Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.
A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.
A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.
A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.
An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.
Agents that inhibit SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS. They act as DIURETICS. Excess use is associated with HYPOKALEMIA.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371)
A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810)
A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.
A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.
Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.
A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.
Tetrazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds with potential medicinal applications, including as antimicrobial agents, anticancer drugs, and anesthetics.
One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.
A ZINC-dependent membrane-bound aminopeptidase that catalyzes the N-terminal peptide cleavage of GLUTAMATE (and to a lesser extent ASPARTATE). The enzyme appears to play a role in the catabolic pathway of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.
Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.
Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.
An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.
A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.
Method in which repeated blood pressure readings are made while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It allows quantitative analysis of the high blood pressure load over time, can help distinguish between types of HYPERTENSION, and can assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.
An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.
Techniques for measuring blood pressure.
A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.
A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.
Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.
Receptors of CLONIDINE and other IMIDAZOLINES. Activity of the ligands was earlier attributed to ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. Endogenous ligands include AGMATINE, imidazoleacetic acid ribotide, and harman.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.
A strain of Rattus norvegicus used as a normotensive control for the spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
Compounds based on fumaric acid.
Period of contraction of the HEART, especially of the HEART VENTRICLES.
Biphenyl compounds are a class of organic compounds consisting of two phenyl rings attached to a central carbon atom, with potential medical applications as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in taking drugs or medicine as prescribed. This includes timing, dosage, and frequency.
A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
Compounds containing 1,3-diazole, a five membered aromatic ring containing two nitrogen atoms separated by one of the carbons. Chemically reduced ones include IMIDAZOLINES and IMIDAZOLIDINES. Distinguish from 1,2-diazole (PYRAZOLES).
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE.
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.
A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Derivatives of phenylacetic acid. Included under this heading are a variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the benzeneacetic acid structure. Note that this class of compounds should not be confused with derivatives of phenyl acetate, which contain the PHENOL ester of ACETIC ACID.
Single preparations containing two or more active agents, for the purpose of their concurrent administration as a fixed dose mixture.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.
Compounds with a core of fused benzo-pyran rings.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830)
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.
The HEART and the BLOOD VESSELS by which BLOOD is pumped and circulated through the body.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.
Heterocyclic compounds with SULFUR and NITROGEN in the ring. This term commonly refers to the BENZOTHIADIAZINES that inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
Creatinine is a waste product produced by the muscles that is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
Heterocyclic compounds of a ring with SULFUR and two NITROGEN atoms fused to a BENZENE ring. Members inhibit SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS and are used as DIURETICS.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.
A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.
One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.
A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.
A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.
The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an ARTERY produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of BLOOD from the left ventricle of the HEART as it contracts.
The utilization of drugs as reported in individual hospital studies, FDA studies, marketing, or consumption, etc. This includes drug stockpiling, and patient drug profiles.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Directions written for the obtaining and use of DRUGS.
A proline analog that acts as a stoichiometric replacement of proline. It causes the production of abnormal proteins with impaired biological activity.
A plant species of the family APIACEAE. The stalks are a food source.
Thiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that are primarily used as sedatives, anxiolytics, and anticonvulsants.
An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.
A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.
A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.
The adaptation of drug administration to the known variations in biological RHYTHMICITY, such as CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS. The treatment is aimed at supporting normal rhythms, or modifying the timing of therapy to achieve maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effect.
Post-systolic relaxation of the HEART, especially the HEART VENTRICLES.
A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic symopathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

Effects of amlodipine on sympathetic nerve traffic and baroreflex control of circulation in heart failure. (1/6648)

Short-acting calcium antagonists exert a sympathoexcitation that in heart failure further enhances an already elevated sympathetic activity. Whether this is also the case for long-acting formulations is not yet established, despite the prognostic importance of sympathetic activation in heart failure. It is also undetermined whether in this condition long-acting calcium antagonists favorably affect a mechanism potentially responsible for the sympathetic activation, ie, the baroreflex impairment. In 28 heart failure patients (NYHA functional class II) under conventional treatment we measured plasma norepinephrine and efferent postganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) at rest and during arterial baroreceptor stimulation and deactivation induced by stepwise intravenous infusions of phenylephrine and nitroprusside, respectively. Measurements were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks of daily oral amlodipine administration (10 mg/d, 14 patients) or before and after an 8-week period without calcium antagonist administration (14 patients). Amlodipine caused a small and insignificant blood pressure reduction. Heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, and plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were not affected. This was the case also for plasma norepinephrine (from 2.43+/-0.41 to 2.50+/-0.34 nmol/L, mean+/-SEM), muscle sympathetic nerve activity (from 54.4+/-5.9 to 51.0+/-4.3 bursts/min), and arterial baroreflex responses. No change in the above-mentioned variables was seen in the control group. Thus, in mild heart failure amlodipine treatment does not adversely affect sympathetic activity and baroreflex control of the heart and sympathetic tone. This implies that in this condition long-acting calcium antagonists can be administered without untoward neurohumoral effects anytime conventional treatment needs to be complemented by drugs causing additional vasodilatation.  (+info)

Irbesartan reduces QT dispersion in hypertensive individuals. (2/6648)

Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonists have direct effects on the autonomic nervous system and myocardium. Because of this, we hypothesized that irbesartan would reduce QT dispersion to a greater degree than amlodipine, a highly selective vasodilator. To test this, we gathered electrocardiographic (ECG) data from a multinational, multicenter, randomized, double-blind parallel group study that compared the antihypertensive efficacy of irbesartan and amlodipine in elderly subjects with mild to moderate hypertension. Subjects were treated for 6 months with either drug. Hydrochlorothiazide and atenolol were added after 12 weeks if blood pressure (BP) remained uncontrolled. ECGs were obtained before randomization and at 6 months. A total of 188 subjects (118 with baseline ECGs) were randomized. We analyzed 104 subjects who had complete ECGs at baseline and after 6 months of treatment. Baseline characteristics between treatments were similar, apart from a slight imbalance in diastolic BP (irbesartan [n=53] versus amlodipine [n=51], 99.2 [SD 3. 6] versus 100.8 [3.8] mm Hg; P=0.03). There were no significant differences in BP normalization (diastolic BP <90 mm Hg) between treatments at 6 months (irbesartan versus amlodipine, 80% versus 88%; P=0.378). We found a significant reduction in QT indexes in the irbesartan group (QTc dispersion mean, -11.4 [34.5] milliseconds, P=0.02; QTc max, -12.8 [35.5] milliseconds, P=0.01), and QTc dispersion did not correlate with the change in BP. The reduction in QT indexes with amlodipine (QTc dispersion, -9.7 [35.4] milliseconds, P=0.06; QTc max, -8.6 [33.2] milliseconds, P=0.07) did not quite reach statistical significance, but there was a correlation between the change in QT indexes and changes in systolic BP. In conclusion, irbesartan improved QT dispersion, and this effect may be important in preventing sudden cardiac death in at-risk hypertensive subjects.  (+info)

Late referral of end-stage renal failure. (3/6648)

We studied all new patients accepted for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in one unit from 1/1/96 to 31/12/97 (n = 198), to establish time from nephrology referral to RRT, evidence of renal disease prior to referral and the adequacy of renal management prior to referral. Sixty four (32.3%, late referral group) required RRT within 12 weeks of referral. Fifty-nine (29.8%) had recognizable signs of chronic renal failure > 26 weeks prior to referral. Patients starting RRT soon after referral were hospitalized for significantly longer on starting RRT (RRT within 12 weeks of referral, median hospitalization 25.0 days (n = 64); RRT > 12 weeks after referral, median 9.7 days (n = 126), (p < 0.001)). Observed survival at 1 year was 68.3% overall, with 1-year survival of the late referral and early referral groups being 60.5% and 72.5%, respectively (p = NS). Hypertension was found in 159 patients (80.3%): 46 (28.9%) were started on antihypertensive medication following referral, while a further 28 (17.6%) were started on additional antihypertensives. Of the diabetic population (n = 78), only 26 (33.3%) were on an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) at referral. Many patients are referred late for dialysis despite early signs of renal failure, and the pre-referral management of many of the patients, as evidenced by the treatment of hypertension and use of ACEI in diabetics, is less than optimal.  (+info)

PST 2238: A new antihypertensive compound that modulates Na,K-ATPase in genetic hypertension. (4/6648)

A genetic alteration in the adducin genes is associated with hypertension and up-regulation of the expression of renal Na, K-ATPase in Milan-hypertensive (MHS) rats, in which increased ouabain-like factor (OLF) levels are also observed. PST 2238, a new antihypertensive compound that antagonizes the pressor effect of ouabain in vivo and normalizes ouabain-dependent up-regulation of the renal Na-K pump, was evaluated for its ability to lower blood pressure and regulate renal Na,K-ATPase activity in MHS genetic hypertension. In this study, we show that PST 2238, given orally at very low doses (1 and 10 microg/kg for 5-6 weeks), reduced the development of hypertension in MHS rats and normalized the increased renal Na,K-ATPase activity and mRNA levels, whereas it did not affect either blood pressure or Na,K-ATPase in Milan-normotensive (MNS) rats. In addition, a similar antihypertensive effect was observed in adult MHS rats after a short-term treatment. In cultured rat renal cells with increased Na-K pump activity at Vmax due to overexpression of the hypertensive variant of adducin, 5 days of incubation with PST 2238 (10(-10-)-10(-9) M) lowered the pump rate to the level of normal wild-type cells, which in turn were not affected by the drug. In conclusion, PST 2238 is a very potent compound that in MHS rats reduces blood pressure and normalizes Na-K pump alterations caused by a genetic alteration of the cytoskeletal adducin. Because adducin gene mutations have been associated with human essential hypertension, it is suggested that PST 2238 may display greater antihypertensive activity in those patients carrying such a genetic alteration.  (+info)

Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. (5/6648)

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin system is thought to be involved in the progression of glomerulonephritis (GN) into end-stage renal failure (ESRF) because of the observed renoprotective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs). However, ACEIs have pharmacological effects other than ACE inhibition that may help lower blood pressure and preserve glomerular structure. We previously reported a new animal model of progressive glomerulosclerosis induced by a single intravenous injection of an anti-Thy-1 monoclonal antibody, MoAb 1-22-3, in uninephrectomized rats. Using this new model of progressive GN, we examined the hypothesis that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and extracellular matrix components. METHODS: We studied the effect of an ACEI (cilazapril) and an Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist (candesartan) on the clinical features and morphological lesions in the rat model previously reported. After 10 weeks of treatment with equihypotensive doses of cilazapril, cilazapril plus Hoe 140 (a bradykinin receptor B2 antagonist), candesartan, and hydralazine, we examined systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, creatinine clearance, the glomerulosclerosis index, and the tubulointerstitial lesion index. We performed a semiquantitative evaluation of glomerular immunostaining for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III by immunofluorescence study and of these cortical mRNA levels by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Untreated rats developed massive proteinuria, renal dysfunction, and severe glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury, whereas uninephrectomized control rats did not. There was a significant increase in the levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III in untreated rats. Cilazapril and candesartan prevented massive proteinuria, increased creatinine clearance, and ameliorated glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. These drugs also reduced levels of glomerular protein and cortical mRNA for TGF-beta and collagen types I and III. Hoe 140 failed to blunt the renoprotective effect of cilazapril. Hydralazine did not exhibit a renoprotective effect. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that ACEIs prevent the progression to ESRF by modulating the effects of Ang II via Ang II type 1 receptor on the production of TGF-beta and collagen types I and III, as well as on intrarenal hemodynamics, but not by either increasing bradykinin activity or reducing blood pressure in this rat model of mesangial proliferative GN.  (+info)

Trigeminal and carotid body inputs controlling vascular resistance in muscle during post-contraction hyperaemia in cats. (6/6648)

1. In anaesthetized cats, the effects of stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa and carotid body chemoreceptors on vascular resistance in hindlimb skeletal muscle were studied to see whether the responses were the same in active as in resting muscle. The measurements of vascular resistance were taken, first, in resting muscle, and second, in the immediate post-contraction hyperaemic phase that followed a 30 s period of isometric contractions. 2. Stimulation of the receptors in the nasal mucosa caused reflex apnoea and vasoconstriction in muscle. The latter response was attenuated when the test was repeated during post-contraction hyperaemia. 3. Stimulations of the carotid bodies were made during a period of apnoea evoked reflexly by electrical stimulation of both superior laryngeal nerves. This apnoea prevented any effects of changes in respiration on the carotid body reflex vascular responses. Stimulation of the carotid bodies evoked hindlimb muscle vasoconstriction. In the post-contraction hyperaemic period, the response was reduced or abolished. A similar attenuation of the reflex vasoconstrictor responses occurred in decentralized muscles stimulated through their motor roots in the cauda equina. 4. Evidence is presented that the attenuation of the vasoconstrictor responses evoked by the two reflexes is a phenomenon localized to the contracting muscles themselves resulting from an interaction between sympathetic neuronal activity and the local production of metabolites. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the metabolic needs of tissues in relation to asphyxial defence mechanisms such as occur in the diving response.  (+info)

Inhibition of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization by endothelial prostanoids in guinea-pig coronary artery. (7/6648)

1. In smooth muscle of the circumflex coronary artery of guinea-pig, acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-6) M) produced an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization consisting of two components. An initial component that occurs in the presence of ACh and a slow component that developed after ACh had been withdrawn. Each component of the hyperpolarization was accompanied by an increase in membrane conductance. 2. Indomethacin (5 x 10(-6) M) or diclofenac (10(-6) M), both inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, abolished only the slow hyperpolarization. The initial hyperpolarization was not inhibited by diclofenac nor by nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. 3. Both components of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization were abolished in the presence of atropine (10(-6) M) or high-K solution ([K+]0 = 29.4 mM). 4. The interval between ACh-stimulation required to generate an initial hyperpolarization of reproducible amplitude was 20 min or greater, but it was reduced to less than 5 min after inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity. Conditioning stimulation of the artery with substance P (10(-7) M) also caused a long duration (about 20 min) inhibition of the ACh-response. 5. The amplitude of the hyperpolarization generated by Y-26763, a K+-channel opener, was reproducible within 10 min after withdrawal of ACh. 6. Exogenously applied prostacyclin (PGI2) hyperpolarized the membrane and reduced membrane resistance in concentrations over 2.8 x 10(-9)M. 7. At concentrations below threshold for hyperpolarization and when no alteration of membrane resistance occurred, PGI2 inhibited the initial component of the ACh-induced hyperpolarization. 8. It is concluded that endothelial prostanoids, possibly PGI2, have an inhibitory action on the release of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.  (+info)

Nitric oxide limits the eicosanoid-dependent bronchoconstriction and hypotension induced by endothelin-1 in the guinea-pig. (8/6648)

1. This study attempts to investigate if endogenous nitric oxide (NO) can modulate the eicosanoid-releasing properties of intravenously administered endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pulmonary and circulatory systems in the guinea-pig. 2. The nitric oxide synthase blocker N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 300 microM; 30 min infusion) potentiated, in an L-arginine sensitive fashion, the release of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) stimulated by ET-1, the selective ET(B) receptor agonist IRL 1620 (Suc-[Glu9,Ala11,15]-ET-1(8-21)) or bradykinin (BK) (5, 50 and 50 nM, respectively, 3 min infusion) in guinea-pig isolated and perfused lungs. 3. In anaesthetized and ventilated guinea-pigs intravenous injection of ET-1 (0.1-1.0 nmol kg(-1)), IRL 1620 (0.2-1.6 nmol kg(-1)), BK (1.0-10.0 nmol kg(-1)) or U 46619 (0.2-5.7 nmol kg(-1)) each induced dose-dependent increases in pulmonary insufflation pressure (PIP). Pretreatment with L-NAME (5 mg kg(-1)) did not change basal PIP, but increased, in L-arginine sensitive manner, the magnitude of the PIP increases (in both amplitude and duration) triggered by each of the peptides (at 0.25, 0.4 and 1.0 nmol kg(-1), respectively), without modifying bronchoconstriction caused by U 46619 (0.57 nmol kg(-1)). 4. The increases in PIP induced by ET-1, IRL 1620 (0.25 and 0.4 nmol kg(-1), respectively) or U 46619 (0.57 nmol kg(-1)) were accompanied by rapid and transient increases of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). Pretreatment with L-NAME (5 mg kg(-1); i.v. raised basal MAP persistently and, under this condition, subsequent administration of ET-1 or IRL 1620, but not of U-46619, induced hypotensive responses which were prevented by pretreatment with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. 5. Thus, endogenous NO appears to modulate ET-1-induced bronchoconstriction and pressor effects in the guinea-pig by limiting the peptide's ability to induce, possibly via ET(B) receptors, the release of TxA2 in the lungs and of vasodilatory prostanoids in the systemic circulation. Furthermore, it would seem that these eicosanoid-dependent actions of ET-1 in the pulmonary system and on systemic arterial resistance in this species are physiologically dissociated.  (+info)

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition in which the force of blood against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high. This can lead to damage to the blood vessels, heart, and other organs over time, and can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other health problems. Hypertension is typically defined as having a systolic blood pressure (the top number) of 140 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) of 90 mmHg or higher. However, some people may be considered hypertensive if their blood pressure is consistently higher than 120/80 mmHg. Hypertension can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle choices (such as a diet high in salt and saturated fat, lack of physical activity, and smoking), and certain medical conditions (such as kidney disease, diabetes, and sleep apnea). It is often a chronic condition that requires ongoing management through lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring of blood pressure levels.

Hydrochlorothiazide is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid retention (edema). It belongs to a class of drugs called diuretics, which work by increasing the amount of urine produced by the kidneys, thereby helping to lower blood pressure and reduce fluid retention. Hydrochlorothiazide is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the dose and the individual's response to the medication. It is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and an increased risk of dehydration. In addition to its use in treating hypertension and edema, hydrochlorothiazide may also be used to treat other conditions, such as heart failure and certain types of kidney disease. It is important to note that hydrochlorothiazide should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and may not be suitable for everyone.

Atenolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and chest pain (angina) caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Atenolol works by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. It can also be used to treat tremors, anxiety, and certain types of heart rhythm disorders. Atenolol is available in both tablet and liquid forms and is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to let them know if you experience any side effects while taking atenolol.

Amlodipine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Amlodipine is available in both tablet and extended-release tablet forms, and is usually taken once or twice a day. It is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Hydralazine is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to prevent heart failure. It works by relaxing blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Hydralazine is available in both oral and injectable forms and is typically used in combination with other medications to treat hypertension. It may also be used to treat certain types of heart failure, such as congestive heart failure. Hydralazine is a vasodilator, which means that it causes blood vessels to widen, allowing blood to flow more easily. It is also a direct-acting sympatholytic, which means that it blocks the effects of certain hormones that can cause the heart to beat faster and harder.

