Colchicine
Tubulin Modulators
Tubulin
A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It has also been isolated from SPERM FLAGELLUM; CILIA; and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to COLCHICINE; VINCRISTINE; and VINBLASTINE.
Vinca Alkaloids
Mitosis
Microtubules
Paclitaxel
Structure-Activity Relationship
Emi1 class of proteins regulate entry into meiosis and the meiosis I to meiosis II transition in Xenopus oocytes. (1/74)
Xenopus oocytes are arrested at the G2/prophase boundary of meiosis I and enter meiosis in response to progesterone. A hallmark of meiosis is the absence of DNA replication between the successive cell division phases meiosis I (MI) and meiosis II (MII). After the MI-MII transition, Xenopus eggs are locked in metaphase II by the cytostatic factor (CSF) arrest to prevent parthenogenesis. Early Mitotic Inhibitor 1 (Emi1) maintains CSF arrest by inhibiting the ability of the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC) to direct the destruction of cyclin B. To investigate whether Emi1 has an earlier role in meiosis, we injected Xenopus oocytes with neutralizing antibodies against Emi1 at G2/prophase and during the MI-MII transition. Progesterone-treated G2/prophase oocytes injected with anti-Emi1 antibody fail to activate Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF), a complex of cdc2/cyclin B, and the MAPK pathway, and do not undergo germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Injection of purified Delta90 cyclin B protein or blocking anti-Emi1 antibody with purified Emi1 protein rescues these meiotic processes in Emi1-neutralized oocytes. Acute inhibition of Emi1 in progesterone treated oocytes immediately after GVBD causes rapid loss of cdc2 activity with simultaneous loss of cyclin B levels and inactivation of the MAPK pathway. These oocytes decondense their chromosomes and enter a DNA replication phase instead of progressing to MII. Prior ablation of Cdc20, addition of methyl-ubiquitin, or addition of nondestructible Delta90 cyclin B rescues the MI-MII transition in Emi1-inhibited oocytes. (+info)Rapamycin inhibits human in stent restenosis vascular smooth muscle cells independently of pRB phosphorylation and p53. (2/74)
OBJECTIVE: Drug-eluting stents containing the immunosuppressant rapamycin markedly inhibit in stent restenosis (ISR). However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie its effect on ISR-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), as opposed to normal VSMCs, are unknown. Specifically, as ISR-VSMCs have altered cell cycle regulation, rapamycin may arrest these cells via novel molecular pathways. METHODS: We isolated human VSMCs from sites of ISR, and examined the effect of rapamycin on cell proliferation using MTT assay, time lapse videomicroscopy and flow cytometry. Regulation of G(1)-S transition was examined using Western blotting, and cell size and protein synthesis examined using flow cytometry and collagen assay, respectively. The requirement for pRB and p53 was examined using ISR VSMCs expressing E1A and a dominant negative p53, respectively. RESULTS: ISR-VSMC proliferation was potently inhibited by rapamycin. Arrest was confined to G(1), as cell proliferation (but not cell size) of S/G(2)-arrested cells was unaffected by rapamycin. Moreover, ISR-VSMC lines generated with disrupted p53 or pRB function still arrested in the presence of rapamycin, suggesting that these genes are dispensable for rapamycin-induced arrest. Significantly, rapamycin completely inhibited the phosphorylation of p70(S6K), an mTOR-regulated kinase implicated in the control of proliferation, but had no effect on collagen or total protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that rapamycin is a potent inhibitor of ISR VSMC proliferation during G(1). Rapamycin's action does not require p53 or pRB. We show that p70(S6K) is markedly inhibited in rapamycin-arrested ISR cells, suggesting that regulation of its upstream kinase, mTOR, is important for the control of proliferation in ISR cells. (+info)The primary antimitotic mechanism of action of the synthetic halichondrin E7389 is suppression of microtubule growth. (3/74)
E7389, which is in phase I and II clinical trials, is a synthetic macrocyclic ketone analogue of the marine sponge natural product halichondrin B. Whereas its mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, its main target seems to be tubulin and/or the microtubules responsible for the construction and proper function of the mitotic spindle. Like most microtubule-targeted antitumor drugs, it inhibits tumor cell proliferation in association with G(2)-M arrest. It binds to tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization. We examined the mechanism of action of E7389 with purified microtubules and in living cells and found that, unlike antimitotic drugs including vinblastine and paclitaxel that suppress both the shortening and growth phases of microtubule dynamic instability, E7389 seems to work by an end-poisoning mechanism that results predominantly in inhibition of microtubule growth, but not shortening, in association with sequestration of tubulin into aggregates. In living MCF7 cells at the concentration that half-maximally blocked cell proliferation and mitosis (1 nmol/L), E7389 did not affect the shortening events of microtubule dynamic instability nor the catastrophe or rescue frequencies, but it significantly suppressed the rate and extent of microtubule growth. Vinblastine, but not E7389, inhibited the dilution-induced microtubule disassembly rate. The results suggest that, at its lowest effective concentrations, E7389 may suppress mitosis by directly binding to microtubule ends as unliganded E7389 or by competition of E7389-induced tubulin aggregates with unliganded soluble tubulin for addition to growing microtubule ends. The result is formation of abnormal mitotic spindles that cannot pass the metaphase/anaphase checkpoint. (+info)The mitotic checkpoint in cancer therapy. (4/74)
The mitotic checkpoint is a key cell cycle control mechanism that ensures an accurate segregation of chromosomes during mitosis by delaying the onset of anaphase until all chromosomes are properly attached to a bipolar mitotic spindle. While complete loss of this checkpoint is lethal in vertebrates, a weakened mitotic checkpoint is frequently seen in cancer cells and it may contribute to tumorigenesis. Many anti-tumor drugs, including spindle assembly inhibitors and DNA damaging agents, can activate the mitotic checkpoint. However, since these drugs influence interphase events besides activating the mitotic checkpoint, the role of the mitotic checkpoint in drug-induced cell death remained unclear. Using a KSP antagonist that specifically acts on mitotic cells, we have recently shown that activation of the mitotic checkpoint followed by mitotic slippage or adaptation, activates Bax and initiates apoptosis. Notably, cells with a weakened mitotic checkpoint incur much less apoptotic death than their checkpoint-proficient counterparts, indicating the requirement of a competent mitotic checkpoint in the induction of apoptosis. In light of these findings and other recent reports, the potential influence of the mitotic checkpoint in response to chemotherapies, and the strategy to target the mitotic checkpoint for cancer therapeutics are discussed. (+info)Sichuan pepper extracts block the PAK1/cyclin D1 pathway and the growth of NF1-deficient cancer xenograft in mice. (5/74)
