Antigens helminth. Medical search

Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.

Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

The treatment of immune system diseases by deliberate infestation with helminths. This therapy is partly based on the HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS which states that the absence of parasites increases immune dysregulation because of the lack of stimulation of REGULATORY T-CELLS.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A genus of nematode worms comprising the whipworms.

A superfamily of nematode parasitic hookworms consisting of four genera: ANCYLOSTOMA; NECATOR; Bunostomum; and Uncinaria. ANCYLOSTOMA and NECATOR occur in humans and other mammals. Bunostomum is common in ruminants and Uncinaria in wolves, foxes, and dogs.

Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

Proteins found in any species of helminth.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

A species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. Infection is by ingesting larvae. This particular species is used extensively in immunological research.

Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Infections by nematodes, general or unspecified.

A subclass of segmented worms comprising the tapeworms.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Determination of parasite eggs in feces.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.

A superfamily of nematodes of the suborder SPIRURINA. Its organisms possess a filiform body and a mouth surrounded by papillae.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.

Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass CESTODA.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A genus of intestinal nematode parasites belonging to the superfamily HELIGMOSOMATOIDEA, which commonly occurs in rats but has been experimentally transmitted to other rodents and rabbits. Infection is usually through the skin.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Class of parasitic flukes consisting of three subclasses, Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. The digenetic trematodes are the only ones found in man. They are endoparasites and require two hosts to complete their life cycle.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

A species of helminth commonly called the sheep liver fluke. It occurs in the biliary passages, liver, and gallbladder during various stages of development. Snails and aquatic vegetation are the intermediate hosts. Occasionally seen in man, it is most common in sheep and cattle.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A common parasite of humans in the moist tropics and subtropics. These organisms attach to villi in the small intestine and suck blood causing diarrhea, anorexia, and anemia.

Infections caused by infestation with worms of the class Trematoda.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

A class of unsegmented helminths with fundamental bilateral symmetry and secondary triradiate symmetry of the oral and esophageal structures. Many species are parasites.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. They are often contracted through contact with an intermediate vector, but may occur as the result of direct exposure.

A genus of large tapeworms.

A parasite of carnivorous mammals that causes TRICHINELLOSIS. It is especially common in rats and in swine fed uncooked garbage. Human infection is initiated by the consumption of raw or insufficiently cooked pork or other meat containing the encysted larvae.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.

A species of parasitic nematode widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. The females and their larvae inhabit the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they cause ulceration and diarrhea.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

A genus of nematodes of the superfamily ASCARIDOIDEA whose species usually inhabit the intestine.

Infection with tapeworms of the genus Hymenolepis.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus NECATOR. The resulting anemia from this condition is less severe than that from ANCYLOSTOMIASIS.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

A superfamily of strongyles or roundworms which are parasites in the intestinal tract of equines, pigs, rodents, and primates (including man). It includes the genera Cyasthostomum, Ransomus, Globocephalus, OESOPHAGOSTOMUM, and STRONGYLUS.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.

The genetic complement of a helminth (HELMINTHS) as represented in its DNA.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Drugs used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia.

The smallest species of TAPEWORMS. It is the only cestode that parasitizes humans without requiring an intermediate host.

An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.

A species of parasitic nematode usually found in domestic pigs and a few other animals. Human infection can also occur, presumably as result of handling pig manure, and can lead to intestinal obstruction.

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

Invertebrate organisms that live on or in another organism (the host), and benefit at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A genus of nematode intestinal parasites that consists of several species. A. duodenale is the common hookworm in humans. A. braziliense, A. ceylonicum, and A. caninum occur primarily in cats and dogs, but all have been known to occur in humans.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae which occurs at different stages in development in veins of the pulmonary and hepatic system and finally the bladder lumen. This parasite causes urinary schistosomiasis.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A white threadlike worm which causes elephantiasis, lymphangitis, and chyluria by interfering with the lymphatic circulation. The microfilaria are found in the circulating blood and are carried by mosquitoes.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

A genus of small tapeworms of birds and mammals.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.

A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

A superfamily of parasitic nematodes which requires one or two intermediate arthropod hosts before finally being eaten by the final host. Its organisms occur rarely in man.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A genus of parasitic nematodes widely distributed as intestinal parasites of mammals.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Infection by flukes of the genus Echinostoma.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.

A species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the Far East. The intermediate host is a snail. It occurs in man and other mammals.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

A species of parasitic nematode found in the intestine of dogs. Lesions in the brain, liver, eye, kidney, and lung are caused by migrating larvae. In humans, these larvae do not follow normal patterns and may produce visceral larva migrans (LARVA MIGRANS, VISCERAL).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.

A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Substances used in the treatment or control of nematode infestations. They are used also in veterinary practice.

The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)

A supergroup (some say phylum) of ameboid EUKARYOTES, comprising ARCHAMOEBAE; LOBOSEA; and MYCETOZOA.

Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.

Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).

A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and parasitic diseases. The parasitic infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

A group of dominantly and independently inherited antigens associated with the ABO blood factors. They are glycolipids present in plasma and secretions that may adhere to the erythrocytes. The phenotype Le(b) is the result of the interaction of the Le gene Le(a) with the genes for the ABO blood groups.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Differential serodiagnosis for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using fractions of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (antigen B) and E. multilocularis protoscolex (EM18). (1/1434)

Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid and E. multilocularis protoscolex extract were fractionated by a single step of preparative isoelectric focusing, resulting in an antigen B-rich fraction (8-kD) and an Em18-rich fraction, respectively. The usefulness of both fractions for differential serodiagnosis of cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis was evaluated by a large-scale immunoblot analysis on a battery of 354 serum samples. These included 66 from AE patients originating from four different endemic areas, 173 from CE patients originating from seven different endemic areas, 71 from patients with other parasitic diseases, 15 from patients with hepatomas, and 29 from healthy individuals. In an immunoblot with the antigen B-rich fraction, 92% (158 of 173) of the CE sera as well as 79% (52 of 66) of the AE sera reacted with the 8-kD subunit. No cross-reactivity occurred with any sera from patients with cysticercosis, other parasitic diseases, or with hepatomas, or from healthy controls. In an immunoblot with the Em18-rich fraction, all but two sera from AE patients (64 of 66, 97%) recognized Em18, and only nine of 34 CE sera from China reacted with it. All other (139) CE sera from six other countries were negative as were all (115) other non-echinococcosis sera. These findings indicate that antigen B (8-kD) is not species-specific for E. granulosus but is genus-specific for Echinococcus, and that the Em18 antigen is a reliable serologic marker for species-specific differentiation of AE from CE. (+info)