Methyldopa is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It works by relaxing blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces blood pressure. Methyldopa is often used in combination with other blood pressure medications to achieve better control of blood pressure. It is usually taken by mouth, in the form of tablets or capsules. Side effects of methyldopa may include dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and constipation. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking methyldopa and to let them know if you experience any side effects.

Minoxidil is a medication that is used to treat hair loss and to promote hair growth. It is available in a variety of forms, including topical solutions, shampoos, and sprays. Minoxidil works by increasing blood flow to the scalp, which can stimulate hair growth. It is typically used in conjunction with other treatments, such as finasteride, and is usually applied once or twice a day. Minoxidil can cause side effects, including scalp irritation, redness, and itching. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully and to talk to a healthcare provider if you experience any side effects.

Bendroflumethiazide is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and fluid retention (edema) caused by various medical conditions such as heart failure, liver disease, and kidney disease. It belongs to a class of drugs called thiazide diuretics, which work by increasing the amount of urine produced by the kidneys, thereby reducing the amount of salt and water in the body. Bendroflumethiazide is usually taken orally once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication. Common side effects of bendroflumethiazide include dizziness, headache, fatigue, and low blood pressure.

Doxazosin is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and symptoms of an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). It belongs to a class of drugs called alpha blockers, which work by relaxing the muscles in blood vessels and the prostate, allowing blood to flow more easily. Doxazosin is usually taken once or twice a day, and the dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's response to the medication. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking doxazosin, as stopping the medication suddenly can cause side effects.

Captopril is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It is a type of drug called an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. ACE inhibitors work by blocking the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow and blood pressure to rise. By blocking the production of angiotensin II, captopril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Captopril is usually taken by mouth, and the dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's blood pressure and other medical conditions. It is important to take captopril exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider, as stopping the medication suddenly can cause blood pressure to rise again. Captopril may cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, cough, and fatigue. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as angioedema (swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat) or low blood pressure. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider about any side effects that occur while taking captopril.

Tetrazoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered ring with four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom. They have a variety of applications in the medical field, including as antimicrobial agents, anticancer drugs, and as inhibitors of enzymes involved in various biological processes. One example of a tetrazole-based drug is linezolid, which is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, skin infections, and bone and joint infections. Linezolid works by inhibiting the production of bacterial proteins, which are essential for the bacteria's survival. Tetrazoles are also being investigated as potential treatments for cancer. For example, some tetrazole derivatives have been shown to selectively target and kill cancer cells, while sparing healthy cells. Additionally, tetrazoles have been found to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which could make them useful in the treatment of pain and other inflammatory conditions. Overall, tetrazoles are a versatile class of compounds with a wide range of potential applications in the medical field.

Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used in the medical field to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with certain heart conditions. It works by blocking the action of ACE, which helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Lisinopril is available in tablet form and is usually taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. It is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and cough.

I'm sorry, but I couldn't find any information on a medical term called "Nordefrin." It's possible that you may have misspelled the term or that it is not a commonly used term in the medical field. Can you please provide more context or information about where you heard or saw this term?

Glutamyl aminopeptidase (also known as glutaminyl endopeptidase or QAP) is an enzyme that is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, kidney, and pancreas. It is responsible for cleaving the glutamyl residue from the N-terminus of peptides and proteins, which allows for the release of smaller peptides and amino acids. In the medical field, glutamyl aminopeptidase is often used as a diagnostic marker for liver and kidney diseases. Abnormal levels of this enzyme in the blood or urine can indicate damage or dysfunction in these organs. For example, elevated levels of glutamyl aminopeptidase in the blood are often seen in cases of liver cirrhosis, while elevated levels in the urine may be a sign of kidney disease. In addition to its diagnostic role, glutamyl aminopeptidase also plays a role in the metabolism of certain drugs and the regulation of blood pressure. It is also involved in the immune response, as it can cleave certain peptides that are involved in the activation of immune cells.

Dihydropyridines are a class of drugs that are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). They work by relaxing the muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces blood pressure. Dihydropyridines are also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation. They are available in both oral and injectable forms and are generally well-tolerated by most people. However, like all medications, they can cause side effects, such as headache, dizziness, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Clonidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha-agonists. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing heart rate. Clonidine can also be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults, and to help manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are quitting smoking. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by injection or applied as a patch on the skin. Side effects of clonidine may include dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and drowsiness.

Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used in the medical field to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), heart failure, and to improve survival after a heart attack. It works by blocking the action of ACE, which helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Enalapril is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated and the individual patient's needs. It is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it can cause side effects, such as dizziness, cough, and fatigue.

Indapamide is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It belongs to a class of drugs called diuretics, which work by increasing the amount of urine produced by the kidneys, thereby reducing the amount of fluid and salt in the body. Indapamide is typically used in combination with other blood pressure medications to achieve better blood pressure control. It may also be used to treat edema (swelling) caused by heart failure or liver disease.

Labetalol is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to control heart rate (heart rhythm) in people with certain heart conditions. It is a combination of two different medications, alpha-adrenergic blockers and beta-adrenergic blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and slowing down the heart rate, respectively. Labetalol is available in oral tablet and injectable forms and is typically used in combination with other medications to manage hypertension and heart conditions. It is also sometimes used to treat angina (chest pain) and to prevent migraine headaches.

Guanfacine is a medication that is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. It is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that works by increasing the levels of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that helps to regulate attention, focus, and impulse control. Guanfacine is available in both immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it is typically taken once or twice a day. It can help to reduce symptoms of ADHD such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, and it may also improve overall functioning and quality of life for people with the condition.

Perindopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used in the medical field to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It works by blocking the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, perindopril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, which can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. It is usually taken once or twice a day, depending on the dose and the individual patient's needs. Perindopril is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral solutions.

Hypertension, renal, also known as renovascular hypertension, is a type of high blood pressure that occurs when there is a problem with the blood vessels that supply the kidneys. This can lead to damage to the kidneys and other health problems. There are two main types of renovascular hypertension: primary and secondary. Primary renovascular hypertension is caused by a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels that supply the kidneys. This can be due to a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), fibromuscular dysplasia (a condition that causes abnormal growth of smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels), or a genetic disorder. Secondary renovascular hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition that affects the kidneys or blood vessels. Examples of conditions that can cause secondary renovascular hypertension include diabetes, high blood pressure, and kidney disease. Treatment for hypertension, renal typically involves medications to lower blood pressure and protect the kidneys. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove or repair the damaged blood vessels. It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to manage this condition and prevent complications.

Nifedipine is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Nifedipine is available in both oral tablet and extended-release tablet forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking nifedipine, as it can cause side effects such as headache, dizziness, and swelling in the hands and feet.

Benzimidazoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. They are widely used in the medical field as drugs and as active ingredients in pesticides. In the medical field, benzimidazoles are used to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Helminth infections: Benzimidazoles are effective against a range of parasitic worms, including roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes. They work by interfering with the worms' ability to absorb glucose, which leads to their death. 2. Gastric ulcers: Benzimidazoles are used to treat stomach ulcers caused by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. They work by inhibiting the production of enzymes that break down the stomach lining, allowing the ulcers to heal. 3. Migraines: Benzimidazoles are sometimes used to prevent migraines by reducing inflammation in the brain. 4. Cancers: Some benzimidazoles are being studied as potential treatments for certain types of cancer, including colon cancer and ovarian cancer. Overall, benzimidazoles are a versatile class of compounds with a wide range of potential medical applications.

Imidazoline receptors are a class of receptors found in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues that are activated by imidazoline compounds, such as clonidine. These receptors are classified into two subtypes: α2-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors (IMI1 and IMI2). α2-adrenergic receptors are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine, and are involved in the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, and other autonomic functions. IMI1 and IMI2 receptors, on the other hand, are not activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, and are thought to play a role in the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, and other autonomic functions as well. Imidazoline receptors have been the subject of extensive research in the medical field due to their potential therapeutic applications. Clonidine, a drug that binds to both α2-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors, is used to treat high blood pressure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Other drugs that target imidazoline receptors, such as rilmenidine, have also been developed for the treatment of high blood pressure.

Propanolamines are a class of organic compounds that contain a tertiary amine group attached to a propane chain. They are commonly used as pharmaceuticals and as active ingredients in over-the-counter cold and allergy medications. There are several different types of propanolamines, including pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and triprolidine. These drugs work by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages and sinuses, reducing inflammation, and relieving congestion. They are also used to treat other conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, and certain types of asthma. Propanolamines can have side effects, including dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia. They can also interact with other medications, so it is important to tell your doctor about all the medications you are taking before starting to use propanolamines. In some cases, propanolamines may be contraindicated for certain individuals, such as those with certain heart conditions or high blood pressure.

Losartan is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and to reduce the risk of stroke in people with high blood pressure and diabetes. It belongs to a class of drugs called angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), which work by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing the workload on the heart. Losartan is also used to treat heart failure and to reduce the risk of heart attack in people who have had a heart attack or who have certain risk factors for heart disease. It is usually taken once or twice a day, with or without food. Common side effects of losartan include headache, dizziness, and cough.

Diltiazem is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure, angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by slowing down the electrical signals in the heart and relaxing the muscles in the blood vessels, which can help to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow to the heart. Diltiazem is available in both oral and injectable forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking diltiazem, as it can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and nausea.

Renin is an enzyme produced by specialized cells in the kidneys called juxtaglomerular cells. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Renin is released in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume, which triggers a series of reactions that ultimately lead to the production of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that helps to raise blood pressure. Renin also stimulates the production of aldosterone, a hormone that helps to regulate the balance of sodium and potassium in the body and maintain fluid balance. Abnormal levels of renin can lead to various medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), kidney disease, and primary aldosteronism. Renin is typically measured in the blood as part of a comprehensive evaluation of blood pressure and kidney function.

