Antihypertensive agents. Medical search

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.

An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.

Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.

A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)

A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)

A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.

A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.

A ZINC-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the N-terminal peptide cleavage of GLUTAMATE (and to a lesser extent ASPARTATE). The enzyme appears to play a role in the catabolic pathway of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.

A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.

A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.

Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.

Techniques for measuring blood pressure.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

Receptors of CLONIDINE and other IMIDAZOLINES. Activity of the ligands was earlier attributed to ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. Endogenous ligands include AGMATINE, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman.

The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.

AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.

A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE.

Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.

A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.

The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.

Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.

Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.

Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.

A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.

The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.

A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.

A plant species of the family APIACEAE. The stalks are a food source.

An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.

The adaptation of drug administration to the known variations in biological RHYTHMICITY, such as CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect.

Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic symopathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

Effects of amlodipine on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. (1/6648)

Short-acting calcium antagonists exert a sympathoexcitation that in heart failure further enhances an already elevated sympathetic activity. Whether this is also the case for long-acting formulations is not yet established, despite the prognostic importance of sympathetic activation in heart failure. It is also undetermined whether in this condition long-acting calcium antagonists favorably affect a mechanism potentially responsible for the sympathetic activation, ie, the baroreflex impairment. In 28 heart failure patients (NYHA functional class II) under conventional treatment we measured plasma norepinephrine and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) at rest and during arterial baroreceptor stimulation and deactivation induced by stepwise intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside, respectively. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks of daily oral amlodipine administration (10 mg/d, 14 patients) or before and after an 8-week period without calcium antagonist administration (14 patients). Amlodipine caused a small and insignificant blood pressure reduction. Heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, and plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were not affected. This was the case also for plasma norepinephrine (from 2.43+/-0.41 to 2.50+/-0.34 nmol/L, mean+/-SEM), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (from 54.4+/-5.9 to 51.0+/-4.3 bursts/min), and arterial baroreflex responses. No change in the above-mentioned variables was seen in the control group. Thus, in mild heart failure amlodipine treatment does not adversely affect sympathetic activity and baroreflex control of the heart and sympathetic tone. This implies that in this condition long-acting calcium antagonists can be administered without untoward neurohumoral effects anytime conventional treatment needs to be complemented by drugs causing additional vasodilatation. (+info)

Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals. (2/6648)

Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists have direct effects on the autonomic nervous system and myocardium. Because of this, we hypothesized that irbesartan would reduce QT dispersion to a greater degree than amlodipine, a highly selective vasodilator. To test this, we gathered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from a multinational, multicenter, randomized, double-blind parallel group study that compared the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan and amlodipine in elderly subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. Subjects were treated for 6 months with either drug. Hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol were added after 12 weeks if blood pressure (BP) remained uncontrolled. ECGs were obtained before randomization and at 6 months. A total of 188 subjects (118 with baseline ECGs) were randomized. We analyzed 104 subjects who had complete ECGs at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Baseline characteristics between treatments were similar, apart from a slight imbalance in diastolic BP (irbesartan [n=53] versus amlodipine [n=51], 99.2 [SD 3. 6] versus 100.8 [3.8] mm Hg; P=0.03). There were no significant differences in BP normalization (diastolic BP <90 mm Hg) between treatments at 6 months (irbesartan versus amlodipine, 80% versus 88%; P=0.378). We found a significant reduction in QT indexes in the irbesartan group (QTc dispersion mean, -11.4 [34.5] milliseconds, P=0.02; QTc max, -12.8 [35.5] milliseconds, P=0.01), and QTc dispersion did not correlate with the change in BP. The reduction in QT indexes with amlodipine (QTc dispersion, -9.7 [35.4] milliseconds, P=0.06; QTc max, -8.6 [33.2] milliseconds, P=0.07) did not quite reach statistical significance, but there was a correlation between the change in QT indexes and changes in systolic BP. In conclusion, irbesartan improved QT dispersion, and this effect may be important in preventing sudden cardiac death in at-risk hypertensive subjects. (+info)

Late referral of end-stage renal failure. (3/6648)

We studied all new patients accepted for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in one unit from 1/1/96 to 31/12/97 (n = 198), to establish time from nephrology referral to RRT, evidence of renal disease prior to referral and the adequacy of renal management prior to referral. Sixty four (32.3%, late referral group) required RRT within 12 weeks of referral. Fifty-nine (29.8%) had recognizable signs of chronic renal failure > 26 weeks prior to referral. Patients starting RRT soon after referral were hospitalized for significantly longer on starting RRT (RRT within 12 weeks of referral, median hospitalization 25.0 days (n = 64); RRT > 12 weeks after referral, median 9.7 days (n = 126), (p < 0.001)). Observed survival at 1 year was 68.3% overall, with 1-year survival of the late referral and early referral groups being 60.5% and 72.5%, respectively (p = NS). Hypertension was found in 159 patients (80.3%): 46 (28.9%) were started on antihypertensive medication following referral, while a further 28 (17.6%) were started on additional antihypertensives. Of the diabetic population (n = 78), only 26 (33.3%) were on an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) at referral. Many patients are referred late for dialysis despite early signs of renal failure, and the pre-referral management of many of the patients, as evidenced by the treatment of hypertension and use of ACEI in diabetics, is less than optimal. (+info)

PST 2238: A new antihypertensive compound that modulates Na,K-ATPase in genetic hypertension. (4/6648)

A genetic alteration in the adducin genes is associated with hypertension and up-regulation of the expression of renal Na, K-ATPase in Milan-hypertensive (MHS) rats, in which increased ouabain-like factor (OLF) levels are also observed. PST 2238, a new antihypertensive compound that antagonizes the pressor effect of ouabain in vivo and normalizes ouabain-dependent up-regulation of the renal Na-K pump, was evaluated for its ability to lower blood pressure and regulate renal Na,K-ATPase activity in MHS genetic hypertension. In this study, we show that PST 2238, given orally at very low doses (1 and 10 microg/kg for 5-6 weeks), reduced the development of hypertension in MHS rats and normalized the increased renal Na,K-ATPase activity and mRNA levels, whereas it did not affect either blood pressure or Na,K-ATPase in Milan-normotensive (MNS) rats. In addition, a similar antihypertensive effect was observed in adult MHS rats after a short-term treatment. In cultured rat renal cells with increased Na-K pump activity at Vmax due to overexpression of the hypertensive variant of adducin, 5 days of incubation with PST 2238 (10(-10-)-10(-9) M) lowered the pump rate to the level of normal wild-type cells, which in turn were not affected by the drug. In conclusion, PST 2238 is a very potent compound that in MHS rats reduces blood pressure and normalizes Na-K pump alterations caused by a genetic alteration of the cytoskeletal adducin. Because adducin gene mutations have been associated with human essential hypertension, it is suggested that PST 2238 may display greater antihypertensive activity in those patients carrying such a genetic alteration. (+info)

Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. (5/6648)

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin system is thought to be involved in the progression of glomerulonephritis (GN) into end-stage renal failure (ESRF) because of the observed renoprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). However, ACEIs have pharmacological effects other than ACE inhibition that may help lower blood pressure and preserve glomerular structure. We previously reported a new animal model of progressive glomerulosclerosis induced by a single intravenous injection of an anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibody, MoAb 1-22-3, in uninephrectomized rats. Using this new model of progressive GN, we examined the hypothesis that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and extracellular matrix components. METHODS: We studied the effect of an ACEI (cilazapril) and an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist (candesartan) on the clinical features and morphological lesions in the rat model previously reported. After 10 weeks of treatment with equihypotensive doses of cilazapril, cilazapril plus Hoe 140 (a bradykinin receptor B2 antagonist), candesartan, and hydralazine, we examined systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, creatinine clearance, the glomerulosclerosis index, and the tubulointerstitial lesion index. We performed a semiquantitative evaluation of glomerular immunostaining for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III by immunofluorescence study and of these cortical mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Untreated rats developed massive proteinuria, renal dysfunction, and severe glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury, whereas uninephrectomized control rats did not. There was a significant increase in the levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III in untreated rats. Cilazapril and candesartan prevented massive proteinuria, increased creatinine clearance, and ameliorated glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. These drugs also reduced levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III. Hoe 140 failed to blunt the renoprotective effect of cilazapril. Hydralazine did not exhibit a renoprotective effect. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of Ang II via Ang II type 1 receptor on the production of TGF-beta and collagen types I and III, as well as on intrarenal hemodynamics, but not by either increasing bradykinin activity or reducing blood pressure in this rat model of mesangial proliferative GN. (+info)