There is increasing evidence that more than 70% of cancers including pancreatic, breast and prostate cancers as well as neurofibromatosis (NF) are highly addicted to abnormal activation of the Ser/Thr kinase PAK1 for their growth. So far FK228 is the most potent among the HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitors that block the activation of both PAK1 and another kinase AKT, downstream of PI-3 kinase. However, FK228 is still in clinical trials (phase 2) for a variety of cancers (but not for NF as yet), and not available for most cancer/NF patients. Thus, we have been exploring an alternative which is already in the market, and therefore immediately useful for the treatment of those desperate cancer/NF patients. Here we provide the first evidence that extracts of Chinese/ Japanese peppercorns (Zanthoxyli Fructus) from the plant Zanthoxylum piperitum called "Hua Jiao"/"Sansho", block selectively the key kinase PAK1, leading to the downregulation of cyclin D1. Unlike FK228, these extracts do not inhibit AKT activation at the concentrations that block either cancer growth or PAK1 activation. The Chinese pepper extract selectively inhibits the growth of NF1-deficient malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells, without affecting the growth of normal fibroblasts, and suppresses the growth of NF1-deficient human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) xenograft in mice. Our data suggest that these peppercorn extracts would be potentially useful for the treatment of PAK1-dependent NF such as MPNST, in addition to a variety of PAK1-dependent cancers including breast cancers. (+info)Increased therapeutic potential of an experimental anti-mitotic inhibitor SB715992 by genistein in PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line. (6/74)
BACKGROUND: Kinesin spindle proteins (KSP) are motor proteins that play an essential role in mitotic spindle formation. HsEg5, a KSP, is responsible for the formation of the bipolar spindle, which is critical for proper cell division during mitosis. The function of HsEg5 provides a novel target for the manipulation of the cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis. SB715992, an experimental KSP inhibitor, has been shown to perturb bipolar spindle formation, thus making it an excellent candidate for anti-cancer agent. Our major objective was a) to investigate the cell growth inhibitory effects of SB715992 on PC-3 human prostate cancer cell line, b) to investigate whether the growth inhibitory effects of SB715992 could be enhanced when combined with genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavone and, c) to determine gene expression profile to establish molecular mechanism of action of SB715992. METHODS: PC-3 cells were treated with varying concentration of SB715992, 30 microM of genistein, and SB715992 plus 30 microM of genistein. After treatments, PC-3 cells were assayed for cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and alteration in gene and protein expression using cell inhibition assay, apoptosis assay, microarray analysis, real-time RT-PCR, and Western Blot analysis. RESULTS: SB715992 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in PC-3 cells. SB715992 was found to regulate the expression of genes related to the control of cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell signaling pathways, and apoptosis. In addition, our results showed that combination treatment with SB715992 and genistein caused significantly greater cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis compared to the effects of either agent alone. CONCLUSION: Our results clearly show that SB715992 is a potent anti-tumor agent whose therapeutic effects could be enhanced by genistein. Hence, we believe that SB715992 could be a novel agent for the treatment of prostate cancer with greater success when combined with a non-toxic natural agent like genistein. (+info)Preplaced cell division: a critical mechanism of autoprotection against S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-L-cysteine-induced acute renal failure and death in mice. (7/74)
Previous studies have shown that renal injury initiated by a lethal dose of S-1,2-dichlorovinyl-l-cysteine (DCVC) progresses due to inhibition of cell division and hence renal repair, leading to acute renal failure (ARF) and death in mice. Renal injury initiated by low to moderate doses of DCVC is repaired by timely and adequate stimulation of renal cell division, tubular repair, restoration of renal structure and function leading to survival of mice. Recent studies have established that mice primed with a low dose of DCVC (15 mg/kg i.p.) 72 h before administration of a normally lethal dose (75 mg/kg i.p.) are protected from ARF and death (nephro-autoprotection). We showed that renal cell division and tissue repair stimulated by the low dose are sustained even after the lethal dose administration resulting in survival from ARF and death. If renal cell division induced by the low dose is indeed the critical mechanism of this autoprotection, then its ablation by the antimitotic agent colchicine (1.5 mg CLC/kg i.p.) should abolish autoprotection. The present interventional experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that DCVC autoprotection is due to stimulated cell division and tissue repair by the priming low dose. CLC intervention at 42 and 66 h after the priming dose resulted in marked progressive elevation of plasma blood urea nitrogen and creatinine resulting in ARF and death of mice. Light microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained kidney sections revealed progression of renal necrosis concordant with progressively failing renal function. With CLC intervention, S-phase stimulation (as assessed by BrdU pulse labeling), G(1)-to-S phase clearance, and cell division were diminished essentially abolishing the promitogenic effect of the priming low dose of DCVC. Phospho-retinoblastoma protein (P-pRB), a crucial protein for S-phase stimulation, and other cellular signaling mechanisms regulating P-pRB were investigated. We report that decreased P-pRB via activation of protein phosphatase-1 by CLC is the critical mechanism of this inhibited S-phase stimulation and ablation of autoprotection with CLC intervention. These findings lend additional support to the notion that stimulated cell division and renal tissue repair by the priming dose of DCVC are the critical mechanisms that allow sustained compensatory tissue repair and survival of mice in nephro-autoprotection. (+info)A thalidomide analogue with in vitro antiproliferative, antimitotic, and microtubule-stabilizing activities. (8/74)
We discovered a thalidomide analogue [5-hydroxy-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (5HPP-33)] with antiproliferative activity against nine cancer cell lines in vitro. Flow cytometric analyses showed that the compound caused G2-M arrest, which occurred mainly at the mitotic phase. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopy and in vitro tubulin polymerization studies showed that 5HPP-33 has antimicrotubule activity with a paclitaxel-like mode of action. It is effective against four different paclitaxel-resistant cell lines. Thus, 5HPP-33 represents a potential antitumor agent. (+info)
Novel antimitotic agents related to tubuloclustin: synthesis and biological evaluation, Molecular Diversity | 10.1007/s11030...
