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The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.

Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.

Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.

Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.

Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.

A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections (BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. Infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes.

A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.

A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections including BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE and BOVINE HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. The severity of disease appears to be strain dependent. Cytopathogenic effects do not correlate with virulence as non-cytopathic BVDV-2 is associated only with Hemorrhagic Disease, Bovine.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.

Congenital disorder of lambs caused by a virus closely related to or identical with certain strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

The ability of tumors to evade destruction by the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and humoral immunity (ANTIBODY FORMATION), and also costimulatory pathways related to CD28 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD28) and CD80 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD80).

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.

A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).

Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

A plant genus of the family AQUIFOLIACEAE. The common name of 'holly' usually refers to this genus but may sometimes refer to similar looking plants of the MAHONIA or QUERCUS genus.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

A contagious disease caused by canine adenovirus (ADENOVIRUSES, CANINE) infecting the LIVER, the EYE, the KIDNEY, and other organs in dogs, other canids, and bears. Symptoms include FEVER; EDEMA; VOMITING; and DIARRHEA.

Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (1/10399)

Several methods for the detection of Borna disease virus (BDV) RNA have been reported, one being the reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) method. However, due to the possibility of contamination of the cloned DNA in a reaction tube, false-positive results might be obtained by RT-nested PCR. To detect only BDV RNA without anxiety of contamination, we developed an RT-nested PCR system using "mRNA selective PCR kit". Using this system, cDNA of BDV p40 in the plasmid (up to 5 x 10(7) molecules) was not amplified. BDV specific sequence was amplified from total RNA (more than 50 pg) of MDCK/BDV cells, which were persistently infected with BDV. These results indicate that this mRNA selective RT-nested PCR system can specifically amplify target RNA as distinguished from plasmid contaminated. (+info)

Inhibition of Pichinde virus replication by actinomycin D. (2/10399)

The yields of Pichinde virus, a member of the arenavirus group, were markedly inhibited when infected BHK 21 cells were incubated in the presence of 0.4 to 4 mug/ml of actinomycin D. Maximal inhibition was observed when actinomycin D was added after the adsorption of virus to cultures; however, addition of drug as late as 12 h after infection reduced the 24 h yield by 50%. Virus antigen synthesis, as measured by complement fixation and immunodiffusion, was not dramatically reduced by actinomycin D. The expression of virus antigens on the surface of infected cells was greater on cells treated with actinomycin D than on untreated cells. Putative defective particles with a density of Pichinde virus were not detected in fluids of cultures incubated with actinomycin D and 3H-amino acids. Actinomycin D appears to inhibit Pichinde virus late in the replicative cycle. The observations raise the possibility that the drug inhibits the synthesis of proteins of the host cell membrane which are required for virus maturation. (+info)

The clinical utility of CMV surveillance cultures and antigenemia following bone marrow transplantation. (3/10399)

At our institution, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis protocol for allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients who are CMV-seropositive or receive marrow from a CMV-seropositive donor consists of a surveillance bronchoscopy approximately 35 days posttransplant. Patients with a positive surveillance bronchoscopy for CMV receive pre-emptive ganciclovir. In order to determine the utility of other screening methods for CMV, we prospectively performed weekly CMV antigenemia, and blood, urine and throat cultures from time of engraftment to day 120 post-BMT in 126 consecutive patients. Pre-emptive ganciclovir was given to 11/81 patients (13.6%) because of a positive surveillance bronchoscopy for CMV. Results of CMV blood, urine and throat cultures and the antigenemia assay done prior to or at the time of the surveillance bronchoscopy were analyzed for their ability to predict the bronchoscopy result. The antigenemia test had the highest positive and negative predictive values (72% and 96%, respectively). The ability of these tests to predict CMV disease was evaluated in the 70 patients with a negative surveillance bronchoscopy who did not receive pre-emptive ganciclovir. Of 19 cases of active CMV disease, CMV antigenemia was positive in 15 patients (79%) a mean of 34 days preceding symptoms. Blood cultures were positive in 14/19 patients (74%) a mean of 31 days before onset of disease. CMV antigenemia is useful for predicting the surveillance bronchoscopy result, and also predicts the development of CMV disease in the majority of patients missed by the surveillance bronchoscopy. (+info)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (4/10399)

A previously unknown picornavirus was isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). Electron microscopy images and sequence data of the prototype isolate, named Ljungan virus, showed that it is a picornavirus. The amino acid sequences of predicted Ljungan virus capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 were closely related to the human pathogen echovirus 22 (approximately 70% similarity). A partial 5' noncoding region sequence of Ljungan virus showed the highest degree of relatedness to cardioviruses. Two additional isolates were serologically and molecularly related to the prototype. (+info)

Immune response to the immunodominant epitope of mouse hepatitis virus is polyclonal, but functionally monospecific in C57Bl/6 mice. (5/10399)

Mutations in an immunodominant CD8 CTL epitope (S-510-518) are selected in mice persistently infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. These mutations abrogate recognition by T cells harvested from the infected CNS in direct ex vivo cytotoxicity assays. Previous reports have suggested that, in general, an oligoclonal, monospecific T cell response contributes to the selection of CTL escape mutants. Herein, we show that, in MHV-JHM-infected mice, the CD8 T cell response after intraperitoneal infection is polyclonal and diverse. This diverse response was shown to include both polyclonal and oligoclonal components. The polyclonal data were shown to fit a logarithmic distribution. With regard to specificity, we used a panel of peptide analogues of epitope S-510-518 and spleen-derived CD8 T cell lines to determine why only a subset of possible mutations was selected in persistently infected mice. At a given position in the epitope, the mutations identified in in vivo isolates were among those that resulted in the greatest loss of recognition. However, not all such mutations were selected, suggesting that additional factors must contribute to selection in vivo. By extrapolation of these results to the persistently infected CNS, they suggest that the selection of CTL escape mutants requires the presence of a monospecific T cell response but also show that this response need not be oligoclonal. (+info)

Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. (6/10399)

Many peripheral solid tumors such as sarcomas and carcinomas express tumor-specific antigens that can serve as targets for immune effector T cells. Nevertheless, overall immune surveillance against such tumors seems relatively inefficient. We studied immune surveillance against a s.c. sarcoma expressing a characterized viral tumor antigen. Surprisingly, the tumor cells were capable of inducing a protective cytotoxic T cell response if transferred as a single-cell suspension. However, if they were transplanted as small tumor pieces, tumors readily grew. Tumor growth correlated strictly with (i) failure of tumor cells to reach the draining lymph nodes and (ii) absence of primed cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells were not tolerant or deleted because a tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response was readily induced in lymphoid tissue by immunization with virus or with tumor cells even in the presence of large tumors. Established tumors were rejected by vaccine-induced effector T cells if effector T cells were maintained by prolonged or repetitive vaccination, but not by single-dose vaccination. Thus, in addition to several other tumor-promoting parameters, some antigenic peripheral sarcomas-and probably carcinomas-may grow not because they anergize or tolerize tumor-specific T cells, but because such tumors are immunologically dealt with as if they were in a so-called immunologically privileged site and are ignored for too long. (+info)

Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane envelope proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. (7/10399)

A 120-amino-acid polypeptide selected from the transmembrane protein region (tTM) and the major capsid protein p26 of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) were expressed as fusion proteins from recombinant baculoviruses. The antigenic reactivity of both recombinant fusion proteins was confirmed by Western blot with bovine and rabbit antisera to BIV. BIV-negative bovine sera and animal sera positive for bovine syncytial virus and bovine leukemia virus failed to recognize the recombinant fusion proteins, thereby showing the specificity of the BIV Western blot. One hundred and five bovine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-BIV antibodies by the recombinant protein-based Western blot and a reference Western blot assay using cell culture-derived virions as test antigens. There was a 100% concordance when the p26 fusion protein was used in the Western blot. However, the Western blot using the tTM fusion protein as its test antigen identified four BIV-positive bovine sera which had tested negative in both the p26 recombinant-protein-based and the reference Western blot assays. This resulted in the lower concordance of 96.2% between the tTM-protein-based and reference Western blot assays. The results of this study showed that the recombinant p26 and tTM proteins can be used as test antigens for the serodetection of BIV-infection in animals. (+info)

Human serum antibodies to a major defined epitope of human herpesvirus 8 small viral capsid antigen. (8/10399)

The major antibody-reactive epitope of the small viral capsid antigen (sVCA) of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) was defined by use of overlapping peptides. Strong IgG reactivity was found among approximately 50% of 44 human immunodeficiency virus-positive or -negative patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and 13 subjects who were seropositive by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the latent HHV-8 nuclear antigen. Only 1 of 106 subjects seronegative for both lytic and latent HHV-8 antigens and 10 of 81 subjects IFA-seropositive only for the lytic HHV-8 antigen had strong IgG reactivity to this epitope. Among 534 healthy Swedish women, only 1.3% were strongly seropositive. Comparison of the peptide-based and purified sVCA protein-based ELISAs found 55% sensitivity and 98% specificity. However, only 1 of 452 serum samples from healthy women was positive in both tests. In conclusion, the defined sVCA epitope was a specific, but not very sensitive, serologic marker of active HHV-8 infection. Such infection appears to be rare among Swedish women, even with sexual risk-taking behavior. (+info)

... -antigen interactions[edit]. The antibody's paratope interacts with the antigen's epitope. An antigen usually contains ... elevated IgM indicates viral hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis, autoimmune ... Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.[16] It has been shown to activate ... Rh factor, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on red blood cells; individuals that are Rh-positive (Rh+) have this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

However, viral genomes are constantly mutating, producing new forms of these antigens. If one of these new forms of an antigen ... Two processes drive the antigens to change: antigenic drift[1][2] and antigenic shift, antigenic drift being the more common. ... In the influenza virus, the two relevant antigens are the surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.[4] The ... A. W. Hampson (2002). "Influenza virus antigens and antigenic drift". In C. W. Potter. Influenza. Elsevier Science B. V. pp. 49 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_drift

Viral meningitis[edit]. Viral meningitis typically only requires supportive therapy; most viruses responsible for causing ... carrying the K1 antigen). Listeria monocytogenes (serotype IVb) is transmitted by the mother before birth and may cause ... Bacterial and viral meningitis are contagious, but neither is as contagious as the common cold or flu.[50] Both can be ... Viral[edit]. Viruses that cause meningitis include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (generally type 2, which produces most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis

Tjian R (1981). "Regulation of viral transcription and DNA replication by the SV40 large T antigen". Current Topics in ... ATPases (EC 3.6.1.3, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, adenosine 5'-triphosphatase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase

"The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway: strategies for viral immune evasion". Immunology. 110 (2): 163-9. doi:10.1046/j. ... "MHC class I antigen presentation: learning from viral evasion strategies". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 9 (7): 503-13. doi ... It is in this way, the MHC class I-dependent pathway of antigen presentation, that the virus infected cells signal T-cells that ... Histocompatibility+Antigens+Class+I at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHC_class_I

viral antigen plant". The Hindu. -. 26 November 2020. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 January 2021.CS1 maint: others (link) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Valley

"Detection of antigens or antibodies by ELISA". www.virology.ws. Retrieved 2017-04-03. Grandien, M. (1996-05-01). "Viral ... By knowing the epitope sequence of the antibody, ELISA can also be used for antigen detection in a sample. Histological methods ... ELISA can also indicate viral presence and is highly specific, having a detection specificity of 10−9-10−12 moles per litre ... Antibodies are added to a bacterial solution, providing an antigen for the binding of fluorescent anti-antibody adherence. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology

Viral antigen can be shown in tissues by indirect fluorescent antibody staining.[7] ... NS3 is a putative helicase, and NS5 is the viral polymerase. It has been noted that Japanese encephalitis infects the lumen of ... Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia, with up to 70,000 cases reported annually.[25] ... The outer envelope is formed by envelope protein and is the protective antigen. It aids in entry of the virus into the inside ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis

The viral envelope of an enveloped virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus which act as antigens. These ... Today, these antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene E. coli) to produce material for a simple antigen ... HBsAg (also known as the Australia antigen) is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current ... It is commonly referred to as the Australia Antigen. This is because it was first isolated by the American research physician ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBsAg

He worked on the mechanism of activation of the immune system by viral antigens. He was awarded a D.Phil. in 1997 for his ... The processing and presentation of viral antigens (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 43182774. "Medical Alumnus Wins ... thesis titled The processing and presentation of viral antigens. After graduation, he attended Harvard Medical School, where he ... Mukherjee's lab, with the help of PureTech Health plc, has been investigating chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Mukherjee

This includes testing sera and saliva for viral antigens. Prenatal diagnosis is further complicated when microcephaly manifests ... severe reduction of neural progenitors and neurones as a result of cell cycle arrest and neural progenitor death due to viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalasia_microcephaly

Main article: Viral neuraminidase. Influenza neuraminidase is a mushroom-shaped projection on the surface of the influenza ... It comprises a single polypeptide chain that is oriented in the opposite direction to the hemagglutinin antigen. The ... The viral neuraminidases are frequently used as antigenic determinants found on the surface of the influenza virus. Some ... The best-known neuraminidase is the viral neuraminidase, a drug target for the prevention of the spread of influenza infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraminidase

Transplantation antigens and their changes in carcinogenesis and viral infection. In: Virusnyi onkoliz i iskusstvennaya ... geterogenizatsiya opukholei (Viral Oncolysis and Artificial Heterogenization of Tumors). Riga, pp. 217-234. the stem bark of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_cancer_treatment_development

抗體的某些部分具有獨特的功能。比如說Y形的臂區，包含了兩個可以結合抗原的位點，是識別外來物的關鍵所在。該區域被稱為Fab區，即抗原結合區段（fragment, antigen binding）。無論是重鏈還是輕鏈，抗原結合區段均包括一個可變區與一個恆定區 ... Natural antibody protects against viral infection. Virology Blog. 2009-10-06 [2010-01-22]. （

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/抗体

... antigen presentation in adaptive immunity and viral infection; cystic fibrosis; and bacterial nutrition. In 2019, she was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jue_Chen_(scientist)

DNA vaccines induce antigen production in the host. It is a plasmid that contains a viral, bacterial or parasite gene. The ... or killed viral strains. The inactivation occurs through chemical or physical treatment which either denatures the protein or ... analysis of pathogens and furthered understanding of the mechanisms of pathogens has resulted in the discovery of antigens and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_vaccination

Each adult dose contains 500 U of viral antigen. The pediatric dose contains 250 U of viral antigen. Vaqta: made by Merck. ... Each adult dose contains 1440 ELISA units of viral antigen adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide (0.5 mg Al). The pediatric (child) ... doses contain half the amount of viral antigen and aluminium. Healive: made by Sinovac. Inactivated hepatitis A virus cultured ... "Hepatitis, Viral, Type A". Travelers' Health: Yellow Book (CDC). Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine

Viral antigen can be detected by performing an assay. A serological assay can also be performed on the sample to look for virus ... The viral protein gyanyltransferase λ2 is responsible for capping the viral mRNA. Mammalian orthoreovirus mRNA transcripts have ... "Orthoreovirus". Viral Zone. Retrieved 1 October 2014. editors, Michael G. Rossmann, Venigalla B. Rao (2012). Viral molecular ... "Viral Zone". Anonymous. "Orthoreovirus". ViralZone. Retrieved 1 October 2014. Anonymous. "Orthoreovirus". Viral Zone. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoreovirus

... (core antigen) is a hepatitis B viral protein. It is an indicator of active viral replication; this means the person ... The presence of both HBcAg and HBeAg proteins together act as a marker of viral replication, and antibodies to these antigens ... May 2003). "New enzyme immunoassay for detection of hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and relation between levels of HBcAg ... HBcAg is an antigen that can be found on the surface of the nucleocapsid core (the inner most layer of the hepatitis B virus). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBcAg

This enhances the anti-tumor immune response to tumor antigens released following viral lysis and provides a patient-specific ... Tumor antigens have been divided into two categories: shared tumor antigens; and unique tumor antigens. Shared antigens are ... Escape loss variants (that target a single tumor antigen are likely to be less effective. Tumors are heterogeneous and antigen ... as sometimes an immune response to a single antigen can lead to immunity against other antigens on the same tumor.[11] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_vaccine

MHC class I molecules are the main mechanism by which cells display viral or tumor antigens to cytotoxic T cells. A common ... They serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response generates antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that can ... As these are stress molecules released by cells upon viral infection, they serve to signal to the NK cell the presence of viral ... Infusions of T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor that recognizes an antigen molecule on leukemia cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell

... are characteristically latent in lymphocytes and drive the proliferation that requires the expression of latent viral antigens. ... Viral DNA injection through nuclear pore complex (NPC) into nucleus • Assembly of nucleocapsids and encapsidation of viral ... Although the first ORF in these gammaherpesviruses have oncogenic potential, other viral genes may also play a role in viral ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.. *^ a b c "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae

They are readily detectable by HBV DNA in serum, but hepatitis B e antigen (HbeAg) is absent. The X gene codes for HBxAg. The ... The precore region is not necessary for viral replication. Precore mutants can replicate. ... A precore mutant is a variety of hepatitis B virus that does not produce hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg). These mutants are ... in the precore region of the viral genome. The HBV has four genes: S, P, C, and X. The S gene codes for the "major" envelope ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus_precore_mutant

An immunohistological study of the distribution of viral antigen within the brain". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 54 (2 ... Herpes simplex is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus.[1] Infections are categorized based on the part of the ... Based on symptoms, PCR, viral culture[1][2]. Medication. Aciclovir, valaciclovir, paracetamol (acetaminophen), topical ... HSV-2 is the most common cause of Mollaret's meningitis, a type of recurrent viral meningitis. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes

Fluorescent antibody study identified the locations of viral antigens in wild rabbit papillomas. They were present only in the ... In domesticated rabbits, the viral antigens were present in much smaller quantity in only superficial, keratinized layers. The ... Viral replication proteins E1 and E2 are also required to form the papilloma and keep the episomal viral genome replication low ... E4 proteins are expressed, and viral DNA amplification starts in the differentiated cells. Following this, the L1 and L2 viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shope_papilloma_virus

Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral fiber glycoproteins to host ... In addition, virus antigen can be detected double immunodiffusion. Postmortem examination may reveal a variety of clinical ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Avian Adenoviruses, reviewed and published ... Diagnosis of aviadenovirus is by histopathology, electron microscopy, viral isolation, ELISA and PCR. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_adenovirus

Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens. Because of the bleeding tendency of ... The sfRNAs are a result of incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the exonuclease and are important for viral ... Other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, and Junin virus, must be excluded as the cause ... The UTR contains PKS3 pseudoknot structure, which serves as a molecular signal to stall the exonuclease and is the only viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever

HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DO beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DOB gene. HLA-DOB ... Andrieu JM, Even P, Venet A (1986). "AIDS and related syndromes as a viral-induced autoimmune disease of the immune system: an ... 1992). "DNA sequence analysis of 66 kb of the human MHC class II region encoding a cluster of genes for antigen processing". J ... 1994). "HLA class II antigens and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 bind to the same face of CD4". J. Immunol. 152 (9): 4475- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DOB

Interleukin-10 determines viral clearance or persistence in vivo. Nature Medicine. November 2006, 12 (11): 1301-9. PMC 2535582 ... MR1 antigen presentation to mucosal-associated invariant T cells was highly conserved in evolution. Proceedings of the National ... An induced rebinding model of antigen discrimination. Trends Immunol. 2014, 35 (4): 153-8. PMC 3989030. PMID 24636916. doi: ... Progressive loss of memory T cell potential and commitment to exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Journal of Virology. ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T细胞

... meningitis and other viral haemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD.[1] Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or ... "First Antigen Rapid Test for Ebola through Emergency Assessment and Eligible for Procurement". World Health Organization (WHO ... Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and ... Peters, C. J. (December 1998). Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting (PDF). ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

It increases MHC II and adhesion molecules LFA-1 and LFA-3 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen). ... Other viral infections. *Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). *Immune toxicity, with depletion of B cells in 70% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

... for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching (see PGD for HLA matching) in order to donate to an ill sibling requiring HSCT. ... "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea" ... the donor should preferably have the same human leukocyte antigens (HLA) as the recipient. About 25 to 30 percent of allogeneic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Marrow_Transplant

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

OspA antigens, shed by live Borrelia bacteria into urine, are a promising technique being studied.[117] The use of nanotrap ... Unlike viral meningitis, Lyme lymphocytic meningitis tends to not cause fever, last longer, and recur.[33][30] Lymphocytic ... The EM (Erythema migrans) rash is often accompanied by symptoms of a viral-like illness, including fatigue, headache, body ... People with high fever for more than two days or whose other symptoms of viral-like illness do not improve despite antibiotic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

"Tissue Antigens. 64 (5): 575-80. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00310.x. PMID 15496200.. ... or alternatively the result of chronic viral infection which is known to also elevate anti-tranglutaminase antibody. A German ... An A1::DQ2 appears in India, however its major antigen genes superficially resemble European A1-B8 and it appears to be a ... November 1979). "Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA-DRw3". Tissue Antigens. 14 (5): 449-52. doi:10.1111/j.1399- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA_A1-B8-DR3-DQ2