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post-contraction hyperaemia in cats. (6/6648)

1. In anaesthetized cats, the effects of stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa and carotid body chemoreceptors on vascular resistance in hindlimb skeletal muscle were studied to see whether the responses were the same in active as in resting muscle. The measurements of vascular resistance were taken, first, in resting muscle, and second, in the immediate post-contraction hyperaemic phase that followed a 30 s period of isometric contractions. 2. Stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa caused reflex apnoea and vasoconstriction in muscle. The latter response was attenuated when the test was repeated during post-contraction hyperaemia. 3. Stimulations of the carotid bodies were made during a period of apnoea evoked reflexly by electrical stimulation of both superior laryngeal nerves. This apnoea prevented any effects of changes in respiration on the carotid body reflex vascular responses. Stimulation of the carotid bodies evoked hindlimb muscle vasoconstriction. In the post-contraction hyperaemic period, the response was reduced or abolished. A similar attenuation of the reflex vasoconstrictor responses occurred in decentralized muscles stimulated through their motor roots in the cauda equina. 4. Evidence is presented that the attenuation of the vasoconstrictor responses evoked by the two reflexes is a phenomenon localized to the contracting muscles themselves resulting from an interaction between sympathetic neuronal activity and the local production of metabolites. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic needs of tissues in relation to asphyxial defence mechanisms such as occur in the diving response. (+info)

Inhibition of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization by endothelial prostanoids in guinea-pig coronary artery. (7/6648)

1. In smooth muscle of the circumflex coronary artery of guinea-pig, acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-6) M) produced an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization consisting of two components. An initial component that occurs in the presence of ACh and a slow component that developed after ACh had been withdrawn. Each component of the hyperpolarization was accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. 2. Indomethacin (5 x 10(-6) M) or diclofenac (10(-6) M), both inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, abolished only the slow hyperpolarization. The initial hyperpolarization was not inhibited by diclofenac nor by nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. 3. Both components of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization were abolished in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M) or high-K solution ([K+]0 = 29.4 mM). 4. The interval between ACh-stimulation required to generate an initial hyperpolarization of reproducible amplitude was 20 min or greater, but it was reduced to less than 5 min after inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Conditioning stimulation of the artery with substance P (10(-7) M) also caused a long duration (about 20 min) inhibition of the ACh-response. 5. The amplitude of the hyperpolarization generated by Y-26763, a K+-channel opener, was reproducible within 10 min after withdrawal of ACh. 6. Exogenously applied prostacyclin (PGI2) hyperpolarized the membrane and reduced membrane resistance in concentrations over 2.8 x 10(-9)M. 7. At concentrations below threshold for hyperpolarization and when no alteration of membrane resistance occurred, PGI2 inhibited the initial component of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 8. It is concluded that endothelial prostanoids, possibly PGI2, have an inhibitory action on the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. (+info)

Nitric oxide limits the eicosanoid-dependent bronchoconstriction and hypotension induced by endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig. (8/6648)

1. This study attempts to investigate if endogenous nitric oxide (NO) can modulate the eicosanoid-releasing properties of intravenously administered endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pulmonary and circulatory systems in the guinea-pig. 2. The nitric oxide synthase blocker N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 300 microM; 30 min infusion) potentiated, in an L-arginine sensitive fashion, the release of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) stimulated by ET-1, the selective ET(B) receptor agonist IRL 1620 (Suc-[Glu9,Ala11,15]-ET-1(8-21)) or bradykinin (BK) (5, 50 and 50 nM, respectively, 3 min infusion) in guinea-pig isolated and perfused lungs. 3. In anaesthetized and ventilated guinea-pigs intravenous injection of ET-1 (0.1-1.0 nmol kg(-1)), IRL 1620 (0.2-1.6 nmol kg(-1)), BK (1.0-10.0 nmol kg(-1)) or U 46619 (0.2-5.7 nmol kg(-1)) each induced dose-dependent increases in pulmonary insufflation pressure (PIP). Pretreatment with L-NAME (5 mg kg(-1)) did not change basal PIP, but increased, in L-arginine sensitive manner, the magnitude of the PIP increases (in both amplitude and duration) triggered by each of the peptides (at 0.25, 0.4 and 1.0 nmol kg(-1), respectively), without modifying bronchoconstriction caused by U 46619 (0.57 nmol kg(-1)). 4. The increases in PIP induced by ET-1, IRL 1620 (0.25 and 0.4 nmol kg(-1), respectively) or U 46619 (0.57 nmol kg(-1)) were accompanied by rapid and transient increases of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Pretreatment with L-NAME (5 mg kg(-1); i.v. raised basal MAP persistently and, under this condition, subsequent administration of ET-1 or IRL 1620, but not of U-46619, induced hypotensive responses which were prevented by pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. 5. Thus, endogenous NO appears to modulate ET-1-induced bronchoconstriction and pressor effects in the guinea-pig by limiting the peptide's ability to induce, possibly via ET(B) receptors, the release of TxA2 in the lungs and of vasodilatory prostanoids in the systemic circulation. Furthermore, it would seem that these eicosanoid-dependent actions of ET-1 in the pulmonary system and on systemic arterial resistance in this species are physiologically dissociated. (+info)

Protostephanine is an alkaloid collected from Stephania japonica (Menispermaceae). Antihypertensive agent. The leaves of this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephania_japonica

Potent antihypertensive agents". J. Med. Chem. 35 (17): 3254-3263. doi:10.1021/jm00095a023. PMID 1387168. Crespo, Abel; El ... antihypertensive agents, and alpha-1-a-antagonists. More recently products of the Biginelli reaction have been investigated as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biginelli_reaction

Antihypertensives: agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (C09). ACE inhibitors. ("-pril"). *Sulfhydryl-containing: ... Drug interactions to be aware of include lithium, agents increasing serum levels of potassium, and the use of ... hydrochlorothiazide with antidiabetic drugs both oral agents and insulin.[2] Mechanisms[edit]. Losartan works by blocking the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyzaar

Kosman ME (July 1975). "Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent". JAMA. 233 (2): 174-6. ... The selective agents (atenolol, metoprolol) are preferred to the non-selective agents (propranolol). There are several ( ... These agents should be avoided whenever possible as there is upwards of seven times more beta-adrenoceptor antagonism than ... Groups such as these encourage patients to become their own advocates and change agents in their healthcare decision making ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

Gyorgy Szasz; Zsuzsanna Budvari-Barany (19 December 1990). Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. ... a steroidal aldosterone antagonist and antihypertensive". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201 (3): 762-8. PMID 864608. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexrenone

... a new antihypertensive agent, Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 1964; 5: 167-173. Becker, K.L., Sutnick, A.I. Paralytic ileus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Sutnick

Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 82-. ISBN 978-0-8493-4724-5. Luther, James M. (2014). "Is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirolactone

Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 82-. ISBN 978-0-8493-4724-5. Dennis V. Cokkinos (6 November ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC-5233

Gyorgy Szasz; Zsuzsanna Budvari-Barany (19 December 1990). Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorenone

... is an antihypertensive agent. It is used in the form of its sulfate. Guanadrel is a postganglionic adrenergic ... A new antihypertensive drug". JAMA. 245 (16): 1639-42. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310410017019. PMID 7206175. W.R. Hardie, J.E. ... blocking agent. Uptake of guanadrel and storage in sympathetic neurons occurs via the norepinephrine pump; guanadrel slowly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanadrel

BREST AN, ONESTI G, SWARTZ C, BERLINER H, MOYER JH (June 1962). "Butynamine hydrochloride as an antihypertensive agent". ... Butynamine is a tertiary (a highly hindered) aliphatic amine which has antihypertensive effects. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butynamine

Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GF (2012). "Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney ... Agents. 31 (3): 189-92. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010. PMID 18248798. Abraham EP (1987). "Cephalosporins 1945-1986". ... Approximately 400 tons of these agents are manufactured each year; this is enough to put approximately 9,000,000 people to ... In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

... is used as an antihypertensive agent. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 1997. ... Fenoldopam is used as an antihypertensive agent postoperatively, and also intravenously (IV) to treat a hypertensive crisis. ... Since fenoldopam is an intravenous agent with minimal adrenergic effects that improves renal perfusion, in theory it could be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenoldopam

... (AY-28,228) is an antihypertensive agent which acts as a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It also ... A new class of potent antihypertensive agents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 30 (2): 388-94. doi:10.1021/jm00385a022. PMID ... Oshiro G, Wojdan A, Klein M, Metcalf G (September 1987). "Antihypertensive and hypotensive actions of atiprosin (AY-28,228) in ... Prazosin Ketanserin David J. Triggle (1996). Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 0-412- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiprosin

"Pharmacology of a new antihypertensive agent, metazosin (Kenosin)". Ceskoslovenska Farmacie. 39 (6): 266-74. PMID 1981860. ... Metazosin is an antihypertensive alpha-adrenergic antagonist. Trcka, V; König, J; Mácová, S; Smíd, M; Helfert, I; Votavová, M; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metazosin

More recently angiotensin receptor blockers and renin inhibitors have also been introduced as antihypertensive agents. Esunge ... Freis ED (1974). "The Veterans Administration cooperative study on antihypertensive agents. Implications for stroke prevention ... new class of orally active antihypertensive agents". Science. 196 (4288): 441-4. Bibcode:1977Sci...196..441O. doi:10.1126/ ... In 1977 captopril, an orally active agent, was described; this led to the development of a number of other ACE inhibitors. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hypertension

It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ... Olmesartan may be administered with other antihypertensive agents. Olmesartan may be administered with or without food. ... Several preparations containing olmesartan and other antihypertensives are available. Teva Pharmaceuticals produces a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmesartan

Antihypertensive agents may have their effects mitigated by doxepin. Cotreatment with CNS depressants such as the ... Sympathomimetic agents may have their effects potentiated by TCAs like doxepin. Doxepin also may potentiate the adverse effects ... Antiarrhythmic agents may be an appropriate measure to treat cardiac arrhythmias resulting from doxepin overdose. Slow ... In general, sedating properties of anti-depressant agents are related to antagonism of serotonin 5HT2, histamines, and α-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

Some antihypertensive agents are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy but a lower side effect profile than ... The antihypertensives clonidine and guanfacine are typically tried first in children; they can also help with ADHD symptoms, ... The neuroleptics risperidone and aripiprazole are tried when antihypertensives are not effective, and are generally tried first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

The antihypertensive agents are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy, but a lower side effect profile than ... The α2-adrenergic receptor agonists (antihypertensive agents) show some efficacy in reducing tics, as well as other comorbid ... Because of the blood pressure effects, antihypertensive agents should not be discontinued suddenly. Clonidine (brand name ... This class of medication is often the first tried for tics, as the antihypertensives have a lower side effect profile than some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_Tourette_syndrome

"Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD004136. doi: ... A second oral agent of another class or insulin may be added if metformin is not sufficient after three months.[76] Other ... Waugh, N; Cummins, E; Royle, P; Clar, C; Marien, M; Richter, B; Philip, S (July 2010). "Newer agents for blood glucose control ... Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (February 2005). "Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drugs. 65 (3): 385- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes

"Growth hormone secretion in response to the new centrally acting antihypertensive agent moxonidine in normal human subjects: ... a new centrally acting sympatholytic antihypertensive agent". Journal of Human Hypertension. 11 Suppl 1: S29-45. ISSN 0950-9240 ... "Metabolism and Disposition of the Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine in Humans". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 31 (3): 334-42 ... Moxonidine (INN) is a new-generation alpha-2/imidazoline receptor agonist antihypertensive drug licensed for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxonidine

"Leukocyte and bone marrow effects of a thiomorpholine quinazosin antihypertensive agent". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. ... Quinazosin is an antihypertensive adrenoreceptor antagonist. Martin, RA; Barsoum, NJ; Sturgess, JM; De La Iglesia, FA (1985). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinazosin

It was developed as an antihypertensive agent but was never marketed. Ketanserin Allen RC (1989). Annual Reports in Medicinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidanserin

It can be used alone or with other anti-hypertensive agents. According to the FDA, carvedilol should not be used in people with ... This inhibition leads to decreased peripheral vascular resistance and an antihypertensive effect. There is no reflex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvedilol

... is a pyridazine that has found use as an antihypertensive agent. Liberman, D.; Rouaix, A.; Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydracarbazine

Hypertension caused by VEGF inhibition can usually be treated with oral antihypertensive agents. Proteinuria is common when ... Generally it is well tolerated and safe but can have adverse effects which can be intensified by chemotherapeutic agents used ... These compounds are promising anti-cancer and anti-fibrosis agents, inhibiting various protein tyrosine kinases. They have ... "Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pazopanib derivatives as antitumor agents". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VEGFR-2_inhibitor

Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, 12: CD004136. PMID 23235603. ... Agents. March 2008, 31 (3): 189-92. PMID 18248798. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010.. ... How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension. 1993, 22 (3): 388-91. PMID 8349332. doi:10.1161/01.hyp. ... Antibacterial agents chemistry, mode of action, mechanisms of resistance, and clinical applications. Oxford: WiBlackwell. 2012 ...

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/制药

Levey, Andrew (2004). "K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Levey

Experiments with Y27632 show it is a promising candidate as a therapeutic antihypertensive agent. Fasudil has been used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROCK1

A second oral agent of another class or insulin may be added if metformin is not sufficient after three months.[87] Other ... "Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review ... Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ (February 2005). "Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Drugs. 65 (3): 385- ... As of 2015 there was no significant difference between these agents.[87] A 2018 review found that SGLT2 inhibitors may be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus

Commonly used agents are prednisone, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, everolimus, thymoglobulin and ... antihypertensives, diet and weight modification and planning for end-stage kidney failure. Impaired kidney function has ... An erythropoetin stimulating agent may be required to ensure adequate production of red blood cells, activated vitamin D ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrologist

The antihypertensive actions of some diuretics (thiazides and loop diuretics in particular) are independent of their diuretic ... The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to identify agents that result in a relatively low rate of excretion of ... The short-term anti-hypertensive action is based on the fact that thiazides decrease preload, decreasing blood pressure. On the ... Alternatively, an antidiuretic, such as vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), is an agent or drug which reduces the excretion of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

Stewart JM (2003). "Bradykinin antagonists as anti-cancer agents". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 9 (25): 2036-42. doi:10.2174/ ... On the basis of this finding, Squibb scientists developed the first of a new generation of highly-effective anti-hypertensive ... and bradykinin antagonists have been investigated as anti-cancer agents.[19] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

antifungal, alkalinizing agents, quinolones, antibiotics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics, 5-alpha reductase ... Affecting blood pressure/(antihypertensive drugs): ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, α blockers, ... In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War ... These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

Cannabinoids are used in patients with cachexia, cytotoxic nausea, and vomiting, or who are unresponsive to other agents. These ... Antihypertensives. *Diuretics. *Vasodilators. *Beta blockers. *Calcium channel blockers. *renin-angiotensin system *ACE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic

Robles-Vera I, Toral M, Romero M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J (April 2017). "Antihypertensive Effects of ... Alvarez-Olmos MI, Oberhelman RA (2001). "Probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional ... International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 22 (4): 360-6. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00153-5. PMID 14522098.. ... "Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health". Frontiers in Physiology. 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic?wprov=sfti1

A peptidergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the peptide systems in the body or brain. An ... Boelsma E, Kloek J; Kloek (March 2009). "Lactotripeptides and antihypertensive effects: a critical review". The British Journal ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide

The choice of the antihypertensive agent is open as long as the blood pressure is controlled to desired level. However, ... This, too, suggests an immune pathology rather than direct interference by outside agents. ... Other agents such as mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin and mizoribine have also been tried with varying results. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA_nephropathy

The effectiveness of antihypertensives and diuretics can be lowered. The use of ketorolac can increase serum lithium levels to ... Sivaprasad S, Bunce C, Crosby-Nwaobi R (February 2012). "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents for treating cystoid macular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketorolac

... new class of orally active antihypertensive agents". Science. 196 (4288): 441-4. Bibcode:1977Sci...196..441O. doi:10.1126/ ... "Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 60 (1): 142-50. doi:10.1128/AAC.01335-15. PMC 4704194. PMID 26482303.. ... structures of Drosophila melanogaster angiotensin-converting enzyme in complex with novel inhibitors and antihypertensive drugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril

Several classes of antihypertensive agents are recommended, with the choice depending on the cause of the hypertensive crisis, ... the blood pressure should be slowly lowered over a period of minutes to hours with an antihypertensive agent. ... The most common cause in patients with diagnosed, chronic hypertension who have discontinued anti hypertensive medications.[6] ... With the usage of anti hypertensives, the rates of hypertensive emergencies has declined from 7% to 1% of patients with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency

... antipsychotic and antihypertensive medications, and dopamine antagonists in the treatment of stuttering has been evaluated in ... the effectiveness of pharmacological agents, such as benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stammer

Psychotropic agents[edit]. Other psychotropic analgesic agents include ketamine (an NMDA receptor antagonist), clonidine and ... Unselective agents Aceclofenac. Comes in betadex salt and free acid forms; practically insoluble in water, soluble in many ... Other agents directly potentiate the effects of analgesics, such as using hydroxyzine, promethazine, carisoprodol, or ... When choosing analgesics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice of agent; the World Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algesic

It may be used as a nasal/sinus decongestant, as a stimulant,[119] or as a wakefulness-promoting agent.[120] ... Tashkin, D. P. (1 March 2001). "Airway effects of marijuana, cocaine, and other inhaled illicit agents". Current Opinion in ... and anorectic agent.[112] It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations. In veterinary ... Antihypertensives. *Diuretics. *Vasodilators. *Beta blockers. *Calcium channel blockers. *renin-angiotensin system *ACE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

While most of the agents listed above are relatively selective, there are additional agents that are considered nonselective. ... through calcium channels.[3] Calcium channel blockers are used as antihypertensive drugs, i.e., as medications to decrease ... The negative chronotropic effects of CCBs make them a commonly used class of agents in individuals with atrial fibrillation or ... For severe overdoses, treatment usually includes close monitoring of vital signs and the addition of vasopressive agents and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker

Medications commonly associated with rebound hypertension include centrally-acting antihypertensive agents, such as clonidine[ ... In addition, hypertension may develop perioperatively because of discontinuation of long-term antihypertensive medication.[37] ... High blood pressure that is associated with the sudden withdrawal of various antihypertensive medications is called rebound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

Available agents[edit]. Main article: List of antineoplastic agents. There is an extensive list of antineoplastic agents. ... Alkylating agents[edit]. Main article: Alkylating antineoplastic agent. Alkylating agents are the oldest group of ... Siddik ZH (2005). Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents: DNA-Interactive Alkylating Agents and Antitumour ... Anti-microtubule agents[edit]. Vinca alkaloids prevent the assembly of microtubules, whereas taxanes prevent their disassembly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

List of agents[edit]. Adrenaline releasing agents[edit]. Main article: Norepinephrine releasing agent ... 3 List of agents *3.1 Adrenaline releasing agents *3.1.1 Common or widely marketed ... since these agents lose effectiveness after a few days. ... Antihypertensives. *Diuretics. *Vasodilators. *Beta blockers. * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decongestant

For instance, some ocular antihypertensives cause systemic effects,[8] although they are administered locally as eye drops, ... Assigning causality to a specific agent often proves difficult, unless the event is found during a clinical study or large ... stopping and starting the agent in question). The chronology of the onset of the suspected ADR is important, as another ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction

nonsympatholytic vasodilatory antihypertensives. *peripheral vasodilators. *renin-angiotensin system. *sympatholytic ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಟೆಂಪ್ಲೇಟು:Central_nervous_system_navs

Taking antihypertensive drugs may worsen the syncope, as the hypertension may have been the body's way to compensate for the ... Central agents. *Mechanical device. *Discontinuation of medications known to lower blood pressure may be helpful, but stopping ... antihypertensive drugs can also be dangerous in some people. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasovagal_response

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_diabetes

The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume ... also contributes to changing the caliber of small blood vessels and influencing resistance and reactivity to vasoactive agents. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood_pressure

One class of these agents are bryostatin-like compounds, under investigation as anti-cancer therapy.[citation needed] ... For certain therapy areas, such as antimicrobials, antineoplastics, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, the numbers ... Artemisinin, an antimalarial agent from sweet wormtree Artemisia annua, used in Chinese medicine since 200BC is one drug used ... The elucidation of the chemical structure is critical to avoid the re-discovery of a chemical agent that is already known for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery

Int J Antimicrob Agents. 44 (5): 377-386. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001. PMID 25130096.. ... vasodilating, antihypertensive Yohimbine stimulant, aphrodisiac Many synthetic and semisynthetic drugs are structural ... The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine is used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.[134][195] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid

"Dermatotherapeutic Agents". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.). 2007. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_301.pub2. ... Kyriakidis I, Tragiannidis A, Munchen S, Groll AH (February 2017). "Clinical hepatotoxicity associated with antifungal agents ... "The cost effectiveness of testing for onychomycosis versus empiric treatment of onychodystrophies with oral antifungal agents ... Antihypertensives. *Diuretics. *Vasodilators. *Beta blockers. *Calcium channel blockers. *renin-angiotensin system *ACE ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_drug

These agents are more properly termed thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide diuretics also increase calcium reabsorption at the ... In most countries, the thiazides are the cheapest antihypertensive drugs available. Regarding effectiveness in the treatment of ... How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy". Hypertension. 22 (3): 388-91. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388. PMID 8349332 ... Very few agents used for the treatment of any disease can boast such staying power, which is a testament both to the efficacy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazide

Lipid-lowering agents[edit]. *Simvastatin[note 72]. Dermatological medicines (topical)[edit]. Antifungal medicines[edit]. * ... 12.3 Antihypertensive medicines. *12.4 Medicines used in heart failure. *12.5 Antithrombotic medicines *12.5.1 Anti-platelet ... Diagnostic agents[edit]. *Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD). Sera and immunoglobulins[edit]. *Antivenom ... single agent trimethoprim may be an alternative for lower urinary tract infection. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines

Acetylcholin Aldosteron Histamin Rauwolfia Respiration Serotonin adverse reactions chemistry kidney metabolism neurotransmitter pharmacodynamics pharmacokinetics pharmacology research ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-642-66309-3

Make research projects and school reports about Antihypertensive agents easy with credible articles from our FREE, online ... and pictures about Antihypertensive agents at Encyclopedia.com. ... All antihypertensive agents lower blood pressure, although the ... Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure.. Purpose. The overall class of antihypertensive agents ... antihypertensive (anti-hy-per-ten-siv) adj. describing drugs or other agents used in treating high blood pressure.. ...

http://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/drugs/pharmacology/antihypertensive-agents

Physiologic evaluation of a new antihypertensive agent: prazosin HCl.. M C Koshy, D Mickley, J Bourgiognie, M D Blaufox ... The mechanism of action of prazosin hydrochloride, a new antihypertensive agent was studied in 14 patients with essential ... Prazosin hydrochloride appears to be an effective antihypertensive agent which acts by peripheral vasodilatation. It may cause ...

http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/55/3/533

Effect of Antihypertensive Agents on Diastolic Function in Patients With Sleep Apnea. *Hypertension ... 639 Studies found for: Recruiting, Not yet recruiting, Available Studies , Antihypertensive Agents ... Other: Optimization of antihypertensive treatment based on office BP. *Other: Optimization of antihypertensive treatment based ... Antihypertensive drug concentrations. 80. All. 18 Years and older (Adult, Senior). NCT02449811. EKNZ 2015-081. April 2015. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?recr=Open&intr=%22Antihypertensive+Agents%22&show_rss=Y&sel_rss=new14

Adherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapies outside of the controlled environment of clinical trials is very ... the clinical trials that have demonstrated that these two agents can be combined without the loss of efficacy for either agent ... A single-pill combination of the antihypertensive amlodipine besylate and the lipid-lowering medication atorvastatin calcium ( ... Observational studies have demonstrated that improving adherence to lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications may reduce ...

https://www.dovepress.com/combining-antihypertensive-and-antihyperlipidemic-agents-ndash-optimiz-peer-reviewed-article-IBPC

What is antihypertensive agent? Meaning of antihypertensive agent as a legal term. What does antihypertensive agent mean in law ... Definition of antihypertensive agent in the Legal Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. ... authorization of an agent, bailee, common agent, employee, escrow agent, general agent, implied agent, independent contraccor, ... agent. see AGENCY.. AGENT, practice. An agent is an attorney who transacts the business of another attorney. 2. The agent owes ...

http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/antihypertensive+agent

95 Studies found for: target , Recruiting, Not yet recruiting, Available Studies , Antihypertensive Agents ... Also searched for Anti Hypertensives, Targeting, and Targeted. See Search Details. Applied Filters: Recruiting Not yet ... Antihypertensive drug concentrations. 80. All. 18 Years and older (Adult, Senior). NCT02449811. EKNZ 2015-081. April 2015. ... Antihypertensive Treatment in Masked Hypertension for Target Organ Protection. *Masked Hypertension. *Drug: Allisartan ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=target&recrs=abc&intr=%22Antihypertensive+Agents%22