Development of a serologic assay to detect Taenia solium taeniasis. (2/1434)

We developed a serologic assay to identify adult Taenia solium tapeworm carriers using excretory/secretory (TSES) antigens collected from in vitro cultured T. solium tapeworms. To identify taeniasis-specific antigens we used an immunoblot assay with serum samples from T. solium tapeworm carriers and cysticercosis patients. Antigens were identified that reacted with antibodies present in serum samples from taeniasis cases and not with those from cysticercosis patients. Using serum samples collected from persons with confirmed T. solium tapeworm infections, the test was determined to be 95% (69 of 73) sensitive. Serum samples (n = 193) from persons with other parasitic infections, including T. saginata tapeworm infections, do not contain cross-reacting antibodies to TSES, indicating that the assay is 100% specific. These data suggest that the immunoblot assay using TSES antigens can be used to identify persons with current or recent T. solium tapeworm infections and provides a new, important tool for epidemiologic purposes, including control and prevention strategies. (+info)

Granulomatous inflammatory response to recombinant filarial proteins of Brugia species. (3/1434)

The lymphatic inflammatory response in Brugia-infected jirds peaks early during primary infections and then decreases in severity as judged by the numbers of lymph thrombi present within these vessels. Antigen-specific hypersensitivity reactions in these animals was measured by a pulmonary granulomatous inflammatory response (PGRN) induced by somatic adult worm antigen (SAWA)-coated beads, and by cellular proliferative responses of renal lymph node cells. The kinetics of these responses temporally correspond to lymphatic lesion formation. The importance of any single antigen to the induction of this inflammatory response has not been elucidated. In this study, the PGRN was used to measure the cellular immune response to four recombinant filarial proteins during the course of a primary B. pahangi infection. These proteins were BpL4, glycoprotein (glutathione peroxidase) gp29, heat shock protein (hsp) 70, and filarial chitinase. All were fusion proteins of maltose-binding protein (MBP). Control beads included those coated with diethanolamine (DEA), SAWA, or MBP. The measurements of PRGN were made at 14, 28, 56, and > 150 days postinfection (PI) in infected jirds, in jirds sensitized with SAWA, and in uninfected jirds. The secretory homolog of glutathione peroxidase gp29 was the only recombinant protein tested that induced a significantly greater PGRN (P < 0.05) than controls. This was seen at 28 days PI. These observations indicate that gp29 may be part of the worm antigen complex that induces an early inflammatory response, a response similar to that observed with SAWA. These studies indicate that this approach is useful in investigating the functional ability of specific proteins in the induction and down-regulation of immune-mediated inflammatory responses elicited by filarial parasites. Absence of a granulomatous response to the other recombinant proteins used may be related to the nature and sensitivity of the assay used or the character of recombinant proteins tested. (+info)

Inhibitory effect of artemether on proteinase of Schistosoma japonicum. (4/1434)

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on the thio proteinase ("hemoglobinase", Hem) of Schistosoma japonicum. METHODS: Hem was extracted from S japonicum adults. The inhibitory effect of Art on the activity of Hem to degrade human hemoglobin (Hgb) was examined with UV-photometer at 280 nm, SDS-PAGE and scanning at 600 nm on a chromoscanner. RESULTS: Human Hgb was degraded at pH 4.0 by the Hem. The activities of Hem preincubated at 37 degrees C with Art 0.14, 1.4, and 14 mmol.L-1, were inhibited by 30.2%, 39.8%, and 45.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Art possesses an inhibitory effect to Hem of S japonicum. (+info)

Interleukin-10 and antigen-presenting cells actively suppress Th1 cells in BALB/c mice infected with the filarial parasite Brugia pahangi. (5/1434)

Infection with the third-stage larvae (L3) of the filarial nematode Brugia results in a Th2-biased immune response in mice and humans. Previously we have shown that the production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) is critical for down-regulating polyclonal Th1 responses in L3-infected mice. However, the in vitro neutralization of IL-4 did not fully recover the defective polyclonal Th1 responses, nor did it result in the production of any antigen (Ag)-specific Th1 cytokines, suggesting that perhaps infection with L3 does not result in priming of Th1 cells in vivo. In this study, we analyzed the role of IL-10 and Ag-presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen as additional factors controlling the Th2 bias in infected mice. Our data show that IL-10 and APCs also contribute to the suppression of mitogen-driven Th1 responses of spleen cells from infected mice. In addition, the neutralization of IL-10 or the replacement of the resident APC population from spleen cell cultures resulted in the production of Ag-specific Th1 cytokines. Irradiated spleen cells from either L3-infected or uninfected mice were able to restore Ag-specific Th1 responses in vitro. Therefore, it appears that Brugia-reactive Th1 cells are primed following infection with L3, but are actively suppressed in vivo by a mechanism that involves IL-10 and the resident APC population, but not IL-4. These results indicate that a complex interplay of cytokines and cell populations underscores the Th2-polarized response in L3-infected mice. (+info)

A novel 62-kilodalton egg antigen from Schistosoma mansoni induces a potent CD4(+) T helper cell response in the C57BL/6 mouse. (6/1434)