... , also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus.[1] ... However, immunofluorescence essays provide less definitive proof of Lassa infection.[7] An ELISA test for antigen and ... Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium Lassa fever Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Page accessed April 6, 2016 ... Clinically, Lassa fever infections are difficult to distinguish from other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola and Marburg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_fever

Liver biopsy can verify inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes and detect viral antigens. Because of the bleeding tendency of ... The sfRNAs are a result of incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the exonuclease and are important for viral ... Other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, and Junin virus, must be excluded as the cause ... Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.[3] In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever

The cytotoxicity of Natural Killer (NK) cells and the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells is known to diminish with ... stimulation the accumulation and the clonal expansion of memory and effector T-cells hampered immune defences against viral ... The age-associated impairment of dendritic Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) has profound implications as this translates into a ... Hakim, F.T.; R.E. Gress (2007). "Immunosenescence: deficits in adaptive immunity in elderly". Tissue Antigens. 70 (3): 179-189 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosenescence

The immune complexes are formed by binding of antibodies to antigens in the glomerular basement membrane. The antigens may be ... Within membranous glomerulonephritis, especially in cases caused by viral hepatitis, serum C3 levels are low.[7] ... Other studies have implicated neutral endopeptidase and cationic bovine serum albumin as antigens.[4] ... "M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy". The New England Journal of Medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranous_nephritis

T-antigen, also plays a key role in viral proliferation,[11] directing the initiation of DNA replication for the virus as well ... The Spi-B factor was shown to be crucial in initiating viral replication in certain strains of transgenic mice.[10] The protein ... A map of the genome of JC virus, indicating the position of the tumor antigen genes (red), the three capsid protein genes ( ... Further research is needed to determine the exact etiological role of T-antigen, but there seems to be a connection to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jc_virus

... is to conjugate the antigens. Conjugation is the attachment to the antigen of another substance which also generates an immune ... A more contemporary approach for "boosting" the immune response to simpler immunogenic molecules (known as antigens) ... In the future it might be possible to artificially design antibodies to fit specific antigens, then produce them in large ... response, thus amplifying the overall response and causing a more robust immune memory to the antigen. For example, a toxoid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

... viral burden - viral core - viral culture - viral envelope - viral load - viremia - viricide - virion - virology - virus - ... antigen - antigen presentation - antigen-presenting cell (APC) - antineoplastic - antiprotozoal - antiretroviral drugs - ... human leukocyte antigens (HLA) - human papilloma virus (HPV) - human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) - human T cell ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_AIDS-related_topics

Infectious diseases - viral (AIDS, SARS, West Nile encephalitis, hepatitis, herpes, measles, others), bacterial (TB, typhoid, ... These cells bind antigens presented on MHC I complex of virus-infected or tumour cells and kill them. Nearly all nucleated ... Basophils are chiefly responsible for allergic and antigen response by releasing the chemical histamine causing the dilation of ... Dendritic cells (Although these will often migrate to local lymph nodes upon ingesting antigens) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell

... have been produced primarily by ex-vivo cultures and by the expansion of T-lymphocytes after stimulation with viral antigens. ... This is carried out by using donor-derived antigen-presenting cells. These new methods have reduced culture time to 10-12 days ... It is a treatment that has been effective in preventing and treating viral infections after HSCT. VST therapy uses active donor ... recurrent infections and failure of the development of antibodies on exposure to antigens. The 1999 criteria also distinguish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency

Group-specific antigen (gag) proteins are major components of the viral capsid, which are about 2000-4000 copies per virion. ... The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the ... This step will also make viral enzymes and capsid proteins (8). Viral RNA will be made in the nucleus. These pieces are then ... Next, some of these RNA molecules are translated into viral proteins. For example, the gag gene is translated into molecules of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus

... as an antigen, Richard F. J. Pfeiffer introduced it in the abdomen of a guinea pig already vaccinated against this disease, and ... serum which was able to agglutinate the bacteria and neutralize the toxin was supplied by a horse inoculated with the viral ... and they deduced that it can play the role of antigen, that is if they could overcome the delicate moment of its injection, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute

rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.. Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian ... This can occur in viral infections of host cells.[8] They were named "natural killer" because they do not require activation in ... Activates the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation. ... Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

H3N2 is a subtype of the viral genus Influenzavirus A, which is an important cause of human influenza. Its name derives from ... a B/Brisbane 60/2008-like antigens[23]. A separate vaccine was available for pandemic H1N1 influenza using the A/California/7/ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3N2

Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens ... When host cells die, either by programmed cell death (also called apoptosis) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral ... Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive ... When a part of a plant becomes infected with a microbial or viral pathogen, in case of an incompatible interaction triggered by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA19-9 are often elevated, but are not sensitive or specific enough to be ... whether in the form of viral hepatitis (e.g. hepatitis B or hepatitis C),[22][23][24] alcoholic liver disease, or cirrhosis of ... Studies of the performance of serum markers for cholangiocarcinoma (such as carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9) in patients ... carcinoembryonic antigen, and mucins may aid in diagnosis.[45] Most tumors (,90%) are adenocarcinomas.[46] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma

Viral antigens[edit]. For virus-associated tumors, such as cervical cancer and a subset of head and neck cancers, epitopes ... Antigens can be classified according to their source. Exogenous antigens[edit]. Exogenous antigens are antigens that have ... T-independent antigen - Antigens that stimulate B cells directly.. *Immunodominant antigens - Antigens that dominate (over all ... Tumor antigens[edit]. Tumor antigens are those antigens that are presented by MHC class I or MHC class II molecules on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

negative regulation of viral genome replication. • humoral immune response. • positive regulation of interleukin-8 production. ... "Cytotoxicity mediated by soluble antigen and lymphocytes in delayed hypersensitivity. 3. Analysis of mechanism". J. Exp. Med ... inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1 & IL6 producing cells. ... but also found in viral capsid proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

"Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome". Science 244 (4902): 359-62. April ... Detection by Immune Electron Microscopy of a Viruslike Antigen Associated with Acute Illness". Science 182 (4116): 1026-1028. ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/ஸ்டீபன்_பெயின்ஸ்டோன்

The tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen (usually a protein or ... Viral disease. Notes and references[edit]. *^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved ... In these forms of viral infection, the illness is often treated by the body's own immune response, and therefore the virus is ... Using a similar basis as described above, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology

The resulting rapid change in viral genetics produces antigenic shifts, which are sudden changes from one antigen to another. ... The central core contains the viral RNA genome and other viral proteins that package and protect this RNA. RNA tends to be ... which is a slow change in the antigens on the viral surface over time.[80] The separation of the genome into eight separate ... the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition.[63] These are made of a viral envelope containing two ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

Usually, a target cell line expressing a certain surface-exposed antigen is incubated with antibody specific for that antigen. ... During replication of a virus some of the viral proteins are expressed on the cell surface membrane of the infected cell. ... Antibodies can then bind to these viral proteins. Next, the NK cells which have Fc Receptors will bind to that antibody, ... whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.[1] It is one of the mechanisms through which antibodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity

Viral pathogenesis • Preventive and therapeutic vaccines. 11: 63-9. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2015.02.002. PMC 4827424. PMID ... It is the presence or absence of glycosyltransferases which dictates which blood group antigens are presented and hence what ... glycosylation is often used by viruses to shield the underlying viral protein from immune recognition. A significant example is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosylated

... viral antigen and viral RNA were found in macrophages in the synovial joint of a person experiencing a relapse of ... Viral antigen was detected in a muscle biopsy of a person suffering a recurrent episode of disease three months after initial ... Viral replication is highly cytopathic, but susceptible to type-I and -II interferon.[43] In vivo, in studies using living ... RT-PCR can also be used to quantify the viral load in the blood. Using RT-PCR, diagnostic results can be available in one to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine

The Epstein-Barr virus viral-capsid antigen (EBV-VCA) is the viral protein that forms the viral capsid of the Epstein-Barr ... It is the antigen targeted by antibodies that bond to viral capsid antigens (VCA). Such antibodies can be used in serology to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_viral-capsid_antigen

An easy-to-use directory for life science and biomedical research products. Find special deals on products, order catalogs and browse product lines from suppliers of reagents, antibodies, laboratory equipment, and more.

http://www.biosupplynet.com/cfdocs/products/prod_supp.cfm?prod_id=2328

Viral antigens elicit augmented immune responses in primary Sjögrens syndrome.. Björk A1, Thorlacius GE1, Mofors J1, ... We observed augmented innate and adaptive immune responses in pSS following viral antigen exposure suggesting an underlying ... Systematic studies of immune responses to microbial antigens in vivo may be performed during vaccination. In the present study ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31665501

Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens.. Amanna IJ1, Carlson NE, Slifka MK. ... We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens (vaccinia, measles, mumps, rubella, ... In addition, we measured antigen-specific memory B cells by means of limiting-dilution analysis, and we compared memory B-cell ... Antibody responses against tetanus and diphtheria antigens waned more quickly, with estimated half-lives of 11 years and 19 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989383?dopt=Abstract

Additional Keywords : Adverse Reaction, Chromosome, Genomic Variation, Modified Viral Antigens. Anti Therapeutic Actions : ... 1 Abstracts with Modified Viral Antigens Research. Filter by Study Type. Human: Case Report. ... 1 Problematic Actions Researched for Modified Viral Antigens Name. AC. CK. Focus. ...

http://www.greenmedinfo.com/keyword/modified-viral-antigens

These studies provide quantitative analysis of serologic memory for multiple antigens in subjects followed longitudinally over ... Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1903-15. doi: 10.1056/ ... Methods: We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens (vaccinia, measles, mumps, rubella ... In addition, we measured antigen-specific memory B cells by means of limiting-dilution analysis, and we compared memory B-cell ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17989383/?dopt=Abstract

... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in ... Antigen-Antibody Pens, a set of any 3 pens. 10. Antigen-Antibody Pen For Biotin-tagged antibodies (all species). 11. Antigen- ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/EBV-Antibody-To-Viral-Capsid-Antigen--IgM-22586-1/

A viral antigen is a protein encoded by the viral genome.A viral protein is an antigen specified by the viral genome that can ... A viral Antigen is an antigen with multiple antigenicities that is protein in nature, strain-specific, and closely associated ... A viral antigen is a protein encoded by the viral genome.A viral protein is an antigen specified by the viral genome that can ... About Viral Antigens:. A viral Antigen is an antigen with multiple antigenicities that is protein in nature, strain-specific, ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/viral_antigens