Prazosin is a medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and certain heart conditions, such as angina (chest pain) and heart failure. It belongs to a class of drugs called alpha blockers, which work by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing the workload on the heart. Prazosin is usually taken by mouth, and the dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the specific condition being treated and the individual patient's response to the medication. Common side effects of prazosin include dizziness, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking prazosin and to report any side effects that occur.

Chlorthalidone is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). It belongs to a class of drugs called thiazide diuretics, which work by reducing the amount of salt and water that the body retains. This helps to lower blood pressure by decreasing the workload on the heart and reducing the amount of fluid in the blood vessels. Chlorthalidone is available in tablet form and is usually taken once or twice a day. It is generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and stomach upset.

Fumarates are organic compounds that contain the functional group -COO-. They are named after the chemical compound fumaric acid, which is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula C4H4O4. Fumarates are commonly used in the medical field as drugs to treat various conditions, including: 1. Hyperkalemia: Fumarates are used to treat high levels of potassium in the blood (hyperkalemia) by increasing the excretion of potassium in the urine. 2. Heart failure: Fumarates are used to treat heart failure by improving the function of the heart muscle and reducing the workload on the heart. 3. Gout: Fumarates are used to treat gout by reducing the production of uric acid in the body. 4. Cancer: Fumarates are being studied as potential cancer treatments due to their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. 5. Inflammatory bowel disease: Fumarates are being studied as potential treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by reducing inflammation in the gut. Some examples of fumarate drugs include fumaric acid esters (FAEs), which are used to treat psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), which is used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Biphenyl compounds are a class of organic compounds that consist of two benzene rings joined together by a single carbon-carbon bond. They are commonly used as industrial solvents, plasticizers, and flame retardants. In the medical field, biphenyl compounds have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-viral properties. Some biphenyl compounds have also been used as diagnostic agents in medical imaging. However, some biphenyl compounds have been associated with adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, and carcinogenicity, and their use is regulated in many countries.

Propranolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure, angina (chest pain), and certain types of tremors, including essential tremor and tremors caused by medications. Propranolol can also be used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, certain types of heart rhythm disorders, and migraine headaches. It works by blocking the effects of adrenaline (a hormone that can cause the heart to beat faster and the blood vessels to narrow) on the heart and blood vessels. Propranolol is available in both oral and injectable forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day.

Imidazoles are a class of organic compounds that contain a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. In the medical field, imidazoles are commonly used as antifungal agents, particularly for the treatment of dermatophytic infections such as athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch. They work by inhibiting the growth of fungi by interfering with their metabolism. One of the most well-known imidazole antifungal agents is clotrimazole, which is used topically to treat skin and nail infections caused by fungi. Other imidazole antifungal agents include miconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole, which are used to treat a variety of fungal infections, including systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis and aspergillosis. Imidazoles are also used in other medical applications, such as in the treatment of parasitic infections, as well as in the development of new drugs for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) is a synthetic steroid hormone that is used in medical research to study the effects of mineralocorticoids on the body. It is a derivative of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland, and has similar effects on the body, such as increasing blood pressure and regulating electrolyte balance. DOCA is often used in animal models to study hypertension, as it can cause an increase in blood pressure when administered to animals. It is also used to study the effects of mineralocorticoids on the kidneys, as it can cause the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium. In humans, DOCA is not used as a medication, as it can have serious side effects, including high blood pressure, electrolyte imbalances, and kidney damage. However, it is still used in medical research to study the effects of mineralocorticoids on the body.

Hypertension, renovascular, is a type of high blood pressure that is caused by problems with the blood vessels that supply blood to the kidneys. These blood vessels, called the renal arteries, can become narrowed or blocked by a variety of factors, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in the arteries), fibromuscular dysplasia (a condition in which the walls of the blood vessels are abnormally thickened), or a kidney tumor. When the renal arteries are narrowed or blocked, it can reduce the amount of blood flow to the kidneys, which can cause the kidneys to work harder to filter blood. This increased workload can lead to high blood pressure. Hypertension, renovascular, is a serious condition that can cause damage to the kidneys and other organs if left untreated. It is typically treated with medications to lower blood pressure and, in some cases, with procedures to open or bypass narrowed or blocked renal arteries.

Valine is an essential amino acid that is required for the growth and maintenance of tissues in the human body. It is one of the nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. Valine plays a role in the production of energy and the maintenance of muscle tissue. It is also involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels and the production of certain hormones. In the medical field, valine is sometimes used as a dietary supplement to help support muscle growth and recovery, as well as to treat certain medical conditions such as liver disease and muscle wasting.

Chronic kidney failure, also known as chronic renal failure, is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to function properly over a long period of time. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and glomerulonephritis. Chronic kidney failure is typically diagnosed when the kidneys are functioning at less than 60% of their normal capacity, and the condition has been present for at least three months. As the kidneys become less functional, they are unable to filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body. This can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, nausea, and difficulty concentrating. Treatment for chronic kidney failure typically involves managing the underlying cause of the condition, as well as managing symptoms and complications. This may include medications to control blood pressure and blood sugar levels, as well as dietary changes and other lifestyle modifications. In some cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation may be necessary to help the body remove waste products and maintain proper fluid balance.

Phenylacetates are a group of organic compounds that are formed by the reaction of phenylalanine with acetic acid. They are commonly found in the human body and are involved in various metabolic processes. In the medical field, phenylacetates are used as a source of energy for patients who are unable to produce energy from other sources, such as those with liver or kidney failure. They are also used to treat certain types of brain injury and to prevent the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain.

Diabetic nephropathy is a type of kidney disease that occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys as a result of long-term high blood sugar levels. The damage can lead to the development of protein in the urine, swelling in the legs and feet, and eventually, kidney failure. There are three stages of diabetic nephropathy: microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, and end-stage renal disease. Treatment typically involves managing blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol, as well as medications to slow the progression of the disease.

Benzopyrans are a class of organic compounds that contain a six-membered aromatic ring with two oxygen atoms attached to it. They are also known as coumarins. In the medical field, benzopyrans are used as anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory agents, and as components in some medications. For example, the drug warfarin, which is used to treat blood clots, is a benzopyran. Some benzopyrans also have potential as anticancer agents.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than 17 million deaths each year. CVDs include conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure, arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and stroke. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a family history of CVDs. Treatment for CVDs may include lifestyle changes, medications, and in some cases, surgery.

Trichlormethiazide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called thiazide diuretics. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by reducing the amount of salt and water that the body retains. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Trichlormethiazide is also sometimes used to treat edema (swelling) caused by heart failure, liver disease, or kidney disease. It works by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidneys, which helps to increase the amount of urine produced and reduce fluid retention. Trichlormethiazide is usually taken orally in the form of tablets. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on the individual's condition and response to the medication. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking trichlormethiazide, as it can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, and electrolyte imbalances.

Proteinuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of excess protein in the urine. Normally, the kidneys filter waste products and excess fluids from the blood, but they also retain most of the protein in the blood. When the kidneys are damaged or diseased, they may not be able to filter the protein properly, leading to proteinuria. Proteinuria can be classified as either microscopic or macroscopic. Microscopic proteinuria refers to the presence of small amounts of protein in the urine, typically less than 150 mg per day. Macroscopic proteinuria, on the other hand, refers to the presence of larger amounts of protein in the urine, typically greater than 150 mg per day. Proteinuria can be caused by a variety of medical conditions, including kidney disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain infections. It is often an indicator of underlying kidney damage or disease and can lead to serious complications if left untreated. Treatment for proteinuria depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all cases. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. As a result, the pancreas may not produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance, leading to high blood sugar levels. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, and unexplained weight loss. If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision loss. Treatment for type 2 diabetes typically involves lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as medication to help regulate blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin therapy may be necessary.

Diabetes complications refer to the various health problems that can arise as a result of having diabetes. These complications can affect various organs and systems in the body, including the eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, nerves, and feet. Some common diabetes complications include: 1. Diabetic retinopathy: Damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to vision loss or blindness. 2. Diabetic nephropathy: Damage to the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure. 3. Cardiovascular disease: Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and other heart problems. 4. Peripheral artery disease: Narrowing or blockage of blood vessels in the legs and feet, which can lead to pain, numbness, and even amputation. 5. Neuropathy: Damage to the nerves, which can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the hands and feet. 6. Foot ulcers: Sores or wounds on the feet that can become infected and lead to serious complications. 7. Gum disease: Increased risk of gum disease, which can lead to tooth loss. 8. Sexual dysfunction: Impaired sexual function in men and women. It is important for people with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels and receive regular medical check-ups to prevent or delay the onset of these complications.

Thiazides are a class of diuretic drugs that are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, edema (swelling), and fluid retention. They work by blocking the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the kidneys, which leads to increased urine production and a reduction in blood volume. This, in turn, helps to lower blood pressure and reduce swelling in the body. Thiazides are available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and injections. They are generally well-tolerated, but can cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and increased urination. In some cases, thiazides may also increase the risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and kidney problems, particularly in people with pre-existing kidney disease or other medical conditions.

In the medical field, amides are a class of organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They are commonly used as drugs and are often referred to as "amide derivatives." One example of an amide derivative used in medicine is acetaminophen, which is commonly sold under the brand name Tylenol. It is used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Another example is aspirin, which is also an amide derivative and is used to relieve pain, reduce fever, and thin the blood. Amides can also be used as local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, which is used to numb the skin and nerves during medical procedures. They can also be used as muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine, which is used to relax muscles during surgery. Overall, amides play an important role in medicine as they have a wide range of therapeutic applications and are often used to treat various medical conditions.

