Antigens cd1. Medical search

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

A bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis and HYDROLYSIS of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from NAD+ to ADP-RIBOSE. It is a cell surface molecule which is predominantly expressed on LYMPHOID CELLS and MYELOID CELLS.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

A membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen expressed on the surface of T-cells that binds to CD40 ANTIGENS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and induces their proliferation. Mutation of the gene for CD40 ligand is a cause of HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 1.

Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival.

Acidic sulfated integral membrane glycoproteins expressed in several alternatively spliced and variable glycosylated forms on a wide variety of cell types including mature T-cells, B-cells, medullary thymocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, and fibroblasts. CD44 antigens are the principle cell surface receptors for hyaluronate and this interaction mediates binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Differentiation antigens expressed on pluripotential hematopoietic cells, most human thymocytes, and a major subset of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. They have been implicated in integrin-mediated cellular adhesion and as signalling receptors on T-cells.

Glycolipid-anchored membrane glycoproteins expressed on cells of the myelomonocyte lineage including monocytes, macrophages, and some granulocytes. They function as receptors for the complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS-binding protein.

Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The 140 kDa isoform of NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule) containing a transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail. It is expressed by all lymphocytes mediating non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity and is present on some neural tissues and tumors.

Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

A membrane-bound or cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of CYCLIC ADP-RIBOSE (cADPR) from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This enzyme generally catalyzes the hydrolysis of cADPR to ADP-RIBOSE, as well, and sometimes the synthesis of cyclic ADP-ribose 2' phosphate (2'-P-cADPR) from NADP.

Surface antigens expressed on myeloid cells of the granulocyte-monocyte-histiocyte series during differentiation. Analysis of their reactivity in normal and malignant myelomonocytic cells is useful in identifying and classifying human leukemias and lymphomas.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Tetraspanin proteins found at high levels in cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage. CD53 antigens may be involved regulating the differentiation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and the activation of B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A cell adhesion protein that was originally identified as a heat stable antigen in mice. It is involved in METASTASIS and is highly expressed in many NEOPLASMS.

Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Membrane antigens associated with maturation stages of B-lymphocytes, often expressed in tumors of B-cell origin.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

A 67-kDa sialic acid binding lectin that is specific for MYELOID CELLS and MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE PRECURSOR CELLS. This protein is the smallest siglec subtype and contains a single immunoglobulin C2-set domain. It may play a role in intracellular signaling via its interaction with SHP-1 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE and SHP-2 PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Cell-surface glycoprotein beta-chains that are non-covalently linked to specific alpha-chains of the CD11 family of leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION). A defect in the gene encoding CD18 causes LEUKOCYTE-ADHESION DEFICIENCY SYNDROME.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that may play a role in the regulation of NF-KAPPA B and APOPTOSIS. They are found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; MAST CELLS and NK CELLS. Overexpression of CD30 antigen in hematopoietic malignancies make the antigen clinically useful as a biological tumor marker. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A subtype of tetraspanin proteins that play a role in cell adhesion, cell motility, and tumor metastasis. CD9 antigens take part in the process of platelet activation and aggregation, the formation of paranodal junctions in neuronal tissue, and the fusion of sperm with egg.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A sialic acid-rich protein and an integral cell membrane mucin. It plays an important role in activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

Leukocyte differentiation antigens and major platelet membrane glycoproteins present on MONOCYTES; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; PLATELETS; and mammary EPITHELIAL CELLS. They play major roles in CELL ADHESION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; and regulation of angiogenesis. CD36 is a receptor for THROMBOSPONDINS and can act as a scavenger receptor that recognizes and transports oxidized LIPOPROTEINS and FATTY ACIDS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A group of three different alpha chains (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c) that are associated with an invariant CD18 beta chain (ANTIGENS, CD18). The three resulting leukocyte-adhesion molecules (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION) are LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN; and ANTIGEN, P150,95.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Oligosaccharide antigenic determinants found principally on NK cells and T-cells. Their role in the immune response is poorly understood.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that specifically binds to CD27 ANTIGEN. It is found on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; and DENDRITIC CELLS where it plays a role in stimulating the proliferation of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES and CD8-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES.

