Antigens protozoan. Medical search

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.

A phylum of EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of cilia at some time during the life cycle. It comprises three classes: KINETOFRAGMINOPHOREA; OLIGOHYMENOPHOREA; and POLYMENOPHOREA.

The functional hereditary units of protozoa.

Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The complete genetic complement contained in a set of CHROMOSOMES in a protozoan.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

A species of parasitic protozoa causing ENTAMOEBIASIS and amebic dysentery (DYSENTERY, AMEBIC). Characteristics include a single nucleus containing a small central karyosome and peripheral chromatin that is finely and regularly beaded.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A species of parasitic EUKARYOTES that attaches itself to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on mucous secretions. The organism is roughly pear-shaped and motility is somewhat erratic, with a slow oscillation about the long axis.

The agent of South American trypanosomiasis or CHAGAS DISEASE. Its vertebrate hosts are man and various domestic and wild animals. Insects of several species are vectors.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

A group of three related eukaryotic phyla whose members possess an alveolar membrane system, consisting of flattened membrane-bound sacs lying beneath the outer cell membrane.

A phylum of unicellular parasitic EUKARYOTES characterized by the presence of complex apical organelles generally consisting of a conoid that aids in penetrating host cells, rhoptries that possibly secrete a proteolytic enzyme, and subpellicular microtubules that may be related to motility.

A genus of flagellate protozoans found in the blood and lymph of vertebrates and invertebrates, both hosts being required to complete the life cycle.

Substances that are destructive to protozoans.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A species of ciliate protozoa used extensively in genetic research.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

A hemoflagellate subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes nagana in domestic and game animals in Africa. It apparently does not infect humans. It is transmitted by bites of tsetse flies (Glossina).

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

An order of flagellate protozoa. Characteristics include the presence of one or two flagella arising from a depression in the cell body and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the body.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed protozoa administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious protozoan disease.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

A suborder of monoflagellate parasitic protozoa that lives in the blood and tissues of man and animals. Representative genera include: Blastocrithidia, Leptomonas, CRITHIDIA, Herpetomonas, LEISHMANIA, Phytomonas, and TRYPANOSOMA. Species of this suborder may exist in two or more morphologic stages formerly named after genera exemplifying these forms - amastigote (LEISHMANIA), choanomastigote (CRITHIDIA), promastigote (Leptomonas), opisthomastigote (Herpetomonas), epimastigote (Blastocrithidia), and trypomastigote (TRYPANOSOMA).

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A genus of parasitic flagellate EUKARYOTES distinguished by the presence of four anterior flagella, an undulating membrane, and a trailing flagellum.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A genus of free-living amoebae found in fresh water. The cysts usually pass harmlessly through the intestinal tract of man and may thus be found in feces. Occasionally, these organisms cause respiratory tract infections or generalized fatal meningoencephalitis.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

A genus of ameboid protozoa characterized by the presence of beaded chromatin on the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. Its organisms are parasitic in invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

A genus of parasitic protozoans found in the digestive tract of invertebrates, especially insects. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and choanomastigote stage in their life cycle.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

A species of TRICHOMONAS that produces a refractory vaginal discharge in females, as well as bladder and urethral infections in males.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

An infection of the SMALL INTESTINE caused by the flagellated protozoan GIARDIA LAMBLIA. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.

Protozoan infection found in animals and man. It is caused by several different genera of COCCIDIA.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.

A genus of coccidian parasites of the family CRYPTOSPORIDIIDAE, found in the intestinal epithelium of many vertebrates including humans.

A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.

A species of parasitic protozoa that infects humans and most domestic mammals. Its oocysts measure five microns in diameter. These organisms exhibit alternating cycles of sexual and asexual reproduction.

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Infection of the striated muscle of mammals by parasites of the genus SARCOCYSTIS. Disease symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and paralysis are produced by sarcocystin, a toxin produced by the organism.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The Leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelensis. L. m. mexicana causes chiclero ulcer, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) in the New World. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, appears to be the vector.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A supergroup (some say phylum) of ameboid EUKARYOTES, comprising ARCHAMOEBAE; LOBOSEA; and MYCETOZOA.

A protozoan parasite that is the etiologic agent of East Coast fever (THEILERIASIS). Transmission is by ticks of the Physicephalus and Hyalomma genera.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is the causative agent of LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE. It has been isolated from numerous environmental sites as well as from human lung tissue, respiratory secretions, and blood.

Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Various species are parasitic in the epithelial cells of the liver and intestines of man and other animals.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

A species of parasitic protozoa found in the intestines of humans and other primates. It was classified as a yeast in 1912. Over the years, questions arose about this designation. In 1967, many physiological and morphological B. hominis characteristics were reported that fit a protozoan classification. Since that time, other papers have corroborated this work and the organism is now recognized as a protozoan parasite of humans causing intestinal disease with potentially disabling symptoms.

Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.

A vegetative stage in the life cycle of sporozoan protozoa. It is characteristic of members of the phyla APICOMPLEXA and MICROSPORIDIA.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.

Infection with amoebae of the genus ENTAMOEBA. Infection with E. histolytica causes DYSENTERY, AMEBIC and LIVER ABSCESS, AMEBIC.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

A species of free-living soil amoebae in the family Acanthamoebidae. It can cause ENCEPHALITIS and KERATITIS in humans.

A genus of flagellate EUKARYOTES possessing three long anterior flagella.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A genus of protozoa found in reptiles, birds, and mammals, including humans. This heteroxenous parasite produces muscle cysts in intermediate hosts such as domestic herbivores (cattle, sheep, pigs) and rodents. Final hosts are predators such as dogs, cats, and man.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Infection of cattle, sheep, or goats with protozoa of the genus THEILERIA. This infection results in an acute or chronic febrile condition.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other Canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.

A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

A species of ciliate protozoa used in genetic and cytological research.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and rodents. This taxonomic complex includes species which cause a disease called Oriental sore which is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World.

Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.

An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A genus of ciliate protozoa that is often large enough to be seen by the naked eye. Paramecia are commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Infections with protozoa of the phylum CILIOPHORA.

Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.

A genus of protozoan parasites of the subclass COCCIDIA. Its species are parasitic in dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep, among others. N. caninum, a species that mainly infects dogs, is intracellular in neural and other cells of the body, multiplies by endodyogeny, has no parasitophorous vacuole, and has numerous rhoptries. It is known to cause lesions in many tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord as well as abortion in the expectant mother.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A group of dominantly and independently inherited antigens associated with the ABO blood factors. They are glycolipids present in plasma and secretions that may adhere to the erythrocytes. The phenotype Le(b) is the result of the interaction of the Le gene Le(a) with the genes for the ABO blood groups.

A species of monogenetic, parasitic protozoa usually found in insects.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.

Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.

Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylated glycolipid. (1/3739)

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in humans, calves, and other mammals worldwide. No approved vaccines or parasite-specific drugs are currently available for the control of cryptosporidiosis. To effectively immunize against C. parvum, identification and characterization of protective antigens are required. We previously identified CPS-500, a conserved, neutralization-sensitive antigen of C. parvum sporozoites and merozoites defined by monoclonal antibody 18.44. In the present study, the biochemical characteristics and subcellular location of CPS-500 were determined. CPS-500 was chloroform extractable and eluted with acetone and methanol in silicic acid chromatography, consistent with being a polar glycolipid. Following chloroform extraction and silicic acid chromatography, CPS-500 was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography for glycosyl analysis, which indicated the presence of mannose and inositol. To identify which component of CPS-500 comprised the neutralization-sensitive epitope recognized by 18.44, the ability of the monoclonal antibody to bind CPS-500 treated with proteases, or with alpha- or beta-glycosidases, was determined. Monoclonal antibody 18.44 did not bind antigen treated with beta-D-mannosidase but did bind antigen treated with alpha-D-mannosidase, other alpha- or beta-glycosidases, or a panel of proteases. These data indicated that the target epitope was dependent on terminal beta-D-mannopyranosyl residues. By immunoelectron microscopy, 18.44 binding was localized to the pellicle and an intracytoplasmic tubulovesicular network in sporozoites. Monoclonal antibody 18.44 also bound to antigen deposited and released onto substrate over the course travelled by gliding sporozoites and merozoites. Surface localization, adhesion and release during locomotion, and neutralization sensitivity suggest that CPS-500 may be involved in motility and invasion processes of the infective zoite stages. (+info)

Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of Leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 in Indian kala-azar patients. (2/3739)

Visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, a fatal tropical disease, remains problematic, as early diagnosis is difficult and treatment often results in drug resistance and relapse. We have developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using leishmanial membrane antigenic extracts (LAg) to detect specific antibody responses in 25 untreated Indian visceral leishmaniasis patients. To investigate the pathogenetic significance of isotype markers in kala-azar, relative levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgG subclasses were analyzed under clinically established diseased conditions. Since LAg showed higher sensitivity for specific IgG than lysate, the immunoglobulin isotype responses were evaluated, with LAg as antigen. Compared to 60 controls, which included patients with malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, and typhoid and healthy subjects, visceral leishmaniasis patients showed significantly higher IgG (100% sensitivity, 85% specificity), IgM (48% sensitivity, 100% specificity), and IgE (44% sensitivity, 98.3% specificity) responses. Low levels of IgA in visceral leishmaniasis patients contrasted with a 13-fold-higher reactivity in sera from patients with leprosy. Among IgG subclasses, IgG1, -3, and -4 responses were significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis patients than in the controls. IgG2 response, however, was significantly higher (twofold) in leprosy than even visceral leishmaniasis patients. The rank orders for sensitivity (IgG = IgG1 = IgG3 = IgG4 > IgG2 > IgM > IgE > IgA) and specificity (IgM = IgG3 > IgE > IgG4 > IgG2 > IgG > IgG1 > IgA) for LAg-specific antibody responses suggest the potentiality of IgG3 as a diagnostic marker for visceral leishmaniasis. (+info)

Cytokine profile induced by Cryptosporidium antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons with cryptosporidiosis. (3/3739)

The proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to a crude extract from Cryptosporidium parvum (CCE) was studied in persons who acquired cryptosporidiosis in the same outbreak (15 immunocompetent subjects with prior cryptosporidiosis and 22 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-positive persons with various levels of immunosuppression and active cryptosporidiosis) and in individual patients (8 HIV-positive patients with active cryptosporidiosis and 15 HIV-positive persons without history of cryptosporidiosis). PBMC from HIV-positive persons showed less proliferation to CCE and mitogens than did PBMC from immunocompetent subjects with prior cryptosporidiosis, independent of CD4 cell count. In immunocompetent subjects, cytokine gene expression was consistent with cytokine production, whereas in HIV-positive subjects it was not. The production of interferon-gamma in CCE-stimulated PBMC from both immunocompetent and HIV-positive subjects with cryptosporidiosis and the lack of interferon-gamma in CCE-stimulated PBMC from HIV-positive subjects without cryptosporidiosis indicate that C. parvum mainly induces a Th1 response. (+info)

HLA class II factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen allele families. (4/3739)

In Plasmodium falciparum malaria, certain human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and the parasite's merozoite surface antigens 1 and 2 (MSA-1, MSA-2) have been shown to influence the course of the infection. This report is on associations of distinct HLA factors with the occurrence of particular MSA families in a group of patients with either severe or mild P. falciparum malaria in Gabon. Different distributions of HLA-DPB1 alleles were found in the 2 groups. DR *04 alleles were observed more frequently among patients with severe malaria. Several alleles of different loci were associated with distinct MSA allele families. In addition, carriers of the amino acid methionine at position 11 of the DPA1 allele were more often infected by MSA-1 K1 parasites and less frequently by MSA-1 RO33 parasites. Furthermore, associations of HLA factors with polyclonal infections were found. (+info)

Susceptibility to infectious diseases: Leishmania as a paradigm. (5/3739)

The diverse response of individuals within populations to infectious pathogens remains poorly understood, although genetic determinants undoubtedly contribute in substantial ways to the outcome of infection. In a mouse model of infection with the intramacrophage protozoan Leishmania major, susceptibility correlates both with aberrant helper T cell differentiation biased towards the production of interleukin 4 and with the presence of an endogenous CD4 T cell repertoire that recognizes an immunodominant parasite antigen with high frequency. In the setting of the particular ecological niche occupied by Leishmania, this combination of otherwise unrelated factors synergizes to result in exquisite susceptibility to this single pathogen, without seemingly compromising host defenses against other agents. Similar paradigms could underlie susceptibility to other pathogenic organisms. (+info)

Immunization of mice with DNA-based Pfs25 elicits potent malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. (6/3739)

Immunological intervention, in addition to vector control and malaria chemotherapy, will be needed to stop the resurgence of malaria, a disease with a devastating impact on the health of 300 to 500 million people annually. We have pursued a vaccination strategy, based on DNA immunization in mice with genes encoding two antigens present on the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs25 and Pfg27, to induce biologically important antibodies that can block development of the parasite in the Anopheles mosquito and thus transmission of the disease. DNA encoding Pfs25 when administered by the intramuscular route, either alone or with DNA encoding Pfg27, had the most potent transmission-blocking effects, resulting in up to a 97% decrease in oocyst numbers in mosquito midguts and a 75% decrease in rate of infection. Immunization with DNA encoding a Pfg27-Pfs25 fusion protein was less effective and DNA encoding Pfg27 elicited antibodies in sera that had only modest effects on the infectivity of the parasite. These results show for the first time that DNA vaccination can result in potent transmission-blocking antibodies in mice and suggest that the Pfs25 gene should be included as part of a multicomponent DNA vaccine. (+info)

Antibodies reactive with the N-terminal domain of Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen inhibit cell proliferation by agglutinating merozoites and schizonts. (7/3739)

The serine repeat antigen (SERA) is a vaccine candidate antigen of Plasmodium falciparum. Immunization of mice with Escherichia coli-produced recombinant protein of the SERA N-terminal domain (SE47') induced an antiserum that was inhibitory to parasite growth in vitro. Affinity-purified mouse antibodies specific to the recombinant protein inhibited parasite growth between the schizont and ring stages but not between the ring and schizont stages. When Percoll-purified schizonts were cultured with the affinity-purified SE47'-specific antibodies, schizonts and merozoites were agglutinated. Indirect-immunofluorescence assays with unfixed parasite cells showed that SE47'-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) bound to SERA molecules on rupturing schizonts and merozoites but the IgG did not react with the schizont-infected erythrocytes (RBC). Furthermore, double-fluorescence staining against SE47'-specific IgG and anti-human RBC membrane IgG showed that the RBC membrane disappeared from SE47'-specific-IgG-bound schizonts after cultivation. These observations suggest that the SE47'-specific antibodies inhibit parasite growth by cross-linking SERA molecules that are associated with merozoites in rupturing schizonts with partly broken RBC and parasitophorous vacuole membranes, blocking merozoite release. (+info)

Role of gamma interferon in cellular immune response against murine Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. (8/3739)

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that cause a wide variety of opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS. Because it is able to grow in vitro, Encephalitozoon cuniculi is currently the best-studied microsporidian. T cells mediate protective immunity against this parasite. Splenocytes obtained from infected mice proliferate in vitro in response to irradiated parasites. A transient state of hyporesponsiveness to parasite antigen and mitogen was observed at day 17 postinfection. This downregulatory response could be partially reversed by addition of nitric oxide (NO) antagonist to the culture. Mice infected with E. cuniculi secrete significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Treatment with antibody to IFN-gamma or interleukin-2 (IL-12) was able to neutralize the resistance to the parasite. Mutant animals lacking the IFN-gamma or IL-12 gene were highly susceptible to infection. However, mice unable to secrete NO withstood high doses of parasite challenge, similar to normal wild-type animals. These studies describe an IFN-gamma-mediated protection against E. cuniculi infection that is independent of NO production. (+info)