A centrally acting sympathetic agent is therefore attractive not only for loweri … ... Pharmacological properties of the central antihypertensive agent, moxonidine Cardiovasc Ther. 2012 Aug;30(4):199-208. doi: ... Older agents such as clonidine and guanabenz have numerous side effects, including sedation and dry mouth that limit their ... We conclude that moxonidine and future successors to this agent could be of great value in treating multiple chronic diseases. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21884003/?dopt=Abstract

Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: a comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328 ... Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial. William C. Cushman, Barry ... Response to a second single antihypertensive agent used as monotherapy for hypertension after failure of the initial drug. Arch ... Little is known, however, of the comparative effects of various classes of antihypertensive agents on pulse pressure. In ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/38/4/953.full

Since the original reports suggesting that the antihypertensive action of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs is related to ... Antihypertensive Agents / pharmacology*. Blood Pressure / drug effects. Clinical Trials as Topic. Depression, Chemical. Humans ... It is concluded that the antihypertensive action of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents, as a class, is not dependent upon ... 0/Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; 0/Antihypertensive Agents; 13523-86-9/Pindolol; 52-01-7/Spironolactone; 52-39-1/Aldosterone; 525 ...

http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/role-renin-in-antihypertensive-action/6247.html

... system and decreases biding of angiotensin to the receptor so decreases the blood pressure and act as an antihypertensive agent ... system and decreases biding of angiotensin to the receptor so decreases the blood pressure and act as an antihypertensive agent ...

http://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajrps&volume=6&issue=1&article=005

Antihypertensive agents. Class Summary. These products are used to control hypertension and to ultimately prevent complications ... These agents are the primary treatment for short stature. They stimulate growth of linear bone, skeletal muscle, and organs. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/949681-medication

Antihypertensive agents. Class Summary. Particularly useful for the treatment of hypertension associated with 17-hydroxylase ... Antihypertensives: Potassium-sparing diuretics. Class Summary. One DOC to treat hypertension associated with 17-hydroxylase ... Antihypertensives: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. Class Summary. This and other calcium channel blockers ( ... Progestational agents have been used beginning with the first trimester of pregnancy in an attempt to prevent habitual abortion ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117140-medication

Antihypertensive, and Diuretic Agents; Miscellaneous Agents WILLIAM M. BENNETT, M.D.; RICHARD S. MUTHER, M.D.; RICHARD A. ... Antihypertensive, and Diuretic Agents; Miscellaneous Agents. Ann Intern Med. ;93:286-325. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-111-3-286 ... Effect of Antihypertensive Drug Treatment on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women and Men: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient ...

https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/1148236/drug-therapy-renal-failure-dosing-guidelines-adults-part-ii-sedatives

Metabolism and Disposition of the Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine in Humans. Minxia M. He, Trent L. Abraham, Thomas J. ... Metabolism and Disposition of the Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine in Humans. Minxia M. He, Trent L. Abraham, Thomas J. ... Metabolism and Disposition of the Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine in Humans. Minxia M. He, Trent L. Abraham, Thomas J. ... Metabolism and Disposition of the Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine in Humans Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ...

http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/31/3/334

... Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021 ... Although they need to be confirmed in further studies, these results support the continuation of antihypertensive agents in ... We aimed to investigate the association between antihypertensive agent exposure and in-hospital mortality in patients with ... or other antihypertensive agents in the case of Covid-19 remains controversial. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33595761/

Anti-Hypertensive Adrenergic-Blocking Agents: Effects on Sodium Balance, the Renin-Angiotensin System and Haemodynamics. M. E. ... Anti-Hypertensive Adrenergic-Blocking Agents: Effects on Sodium Balance, the Renin-Angiotensin System and Haemodynamics ... Anti-Hypertensive Adrenergic-Blocking Agents: Effects on Sodium Balance, the Renin-Angiotensin System and Haemodynamics ... Anti-Hypertensive Adrenergic-Blocking Agents: Effects on Sodium Balance, the Renin-Angiotensin System and Haemodynamics ...

http://www.clinsci.org/content/48/s2/93s

The Antihypertensive Effects of Ketanserin (R 41 468), a Novel 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Blocking Agent, in Patients with Essential ... J. De Crée, J. Leempoels, H. Geukens, W. De Cock, H. Verhaegen; The Antihypertensive Effects of Ketanserin (R 41 468), a Novel ... 5-Hydroxytryptamine-Blocking Agent, in Patients with Essential Hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 December 1981; 61 (s7): 473s- ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/61/s7/473s/102571/The-Antihypertensive-Effects-of-Ketanserin-R-41?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Synthesis and evaluation of some 1, 4-dihydropyridine and their derivatives as antihypertensive agents. ... The title compounds have been evaluated for antihypertensive activity by tail-cuff method. Some of these compounds have been ...

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/661

... as a prototype of a new class of centrally acting antihypertensive agents for the treatment of certain forms of hypertension. ... Aminopeptidase A inhibitors as centrally acting antihypertensive agents. Laurence Bodineau 1 Alain Frugière 1 Yannick Marc 1 ... Aminopeptidase A inhibitors as centrally acting antihypertensive agents.. Heart Failure Reviews, Springer Verlag, 2008, 13 (3 ... as a prototype of a new class of centrally acting antihypertensive agents for the treatment of certain forms of hypertension. ...

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-00422692

Study ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS - Antihypertensive drugs flashcards from Tiago Rodrigues ... ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS - Antihypertensive drugs Flashcards Preview Pharmacology , ORGANOTROPIC AGENTS - Antihypertensive drugs , ...

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Excretion and Metabolism of the Antihypertensive Agent, RWJ-26240 (McN-5691) in Dogs. W. N. Wu, J. A. Masucci, G. W. Caldwell ... Excretion and Metabolism of the Antihypertensive Agent, RWJ-26240 (McN-5691) in Dogs. W. N. Wu, J. A. Masucci, G. W. Caldwell ... Excretion and Metabolism of the Antihypertensive Agent, RWJ-26240 (McN-5691) in Dogs. W. N. Wu, J. A. Masucci, G. W. Caldwell ... Excretion and Metabolism of the Antihypertensive Agent, RWJ-26240 (McN-5691) in Dogs ...

https://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/26/2/115

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are antihypertensive real estate agents with. February 25, 2019. exposed0 comments ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are antihypertensive real estate agents with. Home / Uncategorized / Angiotensin II ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are antihypertensive real estate agents with considerable proof efficacy and protection ... 0.49JIKEI HEART2007ValsartanNon-ARB antihypertensive therapyHypertension, cardiovascular system disease, HF, or a combined mix ...

http://www.exposed-skin-care.net/2019/02/25/angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers-arbs-are-antihypertensive-real-estate-agents-with/

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... are antihypertensive real estate agents with. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are antihypertensive real estate agents ... Because it was unexpectedly found that the anti-hypertensive agent, ifenprodil, has. January 19, 2019. GABAB Receptors ... Because it was unexpectedly found that the anti-hypertensive agent, ifenprodil, has neuroprotective activity through results to ...

http://www.exposed-skin-care.net/2019/01/19/because-it-was-unexpectedly-found-that-the-anti-hypertensive-agent-ifenprodil-has/

We welcome your input and comments. Please use this form to recommend updates to the information in ZFIN. We appreciate as much detail as possible and references as appropriate. We will review your comments promptly ...