In infection with Schistosoma mansoni, hepatic granuloma formation is mediated by CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells sensitized to schistosomal egg antigens. There is considerable variation among infected individuals with respect to both severity of disease and the T-cell response to egg antigens. In the BL/6 mouse, the egg granulomas are relatively small and the relevant sensitizing egg antigens are largely unknown. We investigated the CD4(+) Th cell response of infected BL/6 mice to egg antigens fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found a prominent lymphoproliferative response to be directed against a 62-kDa component. With the aid of a specific T-cell hybridoma, 4E6, the 62-kDa antigen was isolated; following partial digestion with endoproteinase Glu-C, an internal amino acid sequence was found to be identical with one present in the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) of the organisms Caenorhabditis elegans and Treponema pallidum and to differ by one residue from PEPCK of various other species. In CD4(+) Th cells from 7.5- 8.5-week-infected BL/6 mice, the purified 62-kDa molecule elicited a potent proliferative response which, based on cytokine analysis, was of a mixed Th-1 and Th-2 type. Our results reveal a novel egg antigen of particular prominence in the BL/6 mouse and suggest that the immune response in schistosomiasis is a product of sensitization to egg antigens that may vary considerably in immunogenicity from strain to strain. (+info)

Vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with leucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep. (7/1434)

The potential of different parasite proteinases for use as vaccine candidates against fascioliasis in sheep was studied by vaccinating animals with the cathepsin L proteinases CL1 and CL2 and with leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) purified from adult flukes. In the first trial, sheep were immunized with CL1 or CL2 and the mean protection levels obtained were 33 and 34%, respectively. Furthermore, a significant reduction in egg output was observed in sheep vaccinated either with CL1 (71%) or with CL2 (81%). The second trial was performed to determine the protective potential of the two cathepsin L proteinases assayed together, as well as in combination with LAP, and of LAP alone. The combination of CL1 and CL2 induced higher levels of protection (60%) than those produced when these enzymes were administered separately. Those sheep that received the cocktail vaccine including CL1, CL2, and LAP were significantly protected (78%) against metacercarial challenge, but vaccination with LAP alone elicited the highest level of protection (89%). All vaccine preparations induced high immunoglobulin G titers which were boosted after the challenge infection, but no correlations between antibody titers and worm burdens were found. However, the sera of those animals vaccinated with LAP contained LAP-neutralizing antibodies. Reduced liver damage, as assessed by the level of the liver enzyme gamma-glutamyl transferase, was observed in the groups vaccinated with CL1, CL2, and LAP or with LAP alone. (+info)

Tolerization of mice to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens causes elevated type 1 and diminished type 2 cytokine responses and increased mortality in acute infection. (8/1434)

The granuloma that surrounds the Schistosoma mansoni egg is the cause of pathology in murine schistosomiasis, and its formation is driven by egg Ag-stimulated type 1 and type 2 cytokines. To determine the role of egg-driven immune responses during schistosome infection we rendered CBA/Ca mice unresponsive to schistosome eggs by combined cyclophosphamide treatment and thymectomy. In the early acute stages of schistosome infection, egg-tolerized mice suffered high mortalities. Granuloma size and deposition of collagen in the liver were significantly reduced in egg-tolerized mice. Similarly, limited granuloma responses were detected in the intestines of these mice, and this was associated with a >90% reduction in egg excretion. Histologically, egg-tolerized mice had exacerbated hepatocyte damage, with extensive microvesicular steatosis. Elevated plasma transaminase levels confirmed the damage to hepatocytes. Infected egg-tolerized mice had impaired proliferation responses to egg Ag but intact responses to worm Ag. Tolerized mice had diminished Ab responses to egg Ag and had a type 1 cytokine isotype pattern to worm Ag, with elevated IgG2a and diminished IgG1 and IgE. Egg-tolerized mice failed to down-regulate type 1 cytokines that are normally elicited during early schistosome infection. Hepatic granuloma cells from egg-tolerized mice were also type 1 cytokine dominated, with elevated frequencies of Tc1/Th1 and reduced Tc2/Th2 cells. This study demonstrates that mice tolerized to schistosome eggs have elevated type 1 cytokine responses with diminished type 2 responses and reduced anti-egg Ab during schistosome infection, and these effects are detrimental to the host. (+info)

May 2009). "T follicular helper cells differentiate from Th2 cells in response to helminth antigens". J Exp Med. 206 (5): 991-9 ... In germinal centers, antigen-experienced TFH cells rapidly upregulate the expression of CD40L, which binds and stimulates the B ... Therefore, in the absence of TFH cells, similar to B cell activation by T-cell independent antigens, a quick burst of low ... Follicular helper T cells (also known as follicular B helper T cells and abbreviated as TFH), are antigen-experienced CD4+ T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells

Epidemiology and control of ruminant helminths in the Kericho Highlands of Kenya. "Moses Rugutt named Nacosti head". Business ... Diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenyan cattle by antibody and antigen ELISA. Anthelmintic resistance amongst ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Rugut

2002). "An enteric helminth infection protects against an allergic response to dietary antigen". J Immunol. 169 (6): 3284-3292 ... In the past, helminths were thought to simply suppress T-helper Type 1 (Th1) cells while inducing T-helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. ... In the journal EMBO Reports, Rook says that such helminths "are all either things that really do us no harm, or things where ... However, helminths also regulate Th2-caused diseases, such as allergy and asthma. Rook postulates that different parasitic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_parasitic_worms_on_the_immune_system

They also fight helminth (worm) colonization and may be slightly elevated in the presence of certain parasites. Eosinophils are ... They have also been implicated in antigen presentation to T cells. Eosinophils are responsible for tissue damage and ... After maturation, eosinophils circulate in blood and migrate to inflammatory sites in tissues, or to sites of helminth ... Shi HZ (September 2004). "Eosinophils function as antigen-presenting cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 76 (3): 520-7. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil

Pathogen-driven selection has been supported in allele frequency studies including MHC I and blood group antigens. Gene ... networks have also been correlated with specific pathogens including helminths. Studies have shown genes that are differently ... Zoonosis Immunology Migration Ecology Cross-species transmission Emerging infectious disease Foodborne illness Antibody Antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoimmunology

... helminths, allergens). Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first component of ... Rh factor, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on red blood cells; individuals that are Rh-positive (Rh+) have this ... It is important to note that this occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal B cells to "remember" Rh antigen by ... This means binding between antibody and antigen is reversible, and the antibody's affinity towards an antigen is relative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