They could therefore be used to vaccinate against viral, bacterial, protozoan, and tumor antigens. Initially, the Togaviridae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphavirus

Mast cells express MHC class II molecules and can participate in antigen presentation; however, the mast cell's role in antigen ... Pathogenic bacteria and protozoa have developed a variety of methods to resist attacks by phagocytes, and many actually survive ... stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies by an important process called antigen presentation. Antigen presentation is a ... The protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania infect macrophages, and each has a unique way of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocyte

Historically the role of this antigen other than its importance as a receptor for Plasmodium protozoa has not been appreciated ... The Fy4 antigen, originally described on Fy (a-b-) RBCs, is now thought to be a distinct, unrelated antigen and is no longer ... Because the Duffy antigen is uncommon in those of Black African descent, the presence of this antigen has been used to detect ... This antigen along with other blood group antigens was used to identify the Basque people as a genetically separate group. Its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

Immunity to re-infection is based on recognition of the antigens carried by the pathogen, which are "remembered" by the ... Antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium ... The host eventually identifies the VSG as a foreign antigen and mounts an attack against the microbe. However, the parasite's ... If the pathogen's dominant antigen can be altered, the pathogen can then evade the host's acquired immune system. Antigenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_variation

As a parasitic protozoan, C. luciliae lacks the ability to biosynthetically produce purine bases and therefore needs to salvage ... The high concentration of dsDNA and the absence of human nuclear antigens in the kinetoplast provides a specific substrate for ... C. luciliae is a eukaryotic single-cell protozoan. The family Trypanosomatidae belongs to the order Kinetoplastida and is ... "Guidelines for clinical use of the antinuclear antibody test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crithidia_luciliae

Button LL, McMaster WR (February 1988). "Molecular cloning of the major surface antigen of leishmania". The Journal of ... This membrane-bound glycoprotein is present in the promastigote of various species of Leishmania protozoans. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmanolysin

Malaria is caused by a variety of species of the Plasmodium protozoan and the virus of the antigens are always changing which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_health_in_Uganda

... s are located on the apical third of the protozoan body. They are surrounded by a typical unit membrane. On electron ... These organelles secrete several proteins such as the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen-1, or PfAMA1, and ... Erythrocyte family antigen, or EBA, family proteins. These proteins specialize in binding to erythrocyte surface receptors and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microneme

The structure of the immunodominant SAG1 antigen reveals a homodimeric configuration. This family of surface antigens is found ... SAG1 is found on the surface of a protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite infects almost any warm-blooded ... This particular antigen contains many cysteine residues which lead to disulphide bridge formation. This domain has a sequence ... He XL, Grigg ME, Boothroyd JC, Garcia KC (2002). "Structure of the immunodominant surface antigen from the Toxoplasma gondii ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAG1_protein_domain

Antigen Antigenicity Immunogen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Tumor antigen Antigen- ... Pathogens Pathogenic bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Parasites Tumors Allergens Self-proteins Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Cross- ... T cells Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR) Subunits - [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] Co-receptors CD8 (CD8α / CD8β) CD4 ... CD18 Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18 Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18 Very late ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology

That antigen could be from any species of virus/bacteria or even human disease antigens, for example cancer antigens. Vaccines ... Viruses have been explored as a means to treat infections caused by protozoa. One such protozoa that potential virotherapy ... Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T cell) are a type of immunotherapy that makes use of viral gene editing. CAR T cell use ... Tumor antigens and danger-associated molecular patterns are also released during the lysis process which helps recruit host ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virotherapy

He continued to research antibodies and antigens. In 1918 he published his book on typhoid fever, and in 1921 he became Head of ... He contributed to Agents of Disease and Host Resistance(1935) concerned with bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rickettsiae and viruses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Parker_Gay

The protozoan reproduces asexually, the first division is longitudinal while the succeeding ones are approximately regular and ... i-antigens, of the parasite. Fish that survive amyloodiniosis may develop at least a partial immunity. Since 1931 (year of the ... The protozoan pathogenicity is associated with the trophont attachment to host tissues; trophonts constantly twist and turn, ... In this phase, the protozoan is round and encapsulated in a cellulose wall, which becomes thicker and confers upon it an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloodinium_ocellatum

An important discovery was the malaria antigen gene "apical memberane antigen 1" (AMA-1), which has potential for use in ... The research focus was on protozoan infections, especially the cause of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum), which kill over ... In 1981 he became a senior researcher, looking into how to clone malaria antigens with the goal of making a vaccine. In 1984 he ... He supervised PhD candidate Alan Cowman and together they developed improved techniques to detect antigens expressed in E. coli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kemp_(Australian_scientist)

Grand Challenge #5: Solve How to Design Antigens for Effective, Protective immunity The priority areas for this challenge ... and complex pathogens such as protozoa and fungi. Dr. Hongkui Deng of Peking University in China is currently working with his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Challenges_in_Global_Health

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Challenges_In_Global_Health

Binding of antigens to IgE already bound by the FcεRI on mast cells causes cross-linking of the bound IgE and the aggregation ... IgE is also utilized during immune defense against certain protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. IgE may have ... IgE also plays a pivotal role in responses to allergens, such as: anaphylactic reactions to drugs, bee stings, and antigen ... CD23 may also allow facilitated antigen presentation, an IgE-dependent mechanism whereby B cells expressing CD23 are able to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E

The most accurate diagnosis is by qPcr DNA antigen assay, not generally available by primary care physicians in the USA: most ... Human parasites include various protozoa and worms. Human parasites are divided into endoparasites, which cause infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_parasite

However, premunition is probably much more complex than simple antibody and antigen interaction. In the case of malaria, the ... Premunity is progressive development of immunity in individuals exposed to an infective agent, mainly belonging to protozoa and ... For malaria, premunition is maintained by repeated antigen exposure from infective bites. Thus, if an individual departs from ... However, Plasmodium can change its surface antigens, so the development of an antibody repertoire that can recognize multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premunition

De Lange T, Borst P. Genomic environment of the expression-linked extra copies of genes for surface antigens of Trypanosoma ... Ouellette M, Borst P. Drug resistance and P-glycoprotein gene amplification in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Res Microbiol ... Novel expression-linked copies of the genes for variant surface antigens in trypanosomes. Nature. 1980;284:78-80. Boothroyd JC ... Introduction of PFG electrophoresis for the separation of chromosome-sized DNA molecules of several protozoa (20) (21). The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Borst

Unlike other parasitic protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, etc.), Trichomonas vaginalis exists in only one ... such as rapid antigen testing and transcription-mediated amplification, have even greater sensitivity, but are not in ... It is the most common pathogenic protozoan that infects humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates in men and women ... Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a sexually transmitted disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis

Each T cell has a distinct T cell receptor, suited to a specific substance, called an antigen. Most T cell receptors bind to ... protozoa, and fungi. Nude mice with the very rare "nude" deficiency as a result of FOXN1 mutation are a strain of research mice ... The MHC presents an antigen to the T cell receptor, which becomes active if this matches the specific T cell receptor. In order ... Some CD4 positive T cells exposed to self antigens persist as T regulatory cells. As the thymus is where T cells develop, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus

... is a protozoan that causes coccidiosis in poultry. It is located in the middle part of the intestine, on either ... immunization of chickens against Eimeria maxima infection with a monoclonal antibody developed against a gametocyte antigen". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimeria_maxima