Aroyl hydrazones of 2-phenylindole-3-carbaldehydes as novel antimitotic agents - Publikationsserver der Universität Regensburg
Cell-based screen for antimitotic agents and identification of analogues of rhizoxin, eleutherobin, and paclitaxel in natural...
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Dynole® 31-2 | Abcam
北京大学医学部机构知识库([email protected]): Embelin derivatives and their anticancer activity through microtubule disassembly
Analysis of Mitosis and Antimitotic Drug Responses in Tumors by In Vivo Microscopy and Single-Cell Pharmacodynamics | CU...
Increased therapeutic potential of an experimental anti-mitotic inhibitor SB715992 by . . . by David A. Davis, Sarah H....
Intraluminal Prostheses Having Polymeric Material with Selectively Modified Crystallinity and Methods of Making Same -...
antimitotic drugs
Amikhelline - Wikipedia
How do anti-mitotic drugs kill cancer cells? | Journal of Cell Science
Leukemia Treatment - Cancer Effects
BCL-2 hypermethylation is a potential biomarker of sensitivity to anti-mitotic chemotherapy in endocrine-resistant breast...
Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel | Protocol (Translated to Japanese)
Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel | Protocol (Translated to Hindi)
Bcl-2 Proteins in Mechanism of Anti-mitotic Drug Action - Timothy Chambers
Designated organic active ingredient containing (doai) > Heterocyclic carbon compounds containing a hetero ring having...
The deacetylation-phosphorylation regulation of SIRT2-SMC1A axis as a mechanism of antimitotic catastrophe in early...
Structural basis for specificity and potency of a flavonoid inhibitor of human CDK2, a cell cycle kinase | PNAS
Apoptosis in the absence of caspase 3
Metabolic therapies inhibit tumor growth in vivo and in silico
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Mitotic Cells Antibody (8B3G) [DyLight 488] (NBP1-97684G): Novus Biologicals
Patent US6593321 - 2-alkoxyestradiol analogs with antiproliferative and antimitotic activity - Google Patents
Hetero chromosomes Synonyms, Hetero chromosomes Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
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Research Articles (Physiology)
Dinitramine | Abcam
Melampodium leucanthum, a source of cytotoxic sesquiterpenes with antimitotic activities<...
ABT-751 (CAS: 857447-92-8) is a novel bioavailable tubulin-binding and antimitotic sulfonamide agent with IC50 of about 1.5 and...
Dietary flavonoid fisetin induces a forced exit from mitosis by targeting the mitotic spindle checkpoint.
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Research and Markets: This Essential Report on Cancer Drug Resistance is Available Now. - Free Online Library
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Advanced Computational Methods for Biocomputing and Bioimaging
Practical Fragments: Ninth Annual Fragment-based Drug Discovery Meeting, Part 2
Indian Patents. 220861:A SUSPENSION OF NANOPARTICULATES OF AN ANTIMITOTIC DRUG
Mechanism of action of tubulysin, an antimitotic peptide from myxobacteria. - PubMed - NCBI
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Amikhelline
Characterization of chromosomal aberrations induced in man by various antimitotic agents]". Comptes Rendus des Séances de la ... Amikhelline is an antimitotic drug. It acts as a DNA intercalator and inhibits DNA polymerase. Turchini MF, Geneix A, Perissel ...
Rhizoxin
... is an antimitotic agent with anti-tumor activity. It is isolated from a pathogenic plant fungus (Rhizopus microsporus ... Anti-mitotic and anti-tubulin activity of new antitumor antibiotics, rhizoxin and its homologues". The Journal of Antibiotics. ... January 1986). "Rhizoxin, a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, as a new antitumor agent against human and murine tumor cells and ... 1999). "In vitro evaluation of antimicrotubule agents in human small-cell lung cancer cell lines". Anticancer Research. 19 (5B ...
Podophyllotoxin
Additionally, antimitotic agents are not typically recommended during pregnancy. Additionally, it has not been determined if ... and antitumor agents. Podophyllotoxin derived antitumor agents include etoposide and teniposide. These drugs have been ... For example, ring A is not essential to antimitotic activity. Aromatization of ring C leads to loss of activity, possibly from ... Cragg GM, Kingston DG, Newman DJ (2011). Anticancer Agents from Natural Products, Second Edition (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 97. ...
Fisetin
It can be found in many plants, where it serves as a yellow/ochre colouring agent. It is also found in many fruits and ... In vitro screening has identified fisetin as an antimitotic compound. Rodríguez-García C, Sánchez-Quesada C, Gaforio JJ (2019 ... In lab studies fisetin has been shown to be an anti-proliferative agent, interfering with the cell cycle in several ways. Like ... Fisetin has been shown to be an effective senolytic agent in wild-type mice, with effects of increased lifespan, reduced ...
