Antigens, CD
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Antigens, CD8
Antigens, Neoplasm
Antigens, CD3
Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).
Antigens, Surface
Antigens, CD38
Antigens, CD34
Antigens, CD19
Antigens, CD40
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
CD40 Ligand
Antigens, CD20
Antigens, CD28
Antigens, CD44
Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
Antigens, CD7
Antigens, CD14
Antigens, CD2
CD4-CD8 Ratio
Antigens, CD5
Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)
Antigens, Differentiation
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Antigens, CD1
Antigens, CD56
Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte
ADP-ribosyl Cyclase
A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2'-P-cADPR) from NADP.
Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic
Antigens, CD80
A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.
Antigens, CD53
Antigens, CD24
Antigens, CD13
Antigens, Protozoan
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Antigens, CD86
A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
B-Lymphocytes
Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming
Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.
Antigens, CD95
A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.
HLA Antigens
Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte
Antigens, CD45
High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.
Immunophenotyping
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
A 67-kDa sialic acid binding lectin that is specific for MYELOID CELLS and MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PRECURSOR CELLS. This protein is the smallest siglec subtype and contains a single immunoglobulin C2-set domain. It may play a role in intracellular signaling via its interaction with SHP-1 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE and SHP-2 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE.
Antigens, Helminth
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
Antigens, CD18
Lymphocyte Activation
Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.
Antigens, CD30
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Antigens, CD9
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
HLA-DR Antigens
Antigens, CD15
Antigens, Viral, Tumor
Antigens, CD43
Antigens, CD36
Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.
Amino Acid Sequence
Antigens, CD11
A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.
Histocompatibility Antigens Class II
Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.
Histocompatibility Antigens
A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
Antigens, CD59
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.
Antigens, CD57
Antigens, CD70
A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES.
Antigens, CD46
Lectins, C-Type
Antigens, CD58
Antigens, CD4
55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.
Antigens, CD47
Antigens, CD11b
Base Sequence
Prostate-Specific Antigen
Antigens, CD11c
O Antigens
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
HLA-A2 Antigen
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Immunohistochemistry
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Immunoglobulin G
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate
Antigens, CD55
Antigens, CD31
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.
Antigens, CD81
Cells, Cultured
Antigens, CD137
A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1BB LIGAND. It is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and DENDRITIC CELLS. Activation of the receptor on T-LYMPHOCYTES plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.
Cell Differentiation
Lymphocytes
White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Monocytes
HLA-A Antigens
Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.
Cross Reactions
Dendritic Cells
Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).
Receptors, Interleukin-2
Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.
Blood Group Antigens
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Antigens, CD63
Transfection
Antibody Specificity
Antigens, CD151
Antigens, CD79
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
HLA-D Antigens
Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.
CD30 Ligand
Phenotype
N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.
Receptors, Antigen
Immunization
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
Antibody Formation
Antigens, CD11a
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Hepatitis B Antigens
Bone Marrow
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Immune Sera
Macrophages
The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)
Mice, SCID
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Cell Division
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.
Herpesvirus 4, Human
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
HLA-B Antigens
Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.
Immunologic Memory
Bone Marrow Cells
Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
Mice, Transgenic
MART-1 Antigen
Antigens, CD147
HIV Antigens
CTLA-4 Antigen
HL-60 Cells
A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)
Antigens, CD82
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Antibodies
Gene Expression
Antigens, Thy-1
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Immune Tolerance
The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.
Immunity, Cellular
Thymus Gland
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Autoantigens
Clone Cells
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens
Interleukin-2
Immunoglobulin M
Biological Markers
Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.
H-Y Antigen
Antigens, CD146
Antigens, Heterophile
T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Antigens, CD98
A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.
Hepatitis B Core Antigens
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Antigen-Antibody Complex
Lymph Nodes
Immunodiffusion
HLA-DQ Antigens
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Forssman Antigen
Rabbits
Antigens, CD274
Complement Fixation Tests
Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.
Simian virus 40
Glycoproteins
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.
Isoantigens
Hybridomas
gp100 Melanoma Antigen
Major Histocompatibility Complex
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
Killer Cells, Natural
Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.
Immunoelectrophoresis
A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.
Effect of transforming growth factor beta on experimental Salmonella typhimurium infection in mice. (1/2090)
We have investigated the effect of the in vivo administration of recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rTGF-beta) on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in Salmonella typhimurium experimental infection in mice. The protective response elicited by macrophages was induced by rTGF-beta1 by 2 days after experimental infection, as demonstrated by an increased NO production, while the humoral protective effect began with cytokine mRNA expression 2 days after the challenge and continued after 5 days with cytokine release and lymphocyte activation. We demonstrated that all mice who received rTGF-beta1 survived 7 days after infection. The number of bacteria recovered in the spleens and in the livers of rTGF-beta1-treated mice 2 and 5 days after infection was significantly smaller than that found in the same organs after phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) inoculation. Furthermore, 2 and 5 days after infection, splenic macrophages from rTGF-beta1-treated mice showed a greater NO production than did those from PBS-treated mice. The effect of rTGF-beta1 on S. typhimurium infection in mice was correlated with the expression of cell costimulatory CD28 molecules. Five days after S. typhimurium infection, the percentage of CD28(+)-expressing T cells in splenic lymphocytes from rTGF-beta1-treated mice increased with respect to that from control mice. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) mRNA was present in a greater amount in spleen cells from rTGF-beta1-treated mice after 2 days, although the intensity of the band decreased 5 days after the challenge. A similar pattern was obtained with the mRNAs for interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), IL-6, TGF-beta, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, which showed greater expression in cells obtained from rTGF-beta1-treated and S. typhimurium-infected mice 2 days after challenge. The treatment with rTGF-beta1 induced an increase in IL-1alpha and IFN-gamma release in the supernatant of splenocyte cultures 5 days after the experimental infection with S. typhimurium. Moreover, we demonstrated that 5 days after infection, the IFN-gamma titer was significantly greater in the sera of rTGF-beta-treated mice than in those of PBS-treated mice. Also, hsp60 showed greater expression 2 days after the challenge in splenocytes from rTGF-beta1-treated mice. The role played by proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines and by CD28 is discussed. (+info)Expanded tumor-reactive CD4+ T-cell responses to human cancers induced by secondary anti-CD3/anti-CD28 activation. (2/2090)