ELISA is able to detect more specific antigens. Molecular assays such as PCR are continuing on the rise to be used but require ... Theiler found that East Coast fever was not the same as redwater, but caused by a different protozoan. Sporozoites from the ... Research is being done to create a vaccine with a mixture of many antigens from sporozoite and schizont stage to increase ... Bishop also contains a cell study using T. parva-specific immune cells to identify antigens. Theileria parva causes East Coast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theileria_parva

The Megaviridae virus can be found infecting acanthamoeba or other protozoan clades. Once the virus infects the host, the ... the FLAP endonuclease and the processing factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Other proteins include DNA dependent RNA ... Host organisms typically include protozoa, invertebrates and eukaryotic algae. The class Pokkesviricetes infects familiar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleocytoviricota

Disadvantages are that the urine antigen test only detects antigen of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (LP1); only a culture ... or other protozoa such as Tetrahymena pyriformis. Upon inhalation, the bacteria can infect alveolar macrophages, where they can ... The side chains of the cell wall carry the bases responsible for the somatic antigen specificity of these organisms. The ... Many hospitals use the Legionella urinary antigen test for initial detection when Legionella pneumonia is suspected. Some of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella

... in which the body produces antibodies in response to exposure to an antigen. In pioneering studies, both at the laboratory ... large cells that can surround and digest foreign substances like protozoa and bacteria. He applied these insights to patient- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanvil_A._Cohn

Gynatren is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergic reaction to the bacterial antigens or phenol contained in ... Specific immunofluorescence was observed on those protozoa which had been treated with anti-lactobacillus serum and anti- ... The altered immune signaling favours local processing of antigens and a rapid induction of low-affinitiy, broad-specificity IgA ... Patrolling dendritic cells exposed to killed bacterial antigens at a muscular injection site however typically do not migrate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_vaccine

It has been suggested that absorption of trichophyton fungal antigens can give rise to immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody ... Possible ocular hazards result from exposure to foreign bodies, allergens, bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa that can be ... of the population has allergic antibodies to fungal antigens, and half of them, that is 5% of the population, would be ... sensitization of bronchi and upper airways to dermatophytes antigen". Lancet 8643, 859-62 Abramson C (1990). "Inhalation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_human_nail_dust

They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other ... Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica) Bacterial infections ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine

PRRs also mediate the initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune response and release of inflammatory cytokines. The ... fungi and protozoa. MBL predominantly recognizes certain sugar groups on the surface of microorganisms but also binds ... Tissue Antigens. 68 (3): 193-209. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00649.x. PMC 7169806. PMID 16948640. Bahar O, Pruitt R, Luu DD, ... Blood DC antigen 2 (BDCA2) ( CLEC4C), and Mincle i.e. macrophage‑inducible C‑type lectin (CLEC4E). The nomenclature (mannose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

Naive T cells, which are immature T cells that have yet to encounter an antigen, are converted into activated effector T cells ... It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, ... Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of ... Murphy Cell-mediated immunity: How T cells recognize and respond to foreign antigens (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

CD4 antigen - CD45 antigen - CD95 antigen - CDC28 protein kinase - cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle ... protozoan proteins - purine - purinergic P1 receptor - purinergic P2 receptor - purinergic receptor - pyridine - pyrimidine - ... T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence - taste bud - TATA box - ... carcinoembryonic antigen - carrier - carrier protein - CAS registry number - casein - catabolism - catalyst - catalytic domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Antigen receptors on CTL can bind to a 9-10 amino acid chain that is presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as ... Cano MI, Dungan JM, Agabian N, Blackburn EH (March 1999). "Telomerase in kinetoplastid parasitic protozoa". Proceedings of the ... Humans have two major antigen identifying lymphocytes: CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes that ... Patel KP, Vonderheide RH (June 2004). "Telomerase as a tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy". Cytotechnology. 45 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

... "letter on the protozoa". Blood circulation: In 1628 the English physician William Harvey made a ground-breaking discovery when ... whose antigens further determine blood reaction between people. This was demonstrated in a 1939 case study by Phillip Levine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine

This anergy may be limited to Leishmania antigens or extend to mitogens and other antigens as the disease progresses. In ... The protozoan is in the smaller of its two forms, called an amastigote, which is round, non-motile, and only 3-7 micrometers in ... PBMC secretion of IL-10 without the addition of Leishmania antigen (endogenous) is inversely correlated with antigen specific ... The daughter cells protozoans then migrate to fresh cells or through the bloodstream to find new hosts. In this way the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis

The protozoan Sarcocystis neurona is a protozoan of single celled character and belongs to the family, Sarcocystidae, a group ... The ELISAs are based on the S. neurona merozoite surface antigens (SnSAGs). The SnSAGs are good targets due to being abundant ... Transmission of the protozoan from the infected horse to other animals is not possible based on the schizonts and daughter ... The protozoan, S. neurona, is a member of the genus Sarcocystis, and is most commonly associated with equine protozoal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcocystis_neurona

... system List of spiders associated with cutaneous reactions List of target antigens in pemphigoid List of target antigens in ... and Protozoa. Acanthamoeba infection Amebiasis cutis Ant sting Arachnidism Baker's itch Balamuthia infection Bedbug infestation ... cutaneous lesions List of histologic stains that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions List of human leukocyte antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

... is a marine protozoan ciliate that was first identified in 1995 after being isolated from infected ... Effect of antigen, formalin and adjuvant concentration on antibody response and protection against the pathogen". Aquaculture. ... against the protozoan parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi: Effects on antibody production and protection". Journal of Fish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philasterides_dicentrarchi

Agre said he discovered aquaporins "by serendipity." He had been studying the Rh blood group antigens and had isolated the Rh ... Candida and Ustilago and the protozoans- Trypanosoma and Plasmodium. There have been two clear examples of diseases identified ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaporin

Kaufmann, Stefan H. E (2012-05-24). "Vaccines as evolutionary tools: The virulence-antigen strategy". Concepts in vaccine ... bacteria or protozoa. For example, cervical cancer can be caused by the human papilloma virus, some cases of liver cancer are ... bacteria or protozoa. Ewald received his BSc in 1975 from the University of California, Irvine, in biological sciences and his ... The virulence-antigen strategy" (1996) in Concepts in Vaccine Development "Alternative Transmission Modes and the Evolution of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Ewald

... or type specific antigen, TSA56) and surface cell antigens (ScaA and ScaC, which are membrane transporter proteins). These ... But then, the actual infectious agent was not known, and it was generally attributed to either a virus or a protozoan. The ... A 56-kDa type specific antigen (TSA56) is the most important because it is not produced by any other bacteria, and is ... The 22-kDa, 47-kDa or 110-kDa antigens are not strain specific so that TSA56 is the main target in sophisticated diagnostic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi

According to the CDC, detection of antigens on the surface of organisms in stool specimens is the current test of choice for ... Giardiasis is caused by the protozoan Giardia duodenalis. The infection occurs in many animals, including beavers, other ... Farthing MJ (August 2006). "Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa". Nature Clinical Practice. ... Detection of Parasite Antigens". CDC. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2017-09-09. "Ova and Parasite Exam, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

... antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.950.500 - antigens, cd79 MeSH D12.776.377.715.647.100 - alpha-macroglobulins See List ... protozoan MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254 - antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150 - deltaretrovirus ... antigen-antibody complex MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301 - antitoxins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.138 - antivenins MeSH ... antigens, polyomavirus transforming MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.420 - papillomavirus e7 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

Svärd SG, Meng TC, Hetsko ML, McCaffery JM, Gillin FD (1998). "Differentiation-associated surface antigen variation in the ... Adam, RD; Svard, SG (2010). "Giardia: Nuclear and Chromosomal Structure and Replication". Anaerobic Parasitic Protozoa: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardia_duodenalis

