. This colourless, viscous liquid is a valuable Lewis ... This effect is illustrated by the oxidation of oxygen: 2 SbF5 + F2 + 2 O2 → 2 [O2]+[SbF6]− Antimony pentafluoride has also been ...
Antimony tetroxide
... is an inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O4. This material, which exists as the mineral cervantite, is ... The material forms when Sb2O3 is heated in air: Sb2O3 + 0.5 O2 → Sb2O4 ΔH = −187 kJ/mol At 800 °C, antimony(V) oxide loses ... The material, with empirical formula SbO2, is called antimony tetroxide to signify the presence of two kinds of Sb centers. ...
Antimony trifluoride
Sabina C. Grund, Kunibert Hanusch, Hans J. Breunig, Hans Uwe Wolf "Antimony and Antimony Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia ... The method involved treatment with antimony trifluoride with chlorine or with antimony pentachloride to give the active species ... "Antimony and Antimony Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/ ... Antimony trifluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula SbF3. Sometimes called Swarts' reagent, is one of two principal ...
Antimony sulfide
... may refer to either of two compounds of antimony and sulfur: Antimony trisulfide, Sb2S3 Antimony pentasulfide ... Sb2S5, known as antimony red This set index page lists chemical compounds articles associated with the same name. If an ...
Antimony regulus
... or antimony metal is a partially purified form of the element antimony. In modern commerce, it typically ... "Antimony and Antimony Alloys", by Werner Joseph, pp. 370-372, in Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, John J. ... Typical commercial antimony is unsuitable for production of solid-state-electronics devices, and for these 99.95% pure material ... Chymistry of Isaac Newton project v t e (Antimony, All stub articles, Materials stubs). ...
Antimony Peak
The second Antimony Peak is in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. A third Antimony Peak the shortest of the three is in the Diablo ... "Antimony Peak". Hundred Peaks Section List. Angeles Chapter, Sierra Club. Retrieved 2009-12-09. "Antimony Peak". Geographic ... after he identified a suspected vein of silver ore on the mountain as being the metalloid antimony. "Antimony Peak, California ... Antimony Peak is a steep peak located in southern Kern County, in the San Emigdio Mountains of the Transverse Ranges of ...
Antimony tribromide
... (SbBr3) is a chemical compound containing antimony in its +3 oxidation state. It may be made by the ... Antimony tribromide hydrolyzes in water to form hydrobromic acid and antimony trioxide: 2 SbBr3 + 3 H2O → Sb2O3 + 6 HBr NIOSH ... Alternatively, it can be prepared by the action of bromine on a mixture of antimony sulfide and antimony trioxide at 250 °C. It ... It is also used in the production of other antimony compounds, in chemical analysis, as a mordant, and in dyeing. Antimony ...
Antimony, Utah
This resulted in the town's renaming, in 1921, to Antimony. Antimony is known throughout Central Utah for its Fourth of July ... Antimony is a town in Garfield County, Utah, United States. The population was 122 at the 2010 census, the same as the 2000 ... A party of 22 men came to the Antimony area in 1873 on a mission to make peace with the local Fish Lake band of Indians. They ... Media related to Antimony, Utah at Wikimedia Commons (Articles with short description, Short description is different from ...
Antimony fluoride
... may refer to either of the following: Antimony trifluoride, SbF3 Antimony pentafluoride, SbF5 This set index ...
Antimony Carver
Antimony's mother died while she was young, and her father remains emotionally distant from her. Antimony is described by ... but noted that Antimony also has some subtle rebellious facets. Delos Woodruff of Comic Fencing noticed that Antimony seems to ... Antimony "Annie" Carver is the protagonist of Tom Siddell's 2005 webcomic Gunnerkrigg Court. She was the first character ... Delos Woodruff of Comic Fencing suggested that Antimony may be named after the metal of the same name, pointing out that the ...
Antimony chloride
... may refer to either of the following: Antimony trichloride, SbCl3 Antimony pentachloride, SbCl5 This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Antimony chloride. If an internal link led you here, you may wish ...
Antimony pill
An antimony pill is a pill made from metallic antimony. It was a popular remedy in the nineteenth century, and it was used to ... "Antimony cup with leather case, Europe, 1601-1700". Science Museum London. (Use dmy dates from July 2013, Use British English ... This pill was a little bullet composed of metallic antimony which had or was believed to have the property of purging as often ... Observations upon antimony". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 70 (11): 756-63. doi:10.1177/003591577707001103. PMC ...