Generation of tumor-reactive T cells in large numbers ex vivo is a requisite step in the adoptive immunotherapy of patients. We examined the immune responses of T cells derived from tumor vaccine-primed lymph nodes activated with anti-CD3 alone and with an anti-CD3/anti-CD28 combination. Nylon wool-purified CD3+ cells were isolated from vaccine-primed lymph nodes obtained from melanoma, renal cell, and head and neck cancer patients. In the absence of antigen-presenting cells, activation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 greatly enhanced subsequent T-cell expansion in interleukin 2 (>100-fold), compared to anti-CD3 alone. CD4+ T cells were preferentially stimulated. In four of eight patients, we found evidence of CD4+ cellular responses to autologous tumors by cytokine release assays. Positively selected CD4+ cells activated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 released greater amounts of cytokine (IFN-gamma and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in response to autologous tumors compared to cells activated by anti-CD3 alone. The CD4+ reactivity was MHC class II restricted and appeared to be associated with the expression of class II molecules on the vaccinating tumor cells. The CD4+ T-cell responses to class II-restricted tumor-associated antigens in patients with renal cell cancers represent unique findings. (+info)CD28 ligation induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 but not Fak in Jurkat T cells. (3/2090)
Protein tyrosine kinases are critical for the function of CD28 in T cells. We examined whether the tyrosine kinases Pyk2 and Fak (members of the focal adhesion kinase family) are involved in CD28 signaling. We found that ligating CD28 in Jurkat T cells rapidly increases the tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 but not of Fak. Paxillin, a substrate for Pyk2 and Fak, was not tyrosine-phosphorylated after CD28 ligation. CD28-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2 was markedly reduced in the absence of external Ca2+. Previous studies have shown that the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2. In this report, the concurrent ligation of CD28 and TCR increased tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2; however, the extent of phosphorylation by both receptors was equivalent to the sum of that induced by each receptor alone. The Syk/Zap inhibitor piceatannol blocked CD28, and TCR induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2, suggesting that Syk/Zap is involved in Pyk2 phosphorylation. In contrast, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin blocked TCR- but not CD28-induced phosphorylation of Pyk2, suggesting that CD28 and TCR activate distinct pathways to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2. Notably, depleting phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-sensitive protein kinase C did not block CD28- and CD3-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2. These data provide evidence for the involvement of Pyk2 in the CD28 signaling cascade and suggest that neither Fak nor paxillin is involved in the signaling pathways of CD28. (+info)Interaction of B cells with activated T cells reduces the threshold for CD40-mediated B cell activation. (4/2090)
CD154-CD40 interactions are of central importance for the induction of antibody responses to T-dependent antigens. Since most anti-CD40 mAb are only weak B cell mitogens, it is believed that under physiological conditions, signals through CD40 synergize with those from other receptors on B cells to induce B cell activation. We show here that the interaction of either normal B cells, or those from CBA/N (xid) mice, with CD3-activated primary T cells in whole spleen cell cultures markedly reduces the threshold for B cell activation via CD40. Hence, these pre-activated cells undergo vigorous proliferation when stimulated with either optimal or suboptimal concentrations of weakly mitogenic anti-CD40 mAb, or with soluble CD40 ligand. Blocking experiments indicate that the establishment of this priming effect requires stimulation via CD40 itself, plus T cell-derived IL-2. In support of this concept, only CD3/CD28-pre-activated, but not CD3-pre-activated T cells induce this effect, unless the co-cultures of B cells with the latter T cells are supplemented with IL-2. Although B cells activated in this fashion do express higher levels of CD40 than naive cells, we believe that this is insufficient to explain the observed dramatic effects on their proliferative capacity. Rather we propose that T cell-dependent B cell activation induces fundamental changes in the signalling machinery invoked by ligation of CD40. It is likely that this amplification loop could play an important role during the initiation of antibody responses to T-dependent antigens, when activated CD4 T cells only express low levels of CD154. (+info)Autophosphorylation of p110delta phosphoinositide 3-kinase: a new paradigm for the regulation of lipid kinases in vitro and in vivo. (5/2090)
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are lipid kinases which also possess an in vitro protein kinase activity towards themselves or their adaptor proteins. The physiological relevance of these phosphorylations is unclear at present. Here, the protein kinase activity of the tyrosine kinase-linked PI3K, p110delta, is characterized and its functional impact assessed. In vitro autophosphorylation of p110delta completely down-regulates its lipid kinase activity. The single site of autophosphorylation was mapped to Ser1039 at the C-terminus of p110delta. Antisera specific for phospho-Ser1039 revealed a very low level of phosphorylation of this residue in cell lines. However, p110delta that is recruited to activated receptors (such as CD28 in T cells) shows a time-dependent increase in Ser1039 phosphorylation and a concomitant decrease in associated lipid kinase activity. Treatment of cells with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatases, also dramatically increases the level of Ser1039-phosphorylated p110delta. LY294002 and wortmannin blocked these in vivo increases in Ser1039 phosphorylation, consistent with the notion that PI3Ks, and possibly p110delta itself, are involved in the in vivo phosphorylation of p110delta. In summary, we show that PI3Ks are subject to regulatory phosphorylations in vivo similar to those identified under in vitro conditions, identifying a new level of control of these signalling molecules. (+info)Differentiation of human CD8 T cells: implications for in vivo persistence of CD8+ CD28- cytotoxic effector clones. (6/2090)