A helminth protein, or helminthic antigen, is a protein derived from a parasitic worm that causes an immune reaction. When ... Helminth proteins can result in a deregulated response to infection, and are implicated in reduced reactivity to other antigens ... The Helminth Secretome Database (HSD) is a repository for helminth proteins predicted using expressed sequence tags (ESTs). ... Garg G, Ranganathan S (2012-01-01). "Helminth secretome database (HSD): a collection of helminth excretory/secretory proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminth_protein

It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens, such as HIV, microbes, and helminth parasites ... Firstly, the antigen and antibody rapidly form antigen-antibody complexes within few seconds and this is followed by a slower ... It acts on antigen-antibody reaction in which the antibodies cross-link particulate antigens resulting in the visible clumping ... Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-antibody_interaction

Anthelmintic resistance amongst sheep and goats in Kenya and Epidemiology and control of ruminant helminths in the Kericho ... Diagnosis of Taenia saginata cysticercosis in Kenyan cattle by antibody and antigen ELISA; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipsigis_people

Usually, a target cell line expressing a certain surface-exposed antigen is incubated with antibody specific for that antigen. ... Large parasites like helminths are too big to be engulfed and killed by phagocytosis. They also have an external structure or ... ADCC is also important in the use of vaccines, as creation of antibodies and the destruction of antigens introduced to the host ... Frey, Joachim (2019/12). "RTX Toxins of Animal Pathogens and Their Role as Antigens in Vaccines and Diagnostics". Toxins. 11 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity

Adult hookworm antigens have also been identified as potential candidates for vaccines. When adult worms attach to the ... For example, helminth infections cause potent and highly polarized immune response characterized by increased T-helper cell ... Research on larval antigens has focused on proteins that are members of the pathogenesis-related protein superfamily, ... Research is currently stymied at the development of at least one of these antigens as a recombinant protein for testing in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm_infection

This involves the use of mass spectrometry find parasite antigens (proteins which activate an adaptive immune response) which ... Mutapi's lab at the University of Edinburgh, the Parasite Immuno-epidemiology Group, researches immune responses to helminths ... Currently there are no available vaccines for infections by helminth worms including bilharzia. Mutapi is pioneering proteomics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca_Mutapi

... pollen proteins or helminth antigens. Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells ... Voehringer D (December 2009). "The role of basophils in helminth infection". Trends in Parasitology. 25 (12): 551-6. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basophil

Of all the known helminth species, the most important helminths with respect to understanding their transmission pathways, ... Sophisticated tests such as serological assays, antigen tests, and molecular diagnosis are also available; however, they are ... Specific helminths can be identified through microscopic examination of their eggs (ova) found in faecal samples. The number of ... Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthiasis

The clearance of helminth in mice that lacked taste receptor function (Trpm5 or/-gustducin KO) or enough tuft cells (Pou2f3 KO ... A loss of tolerance to antigens that appear in the environment cause inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Crohn's disease (CD) ... Helminth colonization inducts a type-2 immune response, causes mucosal healing and achieves clinical remission. During an ... This shows that tufts cells are important in playing a protective role during the helminth infections. It was observed that IL- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuft_cell

High antifilarial IgG titers to microfilariae often result in cross reactivity with other nonfilarial helminth antigens, such ... Muck, A.; Pires, M.; Lammie, P. (2003). "Influence of infection with non-filarial helminths on the specificity of serological ... as Strongyloides and Schistosoma antigens, as demonstrated in reported cases. It is important to exclude other parasitic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_eosinophilia

... they are rarely highly mutated and have broad antigen reactivity thus providing an early response to a wide range of antigens ... Responses to specific helminths are also characterised with elevated levels of IgE antibodies. Idiotype Janeway, CA; Travers, P ... IgG4 is the least abundant IgG subclass in the serum and is often generated following repeated exposure to the same antigen or ... sIgA has also been shown to potentiate the immune response in intestinal tissue by uptake of antigen together with the bound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype_(immunology)

For example, when an antigen-presenting cell displays a peptide antigen on MHC class II proteins, a CD4+ cell will aid those ... gastric fluid acidification to expel helminths. IL-5 from CD4 T cells will activate eosinophils to attack helminths. IL-10 ... During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose antigens (typically bacteria or viruses), ... that a host antigen is foreign. As a result, the CD8+ T cells treat the host cell presenting that antigen as infected, and go ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell

Pao LI, Bedzyk WD, Persin C, Cambier JC (February 1997). "Molecular targets of CD45 in B cell antigen receptor signal ... Similar results can be seen during helminth infections. When mice are infected by Strongyloides ratti the mice with BTLA ... Pao LI, Cambier JC (March 1997). "Syk, but not Lyn, recruitment to B cell antigen receptor and activation following stimulation ... Vilen BJ, Famiglietti SJ, Carbone AM, Kay BK, Cambier JC (July 1997). "B cell antigen receptor desensitization: disruption of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTLA

... s are critical for primary responses to local Th2 antigens e.g. helminths and viruses and that is why ILC2s are abundant in ... These cells lack antigen specific B or T cell receptor because of the lack of recombination activating gene. ILC2s produce type ... and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 203 (4): 1105-16. doi:10.1084/jem.20051615 ... 2 cytokines (e.g. IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13) and are involved in responses to helminths, allergens, some viruses, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILC2

... and helminths. Lack of exposure to sufficient benign antigens, particularly during childhood, is sometimes suggested as a cause ... Extra-cellular antigens primarily trigger the TH2 response, as observed with allergies, while intracellular antigens trigger a ... Helminths are parasitic worms such as hookworms, whipworms, and threadworms that have evolved to live within a host organism on ... Helminth infection has emerged as one possible explanation for the low incidence of autoimmune diseases and allergies in less ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helminthic_therapy

The positive B cell signaling is initiated by binding of foreign antigen to surface immunoglobulin. The same antigen-specific ... against which helminths are not resistant. The interaction of the FcεRII receptor with the Fc portion of helminth bound IgE ... When an appropriate allergic antigen or parasite is present, the cross-linking of at least two IgE molecules and their Fc ... IgE antibodies bind to antigens of allergens. These allergen-bound IgE molecules interact with Fcε receptors on the surface of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fc_receptor