Antimony trichloride
... is prepared by reaction of chlorine with antimony, antimony tribromide, antimony trioxide, or antimony ... The antimony trichloride reacts with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry. Antimony ... "Antimony(III) chloride". Antimony trichloride in Linstrom, Peter J.; Mallard, William G. (eds.); NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antimony trichloride. "Antimony Trichloride, SbCl3". Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F ...
Antimony triselenide
In this compound, antimony has a formal oxidation state +3 and selenium −2. The bonding in this compound has covalent character ... The compound may be formed by the reaction of antimony with selenium and has a melting point of 885 K. Sb2Se3 is now being ... Antimony triselenide is the chemical compound with the formula Sb2Se3. The material exists as the sulfosalt mineral ... Antimony(III) compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
Antimony pentachloride
"Antimony pentachloride (UK PID)". Sigma-Aldrich Co., Antimony(V) chloride. Retrieved on 2014-05-29. "Antimony(V) chloride". ... Antimony pentachloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas into molten antimony trichloride: SbCl3 + Cl2 → SbCl5 Gaseous SbCl5 ... SbCl3 Antimony pentachloride is used as a polymerization catalyst and for the chlorination of organic compounds. Antimony ... Antimony pentachloride is a chemical compound with the formula SbCl5. It is a colourless oil, but typical samples are yellowish ...
Explosive antimony
... is an allotrope of the chemical element antimony that is so sensitive to shock that it explodes when ... White fumes of antimony trichloride are produced and the elemental antimony reverts to its metallic form. Allan C. Topp (1939 ... Explosive Antimony is only metastable and transforms into metallic antimony during mechanical stress and heating. Explosive ... Another possible allotrope, known as explosive antimony, has been reported which is produced by electrolysis of antimony ...
Antimony pentoxide
... (molecular formula: Sb2O5) is a chemical compound of antimony and oxygen. It contains antimony in the +5 ... The β form consists of antimony(V) in octahedral interstices and pyramidal SbIIIO4 units. In these compounds, the antimony(V) ... containing both antimony(III) and antimony(V). Heating to 900 °C (1,650 °F) produces a white, insoluble powder of Sb2O4 in both ... It may also be prepared by oxidation of antimony trioxide with nitric acid. Antimony pentoxide finds use as a flame retardant ...
Antimony telluride
... is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Sb2Te3. As is true of other pnictogen chalcogenide ... Although antimony telluride is a naturally occurring compound, select stoichiometric compounds may be formed by the reaction of ... Layers consist of two atomic sheets of antimony and three atomic sheets of tellurium and are held together by weak van der ... Due to its layered structure and weak inter-layer forces, bulk antimony telluride may be mechanically exfoliated to isolate ...
Antimony oxide
... may refer to any of the following: Diantimony tetroxide, Sb2O4 Antimony trioxide, Sb2O3 Antimony pentoxide, ... Sb2O5 Antimony hexitatridecoxide, Sb6O13 Stibiconite, Sb3O6(OH) This set index page lists chemical compounds articles ...
Antimony pentasulfide
... is an inorganic compound of antimony and sulfur, also known as antimony red. It is a nonstoichiometric ... Antimony pentasulfide can be produced by the reaction of antimony with sulfur at a temperature from 250-400 °C in an inert ... explaining the production of antimony(III) chloride, rather than antimony(V) chloride, upon acidification. It is, therefore, ... "The oxidation number of antimony in antimony pentasulfide". Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry Letters. 5 (1): 21-25. doi:10.1016/ ...
Antimony electrode
... s continue to be used for in vivo measurements. The use of antimony-based electrodes for analytical ... The antimony electrode has been investigated for its ability to function as a pH electrode. The electrode is made of elemental ... Antimony electrodes are available commercially. They can be employed with solutions containing hydrofluoric acid for which the ... In an unusual application, an antimony electrode was used to measure pH inside the human stomach. The simplicity of ...
Antimony potassium tartrate
... is prepared by treating a solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate and antimony trioxide: 2 KOH + ... Cups made from pure antimony were used to store wine for 24 hours and then the resulting solution of antimony potassium ... The treatment of leishmania with antimony potassium tartrate started in 1913. After the introduction of antimony(V) containing ... which contained trivalent antimony (antimony potassium tartrate) and is sold in Central America as an aversive treatment for ...