History of cancer chemotherapy
Paclitaxel (Taxol) was a novel antimitotic agent that promoted microtubule assembly. This agent proved difficult to synthesize ... Later, this agent would also be used to treat lung and ovarian cancers. Cisplatin, a platinum-based compound, was discovered by ... Notably, this agent, although developed by the NCI in partnership with Bristol-Myers Squibb, was exclusively marketed by BMS ( ... Most of these agents caused very severe nausea (termed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in the literature) which ...
DPP7
Roberts VJ, Gorenstein C (1990). "The effect of antimitotic agents on the intraneuronal distribution of lysosomes". Brain Res. ...
Mike Berridge
Peloruside A, a novel antimitotic agent with paclitaxel-like microtubule-stabilizing activity. Cancer Research 62: 3356-60 ( ...
Oryzalin
"Chromosome doubling effects of selected antimitotic agents in Brassica napus microspore culture" (PDF). Czech Journal of ... Antiparasitic agents, Nitrobenzenes, Sulfonamides, Preemergent herbicides, Anilines, Microtubule inhibitors, All stub articles ...
Iris cyst
Antimitotic agents are injected into the cyst and left inside for 5 minutes; after 5 minutes the agents are rinsed out. ... Antimitotic agents stop the mitose of the cells of the cyst by interfering with a particular phase of the cell cycle, which ... Antimitotic agents have the side effect of creating a small inflammation which can easily be treated with topical steroids. ... Depending on the kind of cyst, the clinician will choose either antimitotic agents or AS-OCT, if laser has failed or if laser ...
Plant tissue culture
This is usually achieved by application of antimitotic agents such as colchicine or oryzalin. As a tissue for transformation, ... Solid media are prepared from liquid media with the addition of a gelling agent, usually purified agar. The composition of the ... The hard surface of the seed is less permeable to the penetration of harsh surface sterilizing agents, such as hypochlorite, so ...
Maryam Jafarkhani Kermani
"Effect of different antimitotic agents on polyploid induction of anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum L.) - PubAg". pubag.nal. ...
Monomethyl auristatin F
... is an antimitotic agent which inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerisation of tubulin. It is ... Monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) is a synthetic antineoplastic agent. It is part of the approved drug belantamab mafodotin in ...
Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
Brentuximab vedotin is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that is complexed to the antimitotic agent, monomethyl auristatin E; the ... These IEL often exhibit natural killer and cytotoxic T-cell cell activation markers, contain various toxic agents (e.g. ... drug binds to the cell-membrane protein CD30 to deliver thereby the antimitotic aged into CD30-bearing target cells. This study ...
Monomethyl auristatin E
... is an antimitotic agent which inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerisation of tubulin. The ... These drugs show potency of up to 200 times that of vinblastine, another antimitotic drug used for Hodgkin lymphoma as well as ... Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is a synthetic antineoplastic agent. Because of its toxicity, it cannot be used as a drug itself ... It is a potent antimitotic drug derived from peptides occurring in marine shell-less mollusc Dolabella auricularia called ...
Mature T-cell lymphoma
This binding delivers monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an antimitotic agent that inhibits mitosis, and leads to anti-tumour ...
Spindle poison
Two specific families of antimitotic agents - vinca alkaloids and taxanes - interrupt the cell's division by the agitation of ... Agents that affect the motor protein kinesin are beginning to enter clinical trials. Another type, paclitaxel, acts by ... Even though numerous other spindle proteins exist that could be the target of novel chemotherapeutics, tubulin-binding agents ...
Discovery and development of tubulin inhibitors
E7010 is the most active of sulfonamide antimitotic agent, which has been shown to inhibit microtubule formation by binding at ... Currently have been suggested few approaches in development of novel therapeutic agents with better properties Discovery agents ... Agents which act as inhibitors of tubulin, also act as inhibitors of cell division. A microtubule exists in a continuous ... Antivascular agents are similar to colchicine and bind to the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin so development of novel ...
Neoxaline
It is an antimitotic agent and shows weak inhibitory activity of blood platelet aggregation induced by simulation of the ... Ōmura Neoxaline an antimiotic agent Hirano, A.; Iwai, Y.; Masuma, R.; Tei, K.; Omura, S. (August 1979). "Neoxaline, a new ...
Moroidin
... has no anti-mitotic activity. Other anti-tubulin agents used as chemotherapy agents have painful side effects known as ... Of this family, celogentin C is the most potent (IC50 0.8×10−6 M), and it is more potent than the anti-mitotic agent ... It also has demonstrated anti-mitotic properties, specifically by inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Anti-mitotic activity ... Agents that disrupt microtubules therefore inhibit mitosis through activation of this checkpoint. Moroidin and its related ...
Volasertib
Common side effects as seen with other antimitotic agents such as vinca alkaloids and taxanes which include neuropathy, have ... investigating the effects of Volasertib both as a single agent and in combination with other agents in solid tumors and ... Volasertib can also cause cell death in cancer cells that have are no longer sensitive to existing anti-mitotic drugs such as ... protein being developed by Boehringer Ingelheim for use as an anti-cancer agent. Volasertib is the second in a novel class of ...
Vinca alkaloid
... s are a set of anti-mitotic and anti-microtubule alkaloid agents originally derived from the periwinkle plant ... The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine is used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer and is not ... leurosine and the chemotherapy agents vinblastine and vincristine, all of which can be obtained from the plant. ...
Laucysteinamide A
... the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and effects of analogs on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells". ...
Curacin A
January 1998). "Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with ...
2,5-Diketopiperazine
... verruculogen and the spiro-annulated spirotryprostatin B which represent a promising class of antimitotic arrest agents, to the ... Derivatives of cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) have been studied extensively to develop therapeutic agents for neurodegeneration. These ... The unsaturated derivatives are illustrated by phenylahistin the anti-cancer microtubule binding agent, and the mycotoxin ... an antibacterial agent used as food additives to prevent diarrhea in animals while the thio derivatives such as the cytotoxic ...