... lack of antigen capture cannot be the main cause of impaired MHC II presentation of viral antigens seen here, because mature ... so it might be expected that antigens synthesized by the DCs themselves (for instance, viral antigens) would still be presented ... rather than to down-regulation of antigen uptake or processing. Indeed, presentation of an endogenous viral antigen was also ... but were unable to present peptides derived from these antigens. Furthermore, presentation of viral antigens synthesized by the ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/104/45/17753?ijkey=8231457bbf178b6b4a7a3488e2794b17280bb16d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The kit disclosed herein uses ELISA methodology, employs the BVDV antigen specific monoclonal antibody 15.c.5, and requires at ... or other bodily fluid samples to identify cattle infected with the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). The results of this ... The invention disclosed herein presents an antigen-capture immunoassay that utilizes serum, plasma, milk, urine, saliva, ... MIGNON B ET AL: "A MONOCLONAL ELISA FOR BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHOEA PESTIVIRUS ANTIGEN DETECTION IN PERSISTENTLY INFECTED CATTLE", ...

http://www.google.ca/patents/EP1387172A3?cl=en

... ... Unknown author (‎1979)‎. Detection of antigens and IgM antibodies for rapid diagnosis of viral infections: a WHO Memorandum*. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/261943

PRNewswire/ -- The Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market Forecast to 2027 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis by ... Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market Analysis - By End User. 11. Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market Analysis and ... 4. Global Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market - Market Landscape. 5. Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market- Key ... 6. Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market - Global Analysis. 7. Native Bacterial and Viral Antigens Market Analysis - By ...

https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/native-bacterial-and-viral-antigens-market-analysis-2020-2027-by-product-type-pathogen-type-application-end-user-and-geography-301199047.html

These findings indicate that the viral GP determines nAb kinetics largely independently of the specific viral infection context ... They further suggest that structural features of viral GPs or coevolutionary adaptation of the viruss GP to the hosts naive B ... Using a reverse genetic approach, we evaluated possible underlying mechanisms in 2 widely studied viral infection models. ... each of the 2 recombinant and parent viruses in infected mice and found that nAb kinetics were solely determined by the viral ...

https://jci.org/articles/view/22374/pdf

The nAbs of the indicated specificity were used for detection of the viral surface antigens. Scale bar: 0.2 μm. (. D. ) BHK-21 ... These findings indicate that the viral GP determines nAb kinetics largely independently of the specific viral infection context ... WT and recombinant viral genomes. (. A. ) The LCMV-ARM genome consists of 2 single-stranded negative-strand ambisense RNA ... They further suggest that structural features of viral GPs or coevolutionary adaptation of the viruss GP to the hosts naive B ...

https://jci.org/articles/view/22374/figure/1

What is viral hepatitis antigens? Meaning of viral hepatitis antigens medical term. What does viral hepatitis antigens mean? ... Looking for online definition of viral hepatitis antigens in the Medical Dictionary? viral hepatitis antigens explanation free ... viral hepatitis antigens. vi·ral hep·a·ti·tis an·ti·gens (vīrăl hepă-tītis anti-jĕnz) Immunogenic components of hepatitis ... Viral hepatitis antigens , definition of viral hepatitis antigens by Medical dictionary https://medical-dictionary. ...

https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/viral+hepatitis+antigens

Immunotherapeutic treatments in head and neck cancer clinical trials include cancer vaccines targeting foreign viral antigens ... Anti-tumor immunity induced by ectopic expression of viral antigens is transient and limited by immune escape Oncoimmunology. ... Herein, we demonstrate the impact of immunogenic viral antigens on anti-tumor response and immune editing in MOC2-E6E7, a ... Immunotherapeutic treatments in head and neck cancer clinical trials include cancer vaccines targeting foreign viral antigens ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30906661/

The antigen of claim 11 wherein the immunogenic carrier material is Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. 14. The antigen of claim 11 ... An immunogenic antigen comprising the peptide of claim 4 covalently bonded to an immunogenic carrier material. 12. The antigen ... The preparation of an antibody using the antigen is carried out by administering the aforesaid antigen, preferably using an ... while it is apparent that the antigen of the core protein of the AIDS virus at positions 92 to 109 is critical in the viral ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4983387.html

Recombinant Borrelia Burgdorferi p100 (p100/p83) produced in SF9 is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain having a calculated molecular mass of 77,813 Dalton.

https://www.prospecbio.com/borrelia_p100

Performance Evaluation Programs for Determining HIV-1 Viral Loads, Testing for HIV p24 Antigen, and Identifying Mycobacterium ... The first assesses the performance of laboratories that perform tests to determine the viral RNA copy number (viral load) in ... Results of viral load determinations are being used by physicians treating HIV-infected patients to make decisions regarding ... For laboratories interested in participating in the new PE programs for viral load and p24 Ag testing, or one of the existing ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmWr/preview/mmwrhtml/00046324.htm

Australia Antigen and Acute Viral Hepatitis W. THOMAS LONDON, M.D., F.A.C.P.; ALTON I. SUTNICK, M.D., F.A.C.P.; BARUCH S. ... Australia antigen (Au(1)) was found in the sera of 20% of 125 patients with acute viral hepatitis. It was not present in the ... Australia Antigen and Acute Viral Hepatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1969;70:55-59. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-70-1-55 ... Experiences of Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Viral Hepatitis B, and Viral Hepatitis C Infections at a Hospital in ...

https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/682897/australia-antigen-acute-viral-hepatitis

Diagnosis of viral infections via viral antigen detection methods such as immunofluorescence (FA), immunochromatography ( ... This chapter deals with principles of FA, IC, and EIA and their contemporary applications in viral antigen detection. ... offer many of these attractive features and are useful for direct detection of viral antigens in an array of clinical specimens ... Whether the detection method is FA, rapid IC, or EIA, detection of antigens of the common respiratory viruses (i.e., adenovirus ...

http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555819156.ch08

Determinants of spontaneous surface antigen loss in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with a low viral load†‡. ... Determinants of spontaneous surface antigen loss in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients with a low viral load. Hepatology, ... Viral Hepatitis. You have free access to this content. ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.24615/suppinfo

Viral, Tumor" by people in this website by year, and whether "Antigens, Viral, Tumor" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Antigens, Viral, Tumor" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Antigens, Viral, Tumor" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Antigens, Viral, Tumor". ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/110899

... a number of observations have culminated in the localization of viral antigens in liver tissue by the use of routine histology ... The role of hepatitis B viral antigens and liver membrane antigens as targets. In: Popper H, Schaffner F (eds) Progress in ... Prognostic Significance of Viral Antigens in Liver Tissue. In: Callea F., Zorzi M., Desmet V.J. (eds) Viral Hepatitis. ... Over the past 15 years, a number of observations have culminated in the localization of viral antigens in liver tissue by the ...

https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-71350-7_6

These formulations generally comprise hybridoma of at least one antigen presenting cell ... The fused cells and/or co-cultured cells are then used to provide a complete array of tumor antigens or viral antigens that can ... This is presumably because the tumor cells and viral cells are incapable of providing the antigen or antigens in the ... Induction of tumor and viral immunity using antigen presenting cell co-culture products and fusion products ...

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2006/0153821.html

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Loss in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Low Viral Load (LVL). The safety and scientific ... Hepatitis B Surface Antigen(HBsAg) Loss in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Low Viral Load. ... 50 HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load will receive Peg-Interferon alfa 2a + Adefovir for a period ... 50 HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load will receive Peg-Interferon alfa 2a + Tenofovir for a period ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00973219

Human B Cells Secrete Granzyme B When Recognizing Viral Antigens in the Context of the Acute Phase Cytokine IL-21. Magdalena ... Human B Cells Secrete Granzyme B When Recognizing Viral Antigens in the Context of the Acute Phase Cytokine IL-21 ... Human B Cells Secrete Granzyme B When Recognizing Viral Antigens in the Context of the Acute Phase Cytokine IL-21 ... Human B Cells Secrete Granzyme B When Recognizing Viral Antigens in the Context of the Acute Phase Cytokine IL-21 ...

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2009/07/10/jimmunol.0901066

The immunodot blot test was sensitive and specific for ASFV antigens and has potential field application. Hemolymph from field- ... antigens in the hemolymph from soft ticks (Ornithodoros coriaceus) fed on ASFV-infected pigs. ... Identification of African Swine Fever Viral Antigens in the Hemolymph of Soft Ticks (Argasidae: Ornithodoros) by the Immunodot ... The immunodot blot test was used to identify African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigens in the hemolymph from soft ticks ( ...

http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1027

Demonstration ofcanine distemper viral antigen in paraffin sections, using an unlabelled antibody-enzyme method. Am. J. Vet. ... Ducatelle R., Castryck F., Hoorens J. (1984) Tagging of Viral Antigens using Immunoperoxidase and Immunogold Techniques. In: ... A simple and rapid immunoperoxidase test for the detection of virus antigens in tissue culture. Vet. Rec., 106, 506-507.PubMed ... The detection of foot- and mouth disease virus antigens in infected cell cultures by immunoperoxidase techniques. J. Gen. Virol ...

https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-6039-8_3

Utility of leucocyte antigens in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infection in children. Anna Stelmaszczyk-Emmel, ... Utility of leucocyte antigens in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infection in children. Central European Journal of ... Utility of leucocyte antigens in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infection in children. Central European Journal of ... "Utility of leucocyte antigens in distinguishing between bacterial and viral infection in children". Central European Journal of ...

https://www.termedia.pl/Utility-of-leucocyte-antigens-in-distinguishing-between-bacterial-and-viral-infection-in-children,10,34286,1,1.html