Antimony(III) acetate
... is the compound of antimony with the chemical formula of Sb(CH3CO2)3. It is a white powder, is moderately ... It can be prepared by the reaction of antimony(III) oxide with acetic anhydride: Sb2O3 + 3 C4H6O3 → 2 Sb(CH3CO2)3 The crystal ... 0036". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Hall, M.; Sowerby, D. B. (1980). "Antimony(III) acetate ... structure of antimony(III) acetate has been determined by X-ray crystallography. It consists of discrete Sb(OAc)3 monomers with ...
Antimony(III) sulfate
It can be prepared by dissolving antimony, antimony trioxide, antimony trisulfide or antimony oxychloride in hot, concentrated ... Antimony sulfate, Sb2(SO4)3, is a hygroscopic salt formed by reacting antimony or its compounds with hot sulfuric acid. It is ... Antimony sulfate is sometimes called a "salt" as it can be produced from the reaction of antimony and sulfuric acid, but ... 1985) Antimony and antimony compounds in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5th ed., vol. A3, p. 70. ISBN 3-527- ...
Antimony | NIOSH | CDC
Workers may be harmed from exposure to antimony and its compounds. The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and ... Useful search terms for antimony include "antimony metal," "antimony powder," and "stibium." ... Antimony (Sb) is a silver-white brittle solid or a dark-gray, lustrous powder. It can be harmful to the eyes and skin. Antimony ... Antimony is used in many industries. It is used to make flame-proofing materials and in some paints, glass, and batteries. ...
Antimony | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
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A New Method for the Separation of Tin from Antimony - Scientific American
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Antimony: ATSDR Fact Sheet
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Sample of the element Antimony in the Periodic Table
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Sample of the element Antimony in the Periodic Table
Etymologia: Antimony - Volume 24, Number 8-August 2018 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Etymologia: Antimony. Volume 24, Number 8-August 2018. Article Views: 422. Data is collected weekly and does not include ... Antimony potassium tartrate remained the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis until the development of praziquantel in the ... The successful use of antimony in bilharziosis. Lancet. 1918;192:325-7. DOIGoogle Scholar ... Antimony had been previously used against visceral leishmaniasis, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and yaws. The ancient Egyptians ...
Assessment and distribution of antimony in soils around three coal mines, Anhui, China
The samples were analyzed for antimony (Sb) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The ... Assessment and distribution of antimony in soils around three coal mines, Anhui, China. Journal of the Air and Waste Management ... The samples were analyzed for antimony (Sb) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) method. The ... Assessment and distribution of antimony in soils around three coal mines, Anhui, China. ...
Daily and weekly injections of sodium antimony dimercaptosuccinate (TWSb) in the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium...
Kalorimetrische Untersuchung flüssiger Indium-Antimon- Legierungen unter dem Aspekt eines Assoziationsgleichgewichts /...
Calorimetric Investigation of Liquid Indium-Antimony Alloys from the Standpoint of an Associate Equilibrium was published on ... Calorimetric Investigation of Liquid Indium-Antimony Alloys from the Standpoint of an Associate Equilibrium. * Bruno Predel and ... Calorimetric Investigation of Liquid Indium-Antimony Alloys from the Standpoint of an Associate Equilibrium" International ... Calorimetric Investigation of Liquid Indium-Antimony Alloys from the Standpoint of an Associate Equilibrium. International ...
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Daily and weekly injections of sodium antimony dimercaptosuccinate (TWSb) in the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium...