Kidney diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the kidneys, which are two bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdomen. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products from the blood and regulating the body's fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and blood pressure. Kidney diseases can be classified into two main categories: acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). AKI is a sudden and severe decline in kidney function that can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, infection, injury, or certain medications. CKD, on the other hand, is a progressive and chronic condition that develops over time and is characterized by a gradual decline in kidney function. Some common types of kidney diseases include glomerulonephritis, which is an inflammation of the glomeruli (the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys), polycystic kidney disease, which is a genetic disorder that causes cysts to form in the kidneys, and kidney stones, which are hard deposits that can form in the kidneys and cause pain and other symptoms. Treatment for kidney diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. In some cases, lifestyle changes such as diet modification and exercise may be sufficient to manage the condition. In more severe cases, medications, dialysis, or kidney transplantation may be necessary. Early detection and treatment of kidney diseases are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Creatinine is a waste product that is produced by the muscles in the body as a result of normal metabolism. It is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. In the medical field, creatinine is often used as a marker of kidney function. A high level of creatinine in the blood can indicate that the kidneys are not functioning properly, while a low level can indicate that the kidneys are overworking. Creatinine levels can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment for kidney disease.

Benzothiadiazines are a class of organic compounds that contain a benzene ring and a thiazine ring. They are commonly used as pharmaceuticals and are known for their antihistamine, antipsychotic, and anticonvulsant properties. Some examples of benzothiadiazines include chlorpromazine, thioridazine, and trifluoperazine, which are used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They may also be used to treat nausea, vomiting, and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy. However, benzothiadiazines can have side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and dry mouth, and may also cause movement disorders and other neurological problems in some people.

Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular refers to the thickening of the left ventricle, which is the main pumping chamber of the heart. This thickening can occur due to an increase in the workload on the heart, such as high blood pressure or a condition called aortic stenosis, or due to an underlying genetic disorder. Left ventricular hypertrophy can lead to heart failure, arrhythmias, and an increased risk of heart attack. It is typically diagnosed through an echocardiogram, a test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart. Treatment may include medications to lower blood pressure and reduce workload on the heart, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and a healthy diet. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.

In the medical field, a stroke is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. This can happen in two ways: 1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 85% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off blood flow to the affected area. 2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding into the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are less common than ischemic strokes, accounting for about 15% of all strokes. Strokes can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the brain damage. Common symptoms include sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; dizziness or loss of balance; and severe headache. Prompt medical treatment is crucial for stroke patients, as the sooner treatment is given, the better the chances of recovery. Treatment options may include medications to dissolve blood clots or prevent further clot formation, surgery to remove a blood clot or repair a ruptured blood vessel, and rehabilitation to help patients recover from the effects of the stroke.

Felodipine is a medication used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It belongs to a class of drugs called calcium channel blockers, which work by relaxing the blood vessels and allowing blood to flow more easily. This helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Felodipine is usually taken once or twice a day, with or without food. It is available in both tablet and extended-release tablet forms. Common side effects of felodipine include headache, dizziness, and swelling in the legs.

Ramipril is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. ACE inhibitors work by blocking the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is an enzyme that helps to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. By inhibiting this enzyme, ramipril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, which can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events. In addition to its use in hypertension and heart failure, ramipril may also be used to treat certain types of heart disease, such as left ventricular dysfunction, and to prevent kidney problems in people with diabetes. It is usually taken once or twice a day, depending on the dose and the individual's response to the medication.

Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the medical field to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It works by blocking the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, cilazapril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, which can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. It is usually taken once or twice a day, depending on the dose and the individual patient's needs. Cilazapril may cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, cough, and fatigue, but these are usually mild and go away with time.

Nicardipine is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It works by relaxing the blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nicardipine is available in both oral and intravenous forms, and it is usually taken once or twice a day. It is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Albuminuria is a medical condition characterized by the presence of albumin, a protein produced by the liver, in the urine. It is a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction and can be an early indicator of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In healthy individuals, albumin is not normally present in the urine, and its presence in the urine is considered abnormal. The normal range for albumin in urine is less than 30 mg per day. Albuminuria can be classified as microalbuminuria, which is the presence of albumin in the urine at levels between 30 and 300 mg per day, or macroalbuminuria, which is the presence of albumin in the urine at levels greater than 300 mg per day. The causes of albuminuria can vary, including diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and certain medications. Treatment for albuminuria depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications, or other therapies to manage the underlying condition and slow the progression of kidney disease.

Hypertension, malignant, is a severe form of high blood pressure that is characterized by consistently high blood pressure levels that are resistant to treatment. Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency that can lead to serious complications, including damage to the kidneys, brain, and eyes, as well as heart failure and stroke. The term "malignant" refers to the fact that this form of hypertension is aggressive and can progress rapidly, leading to severe and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly and effectively. Malignant hypertension is typically defined as blood pressure levels that are consistently greater than 180/120 mmHg, despite the use of multiple medications to lower blood pressure. Symptoms of malignant hypertension may include severe headache, vision loss, confusion, and chest pain. Treatment typically involves aggressive management of blood pressure through a combination of medications, as well as close monitoring of kidney function and other organ systems that may be affected by the high blood pressure. Early detection and prompt treatment are critical for preventing serious complications and improving outcomes in patients with malignant hypertension.

Nitrendipine is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It works by relaxing blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily and reduces the workload on the heart. Nitrendipine is available in both oral tablet and injectable forms. It is generally well-tolerated, but like all medications, it can cause side effects. Common side effects of nitrendipine include headache, dizziness, and flushing. More serious side effects may include low blood pressure, heart palpitations, and allergic reactions. Nitrendipine is not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions, such as severe liver or kidney disease, or a history of certain heart problems. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking nitrendipine and to report any side effects that you experience.

Azetidinecarboxylic acid is a chemical compound that is not commonly used in the medical field. It is a derivative of azetidine, which is a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring containing nitrogen and carbon atoms. Azetidinecarboxylic acid has been studied for its potential use as a chiral ligand in asymmetric catalysis, but it has not been widely used in medicine.

Thiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that are primarily used as sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics. They are also used to treat certain types of seizures and to control symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Thiazepines work by enhancing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that inhibits the activity of neurons in the brain. This leads to a calming effect on the central nervous system and can help to reduce anxiety, promote sleep, and relieve muscle spasms. Some common examples of thiazepines include diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin).

Reserpine is a natural alkaloid that was originally isolated from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina, also known as the Indian snakeroot. It is a potent antagonist of the sympathetic nervous system, which means it blocks the effects of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body's "fight or flight" response. In the medical field, reserpine is primarily used as a medication to treat high blood pressure. It works by reducing the production of norepinephrine in the body, which can help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. Reserpine is also sometimes used to treat anxiety, depression, and other conditions that are thought to be related to imbalances in the sympathetic nervous system. Reserpine can cause a number of side effects, including dizziness, weakness, fatigue, and dry mouth. It can also cause more serious side effects, such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and depression. As with any medication, it is important to talk to your doctor about the potential risks and benefits of taking reserpine, and to follow their instructions carefully.

Peptidyl-dipeptidase A (PepD) is an enzyme that is found in the human body and is involved in the breakdown of certain peptides and proteins. It is a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase family of enzymes, which are responsible for cleaving dipeptides from the N-terminus of larger peptides and proteins. PepD is primarily found in the liver and kidneys, but it is also present in other tissues, including the brain, heart, and lungs. It plays a role in the metabolism of a number of different peptides and proteins, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. In the medical field, PepD has been studied as a potential target for the development of new drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some researchers have also suggested that PepD may play a role in the development of certain types of infections, such as those caused by bacteria and viruses.

Fosinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used in the medical field to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. It works by blocking the production of angiotensin II, a hormone that narrows blood vessels and increases blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, fosinopril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure, which can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. It is typically taken once or twice daily, depending on the dose and the individual patient's needs. Fosinopril is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications.

Celiprolol is a beta-blocker medication that is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). It works by blocking the action of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to lower blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart. Celiprolol is also used to treat heart failure and to prevent heart attacks in people who are at high risk. It is usually taken once or twice a day, with or without food. Common side effects of celiprolol include dizziness, fatigue, and nausea. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your doctor and to let them know if you experience any side effects while taking this medication.