... it acts to protect against several bowel infections caused by helminths. This role of IL-25 has been demonstrated in these ... promotes efficient protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection by enhancing the antigen-specific IL-9 response ... and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 203 (4): 1105-16. doi:10.1084/jem.20051615 ... and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. The Rockefeller University Press. OCLC 679042420. Angkasekwinai P, Srimanote P, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_25

An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are Lymphocytes. Once ... and helminth infestations) as well. Hence, research in the field of immunology is of prime importance for the advancements in ... If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will ... The body's capability to react to antigens depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

Exogenous antigens are usually displayed on MHC class II molecules, which activate CD4+T helper cells. Endogenous antigens are ... In general, Th2 responses are more effective against extracellular bacteria, parasites including helminths and toxins. Like ... A critical difference between B cells and T cells is how each cell "sees" an antigen. T cells recognize their cognate antigen ... The host's cells express "self" antigens. These antigens are different from those on the surface of bacteria or on the surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

As part of normal physiological processes, they are involved in key steps of antigen presentation as part of the adaptive ... A number of parasites, including helminths (parasitic worms), use papain-like proteases as mechanisms for invasion of their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papain-like_protease

Increased production of antigen-specific IgG1 and total IgE, but slight decrease in antigen-specific IgG2b corroborate Th2 ... February 2022). "Mechanisms of the host immune response and helminth-induced pathology during Trichobilharzia regenti ( ... Several parasite antigens recognized specifically by host IgY are considered as candidates for immunodiagnostics. The infection ... Lymphocytes from their skin draining lymph nodes produce IL-4 and IL-5 after stimulation with parasite antigens which shows Th2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichobilharzia_regenti

Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because ... helminths), and that a positive serologic test does not necessarily distinguish among infections. The new tests have not ... healthcare providers used a provocative injection of Dirofilaria immitis as a skin-test antigen for filariasis diagnosis. If ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loa_loa_filariasis

Binding of antigens to IgE already bound by the FcεRI on mast cells causes cross-linking of the bound IgE and the aggregation ... The IgE isotype has co-evolved with basophils and mast cells in the defence against parasites like helminths (like Schistosoma ... IgE also plays a pivotal role in responses to allergens, such as: anaphylactic reactions to drugs, bee stings, and antigen ... CD23 may also allow facilitated antigen presentation, an IgE-dependent mechanism whereby B cells expressing CD23 are able to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E

Helminths are thought to have been as old as the adaptive immune system, suggesting that they may have co-evolved, also ... They include: Reciprocal inhibition between immune responses directed against distinct antigens of the Old Friends microbes ... Of all the various types of pathogens known to cause disease in humans, helminths warrant special attention, because of their ... Maizels, R. M.; McSorley, H. J.; Smyth, D. J. (July 2014). "Helminths in the hygiene hypothesis: sooner or later?". Clinical & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis

PRRs also mediate the initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune response and release of inflammatory cytokines. The ... similarly fucose presents the same for certain bacteria and helminths; and glucans are present on mycobacteria and fungi. In ... Tissue Antigens. 68 (3): 193-209. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00649.x. PMC 7169806. PMID 16948640. Bahar O, Pruitt R, Luu DD, ... Blood DC antigen 2 (BDCA2) ( CLEC4C), and Mincle i.e. macrophage‑inducible C‑type lectin (CLEC4E). The nomenclature (mannose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

CD4 antigen - CD45 antigen - CD95 antigen - CDC28 protein kinase - cell - cell adhesion molecule - cell biology - cell cycle ... helminth protein - helper T cell - hemopexin - hemoglobin - herpes simplex virus protein vmw65 - heterocyclic compound - ... T-cell antigen receptors - tachykinin - tachykinin receptor - talin protein - tandem repeat sequence - taste bud - TATA box - ... carcinoembryonic antigen - carrier - carrier protein - CAS registry number - casein - catabolism - catalyst - catalytic domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

"Soil-transmitted helminth infections Fact sheet N°366". World Health Organization. June 2013. Archived from the original on ... Ascariasis may result in allergies to shrimp and dustmites due to the shared antigen, tropomyosin; this has not been confirmed ... Horák P (1992). "Helminth eggs in the sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia". Folia Parasitologica. 39 (2 ... A similar study in the same area showed that 73% of children working on these farms were infected with helminths, particularly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis

Other widely promoted tests such as the antigen leukocyte cellular antibody test and the food allergy profile are considered ... such as helminths, could protect against allergy. Therefore, reduced exposure to these organisms, particularly in developed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

Furthermore, a cocktail of H. polygyrus excretory-secretory antigens can be collected, and administered to mice in the presence ... Reynolds, Lisa A.; Filbey, Kara J.; Maizels, Rick M. (2012-10-11). "Immunity to the model intestinal helminth parasite ... 17 October 2017). "HpARI Protein Secreted by a Helminth Parasite Suppresses Interleukin-33". Immunity. 47 (4): 739-751. doi: ... as it is used as a model of human helminth infection to which a spectrum of natural resistance to parasite infection exists. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heligmosomoides_polygyrus

The active Jak pathways lead to inflammation and downstream activation of plasma cells and B lymphocytes which release antigen ... Also, epidemiological studies support a protective role for helminths against AD. Likewise, children with poor hygiene are at a ... According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth ... and antigen and allergen penetration of the epidermal layer. Filaggrin mutations are also associated with a decrease in natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

... antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.950.500 - antigens, cd79 MeSH D12.776.377.715.647.100 - alpha-macroglobulins See List ... helminth MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.191 - antibodies, heterophile MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.224 - antibodies, monoclonal ... antigen-antibody complex MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301 - antitoxins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.301.138 - antivenins MeSH ... antigens, polyomavirus transforming MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.420 - papillomavirus e7 proteins MeSH D12.776.624.664.520.750 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

For example, expulsion from the gut of a variety of mouse helminths requires IL-13 secreted by Th2 cells. IL-13 induces several ... Deletion of IL-13 from mice does not markedly affect either Th2 cell development or antigen-specific IgE responses induced by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_13