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Antimony | New Energy and Fuel
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The Upstream and Downstream products of Antimony trioxide
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Pages that link to "Powder Keg (Antimony)" - PolyCraft WorldCompoundsLevels of antimonyCarcinogenic to humansOxideTrioxideTrivalentAlloysProduce antimonySodiumEarth's crustStibniteWeapons-grade tungstenSulfideIrritateMeasured in the urine2016LungToxicityParticlesCompoundSolubleDecreasesMineral ProcessingLeadOccursArsenicExposure10002022FlotationWorkersPowderChemicalLiverRatsDosesSubstancesEntersIngotsStibineNaturallyLeishmaniasisStomachMetalPurityHighResinType
Compounds13
- Workers may be harmed from exposure to antimony and its compounds. (cdc.gov)
- In the environment, antimony metal is found combined with other substances to form antimony compounds that can be found in ores (rocks found in nature with minerals in them). (cdc.gov)
- Compounds that don't dissolve easily, like antimony trioxide, will stay in the lungs longer where they can damage the lungs. (cdc.gov)
- Most of the available health effects data are for trivalent antimony compounds which appear to be more harmful than pentavalent antimony compounds. (cdc.gov)
- If you have been exposed to a significant amount of antimony and compounds, call your doctor or nurse. (cdc.gov)
- Dermal exposure may Poorly soluble compounds such as for also occur through skin contact with soil, Environmental Levels antimony trioxide are slowly cleared from water, or other substances containing the lungs (measured in weeks) compared Air antimony. (cdc.gov)
- Antimony compounds are used medical y tract is estimated at approximately 1% for Antimony is natural y present in the to treat parasitic diseases such as antimony trioxide and 10% for antimony earth's crust at levels of about 0.2-0.3 leishmaniasis. (cdc.gov)
- Profile for Antimony and Compounds. (cdc.gov)
- Kassab, and Doka) in Gadaref state, east- valent antimony compounds has not al- ern Sudan. (who.int)
- Some pentavalent antimony compounds are used to treat leishmaniasis. (who.int)
- Cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, and pentavalent antimony were each evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) . (who.int)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is pleased to announce that Volume 131 of the IARC Monographs , Cobalt, antimony compounds, and weapons-grade tungsten alloy, is now available online. (who.int)
- Some pentavalent antimony compounds are used in the treatment of leishmaniasis. (who.int)
Levels of antimony13
- You can also be exposed to very low levels of antimony in air. (cdc.gov)
- Drinking water from some plastic water bottles may contain higher levels of antimony, but these levels are not known to cause health effects. (cdc.gov)
- Higher levels of antimony may be found near waste sites or industries that process or release it, such as smelters, coal-fired plants, and garbage incinerators. (cdc.gov)
- The levels of antimony found in the environment are lower than levels known to cause health problems. (cdc.gov)
- Studies in workers, who are typically exposed to higher levels of antimony, show that breathing antimony dust can cause heart and lung problems, stomach pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach ulcers. (cdc.gov)
- Studies in lab animals breathing high levels of antimony have reported lung and heart damage. (cdc.gov)
- Lung cancer was found in some studies of rats that breathed high levels of antimony trioxide. (cdc.gov)
- Antimony can be measured in blood, ToxGuideTM levels of antimony from ingestion of absorption is strongly influenced by the hair, urine and feces. (cdc.gov)
- Breathing high levels of antimony for a long time can irritate the eyes and lungs, and can cause problems with the lungs, heart, and stomach. (cdc.gov)
- In polluted areas containing high levels of antimony, it may be found in the air, water, and soil. (cdc.gov)
- In short-term studies, animals that breathed very high levels of antimony died. (cdc.gov)
- In long-term studies, animals that breathed very low levels of antimony had eye irritation, hair loss, lung damage, and heart problems. (cdc.gov)
- In animal studies, problems with fertility have been seen when rats breathed very high levels of antimony for a few months. (cdc.gov)
Carcinogenic to humans2
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer has determined that antimony trioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans and that antimony trisulfide is not classifiable. (cdc.gov)
- The Working Group classified trivalent antimony as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) on the basis of limited evidence for cancer in humans, sufficient evidence for cancer in experimental animals, and strong mechanistic evidence in human primary cells and in experimental systems. (who.int)
Oxide6
- Antimony oxide is an antimony compound that is added to textiles and plastics to prevent them from catching fire. (cdc.gov)