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Download Free Full-Text of an article SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEW 1, 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES AS ANTIHYPERTENSIVES ... SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEW 1, 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES AS ANTIHYPERTENSIVES AGENTS IN RATS. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF ... SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NEW 1, 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES AS ANTIHYPERTENSIVES AGENTS IN RATS. ... 4-DIHYDROPYRIDINES AS ANTIHYPERTENSIVES AGENTS IN RATS. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH (IJPR), 2(1), 43-46. https ...

https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=14279

Randomised placebo controlled trial of antihypertensive agents for the prevention of cardiovascular complications of ... Secondary hypertension; already on antihypertensive treatment; accepted indication for antihypertensive treatment; myocardial ...

http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN13275753

Treatment Agent, antihypertensive. Symptoms and causes Agent, antihypertensive Prophylaxis Agent, antihypertensive ... For More Information «Agent, antihypertensive». *. Antihypertensive agent - WrongDiagnosis.com. Antihypertensive agent ... antihypertensive agent - definition of antihypertensive agent .... antihypertensive /anÂ·tiÂ·hyÂ·perÂ·tenÂ·sive/ (-tenÂ´siv) ... Agents. Antihypertensive Agents: Review the properties, dosages, and precautions of the 28 new therapeutic agents marketed in ...

http://drugster.info/medic/term/agent-antihypertensive/

The Effect of Antihypertensive Agents on Insulin Sensitivity, Lipids and Haemostasis. Author(s): Asterios Karagiannis, ... Abstract: Antihypertensive agents exert different effects on insulin sensitivity, lipids and haemostasis. However, most studies ... Antihypertensive agents exert different effects on insulin sensitivity, lipids and haemostasis. However, most studies assessing ... Therefore, the risk of developing T2DM should be considered when selecting an antihypertensive agent. This review discusses the ...

https://www.eurekaselect.com/86797/article/effect-antihypertensive-agents-insulin-sensitivity-lipids-and-haemostasis?tracking-code=4

The mechanism of action of prazosin hydrochloride, a new antihypertensive agent was studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension. (ahajournals.org)
These agents control severe hypertension. (medscape.com)
K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. (nih.gov)
Reliable and easy-to-use LC-MS/MS-method for simultaneous determination of the antihypertensives metoprolol, amlodipine, canrenone and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with therapy-refractory arterial hypertension. (bioportfolio.com)
In retrospective analyses of the Veterans Affairs Single-Drug Therapy for Hypertension Study, we compared changes in pulse pressure with 6 classes of antihypertensive agents: 1292 men with diastolic blood pressure of 95 to 109 mm Hg on placebo were randomized to receive hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, captopril, clonidine, diltiazem, prazosin, or placebo. (ahajournals.org)
This led to the development of potent, systematically active APA inhibitors, such as RB150, as a prototype of a new class of centrally acting antihypertensive agents for the treatment of certain forms of hypertension. (inserm.fr)
1 outlines the steps for the use of rapid-acting antihypertensive agents for acute-onset severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. (freethesaurus.com)
Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line anti-hypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (qmul.ac.uk)
Aim We assessed the effectiveness of fourth-line mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in comparison with other fourth-line anti-hypertensive agents in resistant hypertension. (qmul.ac.uk)
We included randomised and non-randomised studies that compared mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists with other fourth-line anti-hypertensive agents in patients with resistant hypertension. (qmul.ac.uk)
Conclusion On the basis of this meta-analysis, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists reduce blood pressure more effectively than other fourth-line agents in resistant hypertension. (qmul.ac.uk)
Sarah-Jo Sinnott, Laurie A Tomlinson, Adrian A Root, Rohini Mathur, Kathryn E Mansfield, Liam Smeeth, Ian J Douglas, Comparative effectiveness of fourth-line anti-hypertensive agents in resistant hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 24 (3) pp. 228-238. (qmul.ac.uk)
Morus alba extract exerts antihypertensive action in an experimental model of arterial hypertension. (greenmedinfo.com)
Generally speaking, the primary agents for initial monotherapy to treat uncomplicated hypertension are diuretics and beta blockers. (mussenhealth.us)
Antihypertensive drugs, also known as anti hypertension drugs, is a kind of medicine which can control blood pressure and be used for the treatment of hypertension. (china-sinoway.com)
It has been suggested that a randomized controlled trial comparing specific antihypertensive agents to one another is required to determine if one agent demonstrates superior efficacy with respect to cardiovascular outcomes in patients on hemodialysis with hypertension (Jindal et al. (freethesaurus.com)
Subjects (n=39) with chronic renal disease accompanied by mild to moderate hypertension and varying degrees of proteinuria were divided into 3 groups based on UAE values and placed on nonpharmacological and/or treatment with an antihypertensive drug regimen (consisting of one or more antihypertensive drugs [beta blocker, ACE inhibitor or calcium-channel blocker]) to achieve a target blood pressure ≤ 130/85 mmHg. (edu.pl)
In conclusion, in patients with hypertension, changes in UAE depend on initial UAE values and administered antihypertensive treatment. (edu.pl)
Children with symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, target organ damage, diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite nonpharmacologic measures should be treated with antihypertensive medications. (aafp.org)
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring can be used to rule out white coat hypertension or to monitor the effects of antihypertensive treatment. (aafp.org)
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). (rug.nl)
While hypertension is associated with an increased risk of depression, continued treatment of the disease with hypertensive agents may reduce this risk, according to a study in Hypertension . (psychiatryadvisor.com)
The researchers concluded that their study suggests that clinicians treating patients with hypertension should prescribe 1 of the identified individual antihypertensive "drugs depending on the somatic indication, especially in patients at increased risk of developing depression, including patients with prior depression or anxiety and patients with a family history of depression. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Antihypertensive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Crataegus Azarolus subspecies Aronia fruit in rats with renovascular hypertension. (greenmedinfo.com)
Antihypertensive Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract ofFruit in Rats with Renovascular Hypertension: An Experimental Mechanistic Study. (greenmedinfo.com)
This study aimed at examining the antihypertensive effect and related mechanisms of hydroalcoholic extract offruit in rats with renovascular hypertension. (greenmedinfo.com)
Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension (defined by blood pressure ⩾ 140/90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication) were compared between the two groups. (nature.com)
We conclude that antihypertensive also minimize the inflammation associated hypertension but not completely, as inflammation was reversed only in 67.5% population who were using beta-blocker. (zibelinepub.com)
Eighty per cent of older people with hypertension use antihypertensive medication (AHM). (bmj.com)
Chronic Hypertension (as determined by current antihypertensive therapy and/or an average of diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mmHg or greater or systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg confirmed on at least two subsequent visits over one week or more). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Losartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used alone or with other agents to treat hypertension. (rcsb.org)
May be used as a first line agent to treat uncomplicated hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. (rcsb.org)

Antihypertensive drugs are medicines that help lower blood pressure. (encyclopedia.com)
A retrospective study evaluating the tolerability and effectiveness of adjunctive antihypertensive drugs in patients with inadequate response to initial treatment. (bioportfolio.com)
Since the original reports suggesting that the antihypertensive action of beta-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs is related to their inhibitory action on renin release, much evidence has been put forward both to refute and support this hypothesis. (biomedsearch.com)
Moreover, it has not been established whether the impact of antihypertensive drugs on insulin sensitivity, lipids, thrombosis and fibrinolysis adds to or attenuates vascular risk reduction. (eurekaselect.com)
This review discusses the differential effects of antihypertensive drugs on insulin sensitivity, lipids and haemostasis and considers their association with vascular risk. (eurekaselect.com)
Dual-acting combination drugs have been developed because of the frequent need for two different types of antihypertensive agents to control blood pressure. (freethesaurus.com)
uncertainty about when to initiate therapy, which drugs to choose if a second antihypertensive agent is needed, and when (or whether) a patient is too old to benefit from treatment. (freethesaurus.com)
These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including this drug. (rxlist.com)
Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. (rxlist.com)
Antihypertensive drugs mainly take effects through influencing systems which play an important role in regulating blood pressure physiologically, such as the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the endothelin system and so on. (china-sinoway.com)
There are five categories of common first-line antihypertensive drugs including diuretic drugs (Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide), beta blockers (such as Metoprolol), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) (such as Captopril), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), and calcium antagonists (CCB). (china-sinoway.com)
The common effect of these antihypertensive drugs is to reduce blood pressure, but because of differences of hypotensive mechanism, different kinds of antihypertensive drugs have their emphasis which doctors depend on to choose antihypertensive drugs for different patients. (china-sinoway.com)
Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. (nih.gov)
Beneficial clinical effects of treatment with antihypertensive drugs have been shown in middle-aged patients and in those hypertensive patients over 60 years old, but whether treatment is beneficial in patients over 80 years old is not known. (nih.gov)
We collected data from all participants aged 80 years and over in randomised controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs through direct contact with study investigators. (nih.gov)
Keep antihypertensive drugs away from very old people. (nih.gov)
2] Wolf S. and Risler T., Are all antihypertensive drugs renoprotective? (edu.pl)
The investigators focused their research on 41 most commonly used antihypertensive drugs and their association with incident depression compared with diuretics. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
Types of drugs included angiotensin agents, calcium channel blockers, and β-blockers. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
In facts, antihypertensive drugs have gone through a series of evolution with practitioners switching up different classes of the medication for their patients according to trends of recommendation to assist with achieving a lower risk target blood pressure [2]. (journal-pharm.com)
There are over hundreds of types of antihypertensive drugs in the current market, but only one-third of the patients that are currently diagnosed have their blood pressure successfully controlled via a monotherapy while the other two-thirds require multiple drug therapy courses to assist them in achieving the same effect. (journal-pharm.com)
With these pushing factors being revealed, there will be a wider structure-activity profile on vasorelaxant activity available on hands, thus more promising vasorelaxant agents could be synthesized and lead to more options in novel antihypertensive drugs creation that to be applied in current medical practices. (journal-pharm.com)
The available evidence about the effectiveness of specific first-line antihypertensive drugs in lowering blood pressure and preventing adverse outcomes has not been systematically quantified in a manner that would assist clinicians in choosing a first-line drug. (cmaj.ca)
Drug interactions to be aware of include lithium, agents increasing serum levels of potassium, and the use of hydrochlorothiazide with antidiabetic drugs both oral agents and insulin. (wikipedia.org)
Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina , heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). (rxlist.com)
How Do Antihypertensive Drugs Work? (frontiersin.org)
Though antihypertensive drugs have been in use for many decades, the mechanisms by which they act chronically to reduce blood pressure remain unclear. (frontiersin.org)
Here we review the long-term renal actions of antihypertensive agents in human studies and find three different mechanisms of action for the drugs investigated. (frontiersin.org)
These findings provide insights into the actions of antihypertensive drugs, and challenge misconceptions about the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of many of the agents. (frontiersin.org)
Given that the therapeutic activity of antihypertensive drugs is to a large extent empirical and may itself be associated with a variety of adverse effects, clear targeting of relevant tissue components in whatever organ system does regulate arterial pressure over long periods of time, would be highly desirable. (frontiersin.org)