These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or ... "Helminth Infections: Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections and Schistosomiasis", Disease Control Priorities in Developing ... Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of ... For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection

Complement fixation test are methods of identifying different kinds of parasites by detecting the presence of their antigens on ... foetus Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma equiperdum Veterinary helminthology is focused on veterinary important helminth parasites ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology

... antigen, b-cell MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.950.500 - antigens, cd79 MeSH D12.776.124.790.106.050 - alpha 1-antichymotrypsin MeSH ... helminth MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.191 - antibodies, heterophile MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.224 - antibodies, monoclonal ... antigens, cd46 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.920.250 - complement c1 inactivator proteins MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.920.250.500 - ... antigen-antibody complex MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.301 - antitoxins MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.301.138 - antivenins MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

Blanchard R, Klassen P (April 1997). "H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men". J. Theor. Biol. 185 (3): 373-8. Bibcode:1997JThBi. ... 2005). "Helminths and the Modulation of Mucosal Inflammation". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 21 (2): 51-58. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_characteristic

Along with other helminth parasites Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini, S. haematobium was declared as Group 1 ( ... In chronic infections, or if eggs are difficult to find, an intradermal injection of schistosome antigen to form a wheal is ... Deelder, A.M.; Miller, R.L.; de Jonge, N.; Krijger, F.W. (1990). "Detection of schistosome antigen in mummies". The Lancet. 335 ... To evade detection by the host's immune system, the adults have the ability to coat themselves with host antigen. Individuals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium

Early clinical trials suggested that exposure to helminths such as Trichuris suis or Necator americanus can improve IBD. ... possibly targeting microbial antigens. While Crohn's is an immune-related disease, it does not appear to be an autoimmune ... Parker W (December 2017). "Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths". Immunology ... Weinstock JV, Elliott DE (March 2013). "Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases". International ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn's_disease

Alternatively, an antigen of Opisthorchis viverrini can be detected by ELISA test. A polymerase chain reaction test that can be ... Keiser, J.; Utzinger, J. R. (2007). "Artemisinins and synthetic trioxolanes in the treatment of helminth infections". Current ... periductal fibrosis and/or cellular responses to antigens from the infecting fluke. These conditions predispose to ... metabolites and excreted/secreted antigens as well as immunopathological processes. In silico analyses using techniques of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchiasis

Molecular analysis surface antigens has found significant genetic and phenotypic variation in strains of N. risticii, these ... using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report". Equine Veterinary Journal. 32 (4): 275-9. ... Strain variation among isolates can be determined by identifying surface antigens or by performing whole-genome sequencing. ... "Molecular basis for antigenic variation of a protective strain-specific antigen of Ehrlichia risticii". Infection and Immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neorickettsia_risticii

A study revealed that the turkeys also had H1N1 and were seropositive to its antigens. Maternally derived H1N1 antibodies were ... Primates: At the University of Ibadan Zoological Garden in Nigeria, fecal samples of zookeepers tested positive for helminths ( ... The exact same strain of helminths and protozoan cysts were found in the zoo's non-human primates thus implicating a zoonosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_zoonosis

At the time, a debate remained on the etiology, some favoured bacterial infection while some believed as helminth infection. ... The SRA gene is a truncated version of the major and variable surface antigen of the parasite, the variant surface glycoprotein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei

Kreider T, Anthony RM, Urban JF, Gause WC (August 2007). "Alternatively activated macrophages in helminth infections". Current ... M2 macrophages resolve inflammation, help tissue healing, tolerate self-antigens and certain neoantigens (for example apoptotic ... antigen presentation by MHC II system, and production of IL-10 and TGF-𝛽, leading to tissue regeneration and internalization of ... Ability of TAMs to present tumour-associated antigens is decreased as well as stimulation of the anti-tumour functions of T and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage_polarization

Studies have shown that certain parts of the tegument (in this case, the antigen named Teg) can actually suppress the immune ... a type of helminth) of the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans ... Proteases secreted by F. hepatica have been used experimentally in immunizing antigens. List of parasites (human) Veterinary ... "The Fasciola hepatica Tegumental Antigen Suppresses Dendritic Cell Maturation and Function". Infection and Immunity. 77 (6): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciola_hepatica

However, vaccines are not yet available, thus it is important to identify new target antigens from schistosome tegument ... Antigens, Helminth / immunology * Antigens, Helminth / metabolism* * Helminth Proteins / immunology * Helminth Proteins / ... Here, thirty highly immunoreactive tegument proteins and 10 antigens with an AUC value greater than 0.90 were identified at ... We found that thirty highly immunoreactive tegument proteins and 10 antigens with an AUC value greater than 0.90 were ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24448400/

The basis of the vaccines will the combination of recombinant antigens with adjuvants capable of inducing specific types of ... Vaccine development against parasitic helminths. Multivalent vaccines are being developed against Onchocerca volvulus, the ...

https://www.jefferson.edu/academics/colleges-schools-institutes/life-sciences/faculty-staff/faculty/abraham.html

In contrast, other resettling refugee populations have had rates of pathogenic intestinal helminths (e.g., Ascaris spp., ... Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen among refugees entering the United States between 2006 and 2008. Hepatology 2010;51: ... no helminths were identified. All other identified species were of little or indeterminate clinical significance (e.g., ... of 2,957 refugees of any age were hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, an indication of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5949a2.htm?s_cid=mm5949a2_w

Antibody-antigen interactionsEdit. The antibodys paratope interacts with the antigens epitope. An antigen usually contains ... helminths, allergens). ... Rh factor, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on ... Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.[28] It has been shown to activate ... Antibodies also form complexes by binding to antigen: this is called an antigen-antibody complex or immune complex. Small ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

This antigen was discovered and developed under a Brazilian platform led by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, from the Health ... Evaluation of antigens of Fasciola gigantic as vaccines against tropical fasciolosis in cattle. Int J Parasitol (1997) 27(11): ... A Schistosoma mansoni fatty acid-binding protein, Sm14, is the potential basis of a dual-purpose anti-helminth vaccine. Proc ... A cDNA clone encoding part of the major 25,000-dalton surface membrane antigen of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitol Res ( ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2015.00218/full