It is the antigen targeted by antibodies that bond to viral capsid antigens (VCA). (wikipedia.org)
When cellular immunity is unable to clear the virus, the infection can become chronic, and serum antibodies to the viral pathogen are used as first indicator for the diagnosis of the disease. (prospecbio.com)
Recombinant viral antigens contain part of viral sequence meaning that the recombinant antigen contains a region which can be recognized by different antibodies produced by different individuals. (prospecbio.com)
If an individual infected with a viral antigen makes antibodies to a part of the protein not included in the synthetic peptides, a false negative results. (prospecbio.com)
The EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) Antibodies to Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgM test looks for a type of antibody which the body develops in response to infection with Epstein-Barr Virus . (requestatest.com)
We posit that chronic exposure or multiple acute exposures to viral antigen may redirect B cells from production of antiviral antibodies to antibodies, specific to myelin antigen. (frontiersin.org)
We suggest that induction of MBP-reactive antibodies in LMP1-immunized mice may be caused by either Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) or by T cells that are primed by myelin antigens directly in CNS. (frontiersin.org)
This hypothesis suggests that B cells initially recruited to neutralize external pathogens after somatic mutations and maturation start to produce low-to-middle affinity cross-reactive antibodies able to recognize self-antigens. (frontiersin.org)
We observed that viral vectored vaccines expressing both stalk-targeting, chimeric HA constructs, and the NP+M1 fusion protein, in a prime-boost regimen resulted in the production of antibodies toward group 2 HAs, the HA stalk, NP and M1, as well as in induction of influenza virus-specific-IFNγ responses. (flutrackers.com)
Measurement of heterophil antibody and antibodies to EB viral capsid antigen IgG and IgM in suspected cases of infectious mononucleosis. (bmj.com)
Detection of influenza and other acute respiratory viruses: haemagglutinin-specific antibodies and viral antigens for assay development and research. (advimmuno.com)
Advanced ImmunoChemical offers 15 antigens of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases, as well as a selection of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of these respiratory illnesses: influenza type A and type B, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and Newcastle disease. (advimmuno.com)
In immunology , antigens ( Ag ) are structures (aka substances) specifically bound by antibodies (Ab) or a cell surface version of Ab ~ B cell antigen receptor (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
Antigens are "targeted" by antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
because of this, many different antibodies are produced, each able to bind a different antigen while sharing the same basic structure. (wikipedia.org)
in some instances, however, antibodies may cross-react and bind more than one antigen. (wikipedia.org)
But, by 1903, he understood that an antigen induces the production of immune bodies (antibodies) and wrote that the word antigen is a contraction of antisomatogen ( Immunkörperbildner ). (wikipedia.org)
Most antigens have the potential to be bound by multiple antibodies, each of which is specific to one of the antigen's epitopes. (wikipedia.org)
The immunoperoxidase technique using monoclonal antibodies showed that persistently infected neurons primarily expressed the nucleocapsid protein antigens of LCMV. (elsevier.com)
Use Immunoaffinity to purify anti-CD4 antibodies from patient serum and assess the influence of those antibodies on virus uptake into target cells;and 2) Continue screening of additional patient serum to assess anti-CD4,anti-SU, and anti-Gag humoral antibody responses as a function of rate/extent of disease progression, as measured by relative CD4+ and CD8+ T cell levels and viral load. (grantome.com)
New viral vectors for the expression of antigens and antibodies in plants. (tdl.org)
Antibodies are indispensable tools in molecular studies of viral infection, as they allow the application of modern and state-of-the-art imaging technologies without having to engineer the virus. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Good quality, specific antibodies are paramount to these studies, and The Native Antigen Company's extensive antibody collection is allowing us to do exactly this (you can read more about our collaboration here ). (thenativeantigencompany.com)
In the most basic applications, antibodies recognising a viral antigen can tell us whether cells or tissues are infected. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
For all the others, antibodies are an invaluable tool for determining percentages of viral infection, or to stain for plaques when the virus would take too long to cause a proper "hole" of dead cells in the monolayer. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
The best therapeutic or vaccine can be designed only if the antigenic site is fully delineated via neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that target all the epitopes of the viral antigen. (news-medical.net)
The RBD of the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 binds to the virus, but viral infection can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies acting on other epitopes as well. (news-medical.net)
The primary antibodies sought in viral testing are IgE and IgG. (wikipedia.org)

The ability to produce recombinant viral proteins will ensure that future ELISAs are safe, specific and rapid. (prospecbio.com)
2. No nucleic acids or other viral or external proteins, therefore less toxic. (prospecbio.com)
Such antigens correspond to proteins captured from the extracellular medium (exogenous), or those synthesized by the DCs themselves (endogenous). (pnas.org)
Immunotherapeutic treatments in head and neck cancer clinical trials include cancer vaccines targeting foreign viral antigens or mutational neoantigens derived from cancer-expressed proteins. (nih.gov)
Cross-reactivity of neuronal proteins with exogenous antigens is considered one of the possible mechanisms of MS triggering. (frontiersin.org)
It is generally thought that the Ag processing pathways for endogenously synthesized proteins are the same for allo and viral Ag processing. (jimmunol.org)
Radioimmunoassay of mammalian type C viral proteins. (biomedsearch.com)
by contrast, latent infections, in which viral gene expression has been extinguished yet viral proteins persist, will remain visible to CD4+ T cells. (harvard.edu)
Phosphorylation of cellular and viral proteins, which has been observed during lytic infection of cells by herpesviruses, seems to be a common phenomenon which involves a number of different protein kinase activities ( 21 ). (asm.org)
The aim of this project is to determine if the coexpression of a viral antigen and cell death modulating adaptor proteins can enhance the immune response as well as protection against a homologous viral challenge. (ugent.be)
Recombinant Viral Antigens Toxoplasma gondii P24 (GRA1) recombinant antigen recombinant proteins Most stable storage is at - 81 C or lower but some lyophilised proteins can be stored at +4C. (antibody-antibodies.com)
[3] Antigens are usually proteins , peptides (amino acid chains) and polysaccharides (chains of monosaccharides/simple sugars) but lipids and nucleic acids become antigens only when combined with proteins and polysaccharides. (wikipedia.org)
Responsiveness of specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells to viral proteins and to recombinant epitopes was monitored by MHC-multimer staining and cytokines (IFNγ & IL-2) expression analysis. (unibas.ch)
This work reports on new SHMV-based viral vectors for high yield of target proteins in legumes. (tdl.org)
Therefore, a broader landscape of antibody responses to a range of viral proteins needs to be assessed to better detect the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 infection to improve the understanding of pathogenesis and immunity. (myerecords.info)
The researchers identified significant between-group differences in the strength of responses to antigens S, S1, and S2', but these proteins did not demonstrate high sensitivity, especially in cases of early infection. (myerecords.info)
The exogenous pathway is utilized by specialized antigen-presenting cells to present peptides derived from proteins that the cell has endocytosed. (wikipedia.org)
In Cross-presentation , peptides derived from extracellular proteins are presented in the context of MHC class I. The cell starts off with the exogenous pathways but diverts the antigens (cytosolic diversion) to the endogenous pathway. (wikipedia.org)
The effectiveness of mAbs directed against viral surface proteins has been shown for SARS, MERS, and Ebola viruses. (news-medical.net)

4. Viral Protein is an effective preventative against ear infection. (prospecbio.com)
Using a reverse genetic approach, we evaluated possible underlying mechanisms in 2 widely studied viral infection models. (jci.org)
These findings indicate that the viral GP determines nAb kinetics largely independently of the specific viral infection context. (jci.org)
Our findings suggest that GrB-secreting B cells support the early antiviral immune response against viruses with endosomal entry pathways, thereby counteracting overwhelming viral replication at the beginning of an infection until virus-specific T cells from draining lymph nodes arrive at the site of infection. (jimmunol.org)
Differential diagnosis of bacterial and viral infection is often a big challenge. (termedia.pl)
On the other hand, tests which are known as a gold standard for confirmation of bacterial or viral etiology of infection (microbiological culture or polymerase chain reaction - PCR, respectively) are laborious and, what is more important, time-consuming. (termedia.pl)
Additionally, they also have some limitations, i.e. cultures may give false negative results if the patient already got antibiotics, while PCR may lead to false positive results, because of high sensitivity and presence of viral genome in the sample long after the infection [5]. (termedia.pl)
None of these 97 persons gave evidence of infection with Australia/SH antigen. (ajtmh.org)
Lethality of infection correlates with inefficient reconstitution of viral epitope-specific CD8 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Notably, lethality is prevented and control of cytopathogenic infection is restored when viral antigen presentation is enhanced by deletion of immune evasion genes from the infecting virus. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we combine these two platforms to evaluate the efficacy of a viral vectored vaccination regimen in protecting ferrets from H3N2 influenza virus infection. (flutrackers.com)
The two cases reported here provide, to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first description of the pathology and viral antigen distribution of lethal respiratory disease in domestic cats after natural pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus infection, probably transmitted from humans. (oregonstate.edu)
Recognition by cytolytic T lymphocytes of the phosphoprotein pp89, the immunodominant viral antigen expressed in the immediate-early phase of infection, was selectively prevented during the subsequent expression of viral early genes. (uni-muenchen.de)
Among the potential viral protein substrates we examined, the EBV early antigen (EA-D, BMRF1), a DNA polymerase accessory factor and an important transactivator during lytic infection, was found to be phosphorylated by BGLF4 in vitro. (asm.org)
In vitro studies using APCs from B6.S and SJL mice show that TLR2, -3, -4, and -7, but not TLR9, signaling can replace viral infection and augment the effect of viral infection in the differentiation of the pathogenic Th17 cell type. (asm.org)
IMPORTANCE This study indicates that innate immune cytokines produced in antigen-presenting cells stimulating the T cell immune responses during early viral infection play a critical role in determining the susceptibility of mice to the development of demyelinating disease. (asm.org)
The level of innate immune cytokines reflects the level of initial viral infection in the antigen-presenting cells, and the level determines the development of T cell types, which are either protective or pathogenic. (asm.org)
The level of initial viral infection to the cells is controlled by a gene or genes that are not associated with the major histocompatibility antigen complex genes. (asm.org)
This finding has an important implication in controlling not only chronic viral infections but also infection-induced autoimmune-like diseases, which are closely associated with the pathogenic type of T cell responses. (asm.org)
During the lytic phase of EBV infection, the viral factor BNLF2a interferes with antigen processing by preventing peptide loading of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. (surrey.ac.uk)
These experiments underscore the importance of DCs in the immunotherapeutic clearance of a persistent viral infection and suggest that strategies to elevate the activation/migration of DCs (especially within the CNS) may facilitate pathogen clearance. (rupress.org)
Remarkably, a series of seminal studies conducted in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system ( 1 ) have revealed that total body elimination of a fully established persistent viral infection is attainable ( 2 , 3 ). (rupress.org)
2016). CT findings in viral lower respiratory tract infection caused by parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus. (advimmuno.com)
These results suggest that there is no evidence for a significant role of a particular HLA antigen in the development of chronic viral hepatitis in haemodialysis patients with similar underlying immunosuppression and exposure to infection by hepatotropic viruses. (pasteur.fr)
The team's antibody assays showed that three antigens on the virus allow specific and sensitive detection of antibody responses early on in the infection. (myerecords.info)
Using our expertise in microscopy and high-throughput screening, here at VRS we are working to develop new tools to better understand and treat viral infection. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
A good antibody against a viral surface protein is an even more useful tool: under high-resolution, it is possible to follow the virus while it binds and enters the cell, thus gaining knowledge of the early stage of viral infection. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Labs across the city and health experts credit the rapid antigen test for reducing the burden on RT-PCR tests, helping in quicker identification of cases and reducing the risk of spread of infection. (yahoo.com)
Compounds useful as components of immunogenic compositions for the induction of an immunogenic response in a subject against viral infection, methods for their use in treatment, and processes for their manufacture are provided herein. (justia.com)
A combination of several noncompetitive mAbs may be optimal to achieve effective treatment of an exposed patient, by using a variety of mechanisms to prevent viral infection. (news-medical.net)
A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cell tropisms and the efficiency of viral infection is critical for the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs for viral diseases. (nature.com)
In this study, we worked on the entry mechanisms of guinea pig cytomegalovirus and found that endogenous expression of a combination of two components (GP131 and GP133) of the pentameric glycoprotein complex, which is required for non-fibroblast cell tropisms, enhanced viral infection more than 10-fold. (nature.com)
Although differences in the efficiency of viral infection among various cell types are usually explained by differences in viral entry or traffic processes, our experimental evidences dismissed such possibilities. (nature.com)
Instead, our findings that i) endogenous expression of GP131 and GP133 after nuclear delivery of viral DNA still enhanced infection and ii) an HDAC inhibitor overcame the need of the endogenous expression led us to hypothesize a novel mechanism that controls the efficiency of viral infection through the activation of gene expression from viral DNA delivered to the nuclei. (nature.com)
Further studies of this unexpected phenomena warrant to understand novel but also general mechanisms for cell tropisms of viral infection and determinants that control infection efficiency. (nature.com)
As there were no precedents to such a phenomenon, we analyzed its mechanisms to understand how the efficiency of viral infection is controlled. (nature.com)
No vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available for treating Norovirus infection although the observation that the anti-viral nucleoside analogue 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine inhibits murine norovirus replication in macrophages has elicited hopes that this compound can be developed into medication for the treatment of infection with this virus. (wikipedia.org)