Protostephanine is an alkaloid collected from Stephania japonica (Menispermaceae). Antihypertensive agent. The leaves of this ...
Potent antihypertensive agents". J. Med. Chem. 35 (17): 3254-3263. doi:10.1021/jm00095a023. PMID 1387168. Crespo, Abel; El ... antihypertensive agents, and alpha-1-a-antagonists. More recently products of the Biginelli reaction have been investigated as ...
Kosman ME (July 1975). "Evaluation of clonidine hydrochloride (Catapres). A new antihypertensive agent". JAMA. 233 (2): 174-6. ... The selective agents (atenolol, metoprolol) are preferred to the non-selective agents (propranolol). There are several ( ... These agents should be avoided whenever possible as there is upwards of seven times more beta-adrenoceptor antagonism than ... In the 1970s, the drug clonidine hydrocloride swept the market as a novel agent for hypertension; however, the reported side- ...
Szasz G, Budvari-Barany Z (19 December 1990). Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 87-. ISBN 978 ... a steroidal aldosterone antagonist and antihypertensive". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 201 (3): ...
... a new antihypertensive agent, Clin. Pharmacol. Therapeutics 1964; 5: 167-173. Becker, K.L., Sutnick, A.I. Paralytic ileus ...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 82-. ISBN 978-0-8493-4724-5. Luther, James M. (2014). "Is ...
Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 82-. ISBN 978-0-8493-4724-5. Dennis V. Cokkinos (6 November ...
Szasz G, Budvari-Barany Z (19 December 1990). Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Antihypertensive Agents. CRC Press. pp. 87-. ISBN 978 ...
... is an antihypertensive agent. It is used in the form of its sulfate. Guanadrel is a postganglionic adrenergic ... A new antihypertensive drug". JAMA. 245 (16): 1639-42. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310410017019. PMID 7206175. webpage on guanadrel ... blocking agent. Uptake of guanadrel and storage in sympathetic neurons occurs via the norepinephrine pump; guanadrel slowly ...
Antihypertensive agents, Amines, All stub articles, Antihypertensive agent stubs). ... BREST AN, ONESTI G, SWARTZ C, BERLINER H, MOYER JH (June 1962). "Butynamine hydrochloride as an antihypertensive agent". ... Butynamine is a tertiary (a highly hindered) aliphatic amine which has antihypertensive effects. ...
Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GF (2012). "Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney ... Agents. 31 (3): 189-92. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010. PMID 18248798. Abraham EP (1987). "Cephalosporins 1945-1986". ... Approximately 400 tons of these agents are manufactured each year; this is enough to put approximately 9,000,000 people to ... In the ensuring years other classes of antihypertensive drug were developed and found wide acceptance in combination therapy, ...
... is used as an antihypertensive agent. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 1997. ... Fenoldopam is used as an antihypertensive agent postoperatively, and also intravenously (IV) to treat a hypertensive crisis. ... Since fenoldopam is an intravenous agent with minimal adrenergic effects that improves renal perfusion, in theory it could be ...
Antihypertensive agents, Indoles, Isopropyl compounds, Piperazines, All stub articles, Antihypertensive agent stubs). ... Atiprosin (developmental code name AY-28,228) is an antihypertensive agent which acts as a selective α1-adrenergic receptor ... A new class of potent antihypertensive agents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 30 (2): 388-94. doi:10.1021/jm00385a022. PMID ... Oshiro G, Wojdan A, Klein M, Metcalf G (September 1987). "Antihypertensive and hypotensive actions of atiprosin (AY-28,228) in ...
Webarchive template wayback links, Tripeptides, Antihypertensive agents). ... July 2005). "Antihypertensive effect of casein hydrolysate in a placebo-controlled study in subjects with high-normal blood ... Masuda O, Nakamura Y, Takano T (December 1996). "Antihypertensive peptides are present in aorta after oral administration of ... Boelsma E, Kloek J (March 2009). "Lactotripeptides and antihypertensive effects: a critical review". The British Journal of ...
"Pharmacology of a new antihypertensive agent, metazosin (Kenosin)". Ceskoslovenska Farmacie. 39 (6): 266-74. PMID 1981860. ... Metazosin is an antihypertensive α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trcka, V; König, J; Mácová, S; Smíd, M; Helfert, I; ...
More recently angiotensin receptor blockers and renin inhibitors have also been introduced as antihypertensive agents. Esunge ... Freis ED (1974). "The Veterans Administration cooperative study on antihypertensive agents. Implications for stroke prevention ... new class of orally active antihypertensive agents". Science. 196 (4288): 441-4. Bibcode:1977Sci...196..441O. doi:10.1126/ ... In 1977 captopril, an orally active agent, was described; this led to the development of a number of other ACE inhibitors. ...
Stokes, Gordon S.; Oates, Helen F. (1982). "Blockers of the Neuromuscular Junction as Antihypertensive Agents". Hypertensive ... from adrenergic nerve terminals and are used as antihypertensives. Examples of these agents include bethanidine, bretylium, ... Most agents of this class are guanidinium compounds and have little capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Lukas G (1973 ...
Antihypertensive agents may have their effects mitigated by doxepin. Cotreatment with CNS depressants such as the ... Sympathomimetic agents may have their effects potentiated by TCAs like doxepin. Doxepin also may potentiate the adverse effects ... Antiarrhythmic agents may be an appropriate measure to treat cardiac arrhythmias resulting from doxepin overdose. Slow ... In general, sedating properties of anti-depressant agents are related to antagonism of serotonin 5HT2, histamines, and α-1 ...
Some antihypertensive agents are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy but a lower side effect profile than ... The antihypertensives clonidine and guanfacine are typically tried first in children; they can also help with ADHD symptoms, ... The neuroleptics risperidone and aripiprazole are tried when antihypertensives are not effective, and are generally tried first ...
Kavelman, D. A.; Lewis, J. A. (1963-11-09). "Clinical Evaluation of a New Antihypertensive Agent: W583 (Mebutamate)". Canadian ... They may also enhance the fluid-retaining effect of certain anti-diabetic agents (thiazolidinediones). It is not known if they ... Carbamates have anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, antihypertensive, and analgesic effects. They have other ... An overview of the pros and cons for it being a neurotransmitter and/or a useful therapeutic agent". Neuroscience & ...
The antihypertensive agents are also used to treat tics; studies show variable efficacy, but a lower side effect profile than ... The α2-adrenergic receptor agonists (antihypertensive agents) show some efficacy in reducing tics, as well as other comorbid ... Because of the blood pressure effects, antihypertensive agents should not be discontinued suddenly. Clonidine (brand name ... This class of medication is often the first tried for tics, as the antihypertensives have a lower side effect profile than some ...
March 2003). "Metabolism and disposition of the antihypertensive agent moxonidine in humans". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. ... "Growth hormone secretion in response to the new centrally acting antihypertensive agent moxonidine in normal human subjects: ... a new centrally acting sympatholytic antihypertensive agent". Journal of Human Hypertension. 11 (Suppl 1): S29-S45. PMID ... Antihypertensive agents, Chloroarenes, Chloropyrimidines, Imidazolines, Phenol ethers, Pyrimidines). ...
"Leukocyte and bone marrow effects of a thiomorpholine quinazosin antihypertensive agent". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. ... Quinazosin is an antihypertensive α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Martin, RA; Barsoum, NJ; Sturgess, JM; De La Iglesia, FA ( ...
It was developed as an antihypertensive agent but was never marketed. Glemanserin Pruvanserin Roluperidone Volinanserin ... Antihypertensive agents, Ketones, Fluoroarenes, Piperidines, Pyrrolidones, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ...
Antihypertensive agents, Pyridazines, Hydrazines, Carboxamides, All stub articles, Antihypertensive agent stubs). ... Hydracarbazine is a pyridazine that has found use as an antihypertensive agent. Liberman D, Rouaix A (1959). "Hydrazino ...
It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ... Several preparations containing olmesartan and other antihypertensives are available. Teva Pharmaceuticals produces a ...
Antihypertensive+Agents at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Law M, Wald N, Morris J (2003 ... Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy ... necessitating antihypertensive treatment. However, current data concerning the safety of in utero exposure to antihypertensive ... "Diuretic versus alpha-blocker as first-step antihypertensive therapy: final results from the Antihypertensive and Lipid- ...
Pool, J. L. (1991). "Combination antihypertensive therapy with terazosin and other antihypertensive agents: results of clinical ... "Combination antihypertensive therapy with terazosin and other antihypertensive agents: results of clinical trials". American ... alpha.1-adrenoceptor antagonists and antihypertensive agents". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 31 (5): 1031-1035. doi:10.1021/ ... They are not thought to be good as first line treatment because there are other more selective agents, although they can be ...
Evidence does not support the use of one anti-hypertensive over another. The choice of which agent to use should be based on ... Labetalol, hydralazine and nifedipine are commonly used antihypertensive agents for hypertension in pregnancy. ACE inhibitors ... Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM (October 2019). "Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its ... recommends that women with severe hypertension during pregnancy should receive treatment with anti-hypertensive agents. Severe ...
Hypertension caused by VEGF inhibition can usually be treated with oral antihypertensive agents. Proteinuria is common when ... Generally it is well tolerated and safe but can have adverse effects which can be intensified by chemotherapeutic agents used ... These compounds are promising anti-cancer and anti-fibrosis agents, inhibiting various protein tyrosine kinases. They have ... "Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pazopanib derivatives as antitumor agents". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry ...
Antihypertensive Agents. Class Summary. Antihypertensive agents are useful for the circumscribed treatment of situational/ ... antihypertensive agents, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). ... This agent appears to act on part of the limbic system, the thalamus, and hypothalamus to induce a calming effect and has also ... Antianxiety Agents. Class Summary. Serotonin agonists such as buspirone may be used to treat anxiety. ...
Antihypertensive agents. Class Summary. These agents are used to reduce arterial pressure. Short-acting IV beta blockade and ... Not a first-line agent in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. Do not administer IV in hypertensive emergencies. ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Antihypertensive Agents (National Institutes of Health) Journal Articles References and abstracts from ... Central-Acting Agents (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Also in Spanish ... Article: Fetoplacental vascular effects of maternal adrenergic antihypertensive and cardioprotective medications in... ...
The antihypertensive effect of Prazosin results from a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and the parent compound ... Prazosin is an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Accordingly, ... Prazosin is primarily responsible for the antihypertensive activity. Prazosin Base Absorption Well-absorbed from ...