CD8 T cells contain a distinct subset of CD8+ CD28- cells. These cells are not present at birth and their frequency increases with age. They frequently contain expanded clones using various TCRalphabeta receptors and these clones can represent >50% of all CD8 cells, specially in old subjects or patients with chronic viral infections such as HIV-1. Herein, it is shown that a large fraction of CD8+ CD28- cells expresses intracellular perforin by three-color flow cytometry, in particular when this subset is expanded. Together with their known ability to exert potent re-directed cytotoxicity, this indicates that CD8+ CD28- T cells comprise cytotoxic effector cells. With BrdU labeling, we show that CD8+ CD28- cells derive from CD8+ CD28+ precursors in vitro. In addition, sorted CD8+ CD28+ cells gave rise to a population of CD8+ CD28- cells after allo-stimulation. Moreover, ex vivo CD8+ CD28+ cells contain the majority of CD8 blasts, supporting the notion that they contain the proliferative precursors of CD8+ CD28- cells. CD95 (Fas) expression was lower in CD8+ CD28- cells, and this subset was less prone to spontaneous apoptosis in ex vivo samples and more resistant to activation-induced cell death induced by a superantigen in vitro. Thus, the persistence of expanded clones in vivo in the CD8+ CD28- subset may be explained by antigen-driven differentiation from CD8+ CD28+ memory precursors, with relative resistance to apoptosis as the clones become perforin(+) effector cells. (+info)The proto-oncogene Cot kinase participates in CD3/CD28 induction of NF-kappaB acting through the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IkappaB kinases. (7/2090)
The proto-oncogene Cot/Tpl-2 encodes a MAP3K-related serine-threonine kinase. Expression of wild type Cot activates the IkappaB kinases (IKK) leading to induction of NF-kappaB. Conversely, expression of kinase-deficient Cot inhibits CD3/CD28 but not TNF alpha induction of NF-kappaB. These findings suggest the selective involvement of Cot/Tpl-2 or a closely related kinase in the CD3/CD28 costimulatory pathway leading to induced nuclear expression of NF-kappaB. In contrast, a kinase-deficient mutant of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) inhibits both CD3/CD28 and TNF alpha signaling, indicating that these pathways converge at or prior to the action of NIK. Consistent with such a sequential function of these two kinases, Cot physically assembles with and phosphorylates NIK in vivo. (+info)Cutting edge: alloimmune responses against major and minor histocompatibility antigens: distinct division kinetics and requirement for CD28 costimulation. (8/2090)
Comparative study of alloimmune responses against major and minor histocompatibility Ags has been limited by the lack of suitable assays. Here, we use a bioassay that permits tracking of alloreactive CD4+ T cell populations as they proliferate in response to major or minor histocompatibility Ags in vivo. Division of alloreactive CD4+ T cells proceeded more rapidly in response to major histocompatibility Ags than minor Ags, although CD4+ T cells alloreactive to minor Ags had a similar capacity to divide successively up to eight times after stimulation. Allorecognition of minor histocompatibility Ags was highly dependent on CD28 costimulation, with the frequency of CD4+ T cells proliferating in response to minor Ags in the absence of CD28 costimulation reduced up to 20-fold. These findings highlight differences in signaling processes that lead to allorecognition of major and minor histocompatibility Ags and have implications on the design of interventions aimed at abrogating these responses. (+info)Expression of the costimulatory receptor CD30 is regulated by both CD28 and cytokines<...
OX40 is really a T cell costimulatory molecule that belongs to | kinase inhibitor tool compounds for pharmacological validation
Roquin differentiates the specialized functions of duplicated T cell costimulatory receptor genes CD28 and ICOS | Garvan...
Previous studies have demonstrated associations between the expression of the costimulatory receptor CD28 on CD8+ T cells (CD8...
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Efficiency of T-cell costimulation by CD80 and CD86 cross-linking correlates with calcium entry - Zurich Open Repository and...
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Differential Regulation of HIV-1 Fusion Cofactor Expression by CD28 Costimulation of CD4+ T Cells | Science
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BV786 Hamster Anti-Mouse CD154
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The American Society for Clinical Investigation
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Changes of CD8/HLADR+ T cells during a period of seven | Open-i
The superagonistic activity of bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and the human TR1401 TSH analog is determined by...
PE Rat Anti-Mouse CD86
CD27 Promotes CD4 Effector T Cell Survival in Response to Tissue Self-Antigen. | PubFacts
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Induction of FoxP3 and acquisition of T regulatory activity by stimulated human CD4+CD25- T cells
Modulating co-stimulation | SpringerLink
Inhibition of multiple costimulatory pathways: CD28/CTLA4 and CD2 T cell coreceptors :: MEDICA, MUSC Institutional Repository
Costimulatory B7-H1 in renal cell carcinoma patients: Indicator of tumor aggressiveness and potential therapeutic target | PNAS
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Usage information: Provision of antigen and CD137 signaling breaks immunological ignorance, promoting regression of...
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IL-2Rβ abundance differentially tunes IL-2 signaling dynamics in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells | Science Signaling
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Heat-Shock Protein 60-Reactive CD4+CD28null T Cells in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes | Circulation
Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood γδ T Cells using Zoledronate | Protocol (Translated to Italian)
doi:10 - Application of a small molecule inhibitor screen approach
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen 4 and CD28 Modulate Cell Surface Raft Expression in Their Regulation of T Cell Function | JEM
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Association of the CD226 Ser(307) variant with systemic sclerosis: evidence of a contribution of costimulation pathways in...
Human MAIT and CD8αα cells develop from a pool of type-17 precommitted CD8 + T cells - The Jenner Institute
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Interleukin-7 activates human naive CD4+ cells and primes for interleukin-4 production. - Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics,...
CD28 utilizes Vav-1 to enhance TCR-proximal signaling and NF-AT activation. - Oxford Neuroscience
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CD3 epsilon抗体[E272] |Abcam中国|Anti-CD3 epsilon抗体[E272]
CD40抗体|Abcam中国|Anti-CD40抗体(ab10959)
Antigen-presenting cell
The latter can interact with CD28 on the surface of a CD4+ T cell. The dendritic cell is then a fully mature professional APC. ... An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex ( ... Antigen: protease degradation on YouTube - PMAP animation Antigen-Presenting+Cells at the US National Library of Medicine ... Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T ...
CD28
Mouse CD Antigen Chart Human CD Antigen Chart Human CD28 genome location and CD28 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser ... Some antigen-experienced T cells lose CD28 and subsequently can be re-activated without CD28 engagement. These CD28− T cells ... antigen complex without CD28:B7 interaction results in a T cell that is anergic. Furthermore, CD28 was also identified on bone ... "T-cell antigen CD28 mediates adhesion with B cells by interacting with activation antigen B7/BB-1". Proceedings of the National ...
CD134
Expression of OX40 is dependent on full activation of the T cell; without CD28, expression of OX40 is delayed and of fourfold ... is also not expressed on resting antigen presenting cells, but is following their activation. ... unlike CD28. OX40 is a secondary co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule, expressed after 24 to 72 hours following activation ...
VTCN1
These proteins are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligands (e.g., CD28; MIM 186760) on T ...
T helper cell
CD28 plays an important role in decreasing the risk of T cell auto-immunity against host antigens.[citation needed] Once the ... For example, when an antigen-presenting cell displays a peptide antigen on MHC class II proteins, a CD4+ cell will aid those ... During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose antigens (typically bacteria or viruses), ... these T cells must rely on the activation of CD28 for confirmation that they recognise a foreign antigen (as CD80/CD86 is only ...