Here, we show that DCs matured in vivo could still capture and process soluble antigens, but were unable to present peptides derived from these antigens. (pnas.org)
[4] In general, saccharides and lipids (as opposed to peptides) qualify as antigens but not as immunogens since they cannot elicit an immune response on their own. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, for a peptide to induce an immune response (activation of T-cells by antigen-presenting cells ) it must be a large enough size, since peptides too small will also not elicit an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides derived from the endogenous protein pool to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which can thus recognize intracellular antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
This protein down-regulates MHC class-I antigen presentation by blocking the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which translocates peptides, generated by proteasomal protein degradation, into the endoplasmic reticulum for loading onto MHC class I molecule. (unibas.ch)
10. The fusion protein of claim 1, wherein the Ag comprises virus peptides from different antigens separated by different peptide linkers. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
If a virus had infected the cell, viral peptides would also be presented, allowing the immune system to recognize and kill the infected cell. (wikipedia.org)
Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), a protein that spans the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum , transports the peptides into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (wikipedia.org)

BIO-RAD LABORATORIES INC., Microbix Biosystems, SERION Immunologics, Aalto Bio Reagents Ltd, Enzo Life Sciences Inc., Jena Bioscience GmbH, ROSS SOUTHERN LABORATORIES, The Native Antigen Company, Creative Diagnostics, and TRINA BIOREACTIVES AG is among the leading companies operating in the native bacterial and viral antigens market. (prnewswire.com)

Herein, we demonstrate the impact of immunogenic viral antigens on anti-tumor response and immune editing in MOC2-E6E7, a syngeneic murine oral cancer cell line expressing HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins. (nih.gov)
Vaccines are examples of antigens in an immunogenic form, which are intentionally administered to a recipient to induce the memory function of adaptive immune system toward the antigens of the pathogen invading that recipient. (wikipedia.org)
Recombinant poxviruses expressing tumor associated antigens (TAAs) are evaluated since 20 years as immunogenic vaccine vector in clinical trials. (unibas.ch)
In order to highlight in vitro the immunogenic advantage provided by ICP47 blockade of viral epitopes, T cells were pre-sensitized with WT-VV infected APC and then used as responders to r.VV-Mart-US12 or r.VV-Mart infected APC. (unibas.ch)
Thus, viral vectors expressing ICP47 confirmed a diminished TAP-dependant processing of endogenous class-I restricted epitopes while the immunogenic potential of recombinant epitopes directly targeted to the ER was enhanced. (unibas.ch)
In some embodiments, a nucleic acid-based vaccine construct encoding a polypeptide comprising a full-length Zika virus pre-M-E antigen (prME), or an immunogenic fragment thereof is provided. (justia.com)

This study provides proof-of-concept for applying this strategy to activate memory T cells against other antigens, including tumor-specific T cells ex vivo for immunological monitoring and adoptive immunotherapy, and in vivo as vaccines for patients with cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
The present invention includes compositions and methods for the expression, secretion and use of novel compositions for use as, e.g., vaccines and antigen delivery vectors, to delivery antigens to antigen presenting cells. (patentsencyclopedia.com)

Bianchi L, Gudat F (1976) Sanded nuclei in hepatitis B. Eosinophilic inclusions in liver cell nuclei due to excess in hepatitis B core antigen formation. (springer.com)
The accuracy and cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C core antigen assay in the monitoring of anti-viral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. (sigmaaldrich.com)
This longitudinal, non-inferiority study compared the efficacy and cost benefit of an All-HCV core antigen assay protocol and a hybrid qtHCV RNA PCR and HCV core Ag assay protocol to the standard All-qtHCV-PCR protocol in chronic HCV G4 patients treated with pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) and ribavirin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
The All-HCV core antigen and hybrid monitoring assays resulted in the significant cost savings without compromising performance. (sigmaaldrich.com)

3. Detection of viral antigen in normal murine cells and tissues. (biomedsearch.com)
A radioimmunoassay specific for a murine leukemia virus structural protein, the gs antigen, detects an antigenic reactivity in normal murine cells in culture and natural tissues. (biomedsearch.com)
The regulation of antigen processing and presentation to MHC class I-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes was studied in cells infected with murine cytomegalovirus. (uni-muenchen.de)

Over the past 15 years, a number of observations have culminated in the localization of viral antigens in liver tissue by the use of routine histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy (EM), and immuno-electron microscopy (IEM). (springer.com)
To map the localization of viral antigens in the central nervous system (CNS), the authors studied, by means of ultrastructural immune peroxidase techniques, 4-6 month-old mice persistently infected with LCMV following an intracerebral inoculation at birth. (elsevier.com)

In addition, we measured antigen-specific memory B cells by means of limiting-dilution analysis, and we compared memory B-cell frequencies to their corresponding serum antibody levels. (nih.gov)
however, in many cases a vigorous cellular immune response mediated by T-cells and NK-cells is required for effective viral clearance. (prospecbio.com)
1. A Viral Protein Mimics its Way into cells. (prospecbio.com)
2. Viral Protein Helps Infected T Cells Stick To Uninfected Cells. (prospecbio.com)
7. Antigen-presenting cells from calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus, a member of the Flaviviridae, are not compromised in their ability to present viral antigen. (prospecbio.com)
9. The absence of viral antigens on the surface of equine herpesvirus-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells is a strategy to avoid complement-mediated lysis. (prospecbio.com)
11. A viral protein produced by cancer-causing virus influences a key signaling pathway in the immune cells that the virus infects. (prospecbio.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs) have a high capacity to endocytose antigens and present them on their MHC class II (MHC II) molecules (reviewed in ref. 1 ). (pnas.org)
C ) Immunogold staining of viral particles budding from BHK-21 cells infected with the viruses as indicated. (jci.org)
Vaccination induced robust infiltration of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells, which led to tumor growth delay and modestly prolonged survival in MOC2-E6E7 tumors. (nih.gov)
These formulations generally comprise hybridoma of at least one antigen presenting cell fused to either at least one tumor cell or at least one virally infected cell, or the products of co-cultures of antigen presenting cells and either tumor cells or virally infected cells. (freepatentsonline.com)
wherein said first cells are antigen presenting cells selected from the group consisting of macrophages, B-cells and dendritic cells, and said second cells are selected from the group consisting of tumor cells and virally infected cells. (freepatentsonline.com)
We have discovered that BCR stimulation with either viral Ags or activating Abs in the context of the acute phase cytokine IL-21 can induce the secretion of substantial amounts of GrB by human B cells. (jimmunol.org)
Importantly, GrB response to viral Ags was significantly stronger in B cells from subjects recently vaccinated against the corresponding viruses as compared with unvaccinated subjects. (jimmunol.org)
Normally immature B cells recognizing self-antigens are forced to undergo receptor editing or eliminated during negative selection ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Differential recruitment of viral and allo-epitopes into the MHC class I antigen processing pathway of a novel mutant of Ltk- cells. (jimmunol.org)
In HSV-1-infected gro29 cells, viral polypeptides are synthesized in normal amounts and viral assembly takes place. (jimmunol.org)
However, transport of the assembled particles is defective in these cells, resulting in the accumulation of noninfectious virus in cytoplasmic vesicles, and a reduction in the release of viral particles by at least 2000-fold. (jimmunol.org)
Focal staining showed this antigen to be present in epidermal cells in 12 of 16 skin biopsy specimens. (annals.org)
This was a general phenomenon, as T cells presenting influenza (flu) antigen also fail to activate otherwise potent flu-specific CTLs either in vitro or in vivo. (jci.org)
Using immunohistochemistry, influenza A viral antigen was demonstrated in bronchiolar epithelial cells, pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages in pneumonic areas. (oregonstate.edu)
Viruses that naturally infect cells expressing both MHC I and MHC II molecules render themselves potentially visible to both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells through the de novo expression of viral antigens. (harvard.edu)
By contrast, CD4 epitope display persisted for many days and, following peptide stripping, recovered well on cells in the absence of new antigen synthesis. (harvard.edu)
We infer that, in virally-infected MHC I/II-positive cells, newly-synthesised polypeptides are the dominant source of antigen feeding the MHC I pathway, whereas the MHC II pathway is fed by the mature protein pool. (harvard.edu)
Notably, lower levels of viral infectivity in B6.S antigen-presenting cells (APCs) correlated with the disease resistance and T-cell-type response. (asm.org)
Virus-infected cells are eliminated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which recognize viral epitopes displayed on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules at the cell surface. (surrey.ac.uk)
By monitoring the migration of traceable LCMV-specific memory CD8 + T cells after immunotherapy, it was revealed that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) distributed widely throughout the CNS compartment early after immunotherapy, which resulted in a dramatic elevation in the activity of CNS antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (rupress.org)
DCs were also found to be an essential element of the immunotherapeutic process because in their absence, memory T cells failed to undergo secondary expansion, and viral clearance was not attained in the CNS. (rupress.org)
The immune system is supposed to identify and attack "non-self" invaders from the outside world or modified/harmful substances present in the body and usually does not react to self-antigens under normal homeostatic conditions due to negative selection of T cells in the thymus . (wikipedia.org)
Superantigen - A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and massive cytokine release. (wikipedia.org)
HBV-specific CD8 cells show altered MHC/peptide binding in the presence of high levels of circulating viral antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
In the cerebellum, Purkinje cells selectively expressed viral antigens. (elsevier.com)
Cells infected with HSV-US12-r.VV, demonstrated a decreased ability of presenting MHC class-I antigens to CD8+ T cells whereas MHC-class-II restricted presentation to CD4+ T cells remained unaffected. (unibas.ch)
We have reported that autophagosomes derived from tumor cells after proteasome inhibition, DRibbles (Defective ribosomal products in blebs), were excellent sources of antigens for efficient cross priming of tumor-specific CD8 + T cells, which mediated regression of established tumors in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
DRibbles or cell lysates derived from HEK293T or UbiLT3 cell lines expressing cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65 protein or transfected with a plasmid encoding dominant HLA-A2 restricted CMV, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Influenza (Flu) epitopes (CEF) were loaded onto human monocytes or PBMCs and the response of human CMV pp65 or CEF antigen-specific CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells was detected by intracellular staining. (biomedcentral.com)
DRibbles containing specific viral antigens are an efficient ex vivo activator of human antigen-specific memory T cells specific for those antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
The assumption is that most tumor antigens are passively released from healthy or dying tumor cells as intact soluble antigens, peptide fragments complexed with heat shock protein chaperones, or packaged in secretory vesicles in the form of microparticles or exosome nanoparticles. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen processing , or the cytosolic pathway , is an immunological process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes . (wikipedia.org)
[2] Not all antigen-presenting cells utilize cross-presentation. (wikipedia.org)