Both intensive schedules in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network reduced antihypertensive medication use, relative to three sessions per week. (advancingdialysis.org)

Little is known, however, of the comparative effects of various classes of antihypertensive agents on pulse pressure. (ahajournals.org)
These data show that classes of antihypertensive agents differ in their ability to reduce pulse pressure. (ahajournals.org)
ALLHAT was the first outcome study to evaluate the relative benefit of antihypertensive treatment initiated with newer classes of antihypertensive agents vs treatment initiated with a THZD in blacks. (freethesaurus.com)
Compared with control, all types of exercise (including combination of endurance and resistance) and all classes of antihypertensive medications were effective in lowering baseline SBP. (greenmedinfo.com)
Classes of antihypertensive combinations include ACE inhibitors with calcium channel blocking agents, ACE inhibitors with thiazides, angiotensin II inhibitors with calcium channel blockers, angiotensin II inhibitors with thiazide, antiadrenergic agents (central) with thiazide, antiadrenergic agents (peripheral) with thiazide, beta blockers with calcium channel blockers, beta blockers with thiazides and potassium sparing diuretics with thiazides. (drugs.com)

To determine if the combined incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death differs between diuretic-based and each of three alternative antihypertensive pharmacological treatments. (clinicaltrials.gov)
While all interventional cardiologists have access to pharmacopeial texts and databases and are aware of the growing number of pharmacological agents in the armamentarium, questions arise as to the ideal agent or combination of agents in differing patient situations. (routledge.com)

Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are antihypertensive real estate agents with considerable proof efficacy and protection for the reduced amount of cardiovascular (CV) disease risk in various patient populations over the CV continuum. (exposed-skin-care.net)
CONCLUSIONS: Individuals aged 65 years and older or 75 years and older who receive antihypertensive therapy have statistically significant reduction in the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, heart failure, and stroke. (elsevier.com)
Thus, the finding of microalbuminuria is an indication for screening for possible vascular disease and aggressive intervention to reduce all cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., lowering of LDL cholesterol, antihypertensive therapy, cessation of smoking, institution of exercise, etc. (diabetesjournals.org)

A single-pill combination of the antihypertensive amlodipine besylate and the lipid-lowering medication atorvastatin calcium (SPAA) is currently available in many parts of the world. (dovepress.com)

The role of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), or other antihypertensive agents in the case of Covid-19 remains controversial. (nih.gov)
Aminopeptidase A inhibitors as centrally acting antihypertensive agents. (inserm.fr)
Design of specific inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme: new class of orally active antihypertensive agents. (semanticscholar.org)
Losartan may be also used as a second line agent in the treatment of congestive heart failure, systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors. (rcsb.org)

Our studies of the acute and chronic effects of treatment with propranolol in hypertensive patients showed that the antihypertensive action of the drug was of later onset than the initial cardio-depressant and renin-suppressive effects and had little relationship to the pre-treatment levels of treatment-induced changes in plasma renin activity (PRA). (biomedsearch.com)
1. The changes in plasma volume, haemodynamic variables, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone were studied in forty-one hypertensive patients after administration of adrenergic-blocking agents. (clinsci.org)
Because it was unexpectedly found that the anti-hypertensive agent, ifenprodil, has neuroprotective activity through results to GluN2B and GluN1-4b ATDs (Supplementary Fig. (grey) and Ro 25-6981 (lime) in stereoview. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Results of a large-scale specific trial are needed for definite conclusion that antihypertensive treatment is beneficial in very elderly hypertensive patients. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, the bioavailability and the antihypertensive properties of the most active derivative were evaluated by in vitro studies and in vivo administration (1 month) on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), respectively. (cf.ac.uk)
The blood pressure-lowering effect of exercise among hypertensive populations appears similar to that of commonly used antihypertensive medications. (greenmedinfo.com)

The calcium channel blocking agents, also called slow channel blockers or calcium antagonists, inhibit the movement of ionic calcium across the cell membrane. (encyclopedia.com)
Combined rate of a depression diagnosis or use of an antidepressant was lower in patients prescribed angiotensin agents, calcium antagonists, and β-blockers, but not in patients prescribed diuretics. (psychiatryadvisor.com)
In the US, Isradipine (isradipine systemic) is a member of the drug class calcium channel blocking agents and is used to treat Angina Pectoris Prophylaxis , High Blood Pressure and Raynaud's Syndrome . (drugs.com)
Dihydropyrimidinones, the products of the Biginelli reaction, are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive agents, and alpha-1-a-antagonists. (wikipedia.org)

The overall class of antihypertensive agents lowers blood pressure, although the mechanisms of action vary greatly. (encyclopedia.com)
Losartan is the first of a class of antihypertensive agents called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). (rcsb.org)

The medications used in the treatment of patients with basilar artery thrombosis include thrombolytic agents, anticoagulants, antihypertensive agents, and antiplatelet agents. (medscape.com)
Observational studies have demonstrated that improving adherence to lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications may reduce CV events. (dovepress.com)
1 Perennially, blood pressures over 140/90 are the second leading cause of kidney failure in the U.S.. 2 Antihypertensive medications are widely used and polypharmacy is common, but pharmacologic intervention is often unsuccessful at lowering blood pressure to normotensive levels. (advancingdialysis.org)
Multiple randomized and prospective cohort studies demonstrate that intensive hemodialysis significantly lowers pre-dialysis blood pressure and reduces the need for antihypertensive medications. (advancingdialysis.org)
Clinical trials indicate that many antihypertensive medications alter blood lipids. (elsevier.com)
Subjects taking antihypertensive medication had a mean serum total cholesterol 4.0 mg per dl higher than those not taking these medications after we adjusted for age, sex, weight, smoking, alcohol, blood pressure, and exercise. (elsevier.com)
We included a total of 391 RCTs, 197 of which evaluated exercise interventions (10 461 participants) and 194 evaluated antihypertensive medications (29 281 participants). (greenmedinfo.com)
In analyses that combined all populations, antihypertensive medications achieved higher reductions in baseline SBP compared with exercise interventions (mean difference -3.96 mmHg, 95% CrI -5.02 to -2.91). (greenmedinfo.com)
Assessing compliance to antihypertensive medications using computer-based pharmacy records. (biomedsearch.com)

Review the properties, dosages, and precautions of the 28 new therapeutic agents marketed in the United States in 1999. (drugster.info)

In this study, we evaluated the prognostic impact of antihypertensive agents in patients with CRPC treated with androgen receptor axis-targeting (ARAT) agents or docetaxel chemotherapy. (elsevier.com)