- Antimony ores are mined and then mixed with other metals to form antimony alloys or combined with oxygen to form antimony oxide. (cdc.gov)
- Antimony trioxide is also named antimony white, and belongs to amphoteric oxide. (ylsch-rbb.com)
- Antimony Oxide, (Sb 2 O 3 ) is an inorganic white powder compound with applications in ceramics, optical glass, and glass manufacturing. (chivine-us.com)
- Antimony oxide is used in combination with halides to create fire retardants for polymer materials and products. (chivine-us.com)
- This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of nine agents: cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys), soluble cobalt(II) salts, cobalt(II) oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, trivalent antimony, pentavalent antimony, and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy. (who.int)
Trioxide6
- The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) considers antimony trioxide to be reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen (causing cancer in people). (cdc.gov)
- Crude Antimony Trioxide Rotary Furnace. (hotel-oliwski.pl)
- Furnace for producing antimony trioxide. (hotel-oliwski.pl)
- Antimony trioxide is a pure white ultra-fine powder in cubic crystal system. (ylsch-rbb.com)
- 1) Antimony trioxide is applied to plastic products such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polyester, polyurethane foamed plastic, epoxy resin and phenolic resin, as well as synthetic fiber like polypropylene and polyester as flame retardant synergist in a large amount. (ylsch-rbb.com)
- Adding halogen flame retardant and antimony trioxide synergist in a certain ratio in high polymer materials may obviously improve OI of material burning. (ylsch-rbb.com)
Trivalent1
- Antimony can exist in two chemical "states" called trivalent or pentavalent. (cdc.gov)
Alloys1
- Antimony ores are mined and then mixed with other metals to form antimony alloys, which are used in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, bearings, castings, and pewter. (cdc.gov)
Produce antimony2
- Occupational exposure may occur at Absorbed antimony is widely distributed of 0.48 ppm (µg/g). facilities that produce antimony al oys or with the highest concentrations in the antimony containing products. (cdc.gov)
- However, there are companies in the United States that produce antimony as a by-product of smelting lead and other metals. (cdc.gov)
Sodium2
- Six parasites ont montré une résistance in vitro au stibogluconate de sodium en utilisant le test de détection des amastigotes dans les macrophages J774 murins. (who.int)
- Meglumine antimoniate (MA) and sodium stibogluconate are pentavalent antimony (SbV) drugs used since the mid-1940s. (bvsalud.org)
Earth's crust1
- Antimony is a silvery-white metal that is found in the earth's crust. (cdc.gov)
Stibnite1
- The problem discussed in this antimony process study is limited to a concentrator capable of beneficiating 150 tons per day of antimony ore.The antimony in this study occurs as the mineral stibnite (Sb2S3) in association with small amounts of pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and lead sulfantimonides. (gwynplaine.it)
Weapons-grade tungsten1
- Two of these agents - pentavalent antimony and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy - were evaluated by the Working Group for the first time. (who.int)
Sulfide1
- on process selection, flowsheet development, recovery improvement and reagent consumption classic mineralogical techniques, type ores 8 Antimony sulfide ores Gold occurs mainly as native gold, with minor can influence the behaviour of gold in flotation, leaching and/or recovery processes. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
Irritate2
Measured in the urine1
- Antimony can be measured in the urine, feces, and blood for several days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
20161
- 13 Feb 2016, Antimony processing plant processing line antimony ore plant, plant Gold Ore Antimony oncentrate sampling, SBM Mineral Processing. (gwynplaine.it)
Lung1
- 3) is a gaseous antimony decreases in antimony lung clearance compound. (cdc.gov)
Toxicity1
- Pseudo-Outbreak of Antimony Toxicity in Firefighters, Florida, 2009 -MMWR Vol. 58, No. 46. (cdc.gov)
Particles4
- When you breathe air containing antimony, antimony particles can be deposited in your lungs. (cdc.gov)
- In animals, accumulation of antimony common are Sb(III) and Sb(V). ingestion of antimony in food and to a particles in the lungs caused increases in alveolar/intra-alveolar macrophages, lesser extent through drinking water. (cdc.gov)
- In the air, antimony is attached to very small particles that may stay in the air for many days. (cdc.gov)
- Most antimony ends up in soil, where it attaches strongly to particles that contain iron, manganese, or aluminum. (cdc.gov)
Compound3
- Antimony in your lungs will enter your blood after several days or weeks, depending on the antimony compound. (cdc.gov)
- food and drinking water and by antimony compound. (cdc.gov)
- It is the most stable compound of antimony, with the molecular weight 291.5 and melting point 656℃, cubic crystal type (a stable type) has the density of 5.3g/cm3. (ylsch-rbb.com)