We observed augmented innate and adaptive immune responses in pSS following viral antigen exposure suggesting an underlying hyper-responsiveness to immune challenges, supporting a role for infections driving the immunopathology and acting as environmental risk factor for pSS. (nih.gov)
Experiences of Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Viral Hepatitis B, and Viral Hepatitis C Infections at a Hospital in Thailand: Test Utilization and Outcomes. (annals.org)
Diagnosis of viral infections via viral antigen detection methods such as immunofluorescence (FA), immunochromatography (lateral flow) (IC), and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) offer many of these attractive features and are useful for direct detection of viral antigens in an array of clinical specimens and for identification of cultivated viruses. (asmscience.org)
Nevertheless bacterial and viral infections are a big diagnostic difficulty also for laboratories. (termedia.pl)
Given the challenges associated with the eradication of persistent viral infections, it is important to devise and fully understand therapeutic strategies that achieve systemic viral elimination without severe pathological consequences. (rupress.org)
Hossain MM, Rowland RR (2017) Application of Recombinant Histidine-Tagged Antigens in the Diagnosis of Viral Infections. (scitechnol.com)
This invention is in the field of treating and preventing viral infections. (justia.com)
In particular, the present invention relates to nucleic acid-based vaccine constructs encoding Zika viral antigens and the use of Zika viral antigens for treating and preventing Zika infections. (justia.com)

The invention disclosed herein presents an antigen-capture immunoassay that utilizes serum, plasma, milk, urine, saliva, or other bodily fluid samples to identify cattle infected with the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). (google.ca)
In this study, the use of the anti-His mAbfor the detection of recombinant antigens from seven differentanimal viruses: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndromevirus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), swine influenzavirus (SIV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fevervirus (CSFV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Rift Valleyfever virus (RVFV) bound to microsphere beads after coupling weretested. (scitechnol.com)

The Epstein-Barr virus viral-capsid antigen (EBV-VCA) is the viral protein that forms the viral capsid of the Epstein-Barr virus. (wikipedia.org)
Viral antigens protrude from the capsid and often fulfill important function in docking to the host cell, fusion, and injection of viral DNA/RNA. (prospecbio.com)
In a model study we generated antigen-producing potato tubers expressing the major capsid protein VP60 of the Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) as an interesting veterinary vaccine candidate. (scirp.org)

Using the "lock and key" metaphor, the antigen can be seen as a string of keys (epitopes) each of which matches a different lock (antibody). (wikipedia.org)

The experts feel that the rapid antigen test has changed the script for the national capital due to its affordability, quicker result and its ability to serve as a fast diagnostic tool. (yahoo.com)
At the Genestrings lab, 1,000 to 1,200 tests were being conducted on a daily basis before the rapid antigen test started, but now it has reduced to 200 tests per day. (yahoo.com)
In May 2020, a rapid antigen test from Quidel Corporation received EUA for detecting SARS-CoV-2. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] A rapid antigen test quickly searches for antigens, protein fragments that are found on the surface of or within a virus. (wikipedia.org)

Such impairment of MHC class II (MHC II) antigen presentation has generally been thought to be a consequence of down-regulation of endocytosis, so it might be expected that antigens synthesized by the DCs themselves (for instance, viral antigens) would still be presented by mature DCs. (pnas.org)
Furthermore, presentation of viral antigens synthesized by the DCs themselves was also severely impaired. (pnas.org)
This immunosuppressed state could be reversed by adoptive transfer of DCs loaded exogenously with antigens, demonstrating that impairment of CD4 T cell responses was due to lack of antigen presentation rather than to overt suppression of T cell activation. (pnas.org)
Down-regulation of MHC II-peptide complex turnover allows long-term presentation of antigens captured, or synthesized, at the time of activation ("antigenic memory") ( 2 ). (pnas.org)
This is usually attributed to down-regulation of endocytosis, but it is unclear whether other factors downstream of antigen uptake also contribute to poor presentation of new antigens. (pnas.org)
Defining the role of systemic DC maturation on this immunosuppression, and the mechanisms controlling MHC II antigen presentation by DCs, might provide strategies for restoring immunocompetence. (pnas.org)
Researches focused on expression of these antigens on phagocytes, which are involved in the first defence mechanisms, including: antigen presentation, recognition and phagocytosis of IgG and complement opsonised pathogens, and complement activity. (termedia.pl)
HSV/MHC class I restriction/immune recognition/antigen processing/antigen presentation/influenza virus. (jimmunol.org)
Because recognition of several other antigens occurred during the early phase, a general failure in processing and presentation was excluded. (uni-muenchen.de)
Since neither rate of synthesis, amount, stability, nor nuclear transport of pp89 was modified, the failure in recognition indicates a selective interference with pp89 antigen processing and presentation. (uni-muenchen.de)
Here we use one such pathogen, the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), to examine the kinetics of these processes in the virally-infected cell, comparing newly synthesised polypeptides versus the mature protein pool as viral antigen sources for MHC I- and MHC II-restricted presentation. (harvard.edu)
For both antigens, when synthesis was induced, CD8 epitope display rose quickly to near maximum within 24 h, well before steady state levels of mature protein had been reached, whereas CD4 epitope presentation was delayed by 36-48 h and rose only slowly thereafter. (harvard.edu)
Each antibody is crafted with care according to rigorous protocols for immunogen design and preparation, presentation to host animal, and high-affinity purification against the antigen. (abgent.com)
Presentation of viral antigen by MHC class I molecules is dependent on a putative peptide transporter heterodimer. (ox.ac.uk)
The effect of cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-γ) TLR agonists (Lipopolysaccharide, Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C), M52-CpG, R848, TLR2 ligand) and CD40 ligand on the cross-presentation of antigens contained in DRibbles or cell lysates was explored. (biomedcentral.com)
It is considered to be a stage of antigen presentation pathways. (wikipedia.org)
subsequent presentation of these antigens on class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is dependent on which pathway is used. (wikipedia.org)
MHC I antigen presentation typically (considering cross-presentation ) involves the endogenous pathway of antigen processing, and MHC II antigen presentation involves the exogenous pathway of antigen processing. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-presentation involves parts of the exogenous and the endogenous pathways but ultimately involves the latter portion of the endogenous pathway (e.g. proteolysis of antigens for binding to MHC I molecules). (wikipedia.org)

Recombinant viral protein usually contains a fusion protein/partner which produces superior attachment to assay surfaces such as wells. (prospecbio.com)
The kit disclosed herein uses ELISA methodology, employs the BVDV antigen specific monoclonal antibody 15.c.5, and requires at least 100 l of sample per assay. (google.ca)
The assay was shown to measure an antigen that is highly related to the virion protein as shown by absorption tests, immunoadsorbent chromatography, and by analysis of linearized dose-response curves. (biomedsearch.com)
The results of the His-tagblocking assay showed that 1 μg/ml of His-tag blocking peptide cancompletely inhibit the interaction of His-tagged antigens and anti-HismAb. (scitechnol.com)
Now, Sophie Valkenburg and colleagues have used the Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) assay to compare antibody responses among infected versus uninfected individuals (controls) to 15 potential antigens on SARS-CoV2. (myerecords.info)

Two-step immunohistochemical staining showed the expression of viral antigens in situ. (unboundmedicine.com)

Mature DCs accumulate long-lived surface MHC II-peptide complexes, derived from antigens contained within the endosomal compartments at the time of activation ( 5 - 10 , 55 ). (pnas.org)
When antigen expression was suppressed, despite the persistence of mature protein, CD8 epitope display fell rapidly at rates similar to that seen for the MHC I/epitope half-life in peptide pulse-chase experiments. (harvard.edu)
Here we show that PSF1 is necessary for the efficient assembly of class I molecules and enables them to present a peptide epitope derived from endogenously synthesized viral antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
Inhibition of peptide translocation by a viral protein indicates a previously undocumented potential mechanism for viral immune evasion. (elsevier.com)
The interactionbetween His-tagged recombinant antigens and anti-His tag mAbwere tested using His-tag blocking peptide. (scitechnol.com)

In particular, viral assembly that takes place within intracellular membranes may require unique Ag processing steps. (jimmunol.org)
Unfortunately, antibody staining of intracellular antigens is not compatible with live imaging, which is only made possible by fluorescently tagged viruses. (thenativeantigencompany.com)

Viral antigens elicit augmented immune responses in primary Sjögren's syndrome. (nih.gov)
Systematic studies of immune responses to microbial antigens in vivo may be performed during vaccination. (nih.gov)
Antibody responses against tetanus and diphtheria antigens waned more quickly, with estimated half-lives of 11 years and 19 years, respectively. (nih.gov)
Indeed, i.v. injection of pathogen mimics, which caused systemic DC activation in vivo , impaired the induction of CD4 T cell responses against subsequently encountered protein antigens. (pnas.org)
This illustrates that in contrast to the allogeneic and influenza specific responses, the recruitment of herpes virus-specific Ag into the Ag-processing pathway is dependent on a cellular function that is also required for viral maturation and egress. (jimmunol.org)
We hypothesize that any kind of mismatch in GvH-HCT can induce "non-cognate transplantation tolerance" that dampens not only a mismatch-specific GvH response, which is beneficial, but adversely affects also responses to mismatch-unrelated antigens, such as CMV antigens in the specific case, with the consequence of lethal CMV disease. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, replication deficient viral vectors based on Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 (ChAdOx1) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing the influenza virus internal antigens, the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 (M1) protein, can induce strong heterosubtypic influenza virus-specific T cell responses in vaccinated individuals. (flutrackers.com)
Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the viral replication levels in APCs critically affect the induction of protective versus pathogenic Th cell types via the signaling of pattern recognition receptors for innate immune responses. (asm.org)
The main focus of my talk will be: 1) the analysis of the immunodominance of pox-viral specific CTLs in melanoma patients receiving recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara and 2) the interplay between innate and adaptive immune system to elicit strong tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. (aacrjournals.org)
However, both non-progressors and rapid progressors exhibit substantial immune responses to HIV, with humoral antibody responses particularly directed at the major neutralization target, the viral envelope. (grantome.com)
Researchers in France and China have characterized antibody responses to a wide range of antigens present on severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (myerecords.info)
We report, for the first time, the detection of antibody responses directed against an extensive spectrum of the SARS-CoV-2 antigens. (myerecords.info)
In particular, they would like to know which viral antigens are responsible for triggering antibody responses and what this may imply about long-term protection. (myerecords.info)