This review describes the rationale for this combination therapy and the clinical trials that have demonstrated that these two agents can be combined without the loss of efficacy for either agent or an increase in the incidence of adverse events. (dovepress.com)
Real-world observational studies have demonstrated that patients are more adherent to SPAA than co-administered antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy, and this improved adherence translated to reduced CV events. (dovepress.com)
Novel agonists of melatonin receptors as promising hypotensive and neuroprotective agents for therapy of glaucoma. (greenmedinfo.com)
[1] Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction . (rug.nl)
There have been a number of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy, but most have focused on overall effectiveness [ 1 , 2 ] or effectiveness in special groups such as elderly patients. (cmaj.ca)
The antihypertensive effects of Verelan are evident within the first week of therapy. (rxlist.com)

4) To assess the adherence to antihypertensive treatment as well as the rate of drop-outs in both treatment arms during a six-month period. (bioportfolio.com)
These agents are the primary treatment for short stature. (medscape.com)
These agents are used for treatment of hypothyroidism. (medscape.com)
The invention furthermore relates to compounds of the formula I and agents containing these for use in the treatment of the abovementioned disease. (google.com)
Selected were randomized controlled trials of at least 1 year's duration that provided morbidity or mortality data and that compared 1 of 6 possible first-line antihypertensive therapies either with another 1 of the 6 drug therapies (drug-drug comparison) or with no treatment, including placebo (drug-no treatment comparison). (cmaj.ca)
It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. (rcsb.org)

Prazosin hydrochloride appears to be an effective antihypertensive agent which acts by peripheral vasodilatation. (ahajournals.org)
It follows that the kidney is the most likely target for the action of most effective antihypertensive agents used chronically in clinical practice today. (frontiersin.org)

Despite blindly searching and testing for the potential vasorelaxant effects of an unknown compound, we strongly believe that the opinions elaborated above could serve better insights for those researching similar topics in the future and potentially lead to at least in the advancement for an alternative antihypertensive study. (journal-pharm.com)

The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of moxonidine, a potent central-acting antihypertensive agent, were studied in four healthy subjects after a single oral administration of approximately 1 mg (∼60 μCi) of [ 14 C 3 ]moxonidine. (aspetjournals.org)
In the present study, QSAR model was developed by using linear and nonlinear methodology that may be helpful in development of potent antihypertensive agents. (ijddr.in)

The investigators found no such association between breast cancer and any of the other commonly used antihypertensive agents , even if they were taken for long durations. (freethesaurus.com)
Describe the most commonly prescribed agents in the major drug classes. (uky.edu)

Adherence with antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapies outside of the controlled environment of clinical trials is very low (~30%-40% at 12 months). (dovepress.com)
On the other hand, although it is obvious that macroalgae represent promising sources of antihypertensive and anti-obesity compounds, it is also clear that further efforts are required to fully understand their cellular mechanisms of action, to establish structure-inhibition relationships and mainly to evaluate them in pre-clinical and clinical trials. (mdpi.com)

Studies have demonstrated differences in DBP and SBP antihypertensive efficacy between drug classes overall and in various demographic groups. (ahajournals.org)
The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of different antihypertensive drug groups on urinary albumin excretion (UAE) as related to blood pressure in non-diabetic population. (edu.pl)
Discussion of antihypertensive drug development showed that the vasorelaxant effect of a potential compound should be accessed via the in vitro blood vessels assay before the in vivo testing. (journal-pharm.com)
Basic pharmacologic principles and the pharmacologic actions of the major drug classes will be discussed in relation to physiologic systems, with emphasis on the application of these agents. (uky.edu)

Moxonidine and the related agent rilmenidine have greatly reduced side effects, because they have reduced activity at the α(2) -adrenergic receptors that mediate these undesirable actions. (nih.gov)
We conclude that moxonidine and future successors to this agent could be of great value in treating multiple chronic diseases. (nih.gov)

Results showed that the mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) remained practically unchanged in men and women 7 even though the use of antihypertensive medication increased in hypertensives. (nature.com)

3. Analgesics, Narcotic antagonists, and agents used to treat arthritis: Agents used to treat gout. (worldcat.org)

6. Cardiac, vascular, and renal agents: Agents used to treat migraine. (worldcat.org)

1 These trials mainly used a single agent rather than comparing blood pressure lowering with different agents. (bmj.com)

Older agents such as clonidine and guanabenz have numerous side effects, including sedation and dry mouth that limit their acceptability to patients. (nih.gov)
Again, in animal experiments, although a range of different beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agents induced decreases in both blood pressure and PRA, the hypotensive effects of pindolol was associated with a rise in PRA. (biomedsearch.com)
Antihypertensive agents exert different effects on insulin sensitivity, lipids and haemostasis. (eurekaselect.com)
Our findings show that the hydroalcoholic extract offruit has antihypertensive effects, which may be partly due to antioxidant and nitric oxide releasing effects. (greenmedinfo.com)

Grimm, Richard H. / Association of antihypertensive agents and blood lipids in a population-based survey . (elsevier.com)

The title compounds have been evaluated for antihypertensive activity by tail-cuff method. (niscair.res.in)
Some of these compounds have been found to exhibit excellent antihypertensive activity. (niscair.res.in)

We observed increased proportion of use of antihypertensive, from 48.7% in 2000 to 61.3% in 2006, reaching 65.7% in 2010. (scielo.br)

An agent that binds to but does not activate beta -adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta -adrenergic agonists. (ebi.ac.uk)

Some patients, particularly those with severe and active comorbid conditions, such as an acute myocardial infarction, require inotropic agents and vasopressors. (medscape.com)
The antihypertensive flavonol quercetin (Q1) is endowed with a cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemic damage. (cf.ac.uk)

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of antihypertensive agents in the chronic dialysis population. (elsevier.com)
Only 2 reviews have attempted to distinguish between the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. (cmaj.ca)

Captopril and atenolol were equally effective in reducing blood pressure to a mean of 144/83 mm Hg and 143/81 mm Hg respectively, with a similar proportion of patients (27% and 31%) requiring three or more antihypertensive treatments. (bmj.com)
Increased number of individuals with SAH in populations has contributed to increase of treatments, both for nondrug treatments and for treatments based on use of antihypertensives 26 . (scielo.br)

Oral Anti-Neoplastic Agents For Prevention of Restenosis. (routledge.com)

Therefore, the risk of developing T2DM should be considered when selecting an antihypertensive agent. (eurekaselect.com)
Prescription pattern of antihypertensive agents in T2DM patients visiting tertiary care centre in North India. (freethesaurus.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms3

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes9

Health Care14

Effects of amlodipine on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. (1/6648)

Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals. (2/6648)

Late referral of end-stage renal failure. (3/6648)

PST 2238: A new antihypertensive compound that modulates Na,K-ATPase in genetic hypertension. (4/6648)

Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. (5/6648)

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post-contraction hyperaemia in cats. (6/6648)

Inhibition of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization by endothelial prostanoids in guinea-pig coronary artery. (7/6648)

Nitric oxide limits the eicosanoid-dependent bronchoconstriction and hypotension induced by endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig. (8/6648)

Antihypertensive Agents

Hypertension

Blood Pressure

Hydrochlorothiazide

Diuretics

Atenolol

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Amlodipine

Calcium Channel Blockers

Hydralazine

Methyldopa

Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists

Minoxidil

Bendroflumethiazide

Rats, Inbred SHR

Doxazosin

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Captopril

Tetrazoles

Lisinopril

Nordefrin

Glutamyl Aminopeptidase

Dihydropyridines

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Clonidine

Enalapril

Indapamide

Labetalol

Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory

Drug Therapy, Combination

Guanfacine

Perindopril

Hypertension, Renal

Blood Pressure Determination

Renin-Angiotensin System

Nifedipine

Benzimidazoles

Imidazoline Receptors

Heart Rate

Propanolamines

Losartan

Diltiazem

Renin

Treatment Outcome

Prazosin

Rats, Inbred WKY

Double-Blind Method

Chlorthalidone

Patient Compliance

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists

Fumarates

Systole

Biphenyl Compounds

Medication Adherence

Propranolol

Imidazoles

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Clinical Trials as Topic

Desoxycorticosterone

Hypertension, Renovascular

Valine

Kidney Failure, Chronic

Kidney

Phenylacetates

Drug Combinations

Time Factors

Risk Factors

Diabetic Nephropathies

Benzopyrans

Cardiovascular Diseases

Hemodynamics

Follow-Up Studies

Trichlormethiazide

Proteinuria

Arteries

Delayed-Action Preparations

Cardiovascular System

Prospective Studies

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2