Theralizumab
... or human CD28 identified so-called "superagonistic" antibodies that could stimulate T cells without concurrent antigen-receptor ... the CD28 receptor of the immune system's T cells. CD28 is the co-receptor for the T cell receptor; It binds to receptors on the ... "TGN1412 is a humanised monoclonal antibody directed against the human CD28 antigen. The molecule was genetically engineered by ... lack CD28 expression. Since CD28 is the target of the TGN1412 antibody, M. fascicularis effector T-cells could not be ...
MAPK phosphatase
"Inhibitory Role for Dual Specificity Phosphatase VHR in T Cell Antigen Receptor and CD28-induced Erk and Jnk Activation". ...
CD86
The interaction between CD86 (CD80) expressed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell with CD28 on the surface of a mature ... Both CD80 and CD86 bind CTLA-4 with higher affinity than CD28. This allows CTLA-4 to outcompete CD28 for CD80/CD86 binding. ... To become activated, lymphocyte must engage both antigen and costimulatory ligand on the same antigen-presenting cell. T cell ... cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, also known as CD152). CD28 and CTLA-4 have important, but opposite roles in the stimulation ...
Cytokine-induced killer cell
Hombach, AA; Rappl, G; Abken, H (December 2013). "Arming cytokine-induced killer cells with chimeric antigen receptors: CD28 ... redirected by chimeric antigen receptors with an antibody-defined specificity for different tumor antigens, showed an improved ... The antigen-specific mAb favored tumor and metastasis tissue infiltration by CIK cells, and led to an enrichment of the CD16a+ ... which can be exploited in combination with clinical-grade mAbs to redirect their activity in an antigen-specific manner. Indeed ...
CD80
... which can prevent an immune response to self-antigen. In addition to interactions with CD28 and CTLA-4, CD80 is also thought to ... CD80 binds to CD28 and CTLA-4 with lower affinity and fast binding kinetics (Kd = 4 μM for CD28 and 0.42 μM for CTLA-4), ... Neutrophils can also activate macrophages with CD80 via CD28. Last but not least, the interaction of CD80 and CD28 enhances ... van der Merwe PA, Bodian DL, Daenke S, Linsley P, Davis SJ (February 1997). "CD80 (B7-1) binds both CD28 and CTLA-4 with a low ...
C3a (complement)
C3aR signaling along antigen-presenting cells' CD28 and CD40L pathways also plays a role in T cell proliferation and ... There are three pathways of activation, each of which leads to the formation of C3a and C3b, which is involved in antigen ... recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the antigen, including sugars. These bound receptors then ...
Joel N. Blankson
"The CD28/B7 pathway costimulates the response of primary murine T cells to superantigens as well as to conventional antigens". ... Rockefeller University News, June 16, 1996 Blankson, J.; Loh, D.; Morse, S. (1995). "Superantigens and conventional antigens ... antigens in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 183 (4): 657-661. doi: ...
Immune checkpoint
Another two stimulatory checkpoint molecules belong to the B7-CD28 superfamily-CD28 itself and ICOS. CD27: This molecule ... The ligand for GITR is mainly expressed on antigen presenting cells. Antibodies to GITR have been shown to promote an anti- ... CD28: This molecule is constitutively expressed on almost all human CD4+ T cells and on around half of all CD8 T cells. Binding ... CD28 was the target of the TGN1412 'superagonist' which caused severe inflammatory reactions in the first-in-man study in ...
T-cell receptor
At the same time it has to ignore any self-antigen and tolerate harmless antigens such as food antigens. The signal ... It is not known that PI-3K is activated by the T cell receptor itself, but there is evidence that CD28, a co-stimulatory ... The antigen sensitivity is higher in antigen-experienced T cells than in naive T cells. Naive T cells pass through the process ... T cells move on quickly from antigens that do not trigger responses, rapidly scanning pMHC on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ...
DUSP3
"Inhibitory role for dual specificity phosphatase VHR in T cell antigen receptor and CD28-induced Erk and Jnk activation". J. ...
IGSF2
Role in T-lymphocyte activation". Tissue Antigens. 50 (5): 439-48. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02898.x. PMID 9389317. Soares ... "Ligation of the V7 molecule on T cells blocks anergy induction through a CD28-independent mechanism". J. Immunol. 159 (3): 1115 ...
PRKCQ
PKC-θ is important in the signal pathway integrating signals from TCR and CD28 receptors. A junction between an APC (an antigen ... As a result of co-stimulation by CD28 and TCR, PKC-θ is sumoylated by SUMO1 predominantly on the sites Lys325 and Lys506. ... Takeda K, Harada Y, Watanabe R, Inutake Y, Ogawa S, Onuki K, Kagaya S, Tanabe K, Kishimoto H, Abe R (December 2008). "CD28 ... "Vav synergizes with protein kinase C theta to mediate IL-4 gene expression in response to CD28 costimulation in T cells". J. ...
CTL-mediated cytotoxicity
... a costimulatory signal is transmitted by the interaction between CD28 and B7 of the precursor cell and the licensed antigen- ... In the second phase, affector CTLs destroy target cells by recognizing the antigen-MHC class I complex. In phase one, effector ... This results in proliferation and differentiation of the antigen-activated precursor cell into a functional effector CTL. In ... This step allows the cell to become licensed to an antigen-presenting cell. Second, ...
Ipilimumab
"Antigen-dependent clonal expansion of a trace population of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo is dependent on CD28 ... These antigens are recognized by dendritic cells that present the antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the lymph nodes ... Following the 1987 cloning of CTLA-4 in mice, its conservation in humans and similarities with CD28 were soon noticed. CD28 at ... The CTLs recognize the cancer cells by those antigens and destroy them. However, along with the antigens, the dendritic cells ...
T cell
Antigen-naive T cells expand and differentiate into memory and effector T cells after they encounter their cognate antigen ... Other receptors are expressed upon activation of the T cell, such as OX40 and ICOS, but these largely depend upon CD28 for ... T cell exhaustion can be triggered by several factors like persistent antigen exposure and lack of CD4 T cell help. Antigen ... These self-antigens are expressed by thymic cortical epithelial cells on MHC molecules, which reside on the surface of cortical ...
Plasma cell leukemia
17%); pPCL plasma cells often lack CD56 antigen which is present on the majority of plasma cells taken form multiple myeloma ... patients; and pPCL plasma cells more frequently express CD28 than do sPCL plasma cells. Thus, immunophenotyping supports that ... For example: pPCL plasma cells more often express CD20 antigen, which is considered important in anchoring plasma cells to the ... Examination of plasma cell immunophenotype by measuring certain of their cell surface antigens, particularly Cluster of ...