This inability to remove infected and antigen-presenting cells and terminate the immune response leads to uncontrolled ... protozoa, fungi and SARS-CoV-2. Secondary HLH may also result from iatrogenic causes such as bone marrow or other organ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophagocytic_lymphohistiocytosis

In O and A antigens, there are two monomers of galactose on the antigens, whereas in the B antigens there are three monomers of ... Galactofuranose occurs in bacteria, fungi and protozoa, and is recognized by a putative chordate immune lectin intelectin ... Galactose is a component of the antigens (chemical markers) present on blood cells that distinguish blood type within the ABO ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactose

These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or ... Several human activities have led to the emergence of zoonotic human pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and ... Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of ... For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

Examples of protozoan parasites: Babesia divergens Balantidium coli Besnoitia besnoiti Cryptosporidium parvum Eimeria ... Complement fixation test are methods of identifying different kinds of parasites by detecting the presence of their antigens on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology

... antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.950.500 - antigens, cd79 MeSH D12.776.124.790.106.050 - alpha 1-antichymotrypsin MeSH ... protozoan MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.254 - antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.254.150 - deltaretrovirus ... antigens, cd46 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.920.250 - complement c1 inactivator proteins MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.920.250.500 - ... antigen-antibody complex MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.301 - antitoxins MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.301.138 - antivenins MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

The disease is caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, which belongs to an important genus of parasitic protozoa. The occurrence of ... "Genomic environment of variant surface antigen genes of Trypanosoma equiperdum". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_sickness

Nelson-Rees, Walter (1978). "Lung organ-specific antigens on cells with HeLa marker chromosomes". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 60 (6 ... biochemistry at Berkeley working in the laboratory of Charles Atwood Kofoid who was known for his studies of marine protozoans ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relda_Marie_Cailleau

Vital Staining for Protozoa and Related Temporary Mounting Techniques ~ Howey, 2000 Speaking of Fixation: Part 1 and Part 2 - ... the use of antisera to label specific antigens Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate), a protein dye. Vital stain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining

Rapid diagnostic tests can detect the antigens which cause malaria, a sample of blood is collected from the patient and placed ... It is specifically caused by the Plasmodium malariae species, one of the six species of the protozoan genus Plasmodium. Quartan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartan_fever

Research in a Dominican village, which measured the prevalence of protozoa and worm parasites in over 300 children, found a ... the ability of an organism to produce a normal immune response to an antigen) had a significant relationship with fluctuating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite-stress_theory

... elliptocytosis and loss of the Gerbich antigen (glycophorin C) and the Duffy antigen on the erythrocytes, because such blood ... Malaria protozoa are diversified into primate, rodent, bird, and reptile host lineages. The DNA of Plasmodium falciparum shows ... ISBN 978-0-374-23001-2. excerpt and text search Alphonse Laveran Nobel Lecture: Protozoa as causes of disease Paul H Müller ... Laveran called this microscopic organism Oscillaria malariae and proposed that malaria was caused by this protozoan. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_malaria

... antigens and their MHC restriction elements. Nine epitopes in six T. parva antigens, together with their respective MHC ... Six antigens targeted by CD8 T cells from T. parva -immune cattle of different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes ... By contrast, only 8 of 19 responder cattle displayed a response to antigens for which they did not carry an identified ... The analysis of responses was extended to animals immunized with multiple antigens delivered in separate vaccine constructs. ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/40606?2dcd3346-6e01-11ed-8560-061b866677b4

Antigens del estádio tripomastigote sanguíneo de la cepa RA I de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la cepa Boitron de Leishmania ... Studies on antigenic diversity in the malaria S-antigens / by Nina Gloriana-Barzaga. by Gloriani-Barzaga, Nina , UNDP/World ... The effects of insecticide-treated bed-nets on immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in children and pregnant ... Application of the antibody dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) assay to the identification of protective antigens and the ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BAntigens%2C%20Protozoan.%7D

Antigens, Protozoan. en. dc.subject.mesh. Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect. en. dc.subject.mesh. Cross Reactions. en. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/65621?locale-attribute=en&show=full

Antigens, Protozoan [D23.050.293]. *Variant Surface Glycoproteins, Trypanosoma [D23.050.293.900]. *Antigens, Surface [D23.050. ... Identification of sVSG117 as an immunodiagnostic antigen and evaluation of a dual-antigen lateral flow test for the diagnosis ... CD1d-restricted immunoglobulin G formation to GPI-anchored antigens mediated by NKT cells. Science. 1999 Jan 08; 283(5399):225- ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Variant%20Surface%20Glycoproteins,%20Trypanosoma

Antibodies, Protozoan (blood) *Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic (pharmacology, therapeutic use) *Antigens, Protozoan ( ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/pubmed16085036.do

... and pertussis antigens (DTP3) was ,=90% in 14 countries in 2015, DTP3 coverage in EMR dropped from 86% in 2010 to 80% in 2015 ... serological responses against protozoa may be a suitable health outcome measure for WASH trials among children with diarrhea. ... Serological responses for all antigens generally increased in the follow-up round, rising sharply after 12 months of age. The ... suggesting the male reproductive tract as 1 site of antigen persistence. Consistent with the magnitude of acute T-cell ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v9issue31.html

Detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool specimens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ... The protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia is recognized as a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in human [1]. Difficulties are ... Giardiasis in travellers: evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of Giardia lamblia-antigen in stool. ... Detection of Giardia antigen in stool samples before and after treatment. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 1995 ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-4/article-02.html

The latest news and opinions in protozoans, disease & medicine, neuroscience, cell & molecular biology from The Scientist, the ... Mutant T Cells That Drive Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Progression May React To a Brain Antigen ... protozoans, disease & medicine, neuroscience, cell & molecular biology. protozoans, disease & medicine, neuroscience, cell & ...

https://www.the-scientist.com/tag/protozoans,disease-medicine,neuroscience,cell-molecular-biology

... immunodominant and vaccine candidate antigens was associated with delayed time to subsequent cryptosporidiosis to 3 years of ... Cryptosporidiosis, caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, is a globally common infection ... Other target antigens have also been described and tested in animal models including circumsporozoite-like antigen, SA35, and ... immunodominant antigen gp15 and polymorphic antigen gp40 in children with cryptosporidiosis in south India. . Clin Vaccine ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/104/1/article-p229.xml?rskey=qw02dF&result=26

My scenario is based upon interactions between invading organisms (whether viral, bacterial, protozoan, or multicellular) and ... I put forward a hypothesis for the origin of blood group antigens that correlates with recent medical findings in relation to ... My scenario is based upon interactions between invading organisms (whether viral, bacterial, protozoan, or multicellular) and ... I put forward a hypothesis for the origin of blood group antigens that correlates with recent medical findings in relation to ...

https://www.mona.uwi.edu/fms/wimj/article/1752

... consisting of a multi-antigen ELISA followed by a single antigen (C6) or other multi-antigen ELISA (Branda et al., 2011; Mead ... Blood-borne protozoan parasite. Infects red blood cells.. Direct detection in peripheral blood using nucleic acid amplification ... Biomarker discovery (protein antigen detection or indirect markers) to detect cases that may be missed by NAATs and serologic ... 2021). Serologic response to Borrelia antigens varies with clinical phenotype in children and young adults with Lyme disease. ...

https://www.hhs.gov/ash/advisory-committees/tickbornedisease/reports/diagnostics-2022/index.html

Antibodies, Protozoan / immunology * Female * Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* / chemistry * Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* / ... The major improvement is that in contrast to RTS,S, R21 particles are formed from a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen ( ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28422178/?dopt=Abstract

Each type of bacteria or protozoa has at least one distinct antigen, meaning there are countless antigens out there in the big ... including the antigen) to the cell surface. When they express the antigen fragment and MHC, these cells are called antigen ... Antigens are moving around through the lymph, and when a B cell finds its matching foreign antigen, it does two things: makes ... Antigen Presenting Cell. T cells recognize the antigen fragment and MHC complex on infected cells. ...