Endogenous regeneration
... migrating neuroblasts and immature precursors are silenced with the anti-mitotic agent and astrocytes are infected with a ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... antimitotic agents MeSH D27.505.954.248.150 - antineoplastic agents, alkylating MeSH D27.505.954.248.169 - antineoplastic ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tocolytic agents MeSH D27.505.954.016 - anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122. ... tranquilizing agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.015 - anti-anxiety agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.025 - antimanic agents MeSH ...
Index of oncology articles
... antimicrotubule agent - antimitotic agent - antineoplastic - antineoplastic antibiotic - antioxidant - antiparasitic - ... alkylating agent - ALL - all-trans retinoic acid - allogeneic - allogeneic bone marrow transplantation - allogeneic stem cell ... adjunct agent - adjunctive therapy - adjuvant therapy - adrenocortical - Adriamycin - adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma - AE-941 ... chemotherapeutic agent - chemotherapy - chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy - chest x-ray - chiasma - child-life worker ...
Brentuximab vedotin
... and para-aminobenzylcarbamate spacers to three to five units of the antimitotic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE, reflected ... These results demonstrated that single-agent brentuximab vedotin induced a 42% objective response rate and manageable safety ...
Kinesin-like protein KIF11
Zhang Y, Xu W (August 2008). "Progress on kinesin spindle protein inhibitors as anti-cancer agents". Anticancer Agents Med Chem ... Compton DA (October 1999). "New tools for the antimitotic toolbox". Science. 286 (5441): 913-4. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441. ... El-Nassan HB (2012). "Advances in the discovery of kinesin spindle protein (Eg5) inhibitors as antitumor agents". Eur J Med ... Inhibitors of KIF11 have been developed as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer. Drugs that specifically inhibit ...
Chemotherapy
Siddik ZH (2005). "Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour ... of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic ... chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemotherapy may be given with a ... Alkylating agents will work at any point in the cell cycle and thus are known as cell cycle-independent drugs. For this reason ...
Halichondria
"The primary antimitotic mechanism of action of the synthetic halichondrin E7389 is suppression of microtubule growth". ... Anticancer agents from natural products. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8493-1863-4. OCLC 57169963. Hirata, ...
Recombinant AAV mediated genome engineering
2010 The use of 'X-MAN' mutant PI3CA increases the expression of individual tubulin isoforms and promoted resistance to anti-mitotic ... Carroll D (November 2008). "Progress and prospects: zinc-finger nucleases as gene therapy agents". Gene Ther. 15 (22): 1463-8. ...
Colchicine
... is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent for long-term treatment of Behçet's disease. It appears to have limited ... Loss of significant antimitotic activity in human lymphocytes". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 15 (2): 213-217. doi:10.1002/art. ... Portincasa P (2016). "Colchicine, Biologic Agents and More for the Treatment of Familial Mediterranean Fever. The Old, the New ... Antigout agents, Glycine receptor antagonists, Heptalenes, Microtubule inhibitors, Orphan drugs, Peripherally selective drugs, ...
Gold nanoparticles in chemotherapy
By acting as a contrast agent and injected into cancerous tumor cells, it would result in a higher dose of the cancerous tissue ... Docetaxel is packed into PEGylated gold nanoparticles Docetaxel is an anti-mitotic chemotherapy medicine which showing great ... Another way in which AuNPs can be used in cancer therapy is as agents for targeted drug delivery. Research shows that AuNPs can ... Jain, S; Hirst, D G; O'Sullivan, J M (2012-02-01). "Gold nanoparticles as novel agents for cancer therapy". The British Journal ...
Vinflunine
As of 2016[update], vinflunine was the only commercially-approved agent in some countries for salvage therapy of urothelial ... Kruczynski A, Barret JM, Etiévant C, Colpaert F, Fahy J, Hill BT (March 1998). "Antimitotic and tubulin-interacting properties ...
Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
... (pEHG) is an endogenous tripeptide that acts as a tissue-specific antimitotic and selectively ... "Synthesis and assay for activity of a proposed anorexogenic agent, L -pyroglutamyl- L -histidyl-glycine". Canadian Journal of ...
Narcissus (plant)
The bulbs of N. poeticus contain the antineoplastic agent narciclasine. This usage is also found in later Arabian, North ... antimitotic, antiplatelet, hypotensive, emetic, acetylcholine esterase inhibitory, antifertility, antinociceptive, chronotropic ... Pettit, GR; Cragg, GM; Singh, SB; Duke, JA; Doubek, DL (1990). "Antineoplastic agents, 162. Zephyranthes candida". Journal of ... "Antineoplastic Agents. 587. Isolation and Structure of 3-Epipancratistatin from Narcissus cv. Ice Follies". Journal of Natural ...
Topical glucocorticoids
Allergic reaction: The vehicles (solvent containing the drug) or preservatives are usually the agents causing sensitivity, ... They provide anti-inflammatory, antimitotic, and immune-system suppressing actions through various mechanisms. Topical ... or other agents (e.g. salicylic acid) in vehicle that will raise the absorption rate Placement of occlusive dressing on the ... or medium-potency agents instead of potent or superpotent ones. If potent or superpotent topical glucocorticids are necessary ...
Small molecule drug conjugate
... as well as a companion imaging agent that is created by replacing the potent drug with an imaging agent. "Ultrasound First - ... The most advanced SMDC is vintafolide, a derivative of the anti-mitotic chemotherapy drug vinblastine which is chemically ...