Interleukin 2
NFkB is translocated to the nucleus after costimulation through CD28. NFkB is a heterodimer and there are two binding sites on ... One of the checkpoints is signaling through TCR, antigen receptor of T-lymphocytes after recognizing MHC-peptide complex. ... PLC activates 3 major transcription factors and their pathways: NFAT, NFkB and AP-1. After costimulation from CD28 the optimal ... which depends upon the expansion of the number and function of antigen-selected T cell clones, it plays a key role in enduring ...
Antiarthritics
To prevent CD28 interaction with the CD80/CD86 receptors, these drugs modulate by binding to these receptors on antigen ... inhibition of T cell activation as well as the selective blocking of the interaction between CD80 and CD86 receptors to CD28. ...
Peripheral tolerance
CTLA-4 is a surface molecule present on Tregs which can prevent CD28 mediated costimulation of T cells after TCR antigen ... Antigen-loaded iDCs migrate to the lymph nodes, secrete IL-10, TGF-β and present antigen to the naive T cells without ... On the other hand, LECs can serve as a self-antigen reservoir and can transport self-antigens to DCs to direct self-peptide- ... T-cells can be made non-responsive to antigens presented if the T-cell engages an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell ( ...
AP2M1
... medium chain mu 2 subunit of the clathrin-associated adapter protein complex 2 with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and CD28 ... medium chain mu 2 subunit of the clathrin-associated adapter protein complex 2 with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and CD28 ...
CTLA-4
... on antigen-presenting cells. CTLA-4 binds CD80 and CD86 with greater affinity and avidity than CD28 thus enabling it to ... It acts as an "off" switch when bound to CD80 or CD86 on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. The CTLA-4 protein is encoded ... CTLA-4 is homologous to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and CD86, also called B7-1 and ... T cell activation through the T cell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA-4. The mechanism by which CTLA-4 ...
Immune tolerance
... tumor antigens, alloantigens, and self-antigens in inflamed tissue. Immune recognition of non-self-antigens typically ... CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells, as well as CD8+ CD28- regulatory T cells that dampen cytotoxic responses to grafted organs, are thought ... Self-antigens are present due to endogenous expression, importation of antigen from peripheral sites via circulating blood, and ... Upon exposure to a foreign antigen, either the antigen is eliminated by the standard immune response (resistance), or the ...
P110δ
In T cells, the antigen receptor (TCR) and costimulatory receptors (CD28 and ICOS) are thought to be main receptors responsible ... Genetic inactivation of p110δ in mice causes T cells to be less responsive to antigen as determined by their reduced ability to ... In immune cells, antigen receptors, cytokine receptors and costimulatory and accessory receptors stimulate tyrosine kinase ... August 2002). "Impaired B and T cell antigen receptor signaling in p110delta PI 3-kinase mutant mice". Science. 297 (5583): ...
B7 (protein)
Importantly, the B7-CD28 binding additionally instructs the T cell to produce CTLA-4 (the competitor for CD28). Since CTLA-4 ... This is also called "Signal 1" and its main purpose is to guarantee antigen specificity of the T cell activation. However, MHC ... The proteins CD28 and CTLA-4 (CD152) each interact with both B7-1 and B7-2. There are several steps to activation of the immune ... 2) The signal from the T cell to the APC informs the APC to express B7 (which can be either B7.1 or B7.2). It is the B7-CD28 ...
Biochemical cascade
CD28/CD19) play an important role because they can improve the antigen/receptor binding and initiate parallel cascade events, ... These receptors, that recognize the antigen soluble (B cells) or linked to a molecule on Antigen Presenting Cells (T cells), do ... The antigen receptor and signal protein form a stable complex, named BCR or TCR, in B or T cells, respectively. The family Src ... Therefore, the antigenic receptors play a central role in signal transduction in lymphocytes, because when antigens interact ...
Immunosenescence
Huff WX, Kwon JH, Henriquez M, Fetcko K, Dey M (June 2019). "The Evolving Role of CD8+CD28− Immunosenescent T Cells in Cancer ... Natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and the antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells diminishes with age. The age- ... Hakim FT, Gress RE (September 2007). "Immunosenescence: deficits in adaptive immunity in the elderly". Tissue Antigens. 70 (3 ... specific for the most rare and less frequently present antigens shed the most. However, such a distribution shift leads to ...
Dendritic cell
Every helper T-cell is specific to one particular antigen. Only professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs: macrophages, B ... An example of this includes the interaction of the membrane proteins of the B7 family of the dendritic cell with CD28 present ... Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They ... Here they act as antigen-presenting cells: they activate helper T-cells and killer T-cells as well as B-cells by presenting ...
TIGIT
... and PD-1 has been shown to be over expressed on tumor antigen-specific (TA-specific) CD8+ T cells and CD8+ tumor ... April 2011). "Vstm3 is a member of the CD28 family and an important modulator of T-cell function". European Journal of ... "TIGIT and PD-1 impair tumor antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells in melanoma patients". J Clin Invest. 125 (5): 2046-2058. doi:10.1172 ... T cell receptor Antigen GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000181847 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ...
Non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor
Li HL, Davis W, Puré E (April 1999). "Suboptimal cross-linking of antigen receptor induces Syk-dependent activation of p70S6 ... Similar findings have been reported for NK cell receptors, CD28 family receptors, Dectin-1. Phosphorylated tyrosine residues in ... Isakov N (January 1997). "Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), a unique module linking antigen and Fc ... June 2010). "Constitutively active Lck kinase in T cells drives antigen receptor signal transduction". Immunity. 32 (6): 766-77 ...
Kinetic-segregation model of T cell activation
The TCR/peptide-MHC complex, formed when a T cell recognises its ligand on an antigen presenting cell (APC) and the T-cell-APC ... In the resting T-cell there is no net phosphorylation of CD28 (one of the molecules providing co-stimulatory signals required ... This results in the formation of close contact zones between the membranes of the T cell and antigen presenting cell (~15 nm ... Its might also be applicable to other receptors of the Non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors family such as CD28. On ...
Superantigen
Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens (and can ... SAg stimulation of antigen presenting cells and T-cells elicits a response that is mainly inflammatory, focused on the action ... Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where 0.0001-0.001% of the body's T-cells are activated, these SAgs are ... This occurs because a cognate antigen activates a T cell not because of its structure per se, but because its affinity allows ...