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/biology/animal-systems/immune-system

Those antigens kill off the malaria protozoa at that stage or otherwise disrupt their reproduction, as I think sg @17 may have ... continues in them long enough within the mosquitos gut for the antigens produced by them to be released when the mosquitos ... including red blood cells containing the malaria protozoa, which take enough time to digest in the mosquitos gut that before ...

https://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/06/25/kids-may-need-2-h1n1-doses-again-this-year/comment-page-2/?replytocom=3125729

... coordinate with specific protozoan terms (ANTIGENS, PROTOZOAN, etc) if pertinent. Scope Note. A genus of protozoa parasitic to ... A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014122

Purchase Parasitic Protozoa - 2nd Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780124260146, 9780323139182 ... A. Antigens. B. Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies. C. Cell-Mediated Immunity. VII. Caryospora: Unusual Coccidians. A. Life ... Parasitic Protozoa. Black Friday Event. :. save up to 30% on print and eBooks with free shipping. No promo code needed. More ... Updated and much expanded, the Second Edition of Parasitic Protozoa is designed to be useful to physicians, veterinarians, and ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/parasitic-protozoa/kreier/978-0-12-426014-6

Switzerland: Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern have multiple antigen, antibody and ... PCR testing abilities for multiple helminths and protozoa. See IFIK Request Form for Diagnostic Parasitological Analyses ...

https://www.astmh.org/blog/april-2022/non-cdc-options-for-molecular-and-serologic-testin

We show that these properties can be exploited to both protect and adjuvant vaccine antigens for oral administration. Chimeric ... Intestinal and free-living protozoa, such as Giardia lamblia, express a dense coat of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) ... Efficient oral vaccination by bioengineering virus-like particles with protozoan surface proteins. .noexiste{ color: #000; } . ... are protected from degradation and activate antigen presenting cells in vitro. Orally administered VSP-pseudotyped VLPs, but ...

https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/129167

Moss DM, Priest JW, Hamlin K, Derado G, Herbein J, Petri WA Jr, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of enteric protozoa in Haitian ... Feeser KR, Cama V, Priest JW, Thiele EA, Wiegand RE, Lakwo T, et al. Characterizing reactivity to Onchocerca volvulus antigens ... will further extend the number of antigens included in a single assay, and new antigen discovery through high-throughput ... Bead-antigen coupling and bead degradation can introduce variability into multiplex assays, so the use of standardized ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/7/17-1928_article

To provide a better shopping experience, our website uses cookies. Continuing use of the site implies consent ...

https://dshb.biology.uiowa.edu/custitem34/Echinoderm,Protozoa/custitem40/Immunohistochemistry,Western-Blot

Protozoa and helminths/va and parasites (including Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis) ... Helicobacter pylori faecal antigen (for upper route of FMT delivery). CoE: moderate; SoR: strong ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/12/2111?ijkey=9c602985153fa6202ea26a34ff283fc660455f8f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is one of the leading candidates in the development of a vaccine against diseases caused by ... that the epitope predicted from the PAN motif of BbAMA-1 domain I is neutralization-sensitive and may serve as a target antigen ... 5National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido ... Apical membrane antigen 1 plays a central role in erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium species.. Molecular Microbiology 38(4):706 ...

https://peerj.com/articles/11765/

Using a tissue culture antigen, and the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) staining method, this photomicrograph revealed the ... phenomenon of polar staining amongst the Toxoplasma gondii protozoa in a case of toxoplasmosis.. ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=16544

Individuals with lymphoedema were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen and specific IgG4 using the Alere ... Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan, Antigens, Helminth, Cameroon, Elephantiasis, Geography, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Lymphedema, ... Individuals with lymphoedema were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen and specific IgG4 using the Alere ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/821461

35-661) can be used to detect Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis Antibody [7111] in ELISA and other applications. ... SPECIFICITY: Specific to the p65 adhesive antigen of T. vaginalis.. Properties. *PURIFICATION: Trichomonas vaginalis antibody ... SPECIES REACTIVITY: Protozoan. *CONJUGATE: Unconjugated. *TESTED APPLICATIONS: E, IF. * ...

https://www.prosci-inc.com/product/trichomonas-vaginalis-antibody-7111-35-661/

Antigens, Protozoan - Preferred Concept UI. M0001444. Scope note. Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity ... Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the ... coord IM with specific protozoan /immunol (IM). Allowable Qualifiers:. AD administration & dosage. AE adverse effects. AN ... malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered. ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=956&filter=ths_exact_term&q=ANT%C3%8DGENOS+DE+PROTOZOOS

Antibodies, Protozoan. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Antigens, Protozoan --blood. en_US. ... Two-site sandwich ELISA for detection of Plasmodium vivax blood stage antigens using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.. en_ ... vivax antigen preparations from vivax malaria patients; (2) it gave a higher specificity when tested with the SO strain of P. ... falciparum SO strain antigen prepared from in vitro cultures. Comparison between the two systems of two-site sandwich ELISA ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/30975?mode=full

Protozoan Vaccines (8) * Antigens, Protozoan (7) * Protozoan Proteins (6) * Vaccines, DNA (6) ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/?lang=en&q=au:Ahmadpour,+Ehsan

Antibodies are unique among biomarkers in their ability to identify persons with protective immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases and to measure past exposure to diverse pathogens that range from viruses to bacteria, parasitic protozoa, and nematodes. (cdc.gov)
All pathogens leave behind immunologic footprints in the form of antibodies that last for months to years and can be detected by testing dried blood spots or serum samples against panels of well-defined antigens. (cdc.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Two-site sandwich ELISA for detection of Plasmodium vivax blood stage antigens using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. (who.int)
Khusmith S, Intapan P, Tharavanij S, Tuntrakul S, Indravijit KA, Bunnag D. Two-site sandwich ELISA for detection of Plasmodium vivax blood stage antigens using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. (who.int)
Antibodies present in the recipient's serum may be directed against antigens in the donor product. (lookformedical.com)
Testing erythrocytes to determine presence or absence of blood-group antigens, testing of serum to determine the presence or absence of antibodies to these antigens, and selecting biocompatible blood by crossmatching samples from the donor against samples from the recipient. (lookformedical.com)
To accomplish this aim a cDNA expression library was constructed from adult worm mRNA and immuno-screened using antibodies from mice that had been immunized with the 35 kDa antigen. (biomedcentral.com)
The recombinant antigen could react with antibodies from P. heterotremus , P. pseudoheterotremus and P. westermani infections. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigen helps in the production of antibodies. (imedpub.com)
BACKGROUND:Antibodies against the merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1-19) and the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium vivax) are proven to be important in protection against clinical disease. (ox.ac.uk)
Leishmania tarentolae vaccine, engineered to express antigens that stimulate the production of coronavirus neutralizing antibodies. (knowledge-share.eu)
Therefore, measurements of specific antibodies and responses to polysaccharide and protein antigens are more useful, in most cases, than total IgG or IgG subclass measurements. (medscape.com)
Antibodies perform their function by recognizing antigens on the surface of the microbe which identifies it as a foreign object. (kaberaglobal.com)
Along with antibodies, there are also many cells, chemicals, and proteins involved in destroying these antigens. (kaberaglobal.com)