Beta blockers are the recommended antihypertensive agents in patients with hypertension and thoracic aortic disease. [21] In ... With the advent of antihypertensive agents, the incidence of hypertensive emergencies in the United States has declined from 7 ... Withhold antihypertensive medications unless the SBP is above 220 mm Hg or the DBP is over 120 mm Hg, UNLESS the patient is ... For adults with aortic dissection, rapidly lower the SBP to below 120 mm Hg; the preferred agents are esmolol and labetalol. [ ...
More than one in four Medicare Part D beneficiaries do not take antihypertensive medication as instructed. ... More than one in four Medicare Part D beneficiaries do not take antihypertensive medication as instructed. ... and centrally acting agents. ... For antihypertensives, mean days supply per fill (i.e., the ... one antihypertensive class, two antihypertensive classes, and three or more antihypertensive classes). The health status proxy ...
Antihypertensive Agents / adverse effects * Drug Interactions * Humans * Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / ...
Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antihypertensive Agents, Antioxidants, Neuroprotective Agents. Additional ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antihypertensive Agents, Enzyme Inhibitors. Additional Keywords : Plant ... Tart Cherries are one of natures unsung healing agents, able to help the body recover naturally from a myriad of different ... Pharmacological Actions : Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Interleukin-6 Downregulation, NF-kappaB Inhibitor, Tumor Necrosis Factor ( ...
Sympathomimetics can antagonize the activity of some antihypertensive agents.. *hydromorphone. Monitor Closely (1)hydromorphone ... Applies only to oral form of both agents. Contraindicated.. metoclopramide decreases levels of dopamine by pharmacodynamic ... Applies only to oral form of both agents. Contraindicated.. metoclopramide decreases levels of dopamine by pharmacodynamic ... Not specified: Carbenicillin, tetracycline, iron salts, oxidizing agents, alkaline solutions. IV Preparation. Dilute 200-400 mg ...
... antihypertensive agents are used in the "high-risk" group. ...
antihypertensive agent which contains a beta blocker and a diuretic;. - initial dosing should start at: 2.5 / 6.25 mg tablet, ...
Blunting of the antihypertensive effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents by non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been ... It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. ... or to the addition of a second antihypertensive agent. Beta-1 selectivity diminishes as dosage is increased. ... The antihypertensive effect of Sectral has been shown in double-blind controlled studies to be superior to placebo and similar ...
When combination therapy with 2 antihypertensive agents is selected, options include either an ACE inhibitor or ARB combined ... The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents [published correction appears in N Engl J ... A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. ... Some antihypertensives are avoided in certain disorders (eg, ... Treatment of hypertension during pregnancy Treatment requires careful medication selection because some antihypertensive ...
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents In a study in 36 patients with mild to moderate hypertension where the antihypertensive ... Lisinopril tablets USP may be administered alone or with other antihypertensive agents [see CLINICAL STUDIES (14.1)]. ... Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive ... consideration should be given to using a different type of dialysis membrane or a different class of antihypertensive agent. ...
Other combination medicators with anti-hypertensive and diuretic agents Diutensen Enduronyl Esimil Eutron Minize Rautrax ... Other beta adrenergic-blocking agents: Blocadren Timolol Wytensin 55 Combination beta-blocking and diuretic agents: Aldoclor ... 1266, or only one other medi- cation reported, or proxy questionnaire 1 = Other anti-diabetic agents (includes Tolinase, ... 1266, or proxy questionnaire 1 = Other anti-diabetic agents (includes Tolinase, Dymelor) 2 = Orinase, Tolbutamide 6 = Other ...
However, in some pa- tients antihypertensive agents are needed. There are a couple of other things that help, Division 40 ( ...
The efficacy of antihypertensive agents in Alzheimers disease (AD) is controversial. It has been tested here whether some ... The effects of treatment with the antihypertensive propranolol on cognition and AD-related markers have been studied in the ... Propranolol, at a lower dose than that used as antihypertensive (5 mg/kg, 6 wk), attenuated cognitive impairments shown by ... Overall, these data further strengthen the potential of propranolol as a therapeutic agent for pathologies associated with the ...
6. Fogari R, Zoppi A. Effect of antihypertensive agents on quality of life in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2004;21:377-393. ... Table 3 provides a partial list of antihypertensive medications with typical dosages. ...
Antihypertensive Agents. Hemodynamics Archival Collection: The Edward D. Freis Papers (Profiles in Science) 11. The state of ... Antihypertensive Agents. Chlorothiazide. Hemodynamics Archival Collection: The Edward D. Freis Papers (Profiles in Science) 6. ... Antihypertensive Agents. Hemodynamics Archival Collection: The Edward D. Freis Papers (Profiles in Science) 10. Pathogenesis of ... Antihypertensive Agents. Adrenergic beta-Antagonists. Hemodynamics. Timolol Archival Collection: The Edward D. Freis Papers ( ...
... diet and exercise alone and anti-hyperglycaemic agents), and antihypertensive agents. Education level was defined as ≥ 9 years ... current smoking and patients who used antihypertensive agents (all P , 0.05). In group 4, compared with groups 1 and 2, there ... Another reason is that the elderly patients with long duration may use lipid-lowering or antiplatelet agents to relieve ...
Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the ... this study is the first to demonstrate the beneficial effects of a strategy of treating largely normotensive patients with anti-hypertensive ...
The guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in CKD, available on Medscape, were developed by an appointed Work ... Article KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease ... Cite this: KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease - Medscape ... The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease are 1 of 12 ...
Medication: SSRIs, Levodopa, sympathicomimetic agents, pain relievers, antihypertensives, cough medicines and medication for ... Medication: antihypertensives, diuretics, antidepressants, thyreomimetics, thyreostatics. *Other: height, (changes in) weight, ...
... antihypertensive agents, anticonvulsants, psychotropic agents, and benzodiazepines. Prescription drugs aside, alcohol can also ... Infectious dementia. A number of infectious agents can cause dementia in the elderly: viruses, fungi, and parasites. Dementia ...
Antihypertensive Agents MeSH Vascular Resistance MeSH DeCS ID:. 7152 Unique ID:. D006973 ...
  • Thus, agmatine-like compound has the potential to develop as a new therapeutic agent for hypertension in the future. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, development of the better agent to handle hypertension is urgent [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, development of new agent for management of hypertension is essential. (hindawi.com)
  • Then, this may help the development of new agent(s) for hypertension in the future. (hindawi.com)
  • Hydralazine (Apresoline) is an antihypertensive medication used to treat essential hypertension ( high blood pressure ), alone or in-combination with other anti-hypertensive medications. (medicinenet.com)
  • Choice of Antihypertensive Agent in Isolated Systolic Hypertension and Isolated Diastolic Hypertension: A Secondary Analysis of the ALLHAT Trial. (amedeo.com)
  • Nonadherence to taking prescribed antihypertensive medication (antihypertensive) regimens has been identified as a leading cause of poor blood pressure control among persons with hypertension and an important risk factor for adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • Medscape Nephrology is pleased to present the KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease ( CKD ), which was published as a supplement to the May 2004 issue of American Journal of Kidney Diseases . (medscape.com)
  • The guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in CKD, available on Medscape, were developed by an appointed Work Group consisting of "domain experts" and included individuals with expertise in adult and pediatric nephrology, cardiology, epidemiology, nutrition, social work, and family medicine. (medscape.com)
  • The KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease are 1 of 12 current sets of K/DOQI guidelines available free of charge at https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/ . (medscape.com)
  • The care was a symptomatic one using transfusion in 73% and antihypertensive medication was prescribed for 73% of the patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • 4 weeks, and no medication except for asthma inhalers or antihypertensive or contraceptive medication. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, an activation of peripheral imidazoline I 2 -receptor (I-2R) was documented to produce antihypertensive actions in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Not a first-line agent in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. (medscape.com)
  • Definitions of the "universal" combined antihypertensive therapy that can be effective in most hypertensive patients, regardless of their individual characteristics are discussed. (rpcardio.com)
  • Co-administration of these agents may block the anti-hypertensive benefits of hydralazine treatment. (medicinenet.com)
  • thus hypertensive individuals experience an antihypertensive effect, whereas there is only a modest fall in blood pressure in normotensives. (nih.gov)
  • Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb): control of pressor effect with anti-hypertensive agents. (ucsf.edu)
  • In diabetic patients dosage adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be required. (pharmacycode.com)
  • The most used pharmacological groups were antihypertensive drugs, antilipidemics, drugs to control hypothyroidism and hypoglycemic agents. (bvsalud.org)
  • Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. (rpcardio.com)
  • Overall, 26.3% (4.9 million) of Medicare Part D beneficiaries using antihypertensives were nonadherent to their regimen. (cdc.gov)
  • More than one in four Medicare Part D beneficiaries using antihypertensives were nonadherent to their regimen, and certain racial/ethnic groups, states, and geographic areas were at increased risk for nonadherence. (cdc.gov)
  • The clinical used antihypertensive agent rilmenidine may reduce blood pressure via an activation of imidazoline I 1 -receptors in brain to lower sympathetic tone [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Thus, peripheral I-2R seems a potential target in development of antihypertensive drugs without side effects of sympathetic inhibition. (hindawi.com)
  • Modern approaches to the choice of antihypertensive drugs are considered. (rpcardio.com)
  • These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes including felodipine. (rxlist.com)
  • Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. (rxlist.com)
  • Sexual dysfunction, particularly impotence and failure of ejaculation, is a well-recognised side effect of some antihypertensive drugs that interfere with autonomic function. (erowid.org)
  • Results of the most significant clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of combined antihypertensive therapy and the relevant provisions of up-to-date clinical recommendations are given as arguments. (rpcardio.com)
  • In humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, a potent class of antihypertensive agents, lower blood pressure at least partially by favoring enhanced kinin accumulation in plasma and target tissues. (nature.com)