EP 2859916 A2 20150415 - Combination of an antimitotic agent and a selective superoxide dismutase mimetic in antitumor therapy
The methods involve the use of at least one anti-cancer agent selected from antimetabolite anti-cancer agents, antimitotic anti ... The methods involve the use of at least one antimitotic anti-cancer agents and a superoxide dismutase mimetic to potentiate the ... The present disclosure relates to methods of treating cancers that are responsive to antimitotic anti-cancer agents. ... disclosure relates to methods of treating cancers that are responsive to antimetabolite or antimitotic anti-cancer agents. ...
Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Glossary | NIOSH | CDC
Antimitotic agent. An agent that prevents or interferes with cell division (mitosis).. ... A chemical agent or drug used in the treatment of disease; chemotherapeutic agents are selectively toxic to the causative agent ... Nettle agent. An agent that causes severe irritation to the skin and mucous membranes, as well as pain; also called urticant. ( ... An agent that causes severe irritation to the skin and mucous membranes, as well as pain; also called nettle agent.. ...
Comparison of rDNA Sequences from Colchicine Treated and Untreated Sporocysts of Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus...
Hormone Therapy Plus Radiation Therapy With or Without Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Prostate Cancer -...
Current version of study NCT03169335 on ClinicalTrials.gov
Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and...
Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and ... Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and ... Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and ... Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and ...
PDF] Podophyllotoxin: a novel potential natural anticancer agent | Semantic Scholar
Moreover, further preclinical studies are warranted to explore the molecular mechanisms of these agents in treatment of cancer ... as a potential antitumor agent with particular emphasis on key biosynthesis processes, function of related enzymes and ... Synthesis and antimitotic and tubulin interaction profiles of novel pinacol derivatives of podophyllotoxins.. *A. Abad, J. ... Podophyllotoxin, a medicinal agent of plant origin: past, present and future. *Mounia Guerram, Zhenzhou Jiang, Lu-Yong Zhang ...
CanMED: NDC
CDC | Case Definition: Colchicine Poisoning
Ko, RJ, Li WY, Koda, RT (1990). Determination of the antimitotic agents N-Desacetylcolchicine, demecocline and colchicine in ... Nerve agentsplus icon *Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and ... Riot control agents/tear gasplus icon *Facts About Riot Control Agents ... Blister agents/vesicantsplus icon *Case Definition: Vesicant (Mustards, Dimethyl Sulfate, and Lewisite) ...
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome Medication: Antiviral agents, Immune modulators, Antineoplastic agents, Anti-inflammatory agents
Use as suggested and dosing below is not for antiviral properties but for cellular antimitotic activity at high doses for the ... Antineoplastic agents. Class Summary. These agents inhibit cell growth and proliferation. Useful in the accelerated phase of ... Antiviral agents. Class Summary. These agents inhibit DNA synthesis and viral replication. Nucleoside analogs are initially ... Anti-inflammatory agents. Class Summary. Systemically interfere with events leading to inflammation. ...
Condylox (podofilox) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more.
c-kit - LKT Labs
CDC | Case Definition: Colchicine Poisoning
Ko, RJ, Li WY, Koda, RT (1990). Determination of the antimitotic agents N-Desacetylcolchicine, demecocline and colchicine in ... Nerve agentsplus icon *Case Definition: Nerve Agents or Organophosphates. *Toxic Syndrome Description: Nerve Agent and ... Riot control agents/tear gasplus icon *Facts About Riot Control Agents ... Blister agents/vesicantsplus icon *Case Definition: Vesicant (Mustards, Dimethyl Sulfate, and Lewisite) ...
METHODS OF REDUCING LACTATE IN LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS USING VARIANTS AND FUSIONS OF FGF19/FGF21 POLYPEPTIDES - NGM...
... and anti-mitotic agents (e.g, vincristine and vinblastine). Cytotoxins can be conjugated to a peptide provided herein using ... Such compositions may contain one or more agents such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving ... emulsifying agents, suspending agents, dispersing agents, solvents, fillers, bulking agents, buffers, vehicles, diluents, and/ ... suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified ...
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Natural products (antimitotic agents) (block mitosis and produce metaphase arrest): Vinblastine (Velban) - non-Hodgkins ... make you aware of the adverse health effects of antineoplastic agents; 2. describe how you can be exposed to these agents; and ... The following list contains commonly used antineoplastic agents and some of the cancers treated by these agents [Rogers 1987; ... These agents can also cause health effects among health care workers who work with them. A summary of these health risks and ...
Phase I study of DMOT4039A, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting mesothelin, in patients with unresectable pancreatic or...
Airiti Library
Publikationen PD Dr. Marlow | Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
Publications | www.ibmc.up.pt
Activin-like Kinase - LKT Labs
Search Results
Find Research outputs - Taipei Medical University
2-Amino and 2′-aminocombretastatin derivatives as potent antimitotic agents. Chang, J. Y., Yang, M. F., Chang, C. Y., Chen, C. ... 1-Aroylindoline-hydroxamic acids as anticancer agents, inhibitors of HSP90 and HDAC. Ojha, R., Huang, H. L., HuangFu, W. C., Wu ... 2,3-Dimethoxybenzo[i]phenanthridines: Topoisomerase I-targeting anticancer agents. Li, D., Zhao, B., Sim, S. P., Li, T. K., Liu ... 1-Arylsulfonyl indoline-benzamides as a new antitubulin agents, with inhibition of histone deacetylase. Lai, M. J., Ojha, R., ...
Targeting urokinase and the transferrin receptor with novel, anti-mitotic N-Alkylisatin cytotoxin conjugates causes selective...
Thus, this strategy specifically delivers and concentrates a novel class of isatin-based, tubulin destabilizing agents to ... Targeting urokinase and the transferrin receptor with novel, anti-mitotic N-Alkylisatin cytotoxin conjugates causes selective ... Thus, this strategy specifically delivers and concentrates a novel class of isatin-based, tubulin destabilizing agents to ... anti-mitotic N-Alkylisatin cytotoxin conjugates causes selective cancer cell death and reduces tumor growth. Current Cancer ...