Application of the antibody dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) assay to the identification of protective antigens and the study of the establishment of protective immunity in Myanmar / by Soe Soe Daw. (who.int)
Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern have multiple antigen, antibody and PCR testing abilities for multiple helminths and protozoa. (astmh.org)
Using a tissue culture antigen, and the indirect fluorescent antibody (FA) staining method, this photomicrograph revealed the phenomenon of polar staining amongst the Toxoplasma gondii protozoa in a case of toxoplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
Two systems of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a two-site monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA MAb-MAb sandwich ELISA) and a two site polyclonal-monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA (PAb-MAb sandwich ELISA) for the detection of Plasmodium vivax antigens were developed. (who.int)
Antibody titres were measured against three antigens (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
It is capable of binding to an antibody or to an antigen receptor on a T cell. (imedpub.com)
The invention offers a vaccine that induces a strong antibody response against HPV type 16 antigens and for the SARS-CoV protein N. (knowledge-share.eu)
One must demonstrate deficiency of specific antibody responses to documented infections or vaccine antigens. (medscape.com)
Formulating your antibody or ligand with i-Particles® is the key to reveal antigen or receptor interactions with a biodegradable platform for lateral flow tests, agglutination tests or bead-ELISA. (adjuvatis.com)
Formulation of HIV-1 Tat and p24 antigens by PLA nanoparticles or MF59 impacts the breadth, but not the magnitude, of serum and faecal antibody responses in rabbits. (adjuvatis.com)

Intestinal and free-living protozoa, such as Giardia lamblia, express a dense coat of variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) on trophozoites that protects the parasite inside the host's intestine. (conicet.gov.ar)
Apart from the antigens that express only on the surface of invasive stages, certain housekeeping proteins have also been found to localize onto the cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins secreted from these organelles are considered to play an essential role in intracellular parasitism by this protozoan [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The N. caninum surface associate antigen 1 (NcSAG1) and NcSAG1 related sequence 2 (NcSRS2) have been identified as major surface antigen proteins of N. caninum tachyzoites, and were demonstrated to be immune-dominant and involved in interactions between the tachyzoite and the host cell [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This test looks for proteins known as antigens, which are released by malaria parasites. (medlineplus.gov)

malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered. (bvsalud.org)

It includes the study of certain classes of viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. (imedpub.com)
Moderate exercise, in contrast, induces the immune system to a predominately Th1 type response that favors the resolution of viral infections and control of infections caused by intracellular microorganisms ( Gleeson, 2006 , 2007 ), which can include the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenis along with the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma cruzi , and Leishmania spp. (frontiersin.org)
Pathogens are a subset of microorganisms that can cause disease and these include representatives of bacteria, fungi, viruses, helminths and protozoa. (scienceoxygen.com)
In total, there are ∼1,400 known species of human pathogens (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths), and although this may seem like a large number, human pathogens account for much less than 1% of the total number of microbial species on the planet. (scienceoxygen.com)
The predominantly commensal collection of bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit multicellular organisms constitutes the microbiota, and their DNA is referred to as the microbiome. (cdc.gov)

Antigens del estádio tripomastigote sanguíneo de la cepa RA I de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la cepa Boitron de Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis : respuesta humoral anti-HSP70 en la enfermedad de Chagas y leishmaniasis / Patricia Levy Yeyati. (who.int)
Recombination-driven generation of the largest pathogen repository of antigen variants in the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. (cdc.gov)
Chagas disease (CD), also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a potentially life-threatening vector-borne tropical zoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi . (labmedica.com)

Chimeric Virus-like Particles (VLPs) decorated with VSPs and expressing model surface antigens, such as influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are protected from degradation and activate antigen presenting cells in vitro. (conicet.gov.ar)
Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
Recombinant surface associated antigen 1 (NcSAG1), NcSAG1 related sequence 2 (NcSRS2) and the dense granule antigen 2 (NcGRA2) of N. caninum were expressed either in silkworm or in Escherichia coli and purified. (biomedcentral.com)
Antigenic N-terminal half of the major surface antigen (SAG1) was linked with intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of dense granule protein 2 (GRA2). (koreamed.org)
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. (rush.edu)

Our results indicate that the epitope predicted from the PAN motif of BbAMA-1 domain I is neutralization-sensitive and may serve as a target antigen for vaccine development against bovine babesiosis caused by B. bovis . (peerj.com)
Antigenic variation by protozoan parasites: insights from Babesia bovis. (cornell.edu)
ELISAs with crude extracts of adult Dirofilaria immitis adult worm antigens (AWA Di) ( 2 ), Schistosoma bovis worm antigens ( 3 ), Fasciola hepatica excretory/secretory antigens ( 4 ), and Trichinella spiralis L1 antigens ( 5 ) were used. (cdc.gov)

Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is one of the leading candidates in the development of a vaccine against diseases caused by apicomplexan parasite species. (peerj.com)

A long time ago, in the unpublished manuscript of a book on evolutionary biology, I put forward a hypothesis for the origin of blood group antigens that correlates with recent medical findings in relation to the ABO blood group system. (uwi.edu)
Blood group antigens. (lookformedical.com)

ABSTRACT Immunity against the bovine intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva has been shown to be mediated by CD8 T cells. (jenner.ac.uk)
This host has developed sufficient immunity to protect against protozoan disease, but is not a protozoan infection. (alliedacademies.org)

Prolonged and strenuous exercise decreases the expression of Toll-Like Receptors in macrophages and compromises the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes, which diminishes the Th1 inflammatory response. (frontiersin.org)

Each section contains information on disease pathogens, treatment, diagnosis, and epidemiology of the diseases caused by the various protozoans. (elsevier.com)
Robust disease surveillance is a cornerstone of global health efforts that range from detecting emerging pathogens and epidemics to the control or elimination of vaccine-preventable diseases, HIV, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) ( http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/9789241564540/en/ ) ( 2 - 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Specifically, immunoblotting tests using P. heterotremus crude extracts of adult worms show high sensitivity and specificity to paragonimiasis heterotremus with diagnostic bands corresponding to 32.5, 33, and 35 kDa native antigens [ 8 ] and can differentiate between P. heterotremus and P. westermani Korean strain [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular techniques have been applied as a tool for producing recombinant protein antigens to replace the native antigens produced by other parasitic worm species from animal hosts in similar tests [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chimeric antigens have been successfully utilized for chronic CD in vitro diagnosis and efficiently address commonly encountered hurdles arising from the use of recombinant and native antigens. (labmedica.com)

We show that these properties can be exploited to both protect and adjuvant vaccine antigens for oral administration. (conicet.gov.ar)

They reside in tissues to activate both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that recognize foreign antigens. (kaberaglobal.com)

The analysis of responses was extended to animals immunized with multiple antigens delivered in separate vaccine constructs. (jenner.ac.uk)
Future efforts are needed to display multiple antigens with protective properties to improve the performance of the GVNP-based approach. (biomedcentral.com)

Updated and much expanded, the Second Edition of Parasitic Protozoa is designed to be useful to physicians, veterinarians, and research scientists concerned with diseases caused by protozoa in man, and in domestic and wild animals including fish, mollusks and insects, as well as the more commonly considered vertebrate animals. (elsevier.com)

Dense granule antigens (NcGRAs) of N. caninum are major components of both the vacuoles surrounding tachyzoites and the cyst wall that surround slower-growing bradyzoites [ 10 ], and therefore NcGRAs might be promising diagnostic tools and important protective antigens. (biomedcentral.com)

This study aimed to use a P. heterotremus cDNA library to create a recombinant version of this antigen for use in immunodiagnosis of paragonimiasis. (biomedcentral.com)
Recombinant Haemagglutinin Derived From the Ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila Is Protective Against Influenza Infection. (adjuvatis.com)

2012) demonstrated that the magnitude of atopic lung inflammation induced by antigen (ovalbumin) sensitization and challenge in an animal model, which mimics features of atopic asthma in humans, is dependent upon the age when the gastrointestinal microbiota is perturbed. (cdc.gov)