  • Although this agent is not approved by the FDA for treatment of phobic disorders, its class membership and good tolerability make it an attractive option for long-term treatment. (medscape.com)
  • This drug, the first of a new class of antihypertensive agents, interferes with alpha-adrenergic function at the postsynaptic level. (erowid.org)
  • Analyses were stratified by antihypertensive class, beneficiaries' state and county of residence, type of prescription drug plan, and treatment and demographic characteristics. (cdc.gov)
  • The burden of the pressure targets, lifestyle interventions, antihypertensive recommendations on patients and resources, public medications, and specific management in kidney policy implications, and limitations of the evidence are transplant recipients and children. (bvsalud.org)
  • This agent is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of anxiety disorders, but data from randomized, controlled trials support its use for treatment of agoraphobia. (medscape.com)
  • The Work Group also communicated with members of the JNC 7 and ADA 2003 and with investigators of the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). (medscape.com)
  • Many agents used in clinics are mentioned to produce side effects. (hindawi.com)
  • The antihypertensive effects of the drug may be enhanced in the post-sympathectomy patient. (pharmacycode.com)
  • These agents are used to reduce arterial pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Hydralazine was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1952 as an antihypertensive agent. (medicinenet.com)
  • Pharmacotherapy for phobic disorders (ie, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and agoraphobia) includes antidepressant agents (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs]), benzodiazepines, serotonin (5HT) 1 agonists, antihypertensive agents, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). (medscape.com)
  • For example, data supporting the benefits of losartan over atenolol for the same degree of blood pressure reduction were seen in subgroup analyses of the Losartan Intervention for End Point Reduction in Hypertension ( LIFE ) trial, suggesting that the effects of certain add-on antihypertensive therapies that offer additional blood pressure reductions, as shown in recent studies, may reflect other benefits. (medscape.com)
  • First-line drugs inhibiting the renin angiotensin system versus other first-line antihypertensive drug classes for hypertension. (nih.gov)
  • Choice of antihypertensive agent in isolated systolic hypertension and isolated diastolic hypertension: A secondary analysis of the ALLHAT trial. (nih.gov)
  • Wang SY, Hanna JM, Gongal P, Onuma OK, Nanna MG. Choice of antihypertensive agent in isolated systolic hypertension and isolated diastolic hypertension: A secondary analysis of the ALLHAT trial. (nih.gov)
  • Despite broad treatment recommendations, there are limited published reports comparing the efficacy of different antihypertensive agents in patients with isolated systolic hypertension or isolated diastolic hypertension. (nih.gov)
  • QUESTION: In patients with hypertension, are calcium antagonists (CAs) as first line treatment superior, equal, or inferior to other antihypertensive drugs for reducing major cardiovascular events? (bmj.com)
  • 100 patients with hypertension who were allocated to first line treatment with a CA or other antihypertensive agent and who were followed for ≥2 years for the assessment of cardiovascular events. (bmj.com)
  • In patients with hypertension, initial treatment with calcium antagonists leads to higher risks for myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and major cardiovascular events than treatment with other antihypertensive agents. (bmj.com)
  • For methodological purists and fans of CAs, the data neither prove nor refute the choice of CAs as first line agents for adults with hypertension or those at high risk for cardiovascular disease. (bmj.com)
  • Drugs used for the treatment of hypertension are classified in C02 - Antihypertensives, C03 - Diuretics, C07 - Beta blocking agents, C08 - Calcium channel blockers, and C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (whocc.no)
  • All agents classified in this group are for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). (whocc.no)
  • The use of ACEIs for hypertension is well established, although these agents have not proven to be superior to other antihypertensive agents. (bcmj.org)
  • Thus, for uncomplicated hypertension, an ACEI is one option among the various antihypertensive drug classes. (bcmj.org)
  • 2) The initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy in grade 1 hypertension with moderate absolute total CVR should not be delayed. (kb.se)
  • Antihypertensive agents are a crucial category of pharmaceutical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) used to treat high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. (pharmaoffer.com)
  • SULAR has been used safely with diuretics, ACE inhibitors , and beta-blocking agents. (rxlist.com)
  • See also C03 - Diuretics, C07 - Beta blocking agents, C08 - Calcium channel blockers and C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (whocc.no)
  • This group comprises all antihypertensives which cannot be classified in groups C02A-D, C02L, C02N, C03 - Diuretics, C07 - Beta blocking agents, C08 - Calcium channel blockers or C09 - Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (whocc.no)
  • The debate continues as to whether different antihypertensive therapies confer the same benefits (eg, reduction in cardiovascular morbidity or mortality) for the same degree of blood pressure reduction. (medscape.com)
  • 5% at 10 years) absolute total cardiovascular risk (CVR) should be treated with antihypertensive agents. (kb.se)
  • Current Concepts in Therapy: Antihypertensive Agents. (nih.gov)
  • Other analysis of the patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone in the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT ) has failed to link the apparent higher heart failure risks of doxazosin with worse blood pressure control. (medscape.com)
  • Antihypertensive medications are some of the most important and commonly used drugs in medical practice. (nih.gov)
  • The other antihypertensive drugs have been linked to drug induced liver injury only in isolated case reports and are rarely listed in large case series of acute liver failure or clinically apparent liver injury with jaundice due to medications. (nih.gov)
  • This method is dicey because all antihypertensive drugs have actions other than that of lowering blood pressure, and mechanisms by which a drug lowers blood pressure probably have effects independent of the blood pressure lowering effect. (bmj.com)
  • 1 Moreover, mechanisms of action and effects may vary among antihypertensive drugs within classes as well as across classes. (bmj.com)
  • The analysis in this study encompassed eight major drug classes: lipid-lowering drugs, gastroesophageal reflux disease drugs, antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive drugs, sleep aids, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs, antidepressant drugs, and antipsychotic drugs. (eurekalert.org)
  • Antihypertensive drugs reduce headache but it is unclear whether there are differences between drug classes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Antihypertensive drugs reduce headache but the effect differs between classes, corresponding to their effects on SBPV and the risk of stroke. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (nih.gov)
  • Minoxidil tablets contain minoxidil, an antihypertensive peripheral vasodilator. (nih.gov)
  • These patients were randomized to receive either eplerenone 50 mg once daily (uptitrated to 100 mg if necessary) or placebo in addition to their current antihypertensive therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Also at ESC Congress 2002 , further evidence was presented of the efficacy of the new selective aldosterone blocker, eplerenone, as add-on therapy to existing antihypertensive medication in patients with uncontrolled blood pressure. (medscape.com)
  • Antihypertensives are mainly classified at 3rd levels according to the mechanism of action. (whocc.no)
  • Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. (bmj.com)
  • This may partly be explained by consistent antihypertensive class effects on vascular tone in the peripheral (variability) and cerebrovascular circulations (headache). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Other agents used for treatment of PAH such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g. sildenafil) or prostaglandins (e.g. epoprostenol) are classified in G04BE and in B01AC respectively. (whocc.no)
  • At QV 95, the caption Anti-inflammatory analgesics was changed to Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents . (nih.gov)
  • The scopolamine and nitroglycerin therapeutic systems have recently been joined by a transdermal device containing clonidine, a potent antihypertensive agent. (cdc.gov)
  • These agents inhibit the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angio-tensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. (bcmj.org)
  • A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. (nih.gov)
  • Are All Antihypertensive Agents Created Equal? (medscape.com)
  • Variety of tetrazole derivatives, including antihypertensive pharmaceutical agent Irbesartan, are produced using alkali metal azides (MeN 3 ). (news-medical.net)
  • however, these trials have not shown ACEIs to be superior to other antihypertensives in the absence of compelling indications (e.g., heart failure, diabetes, myocardial infarction). (bcmj.org)
  • CAs and other antihypertensive agents led to similar reductions in blood pressure. (bmj.com)
  • Minoxidil should be reserved for hypertensive patients who do not respond adequately to maximum therapeutic doses of a diuretic and two other antihypertensive agents. (nih.gov)
  • Not a first-line agent in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies. (medscape.com)
  • This study was a secondary analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. (nih.gov)
  • For those of us who are already wary of using CAs as a first line treatment, the data support our practice of avoiding these agents. (bmj.com)
  • In addition, combination treatment of mice with risperidone and a monoamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant imipramine or fluoxetine elicited larger increases in brain phospho-Ser-GSK3 than each agent alone. (researchgate.net)
  • The effect of antihypertensive treatment on headache and blood pressure variability in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Minoxidil must be administered under close supervision, usually concomitantly with therapeutic doses of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent to prevent tachycardia and increased myocardial workload. (nih.gov)
  • only the ester alkaloids have been used as hypotensive agents in specific instances. (bvsalud.org)
  • They are complicated because they combine data from trials characterised by either discontinuation of initial antihypertensive drug treatments or the addition of second and third antihypertensive agents. (bmj.com)
  • Antihypertensive agents function by targeting various mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation. (pharmaoffer.com)
  • The purpose of this communication is to show that, through the use of a biophysically-based model of percutaneous absorption, the physicochemical properties of the drug may be related to the design of the transdermal delivery system (i.e., its release characteristics) to predict plasma levels following topical administration of the agent. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, the antihypertensive agents are rare causes of drug induced liver injury, the exceptions being two agents that have been in use for more than 50 years and are now not commonly used: methyldopa and hydralazine. (nih.gov)
  • It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. (rxlist.com)
  • Members of this group frequently act as antihypertensive agents and selective ganglionic blocking agents. (nih.gov)