Air pollution, dietary changes, the absence of helminth colonization and antibiotic use have all been implicated in the rise of ... Allergies are characterized by exaggerated immune responses to foreign antigens from non-pathogenic substances. The prevalence ... helminth infections and antibiotic use have been shown to modify the composition of the microbiota.[4,6] ... leading to aberrant responses when harmless antigens are encountered later in life.[1] More recently, an alternative hypothesis ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814322

Antigens associated with insects, crustacea, helminths and fungi make up a considerable proportion of the environmental ... antigens associated with allergies and asthma in humans. Nonetheless, the common elements that link these widely distributed ...

https://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2022/09/the-elite-is-desperately-trying-to-convince-you-to-eat-bugs-heres-why-3781121.html

Feeser KR, Cama V, Priest JW, Thiele EA, Wiegand RE, Lakwo T, et al. Characterizing reactivity to Onchocerca volvulus antigens ... Blackwell AD, Tamayo MA, Beheim B, Trumble BC, Stieglitz J, Hooper PL, et al. Helminth infection, fecundity, and age of first ... Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:1118-26. DOIPubMedGoogle ... will further extend the number of antigens included in a single assay, and new antigen discovery through high-throughput ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/7/17-1928_article

Switzerland: Parasitology Laboratory, Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern have multiple antigen, antibody and ... PCR testing abilities for multiple helminths and protozoa. See IFIK Request Form for Diagnostic Parasitological Analyses ...

https://www.astmh.org/blog/april-2022/non-cdc-options-for-molecular-and-serologic-testin

Infectious Disease - Helminth Infestation Pages Alveolar Hydatid Disease Ascaris Cysticercosis Dipylidiasis Echinococcosis ... Casonis Antigen. *Echinococcus serologic titer. *Test Sensitivity: 50% of lung infections. *EITB has highest sensitivity and ... Anti-Helminth agents (used concurrently with surgery). *Albendazole (Albenza). *Mebendazole (Vermox). *Not available as of 2012 ... Helminth Infestation Chapter Hematology and Oncology Chapter Human Immunodeficiency Virus Chapter Immunization Chapter ...

https://fpnotebook.com/ID/Helminth/Echnccs.htm

Protozoa and helminths/va and parasites (including Blastocystis hominis and Dientamoeba fragilis) ... Helicobacter pylori faecal antigen (for upper route of FMT delivery). CoE: moderate; SoR: strong ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/68/12/2111?ijkey=9c602985153fa6202ea26a34ff283fc660455f8f&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Intestinal Helminths Recovered from Humans in Xieng Khouang Province, Lao PDR with a Particular Note on Haplorchis pumilio ... Advances in the Diagnosis of Human Opisthorchiasis: Development of Opisthorchis viverrini Antigen Detection in Urine. PLoS Negl ... Immune modulation by helminth parasites of ruminants: implications for vaccine development and host immune competence. Parasite ... Its rapid epithelial cell turnover seems to facilitate the rejection of intestinal helminths. In rats, it has been shown that E ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219662-overview

In laboratory mice, dual infection by Epstein-Barr virus and malaria in early life promoted the production of antigens against ... malaria and the production of a non-cognate IgE response.30 Helminth infestation may suppress allergic responses by reducing ...

https://thorax.bmj.com/content/56/4/290

If, however, their antigen receptors bind to a foreign antigen fragment in an MHC-protein complex, then the T cell will kill ... IgE is optimized to control invasion by parasites such as helminths or arthropods. However, it also mediates a rapid acute ... Each antigen receptor is highly specific, and each lymphocyte expresses only a single form of antigen receptor. Thus, millions ... The first step involves the capture and processing of antigens (an antigen is a substance that is foreign to the host, such as ...

https://www.msdvetmanual.com/en-au/veterinary/immune-system/the-biology-of-the-immune-system/adaptive-immunity-in-animals

"Unwinding the role of Helminth antigen driven reprogramming of host immunity". area:. location:. Pinn 1005. type:. Seminar ...

https://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/events/index.cfm?viewtype=som&viewformat=month&startdate=2/14/2022

... haplotypes of the interleukin-10 gene influence proliferation of peripheral blood cells in response to helminth antigen. Genes ...

https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-4-10

... bacteria or helminths, but also tolerate the commensal bacteria and innocuous food antigens in the gut. ... ILC2s in the lung are very important for inducing airway inflammation in response to antigens. You have ILC3s that are ... These cells do not possess any antigen specific receptors; however, like T cells, they commonly express CD25 and CD127. ILCs ... where immune regulation is critical to prevent unnecessary immune responses toward commensal and food antigens. Th17 cells are ...

https://www.stemcell.com/technical-resources/immunology-profiles-kyle-burrows-int.html

Individuals with lymphoedema were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen and specific IgG4 using the Alere ... Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan, Antigens, Helminth, Cameroon, Elephantiasis, Geography, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Lymphedema, ... Individuals with lymphoedema were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen and specific IgG4 using the Alere ...

https://www.neuroscience.ox.ac.uk/publications/821461

Jan Dvořák, PhD: "Helminth proteases in host - parasite interactions". Tuesday, June 27, 2017, 12:00, Hygiene Institute, ... Torsten Tonn, MD: "Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) - expressing natural killer cells (NK-92) for the treatment of ErbB2- ...

https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/hp/en/cepii/news/news-daten/events/single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1858&tx_ttnews%5Bpointer%5D=4&cHash=5ed0688fd3b496382d9a52f20a6f7e8d

... cathepsin L proteases and/or impairs host immune cell activation by blocking lysosomal cathepsin proteases involved in antigen ... T1 - An atypical and functionally diverse family of Kunitz-type cysteine/serine proteinase inhibitors secreted by the helminth ... An atypical and functionally diverse family of Kunitz-type cysteine/serine proteinase inhibitors secreted by the helminth ... An atypical and functionally diverse family of Kunitz‑type cysteine/ serine proteinase inhibitors secreted by the helminth ...