Clonal anergy
Thus when an antigen is properly presented to the T lymphocytes by an antigen presenting cell (APC), which displays the antigen ... Additionally, during full T-cell stimulation a costimulatory receptor CD28 activates PI3K or other pathways that eventually ... However, when T cells interacts with an antigen not presented by the APCs, that is very probably not the antigen that an immune ... usually a self-antigen. Lymphocytes are said to be anergic when they fail to respond to their specific antigen. Anergy is one ...
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Human Antibodies Against Cell Surface Tumor Antigens Selected From Repertoires Displayed on T Cell Chimeric Antigen Receptors ... the intracellular region of a costimulatory molecule such as CD28, and the intracellular domain of CD3-zeta containing ITAM ... TdT is a protein expressed early in the development of pre-T and pre-B cells, whereas CALLA is an antigen found in 80% of ALL ... The process as a whole result in an effector cell, typically a T-cell, that can recognize a tumor cell antigen in a manner that ...
CD160
... antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD160 gene. CD160 is a 27 kDa glycoprotein which was initially ... CD28-CD27-cells. In tissues, CD160 is expressed on all intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. CD160 shows a broad specificity ... CD160+Antigen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human CD160 genome location and CD160 gene ... acts as a co-receptor in TCR signal transduction of a human circulating cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte subset lacking CD28 ...
HLA-A
... is a group of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) that are encoded by the HLA-A locus, which is located at human chromosome ... and CD28 by distinct pathways that share common elements". Journal of Virology. 85 (14): 6867-81. doi:10.1128/JVI.00229-11. PMC ... HLA is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen specific to humans. HLA-A is one of three major types of human MHC ... This process can happen as quickly as 5 minutes after initial foreign antigen presentation, although typically it takes several ...
PD-L1
In turn, clonal expansion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and/or CD4+ helper cells is propagated. The binding of PD-L1 to the ... is intermediate between its affinity for CD28 and CTLA-4 (4.0 µM and 400 nM, respectively). The related molecule PD-L2 has no ... Normally the adaptive immune system reacts to antigens that are associated with immune system activation by exogenous or ... monocytogenes antigen-specific CD8 T cells (but not CD4 T cells). This evidence suggests that PD-L1 acts as a positive ...
TNFRSF18
GITR signaling lowers the threshold for CD28 signaling on CD8+ T cells or induces expression of CD137 on CD8+ memory T cells. ... GITR interacts with its ligand (GITRL) that is expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APC) and endothelial cells. Human ...
Bernard Malissen
... antigen presentation by mouse fibroblast and hamster B-cell lines », Cell, 36, 1984, p. 319-327 Gabert, J. et al., « ... The lymphoid lineage-specific actin-uncapping protein Rltpr is essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of ... which are responsible for capturing and presenting T cell antigens particularly effectively - present in tissues such as skin ...
Autocrine signaling
MHC complex on a professional antigen-presenting cell and by the B7:CD28 costimulatory signal. Upon activation, "low-affinity" ...
Michel Sadelain
"Antigen-dependent CD28 Signaling Selectively Enhances Survival and Proliferation in Genetically Modified Activated Human ... He is best known for his major contributions to T cell engineering and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, an ... 10,370,452 covering compositions and uses of effector T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), where such T cells ... Sadelain is a recognized leader in the conceptualization and design of synthetic receptors for antigen, which he named chimeric ...
CD83
de la Fuente MA, Pizcueta P, Nadal M, Bosch J, Engel P (September 1997). "CD84 leukocyte antigen is a new member of the Ig ... The transmembrane domain of membrane-bound CD83 stabilizes MHC II, costimulatory molecules and CD28 in the membrane by ... and antigen-specific T cell responses". Journal of Immunology. 168 (1): 197-206. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.197. PMID 11751963 ... "Soluble CD83 alleviates experimental allergic rhinitis through modulating antigen-specific Th2 cell property". International ...
Memory T cell inflation
Specific CD8+ T cells are generated in secondary lymphoid organs where naïve T cells encounter with cytomegalovirus antigen on ... They do not express costimulatory molecules (CD28) and PD-1 receptor inhibitors on the surface, but they express the inhibitory ... antigen presenting cells. This results in a population of migrating effector CD8 + T-lymphocytes and the second small ...
Co-stimulation
... is required in addition to the antigen-specific signal from their antigen receptors. T cells require two signals ... One of the best characterized co-stimulatory molecules expressed by T cells is CD28, which interacts with CD80 (B7.1) and CD86 ... B cell binds antigens with its BCR (a membrane-bound antibody), which transfers intracellular signals to the B cell as well as ... This additional binding makes the B cells 100- to 10,000-fold more sensitive to antigen. CR2 on mature B cells forms a complex ...
Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma
Unlike MEITL, the T cells in this disease exhibit genetic abnormalities in TET2, IDH2, DNMT3A, RHOA, CD28, and VAV1 genes but ... and T-cell intracellular antigen-1) but no genetic abnormalities. Indolent T cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the ...
CAR T cell
Identification of good antigens has been challenging: such antigens must be highly expressed on the majority of cancer cells, ... Third generation CARs combine multiple co-stimulatory domains, such as CD28-41BB or CD28-OX40, to augment T cell activity. ... After an antigen is bound to the external antigen recognition domain, CAR receptors cluster together and transmit an activation ... T cells are genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors specifically directed toward antigens on a patient's ...
Abatacept
In order for T cells to be activated and attack an antigen, that antigen must be presented to the T cell by an APC. That ... For signal 2, the APC must present a B7 protein (CD80 or CD86) on its cell surface to a CD28 protein on the surface of the T ... One of those signals is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), combined with the antigen, and the other signal is the CD80 ... Abatacept is a soluble CTLA-4 analog that prevents antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from delivering the co-stimulatory signal. ...
Adaptor complexes medium subunit domain
... medium chain mu 2 subunit of the clathrin-associated adapter protein complex 2 with cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and CD28 ...
CD28 antigen | The Digital Ageing Atlas
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Workup: Laboratory Studies, Imaging Studies, Other Tests
The antigens most commonly used include mumps (1 mg/mL), although availability of this antigen has varied; trichophytin (1:30 ... These molecules include CD3, CD2, CD28, and CD43.. T-cell activity can be directly studied. T lymphocytes express certain ... An assessment of functional antibody production in response to natural antigens or antigens to which the population is commonly ... Another class of stimulators includes antigens. PPD, streptokinase, Candida antigen, and tetanus toxoid all activate ...
Gene: [03q21/CD86] CD86 antigen (CD28 antigen ligand 2, B7-2 antigen); antigen CD28 ligand 2 (T lymphocyte activation antigen...