Tubulins | Other protein targets | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY
Bates D, Eastman A. (2017) Microtubule destabilising agents: far more than just antimitotic anticancer drugs. Br J Clin ... Penna LS, Henriques JAP, Bonatto D. (2017) Anti-mitotic agents: Are they emerging molecules for cancer treatment?. Pharmacol ... 2006) Oxadiazole derivatives as a novel class of antimitotic agents: Synthesis, inhibition of tubulin polymerization, and ... Boiarska Z, Passarella D. (2021) Microtubule-targeting agents and neurodegeneration. Drug Discov Today, 26 (2): 604-615. [PMID: ...
Oncogenic HER2 fusions in gastric cancer | Journal of Translational Medicine | Full Text
... which is trastuzumab conjugated with the antimitotic agent emtansine (DM1). The clinical application of these targeted agents ... The anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic agents has been demonstrated in ... In addition to the antibody, a number of small-molecule HER2 kinase inhibitors are available: lapatinib, an approved agent for ... and we characterize their oncogenic properties and sensitivity to anti-HER2 agents. ...
Myosin II has distinct functions in PNS and CNS myelin sheath formation | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Explants were kept in NB medium and treated with antimitotic agents to eliminate nonneuronal cells. Explants were allowed to ... A cytoskeletal demolition worker: myosin II acts as an actin depolymerization agent. J. Mol. Biol. ... A cytoskeletal demolition worker: myosin II acts as an actin depolymerization agent. J. Mol. Biol. ... recent in vitro studies have shown that myosin II can act as an actin-depolymerizing agent (Haviv et al., 2008), and that at ...
Breast Cancer- It's All in the DNA | IntechOpen
Carboplatin and cisplatin are alkylating agents and belong to the group of platinum-based antineoplastic agents. They interact ... Evaluate epirubicin (an anthracycline) together with vinorelbine (an anti-mitotic drug) in treating patients with stage II, ... Assess the efficacy and safety of single agent olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, vs standard of care based on physicians choice of ... We particularly plan to focus on the role of oxidative stress and one major environmental agent i.e. ionizing radiation ...
Molecular Vision: Inhibition by a retinoic acid receptor γ agonist of extracellular matrix remodeling mediated by human Tenon...
Antimitotic agents such as mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil are administered to reduce the extent of postoperative scarring and ... Moreover, this agent lowered IOP in a rat model of glaucoma filtration surgery in vivo. RARγ agonists might thus prove ... Brennan B, Chiu Y, Berthelon L, Kolis S, Davies B. Effect of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics of R667, a novel agent for ... Chiu YY, Roth M, Kolis S, Rogovitz D, Davies B. Pharmacokinetics of a novel agent, R667, in patients with emphysema. Br J Clin ...
MitosisCytotoxicColchicineChemotherapyTubulinMicrotubulePodophyllotoxinInhibitAntineoplasticAntitumorCombinationInhibitorsAnticancer agentsAntifungal agentsChemotherapeutic agentsSynthesisCancersExtractSeedsTherapeuticCondyloxApoptosisDrugPenetrateAcidEffectsCell divisionConcentrationsCells1996Ionizing radiationActivityPreventSingle agentTreatChemical
Mitosis3
- An agent that prevents or interferes with cell division (mitosis). (cdc.gov)
- Sustancias que bloquean las células en MITOSIS, especialmente los MODULADORES DE LA TUBULINA. (bvsalud.org)
- Agents that arrest cells in MITOSIS , most notably TUBULIN MODULATORS . (bvsalud.org)
Cytotoxic4
- Purified podophyllotoxin that is antimitotic, cytotoxic, and available for patient's home use. (medscape.com)
- This invention allows for the use of drugs that include Formula (I). Formula (I) drugs can be combined with other drugs including anti-proliferative, antiplatelet, antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, cytotoxic, agents that inhibit cytokine binding, cell dedifferentiation inhibitors and anti-lipaemic agents, matrix metaloproteinase inhibitors or cytostatic drugs. (patentpc.com)
- Metabolic Imaging to Assess Treatment Response to Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Agents. (environmed.pl)
- However, the linker should efficiently release the cytotoxic agent upon ADC internalization. (creativebiolabs.net)
Colchicine3
- The most frequently used antimitotic agent in cytogenetic studies is colchicine. (nysed.gov)
- Determination of the antimitotic agents N-Desacetylcolchicine, demecocline and colchicine in serum and urine. (cdc.gov)
- They are exploited for therapeutic gain in cancer chemotherapy as targets for agents derived from a variety of natural products: taxanes, colchicine and vinca alkaloids. (guidetopharmacology.org)
Chemotherapy2
- OncoSec uses its OncoSec Medical System electroporation device for up-regulation of IL-12, and ablation of tumors combined with bleomycin (an approved chemotherapy agent). (onemedplace.com)
- DM1 is also 24-270 times more potent than agents used in conventional chemotherapy, such as paclitaxel. (creativebiolabs.net)
Tubulin1
- Thus, this strategy specifically delivers and concentrates a novel class of isatin-based, tubulin destabilizing agents to tumors in vivo and warrants further detailed preclinical investigation. (edu.au)
Microtubule5
- 2008). 4′-Methoxy-2-styrylchromone a novel microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic agent . (up.pt)
- Bates D, Eastman A. (2017) Microtubule destabilising agents: far more than just antimitotic anticancer drugs. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- Boiarska Z, Passarella D. (2021) Microtubule-targeting agents and neurodegeneration. (guidetopharmacology.org)
- GRAPHICS] Six new antimitotic diterpenes, 2-7, have been isolated from the Caribbean octocoral Erythropodium caribaeorum, Structural variations encountered in this group of natural products test recently proposed pharmacophore models for microtubule stabilizing compounds. (ubc.ca)
- DM1 is an antimitotic agent that inhibits microtubule assembly leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. (creativebiolabs.net)
Podophyllotoxin1