Recombinant Viral Antigens Toxoplasma gondii P24 (GRA1) recombinant antigen antibody storage GENTAUR recommends for long therm storage to freeze at -24 C. For short time storage up to 30 days we suggest fridge storage at 1 to 10 C. Prevent multiple freeze taw cycles of Recombinant Viral Antigens Toxoplasma gondii P24 (GRA1) recombinant antigen. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Please read carefully the data sheet of the Recombinant Viral Antigens Toxoplasma gondii P24 (GRA1) recombinant antigen. (antibody-antibodies.com)
Gentaur Molecular :Virogen \ Recombinant Viral antigens, HAV: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. (antibody-antibodies.com)
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We have also other products like : Recombinant Viral antigens, HAV: HAV P3C recombinant antigen a.a. 1643-1743. (antibody-antibodies.com)

Epitope - The distinct surface features of an antigen, its antigenic determinant . (wikipedia.org)

We performed a longitudinal analysis of antibody titers specific for viral antigens (vaccinia, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus) and nonreplicating antigens (tetanus and diphtheria) in 45 subjects for a period of up to 26 years. (nih.gov)

A viral antigen is a protein encoded by the viral genome. (prospecbio.com)
A viral protein is an antigen specified by the viral genome that can be detected by a specific immunological response. (prospecbio.com)
These findings combined with the finding of viral-specific RNA indicate that portions of the viral genome are being expressed with a much greater frequency than previously appreciated. (biomedsearch.com)

By real-time PCR, we detected downregulation of E6 and E7 genes in MOC2-E6E7 tumors only in immunocompetent mice, suggesting the loss of ectopic viral antigen expression due to immune editing. (nih.gov)
Here we used a mouse model of MHC-matched HCT with C57BL/6 donors and MHC-congenic BALB.B recipients that only differ in polymorphic autosomal background genes, including minor-H loci coding for minor-H antigens (minor-HAg). (frontiersin.org)

In studying the immunopathogenesis of herpes-associated erythema multiforme, we examined skin lesions for the presence of a herpes simplex viral antigen by an indirect immunofluorescence test using a monoclonal antibody to a major type-common glycoprotein antigen, gB. (annals.org)

On the basis of product type, the native bacterial and viral antigens market is segmented into chlamydia antigens, adenovirus antigens, borrelia antigens, clostridium antigens, chikungunya virus antigens, and dengue virus antigens. (prnewswire.com)
A simple and rapid immunoperoxidase test for the detection of virus antigens in tissue culture. (springer.com)
Immunohistochemical demonstration of avian leukosis virus antigens in paraffin embedded tissue. (springer.com)
The recent report on the global Viral Antigens market published by the Fact.MR includes the impact of COVID-19 on the Growth of Ebola Virus Antigens market . (express-press-release.net)

Australia antigen (Au(1)) was found in the sera of 20% of 125 patients with acute viral hepatitis. (annals.org)

3. The Viral Protein A238L Inhibits Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression through a Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cell-dependent Trans-activation Pathway. (prospecbio.com)
10. Viral Protein Influences Key Cell-signaling Pathway. (prospecbio.com)

Collectively, our data highlight the need for both immunogenicity and 'driver' status of target antigens to be considered in cancer vaccine design. (nih.gov)
The target antigens were assembled into a singlemultiplex and tested in the presence of anti His-tag mAb. (scitechnol.com)

The global native bacterial and viral antigens market growth is mainly attributed to factors such as increasing use of native microbial antigens in diagnostics and therapeutics and rising prevalence of infectious diseases. (prnewswire.com)

The immune response induced by this vaccination regime ultimately reduced viral titers in the respiratory tract of influenza virus infected ferrets. (flutrackers.com)

Even when a virus cannot be cultured, provided gene sequence is available, it is possible to rapidly respond to emerging viruses and new viral strains of existing pathogens. (prospecbio.com)

Molecular mimicry of viral antigens with self determinants has been proposed as one of the pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune disease. (edu.au)

These data indicate that the antigen is selectively associated with viral hepatitis and is not a nonspecific manifestation of liver damage. (annals.org)

5. HIV-1 Viral Protein R Induces Apoptosis via a Direct Effect on the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. (prospecbio.com)

The primary objective is to demonstrate the efficacy of combination therapy (Peg-IFN and adefovir or Peg-IFN and tenofovir) for inducing loss of HBsAg compared to no-treatment in HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B patients with low viral load. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A Randomized Prospective Open-label Trial for Comparing Combination Therapy Peg-Interferon Alfa-2a/Adefovir Dipivoxil and Peg-Interferon Alfa-2a/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Versus no Treatment in HBeAg Negative Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Low Viral Load. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Viral evolution in chronic hepatitis B: a branched way to HBeAg seroconversion and disease progression? (bmj.com)
Our current findings further imply that the levels of viral infectivity/replication and TLR-mediated signaling play critical roles in the pathogenesis of chronic viral diseases. (asm.org)
3. histopathological status (compared to patients who had chronic viral hepatitis and those who did not). (pasteur.fr)

When encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles and administered intramuscularly to mice, the mRNA vaccine elicited high neutralizing antibody titers and protection from viral challenge. (justia.com)

8. There is a difference in the distribution and spread of a viral antigen, development of lesions and correlation between presence of viral antigen and lesions. (prospecbio.com)

An illustration that shows how antigens induce the immune system response by interacting with an antibody that matches the antigen's molecular structure . (wikipedia.org)
It was expanded later to refer to any molecule or a linear molecular fragment after processing the native antigen that can be recognized by T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikipedia.org)

Duration of humoral immunity to common viral and vaccine antigens. (nih.gov)
Some caveats for using recombinant viral vector are due to either prior systemic immunity to poxviruses or immunodominance of viral antigens which may reduce the induction of immune response against weaker tumor antigens. (unibas.ch)
Viral disease testing is the use of a variety of testing techniques for a variety of purposes, including diagnosing conditions, assessing immunity and understanding disease prevalence. (wikipedia.org)

Also, an antigen is a molecule that binds to Ag-specific receptors, but cannot necessarily induce an immune response in the body by itself. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy5

Organisms13

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs15

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Phenomena and Processes3

Health Care1

Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (1/10399)

Inhibition of Pichinde virus replication by actinomycin D. (2/10399)

The clinical utility of CMV surveillance cultures and antigenemia following bone marrow transplantation. (3/10399)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (4/10399)

Immune response to the immunodominant epitope of mouse hepatitis virus is polyclonal, but functionally monospecific in C57Bl/6 mice. (5/10399)

Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. (6/10399)

Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane envelope proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. (7/10399)

Human serum antibodies to a major defined epitope of human herpesvirus 8 small viral capsid antigen. (8/10399)

Herpesvirus 4, Human

Capsid

Laboratories

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections

Infectious Mononucleosis

Capsid Proteins

Antibodies, Viral

Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral

Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease

Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral

Border disease virus

Diarrhea Virus 2, Bovine Viral

Pestivirus

Border Disease

Cancer Vaccines

Antigens, Viral

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens

Tumor Escape

Immunotherapy

Neoplasms

Deltaretrovirus

Dideoxyadenosine

HIV

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Human T-lymphotropic virus 1

Vaccines, Subunit

Hepatitis B e Antigens

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Hepatitis B virus

Ilex

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Hepatitis, Infectious Canine

Dog Diseases

Liver

Liver Neoplasms

Prognosis

Coculture Techniques

Virus Diseases

Viruses

Cell Communication

Cells, Cultured

Hepatitis B Antibodies

Antiviral Agents

Granzymes

B-Lymphocytes

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Serine Endopeptidases

Lymphocyte Activation

B-Lymphocyte Subsets

Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (1/10399)

Inhibition of Pichinde virus replication by actinomycin D. (2/10399)

The clinical utility of CMV surveillance cultures and antigenemia following bone marrow transplantation. (3/10399)

A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). (4/10399)

Immune response to the immunodominant epitope of mouse hepatitis virus is polyclonal, but functionally monospecific in C57Bl/6 mice. (5/10399)

Immune surveillance against a solid tumor fails because of immunological ignorance. (6/10399)

Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane envelope proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. (7/10399)

Human serum antibodies to a major defined epitope of human herpesvirus 8 small viral capsid antigen. (8/10399)

Expression of viral antigen in target tissues of mice 3 | Open-i

EBV p18 M Recombinant Viral Antigen | Epstein-Barr | ProSpec

AID 288762 - Inhibition of TPA-induced Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation assessed as EBV-EA induction in Raji cells...

Epstein-Barr virus early antigen Summary Report | CureHunter

Association of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse component and virus-specified DNA polymerase activity. | Journal of...

Epstein-Barr Virus | Antigens for Research and Diagnostics - ViroGen Corporation

Anti-tumor immunity induced by ectopic expression of viral antigens is transient and limited by immune escape

Prognostic Significance of Viral Antigens in Liver Tissue | Springer for Research & Development

Association of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen diffuse component and virus-specified DNA polymerase activity. | Journal of...

Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen (EBNA): Size Polymorphism of EBNA 1 | Microbiology Society

The spontaneous and induced synthesis of Epstein-Barr virus antigens in Raji cells immobilized on surface coated with anti...

EBV-EA IgG Test System - 25 Slides, Methanol

Effects of Long-Term Treatment With Valaciclovir (Valtrex) on Epstein-Barr Virus

Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | An Improved Synthesis of 7, 8-Epoxy-1,3,11-cembratriene-15R(α), 16-diol, a Cembranoid of...

Covid-19: Quality of rapid antigen tests was never tested

DENGUE VIRUS ANTIGEN

Antigen Capture Microarrays, Arrays | Grace Bio-Labs

ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION - Enercel | Nature AdvancedEnercel | Nature Advanced

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