Gene: [03q21/CD86] CD86 antigen (CD28 antigen ligand 2, B7-2 antigen); antigen CD28 ligand 2 (T lymphocyte activation antigen ... Gene: [03q21/CD80] CD80 antigen (CD28 antigen ligand 1, B7-1 antigen); antigen CD28 ligand 1 (T lymphocyte activation antigen ... CD86; antigen B7-2); [CD28LG2 ]. REL. GEM:02q33/CD28. REF. CLO,SEQ "Azuma M &: Nature, 366, 76-79, 1993. FUN "Chen C &: J ...
Pillars Article: T-Cell Antigen CD28 Mediates Adhesion with B Cells by Interacting with Activation Antigen B7/BB-1. 1990. Proc....
T-Cell Antigen CD28 Mediates Adhesion with B Cells by Interacting with Activation Anti ... Pillars Article: T-Cell Antigen CD28 Mediates Adhesion with B Cells by Interacting with Activation Antigen B7/BB-1. 1990. Proc ... T-Cell Antigen CD28 Mediates Adhesion with B Cells by Interacting with Activation Antigen B7/BB-1. 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...
Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 Costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor control by redirected T cells with...
Dive into the research topics of Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 Costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor ... Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 Costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor control by redirected T cells with ... Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 Costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor control by redirected T cells with ... Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 Costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor control by redirected T cells with ...
Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70 Specific Proinflammatory and Cytotoxic Response of CD4+CD28null Cells in Chronic Kidney Disease
CD4,sup ,+,/sup,CD28,sup ,null,/sup, and CD4,sup ,+,/sup,CD28,sup ,+,/sup, cells were sorted by flowcytometry and antigen ... No antigen-specific response was noted in HC. ,i ,Conclusion,/i,. These data show that CD4,sup ,+,/sup,CD28,sup ,null,/sup, ... CD28,sup ,+,/sup, subset, but this was much weaker than that seen in the CD4,sup ,+,/sup,CD28,sup ,null,/sup, population (,svg ... After incubation with HSP60 and HSP70, CD4,sup ,+,/sup,CD28,sup ,null,/sup, cells showed increased expression at mRNA (,svg ...
PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation | Nature Immunology
PD-L2-PD-1 interactions inhibit strong B7-CD28 signals. In contrast, at high antigen concentrations, PD-L2-PD-1 interactions ... PD-L expression was up-regulated on antigen-presenting cells by interferon γ treatment and was also present on some normal ... At low antigen concentrations, PD-L2-PD-1 interactions inhibit strong B7-CD28 signals. In contrast, at high antigen ... Figure 5: Inhibition of TCR- and CD28-mediated responses by PD-L2-PD-1 and PD-L1-PD-1 interaction.. ...
Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells Regulate Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer via Retrograde MHC Class II...
... induced by antigen specific or CD3 (0.5 μg/mL) and CD28 (5 μg/mL) antibodies stimulation was evaluated by 3H-thymidine ... in addition to antigen-specific tolerance, inhibited nonspecific T-cell response to CD3/CD28 antibodies (Fig. 2A and B). We ... Thus, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, were able to convert MDSCs to nonspecific suppressor cells in vitro ... Unexpectedly, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+ T cells) could dramatically enhance the immune suppressive activity ...
Tolerance and autoimmunity | The BMJ
Engagement of CD80/86 on the antigen presenting cell with CD28 on the T cell delivers a costimulatory signal necessary for ... Antigen (or autoantigen) engages a B cell receptor directly and also is endocytosed by an antigen presenting cell (typically a ... These include (a) an antigen (or autoantigen); (b) a response by interacting families and subsets of cells that include antigen ... on activated T lymphocytes as an alternative to the CD28 ligand. When CD80/86 on the antigen presenting cell interacts with ...
IJMS | Free Full-Text | T Cell Calcium Signaling Regulation by the Co-Receptor CD5
Immune checkpoint therapies block inhibitory co-receptors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and ... T cells are activated when T cell receptors (TCRs) engage peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC), causing an ... For example, blocking stimulatory CD28 with anti-CD28 antibodies promotes regulatory T cell function and represses activation ... Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, CD152) inhibits early stages of T cell ...
Nulojix (belatacept) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Monoclonal antibody; inhibits T-cell CD28 activation and proliferation by binding costimulatory ligands (CD80, CD86) of antigen ... patients are defined as having evidence of acquired immunity shown by the presence of IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen ( ... VCA) and EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA). *Epstein-Barr virus serology should be ascertained before starting administration of ...
Human Immune Responses to Melioidosis and Cross-Reactivity to Low-Virulence Burkholderia Species, Thailand - Volume 26, Number...
Antigen Preparation. We prepared antigens in accordance with published methods, unless otherwise stated (17,18). For IHA, we ... containing a final concentration of 1 μL/mL anti-human CD28 and CD49d (Becton Dickinson, https://www.bd.com), along with B. ... We prepared B. thailandensis and BTCV antigens following a traditional IHA antigen preparation as described previously (17). ... and BTCV antigens as described previously (13). In brief, we added PBMC at a density of 2 × 105 cells per well to each of 2 ...
Induction of Tolerance: Practice Essentials, Central (Intrathymic) Mechanisms of Tolerance, Peripheral (Nonthymic) Mechanisms...
Immunologic tolerance is a state of immune unresponsiveness specific to a particular antigen or set of antigens induced by ... previous exposure to that antigen or set. Tolerance is generally accepted to be an active process and, in essence, a learning ... CD28 is the main costimulatory ligand expressed by naïve T cells encountering an antigen. Signaling by means of CD28 enhances T ... Sequestration of antigens into privileged sites. Some antigens are sequestered into privileged sites away from the immune ...
CD markers antagonist | CD markers inhibitor | CD markers agonist | CD markers activator
Frontiers | Hematopoietic Chimerism and Transplantation Tolerance: A Role for Regulatory T Cells
Host DC will be pulsed with donor antigen to assure indirect presentation of these antigens. Thus generated DC will then be co- ... Boise, L. H., Minn, A. J., Noel, P. J., June, C. H., Accavitti, M. A., Lindsten, T., and Thompson, C. B. (1995). CD28 ... Indeed, if Treg activation is antigen specific, these cells exert their suppressor effector function in a non-antigen-specific- ... the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of tolerance to self antigens also appear required for tolerance to donor antigens ( ...
T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1...