- Objective: The aim of the present review is to give an overview about the role, biosynthesis, and characteristics of Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) as a potential antitumor agent with particular emphasis on key biosynthesis processes, function of related enzymes and characterization of genes encoding the enzymes. (semanticscholar.org)
Inhibit3
- Nerve agents inhibit the action of this enzyme. (cdc.gov)
- Antineoplastic agents are widely used in cancer therapy because they can inhibit growth by disrupting cell division and killing actively growing cells. (cdc.gov)
- There is a need for therapeutic agents that inhibit CXCR3 function. (justia.com)
Antineoplastic3
- Antineoplastic agents - occupational hazards in hospitals. (cdc.gov)
- Some of these antineoplastic agents are also being used for other purposes such as the treatment of nonmalignant diseases. (cdc.gov)
- provide and identify control methods and work practices to prevent or reduce your exposure to antineoplastic agents. (cdc.gov)
Antitumor1
- 2009). Bromoalkoxyxanthones as promising antitumor agents: Synthesis, crystal structure and effect on human tumor cell lines . (up.pt)
Combination1
- Acetaminophen and hydrocodone is a combination of non-opioid and narcotic or sleep-inducing agents used to treat moderate to severe pain associated with inflammation. (medindia.net)
Inhibitors1
- A comprehensive review of topoisomerase inhibitors as anticancer agents in the past decade. (semanticscholar.org)
Anticancer agents1
- Biotechnological approaches to the production of plant-derived promising anticancer agents: An update and overview. (semanticscholar.org)
Antifungal agents2
- Mono-ester, di-ester derivatives and rapamycin (esterification at position 31 and 42) have been proven to be effective as antifungal agents (U.S. Patent. (patentpc.com)
- In these cases, treatment of the disease may need to include systemic antifungal agents, which can interfere or interact with other prescribed medications (eg, ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole) or compromise liver function in patients with liver disease. (medscape.com)
Chemotherapeutic agents1
- The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the antitumour activity of Solanaceae extracts-single isolated compounds and nanoparticles with extracts-and their synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic agents in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. (semanticscholar.org)
Synthesis1
- Fürstner, A. Divergent Total Synthesis of the Antimitotic Agent Leiodermatolide. (mpg.de)
Cancers1
- The present disclosure relates to methods of treating cancers that are responsive to antimitotic anti-cancer agents. (epo.org)
Extract1
- Folic acid inhibited the antimitotic activity of aqueous extract of R. aquatica in a dose dependent manner. (who.int)
Seeds1
- The pre-treatment of soybean seeds with antimitotic agents to establish improved genetic pool may also contribute to the enhancement of germination, seedling development, morpho-physiological growth and yield. (journaltocs.ac.uk)
Therapeutic1
- The methods involve the use of at least one antimitotic anti-cancer agents and a superoxide dismutase mimetic to potentiate the therapeutic effect of the anti-cancer agent(s). (epo.org)
Condylox1
- Condylox is one agent containing podofilox. (medscape.com)
Apoptosis1
- This agent also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein Bcl-2 (B-cell Leukemia 2). (nih.gov)
Drug2
- Although N-Mannich bases of amides, imides, hydantoins and various other NH-acidic compounds have been known for a long time, and several drug substances and other compounds bearing an NH-acidic group have been modified by N-aminomethylation and tested as potential medicinal agents, the facile decomposition of several N-Mannich bases in aqueous solution has not been generally recognized. (researchgate.net)
- The results obtained were compared with methotrexate--a known drug available in market as anti-cancer agent. (who.int)
Penetrate2
- At various concentrations (up to 80%), these agents rapidly penetrate and cauterize skin, keratin, and other tissues. (medscape.com)
- Greater porosity means the pre-injected anti-cancer agent can penetrate the tumor cells without affecting the surrounding healthy tissue. (onemedplace.com)
Acid1
- Bichloracetic acid is one such agent. (medscape.com)
Effects2
- These agents can also cause health effects among health care worker s who work with them. (cdc.gov)
- This is soon followed by bone marrow suppression due to the antimitotic effects of T-2 toxin. (medscape.com)
Cell division1
- Docetaxel is a chemotherapeutic antimitotic agent that works by interfering with cell division. (mpc-pharma.com)
Concentrations1
- This agent is effective at picomolar concentrations. (creativebiolabs.net)
Cells1
- When the current is removed, the tumor cells reseal rapidly and trap most of the anti-cancer agent. (onemedplace.com)
19961
- 1996. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological indices for 1995/1996. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation1
- We particularly plan to focus on the role of oxidative stress and one major environmental agent i.e. ionizing radiation inducing DNA damage and chromosomal instability. (intechopen.com)
Activity3
- IMSEAR at SEARO: Evaluation of antimitotic activity of Rotula aquatica (Lour): a traditional herb used in treatment of cancer. (who.int)
- In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the antimitotic activity of R. aquatica. (who.int)
- The different fractions obtained by successive extraction of R. aquatica using solvents of increasing polarity were also evaluated for their antimitotic activity. (who.int)
Prevent1
- Acenocoumarol is a blood thinner agent prescribed to treat or prevent the formation of blood clots or thrombus in the blood vessels helps by dissolving the blood clots and reducing the complication of thromboembolic disorders. (medindia.net)
Single agent1
- Expect cure rate of 20-50% if used as single agent. (medscape.com)
Treat1
- This characteristic supports its use as an agent to treat rheumatoidarthritis. (patentpc.com)
Chemical2
- A case in which a potentially exposed person is being evaluated by health-care workers or public health officials for poisoning by a particular chemical agent, but no specific credible threat exists. (cdc.gov)
- The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or the etiology of the agent is known with 100% certainty. (cdc.gov)