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/an-atypical-and-functionally-diverse-family-of-kunitz-type-cystei

Helminth antigen-based strategy to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis Academic Article ... A transgenic mouse line harboring a smooth muscle alpha-actin promoter polyomavirus middle T antigen transgene develops an ... Comparison of rectal mucosal proliferation measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry and whole ...

https://experts.mcmaster.ca/display/vocab-mesh-rectum

Antigens, Helminth - Preferred Concept UI. M0001419. Scope note. Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune ... The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.. Annotation:. coord IM with specific helminth /immunol ... Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. ... The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes. Preferred term. Antigens, Helminth ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=951

Antigens, Helminth.. 650 02 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM. Topical term or geographic name as entry element. Antibodies, ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-MARCdetail.pl?biblionumber=23972

Antigens, Helminth. en_US. dc.subject.mesh. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. en_US. ... The excretory secretory (ES) antigens produced from Setaria digitata were studied by PAGE and Western blot and compared with ... Monoclonal antibodies (K3AE7 and K3BD5) developed against the ES antigen were evaluated by ELISA for the diagnosis of human ... Cent per cent positive reaction was found with the circulating filarial antigen (CFA) of microfilaria carriers, occult and ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/19292?mode=full

... including those elicited by parasitic helminths, remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that soluble egg antigen (SEA ... including those elicited by parasitic helminths, remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that soluble egg antigen (SEA ... highlighting the physiological importance of this pathway in Th2 polarization during a helminth infection. In summary, we ...

https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1515638?show_id=1588936

Helminth antigen (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Helminth antigen (substance). Concept Status. Published. ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=709759000

Le papillomavirus, interview du Pr Gondry hpv therapy nedir What does word helminth mean cancer de colon que hacer, bacterii ... Substanța activă a unui vaccin este un antigen destinat să stimuleze apărarea naturală a organismului. ... Respiratie urat mirositoare la copii helminth for sale, papiloma escamoso faringe enterobius vermicularis monoxeno. ...

http://hotatelescopica.ro/human-papillomaviruses-agents-607255.php

... but issues of T cell antigen specificity in the context of helminth-induced Th2 and T regulatory cell (Treg) responses have not ... Altogether, this new model system reveals that helminth-specific CD4+ T cells can adopt effector as well as immunosuppressive ... This report establishes a new resource for studying the nature and function of helminth-specific T cells. ... and FLAG peptide in order to track and study helminth-specific CD4+ T cells. C57BL/6 mice infected with this stable transgenic ...

https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/4786/

No FAQ available that match "antigens helminth"

Health of Resettled Iraqi Refugees --- San Diego County, California, October 2007--September 2009 (cdc.gov)

Study and Ranking of Determinants of Taenia solium Infections by Classification Tree Models in: The American Journal of... (ajtmh.org)

Volume 3, Number 3-September 1997 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC (wwwnc.cdc.gov)

Antibody - Wikipedia (en.m.wikipedia.org)

Dirofilaria repens Infection and Concomitant Meningoencephalitis - Volume 15, Number 11-November 2009 - Emerging Infectious... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)

Antibiotic Perturbation of Microbiota and Allergy Development (medscape.com)

The Elite is Desperately Trying to Convince You to Eat Bugs. Here's Why. | Alternative | Before It's News (beforeitsnews.com)

Intestinal Flukes: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology (emedicine.medscape.com)

Central American Refugee Health Profile | CDC (cdc.gov)

Anatomy21

Organisms47

Diseases33

Chemicals and Drugs107

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment22

Phenomena and Processes19

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Geographicals2

Differential serodiagnosis for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis using fractions of Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid (antigen B) and E. multilocularis protoscolex (EM18). (1/1434)

Development of a serologic assay to detect Taenia solium taeniasis. (2/1434)

Granulomatous inflammatory response to recombinant filarial proteins of Brugia species. (3/1434)

Inhibitory effect of artemether on proteinase of Schistosoma japonicum. (4/1434)

Interleukin-10 and antigen-presenting cells actively suppress Th1 cells in BALB/c mice infected with the filarial parasite Brugia pahangi. (5/1434)

A novel 62-kilodalton egg antigen from Schistosoma mansoni induces a potent CD4(+) T helper cell response in the C57BL/6 mouse. (6/1434)

Vaccination with cathepsin L proteinases and with leucine aminopeptidase induces high levels of protection against fascioliasis in sheep. (7/1434)

Tolerization of mice to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens causes elevated type 1 and diminished type 2 cytokine responses and increased mortality in acute infection. (8/1434)

No FAQ available that match "antigens helminth"

Helminths

Helminthiasis

Antigens

Helminthiasis, Animal

Therapy with Helminths

Antigens, Bacterial

Antigens, Helminth

Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens, Surface

Antibodies, Helminth

Antigens, Viral

Trichuris

Ancylostomatoidea

Anthelmintics

Helminth Proteins

Antigens, Protozoan

Nematospiroides dubius

Strongylida Infections

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

HLA Antigens

Nematode Infections

Cestoda

Antigens, Fungal

Antigens, CD

Parasite Egg Count

H-2 Antigens

Albendazole

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

Schistosoma mansoni

Filarioidea

HLA-DR Antigens

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Schistosoma

Protozoan Infections

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Histocompatibility Antigens

Schistosomiasis mansoni

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Schistosomiasis

Cestode Infections

Epitopes

Antigens, CD15

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Feces

Immunoglobulin G

Prostate-Specific Antigen

O Antigens

Nippostrongylus

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Filariasis

T-Lymphocytes

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Trematoda

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

HLA-A2 Antigen

Fasciola hepatica

Antigens, CD8

Host-Parasite Interactions

Th2 Cells

DNA, Helminth

Cross Reactions

Necator americanus

Trematode Infections

Blood Group Antigens

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Antigens, CD3

Lymphocyte Activation

Molecular Sequence Data

Soil

HLA-A Antigens

Nematoda

Parasitic Diseases

Taenia

Trichinella spiralis

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Parasitology

Strongyloides stercoralis