... manufacturing process to express a CD19-CAR incorporating an anti-CD19 single-chain variable fragment plus TCR zeta and CD28 ... Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells targeting CD19 have shown activity in case series of patients with ... T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1 ...
JCI -
IgE in asthma and atopy: cellular and molecular connections
After antigen encounter and TCR activation, they also express CD40L, and thus are able to provide B cells with both of the ... IL-4 produced in response to the synergistic TCR and CD28 signals binds to IL-4R (signal 1), which, in conjunction with CD40 ... Antigen presentation by B cells favors Th2 responses. The local production of IL-4 in the bronchial mucosa by multiple cell ... Antigen presentation in the asthmatic lung: initiation of Th2 responses in the atopic bronchial mucosa.. Superimposed upon the ...
The lymphoid lineage-specific actin-uncapping protein Rltpr is essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of...
Although T cell activation can result from T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signals alone, physiological T cell responses require ... TCR-CD28 engagement at the immune synapse resulted in the colocalization of CD28 with both wild-type and mutant Rltpr forms. ... TCR-CD28 engagement at the immune synapse resulted in the colocalization of CD28 with both wild-type and mutant Rltpr forms. ... TCR-CD28 engagement at the immune synapse resulted in the colocalization of CD28 with both wild-type and mutant Rltpr forms. ...
HotSpot Therapeutics to Present New Data Indicating Successful Targeting of CBL-B at 2021 Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer...
Biotin anti-human CD28 Antibody anti-CD28 - CD28.2
CD28 is a 44 kD disulfide-linked homodimeric type I glycoprotein. ... Antigen Details Structure Ig superfamily, type I transmembrane ... In vitro studies indicate that ligation of CD28 on T cells by CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells provides a ... CD28 is expressed on most T lineage cells, NK cell subsets, and plasma cells. CD28 binds both CD80 and CD86 using a highly ... Antigen References 1. Schlossman S, et al. Eds. 1995. Leucocyte Typing V. Oxford University Press. New York.. 2. June CH, et al ...
Immunology of Transplant Rejection: Overview, History, Types of Grafts
... tumor antigens, self-antigens) to CD8 T cells. The class II molecules present extracellular antigens such as extracellular ... NK cells also provide help to CD28-positive host T cells, thereby promoting allograft rejection. [10] Their importance in the ... Other antigens cause only weaker reactions, but combinations of several minor antigens can elicit strong rejection responses. ... The antigens responsible for rejection of genetically disparate tissues are called histocompatibility antigens; they are ...
DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir
...
Therefore, a second-generation CAR was utilised, bearing CD3zeta and CD28 co-stimulatory domains, as successfully used in ... Eine hohe Effizienz zeigte sich auch während der Kultivierung mit antigen-negativen Zellen, denen antigen-positive Zielzellen ... DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir ... DARPin-targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells: CD4 as a cellular target shows potential to evade HIV latency reservoir.. ...
MESH TREE NUMBER CHANGES - 2012 MeSH. August 19, 2011
E5.478.594.49 Antigens, CD147 D12.776.543.550.188 D12.776.543.550.187 Antigens, CD28 D12.776.543.750.705.816.824.133 D12.776. ... 543.750.705.222.500 Antigens, CD70 D12.776.543.550.172 D12.776.543.550.170 Antigens, CD8 D23.50.301.264.35.108 Antigens, CD80 ... D23.529.168.100 Antigens, CD86 D12.776.395.550.17 D12.776.467.150.200 D12.776.543.550.186 D12.776.543.95.200 D23.50.301.264. ... A1.923.47.365 H-2 Antigens D23.50.301.500.400.350 D23.50.301.500.100.350 D23.50.705.552.400.350 D23.50.301.500.400.199 D23.50. ...
CAR T cell - Wikipedia
Dual-antigen receptor: CAR T cells are engineered to express two tumor-associated antigen receptors at the same time, reducing ... such as CD28-41BB or CD28-OX40, to augment T cell activity. Preclinical data show the third-generation CARs exhibit improved ... Chimeric antigen receptor structureEdit. Chimeric antigen receptors combine many facets of normal T cell activation into a ... Antigen recognition domainEdit. The antigen recognition domain is exposed to the outside of the cell, in the ectodomain portion ...
https://www.cancer.gov/types/skin/patient/child-melanoma-treatment-pdq
Suppressive activity of Vδ2+ γδ T cells on αβ T cells is licensed by TCR signaling and correlates with signal strength |...
Testi R, Lanier LL (1989) Functional expression of CD28 on T cell antigen receptor γ/δ-bearing T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 19( ... we chose immobilized anti-CD28 mAb for reasons of comparison with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 bead stimulation [50]. To omit CD28 ... CD28 stimulation is not essential for Vδ2+ T cell suppression of autologous αβ T cells. Peters et al. suggested that CD28 ... exert their suppressive function only in the presence of anti-CD28 stimulation or antigen-presenting cells and that anti-CD28 ...
JCI Insight -
Transient stimulation expands superior antitumor T cells for adoptive therapy
A cell-based artificial antigen-presenting cell coated with anti-CD3 and CD28 antibodies enables rapid expansion and long-term ... Several CAR constructs containing a CD28 intracellular signaling domain provoke antigen-independent T cell activation and ... T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 beads or artificial antigen-presenting cells that express a membrane-bound form of ... anti-CD3/CD28 Dynabeads or anti-CD3/CD28/CD137 Dynabeads (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a bead/T cell ratio of 1:1 according to ...
The activation of DCs was performed as described above - Genomics Proteomics and Bioinformatics
D) Representative FACS histograms of Pros1 expression on resting and activated CD4+ T cells with anti-CD3/CD28 for 15 h. Gray ... the professional antigen presenting cells, drives T cell activation. These essential functions notwithstanding, the Itga4 ... C) Splenic CD4+ cells were isolated and activated with anti-CD3/CD28. mRNA expression was determined by qPCR and normalized to ... direct activation of isolated murine splenic CD4+ T cells via anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 stimulation led to the up-regulation of ...
A tandem CD19/CD20 CAR lentiviral vector drives on-target and off-target antigen modulation in leukemia cell lines | Journal...
T cells were activated with Transact CD3 CD28 reagent in the presence of IL-2, and transduced with LV as described in Methods. ... Creation of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) - expressing vectors. CAR antigen-binding domains, scFv, sequences were derived ... This may indicate that both antigen-specific and non-antigen-specific mechanisms of escape are possible in the Raji cell ... To target hematologic malignancies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets two antigens with a single vector, and ...