Soluble1
- Antimony is soluble in the surface environment, so antimony (Sb) mobilization in mine waters is an environmental issue around gold mines. (gwynplaine.it)
Decreases1
- Liver damage, decreases in blood sugar levels, and developmental effects (decreases in growth) have been found in animals swallowing antimony. (cdc.gov)
Mineral Processing4
- antimony mineral processing - Braai Free flotation cell be in mineral dressing. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
- Antimony Mineral Processing 【Process Description】 The ore after hand sorting will go through coarse crushing and fine crushing, during which the size of mineral should be under 30mm, and screening classifiion have three size fractions, 830mm, 28mm, 02mm. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
- Antimony Mineral Processing Flotation TanksAntimony Mineral Processing Flotation Tanks. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
- antimony mineral processing. (gwynplaine.it)
Lead5
- Antimony is coupled with materials like lead to improve their durability. (cdc.gov)
- This report provides an in-depth analysis of the market for unwrought lead containing antimony in the EU. (researchandmarkets.com)
- Our Lyman #2 alloy (90% Lead, 5% Tin, 5% Antimony) comes in an ingot that measures approximately 8-3/4" by 1" x 2" and weighs approximately 5 lbs. (+/-.25) The Brinell Hardness of this Lyman 2 alloy is about ~ 16. (rotometals.com)
- This alloy consists of 64.5% lead, 23% antimony, and 12.5% tin. (rotometals.com)
- Lyman Bullet Casting Alloy consists of 5% tin, 5% antimony and 90% lead. (rotometals.com)
Occurs1
- Exposure to antimony occurs in the workplace or from skin contact with soil at hazardous waste sites. (cdc.gov)
Arsenic1
- Antimony, a toxic metalloid similar to arsenic, is present at variable levels in most gold-bearing rocks. (gwynplaine.it)
Exposure4
- The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to antimony. (cdc.gov)
- Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure Standard for Antimony -DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-216. (cdc.gov)
- Antimony metal is stable under ordinary route of occupational exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to antimony at high levels can result in a variety of adverse health effects. (cdc.gov)
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20221
- 2022 3 27 Antimony Wikipedia Know More. (hotel-oliwski.pl)
Flotation3
- Processing Antimony Ore By Flotation - Processing Antimony Ore By Flotation. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
- antimony processing equipment antimony ore flotation methodantimony processing equipment antimony ore flotation method. (fluechtlingshilfe-toenisvorst.de)
- antimony gold ore flotation plant coal russian. (gwynplaine.it)
Workers1
- Workers in industries that process it or use antimony ore may be exposed to higher levels. (cdc.gov)
Powder2
Chemical1
- If you work in an industry that uses antimony, please read chemical labels and the accompanying Safety Data Sheets for hazard information. (cdc.gov)
Liver1
- Long-term animal studies have reported liver damage and blood changes when animals ingested antimony. (cdc.gov)
Rats1
- Tissue distribution of residual antimony in rats treated with multiple doses of meglumine antimoniate. (bvsalud.org)
Doses1
- Swallowing large doses of antimony can cause vomiting in people. (cdc.gov)
Substances1
- pentavalent Antimony levels can be much higher in Agency for Toxic Substances antimony is primarily excreted in the geothermal water. (cdc.gov)
Enters3
Ingots1
- This vial of antimony contains 50+ grams of broken ingots showing the beautiful, almost bismuth-like crystal surfaces. (theodoregray.com)
Stibine1
- Arsine is similar to a gas called stibine, which is formed when the metal antimony comes in contact with an acid. (cdc.gov)
Naturally1
- Because antimony is found naturally in the environment , you are exposed to very low levels of it every day, mostly in food and drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Leishmaniasis1
- Antimony had been previously used against visceral leishmaniasis, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , and yaws. (cdc.gov)
Stomach1
- Antimony can also cause problems with the lungs, heart, and stomach. (cdc.gov)
Metal1
- Antimony stars, formed when antimony metal cools in a circular pot, were popular with the alchemists. (theodoregray.com)
Purity1
- Please use the form above to make an enquiry about Antimony Selenide remembering to include the information regarding purity and the quantity you require. (absco-limited.com)
High1
- I'm not sure why someone would want an antimony sputtering target (used to coat something with antimony in a high vacuum chamber). (theodoregray.com)
Resin1
- Liquid precursor of antimony(III) n-butoxide is dissolved in the resin monomer solution, and further incorporated into the cross-linking polymer network via photo polymerization. (xenocs.com)
Type1
- But of course all you have to do is type "antimony sputtering" into google and you'll find out. (theodoregray.com)