Given the high test sensitivity and specificity, reflected in the low level of heterologous infection cross-reactivity (11/215 serum samples), observed in the IgG-ELISA, this 35 kDa antigen may be useful for the detection of paragonimiasis. (biomedcentral.com)
To overcome any limitation, peroxidase-labeled (HRP) antigens can be utilized, diagnosing either acute or chronic infection, in a species and immunoglobulin class-independent manner. (labmedica.com)
Threfore, in this study, we evaluated the immunoprotective ability of HIS antigens against infection by Leishmania infantum in hamsters. (fiocruz.br)

The protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia is recognized as a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in human [1]. (who.int)
In this situation, finding a protozoan parasite in a sick folk doesn't always mean that the disease is the induced by a parasite. (alliedacademies.org)

Identification of sVSG117 as an immunodiagnostic antigen and evaluation of a dual-antigen lateral flow test for the diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. (harvard.edu)

To facilitate further dissection of the specificity of protective CD8 T-cell responses and to assist in the assessment of responses to vaccination, we set out to identify the epitopes recognized in these T. parva antigens and their MHC restriction elements. (jenner.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT The aim of this study in Iraq was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercial ELISA test for detection of Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. (who.int)
The specificity attained under DAgS-ELISA reached 100% using three of the four chimeric antigens evaluated, IBMP-8.1, IBMP-8.2 and IBMP-8.4. (labmedica.com)
The overall specificity and sensitivity of GST-GRA2-SAG1A loaded RDT (TgRDT) were estimated as 100% and 97.1% by comparing with ELISA result which uses T. gondii whole cell lysates as the antigen. (koreamed.org)
Specificity: serum samples from healthy controls from sub-Saharan Africa (41), from healthy Spanish blood donors (52), from patients with other isolated helminthic infections (45), from patients with protozoa infections (25), and from patients with bacterial or viral infections (19) were used. (cdc.gov)

The etiological agents responsible for this group of diseases are protozoa of the genus Leishmania. (frontiersin.org)
They also showed a positive delayed hypersensitivity response to a specific Leishmania antigen compared to control animals. (frontiersin.org)
Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious infectious disease caused by obligatory intracellular protozoan of the Leishmania genus. (fiocruz.br)
Many antigens from Leishmania have been evaluated as vaccine candidates mainly the histones (HIS) that are highly conserved. (fiocruz.br)
Use of the Leishmania protozoan for the development of serological tests for the diagnosis of Coronaviridae virus infections. (knowledge-share.eu)

My scenario is based upon interactions between invading organisms (whether viral, bacterial, protozoan, or multicellular) and their hosts. (uwi.edu)
Viral antigens are resistant to antibiotics such as common cold, influenza and the present coronavirus and may be harmful when taken inappropriately. (meetingsint.com)

IgG subclass deficiencies often occur in pairs (eg, IgG1 and IgG3, IgG2 and IgG4), following the general principle that IgG1 and IgG3 are directed against protein antigens and IgG2 is directed against polysaccharide antigens. (medscape.com)
Particle-based transcutaneous administration of HIV-1 p24 protein to human skin explants and targeting of epidermal antigen presenting cells. (adjuvatis.com)

A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. (nih.gov)

In contrast, cross-reaction was found in the PAb-MAb sandwich ELISA when the plates were coated with polyclonal IgG and tested against the serially diluted P. falciparum SO strain antigen prepared from in vitro cultures. (who.int)

This Trichomonas antigen is supplied as washed and lysed purified Trichomonas vaginalis protozoa. (thenativeantigencompany.com)
Our Trichomonas antigens are suitable for IVD kit manufacture or research. (thenativeantigencompany.com)

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. (lookformedical.com)

RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de cette étude réalisée en Iraq était de définir la sensibilité et la spécificité d'un test ELISA commercial pour la détection de l'antigène de Giardia lamblia dans les selles. (who.int)
An illness caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia and characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, weight loss, or malabsorption. (cdc.gov)

The PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) test (or assay) is prescribed to men to detect the first signs of an enlarged prostate (gland in the male genital tract whose main function is the production of seminal fluid) and indicate the presence of possible diseases of the gland such as, for example, cancer. (oralhealthtac.org)

Mutually exclusive expression of virulence genes by malaria parasites is regulated independently of antigen production. (cornell.edu)

All responder cattle mounted responses specific for antigens for which they carried an identified restriction element. (jenner.ac.uk)
Either alone or encapsulating immunogenic molecules, our technologies are able to greatly stimulate humoral and/or cell-mediated responses of vectorized antigens and increase antigen stability. (adjuvatis.com)

The optimal dilutions of serum and antigen-enzyme conjugate (HRP) were determined by checkerboard titration at different chimeric antigen coating concentrations. (labmedica.com)

Obtaining Paragonimus adult worms for native antigen preparation is a very time-consuming and costly process which involves crab collection, recovery of metacercariae from crabs, infecting and maintaining mammalian definitive hosts, confirming infections by eggs detection, and finally obtaining worms from host lungs and processing them for diagnostic testing. (biomedcentral.com)

However, due to the magnitude of the challenges of the disease, sustained efforts are still needed for the continued identification and validation of additional novel antigens with protective potential against malaria. (biomedcentral.com)

For example, administration of vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, to neonatal mice exacerbated antigen-induced lung inflammation that was assessed by enumerating the number of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils. (cdc.gov)
2012) proposed that heterogeneity in antigen-induced lung inflammation between vancomycin- treated mice of different ages was associated with differences in the composition of the gut microbiota yet did not present any extensive data to provide a mechanism for this phenomenon. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Organisms61

Diseases18

Chemicals and Drugs110

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes21

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care3

Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoite pellicle antigen recognized by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody is a beta-mannosylated glycolipid. (1/3739)

Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and diagnostic value of Leishmania donovani antigen-specific immunoglobulin G3 in Indian kala-azar patients. (2/3739)

Cytokine profile induced by Cryptosporidium antigen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons with cryptosporidiosis. (3/3739)

HLA class II factors associated with Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen allele families. (4/3739)

Susceptibility to infectious diseases: Leishmania as a paradigm. (5/3739)

Immunization of mice with DNA-based Pfs25 elicits potent malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. (6/3739)

Antibodies reactive with the N-terminal domain of Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen inhibit cell proliferation by agglutinating merozoites and schizonts. (7/3739)

Role of gamma interferon in cellular immune response against murine Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. (8/3739)

Antigens

Protozoan Infections

Antigens, Bacterial

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens, Surface

Protozoan Proteins

Antigens, Viral

Antigens, Protozoan

Eukaryota

DNA, Protozoan

Ciliophora

Genes, Protozoan

RNA, Protozoan

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

HLA Antigens

Antigens, Fungal

Antigens, CD

Genome, Protozoan

Protozoan Infections, Animal

Antigens, Helminth

H-2 Antigens

Molecular Sequence Data

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

Entamoeba histolytica

HLA-DR Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Giardia lamblia

Trypanosoma cruzi

Histocompatibility Antigens

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Leishmania

Epitopes

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Prostate-Specific Antigen

O Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Amino Acid Sequence

Antibodies, Protozoan

T-Lymphocytes

Antigens, CD15

Toxoplasma

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

Alveolata

Apicomplexa

Trypanosoma

Antiprotozoal Agents

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Tetrahymena pyriformis

HLA-A2 Antigen

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

Antigens, CD8

Immunoglobulin G

Kinetoplastida

Cross Reactions

Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic

Protozoan Vaccines

Blood Group Antigens

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Antigens, CD3

Trypanosomatina

HLA-A Antigens

Base Sequence

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Lymphocyte Activation

Trichomonas

Leishmania major

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Parasites

Antibody Specificity

Hartmannella

HLA-D Antigens

Entamoeba

Receptors, Antigen

Crithidia

Antigens, CD45

Cell Line

Hepatitis B Antigens