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

A ubiquitously expressed membrane glycoprotein. It interacts with a variety of INTEGRINS and mediates responses to EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

A CD antigen that contains a conserved I domain which is involved in ligand binding. When combined with CD18 the two subunits form MACROPHAGE-1 ANTIGEN.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

An integrin alpha subunit of approximately 150-kDa molecular weight. It is expressed at high levels on monocytes and combines with CD18 ANTIGEN to form the cell surface receptor INTEGRIN ALPHAXBETA2. The subunit contains a conserved I-domain which is characteristic of several of alpha integrins.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Cell adhesion molecules present on virtually all monocytes, platelets, and granulocytes. CD31 is highly expressed on endothelial cells and concentrated at the junctions between them.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Tetraspanin proteins that are involved in a variety of cellular functions including BASEMENT MEMBRANE assembly, and in the formation of a molecular complexes on the surface of LYMPHOCYTES.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that is specific for 4-1BB LIGAND. It is found in a variety of immune cell types including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES; NATURAL KILLER CELLS; and DENDRITIC CELLS. Activation of the receptor on T-LYMPHOCYTES plays a role in their expansion, production of cytokines and survival. Signaling by the activated receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Ubiquitously-expressed tetraspanin proteins that are found in late ENDOSOMES and LYSOSOMES and have been implicated in intracellular transport of proteins.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Tetraspanin proteins found associated with LAMININ-binding INTEGRINS. The CD151 antigens may play a role in the regulation of CELL MOTILITY.

A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

A membrane-bound tumor necrosis family member found primarily on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that binds specifically to CD30 ANTIGEN. It may play a role in INFLAMMATION and immune regulation.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.

A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

An alpha-integrin subunit found on lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages and monocytes. It combines with the integrin beta2 subunit (CD18 ANTIGEN) to form LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.

A widely distributed cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein that stimulates the synthesis of MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES. It is found at high levels on the surface of malignant NEOPLASMS and may play a role as a mediator of malignant cell behavior.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A promyelocytic cell line derived from a patient with ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. HL-60 cells lack specific markers for LYMPHOID CELLS but express surface receptors for FC FRAGMENTS and COMPLEMENT SYSTEM PROTEINS. They also exhibit phagocytic activity and responsiveness to chemotactic stimuli. (From Hay et al., American Type Culture Collection, 7th ed, pp127-8)

A widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a METASTASIS suppressor protein. It is underexpressed in a variety of human NEOPLASMS.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

A cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and is involved in INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS.

Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

A heterodimeric protein that is a cell surface antigen associated with lymphocyte activation. The initial characterization of this protein revealed one identifiable heavy chain (ANTIGENS, CD98 HEAVY CHAIN) and an indeterminate smaller light chain. It is now known that a variety of light chain subunits (ANTIGENS, CD98 LIGHT CHAINS) can dimerize with the heavy chain. Depending upon its light chain composition a diverse array of functions can be found for this protein. Functions include: type L amino acid transport, type y+L amino acid transport and regulation of cellular fusion.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An inhibitory B7 antigen that has specificity for the T-CELL receptor PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH 1 PROTEIN. CD274 antigen provides negative signals that control and inhibit T-cell responses and is found at higher than normal levels on tumor cells, suggesting its potential role in TUMOR IMMUNE EVASION.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

Immunohistochemical localization of CD1a-positive putative dendritic cells in human breast tumours. (1/894)

The presence of a high number of infiltrating CD1a+ cells in malignant neoplasms has been reported to be associated with an improved prognosis, reduced tumour recurrence and fewer metastases. This study identified a population of CD1a+ cells within the lymphoid cell infiltrate in human ductal breast carcinoma (n = 52), which was significantly different from normal breast tissue, in which only two out of nine cases expressed CD1a+ cells (P = 0.0192). In the majority of cases, the infiltrate was low compared with the number of macrophages and T cells present (results not shown). There was no correlation between the number of CD1a+ cells and tumour grade, with all tumour grades expressing similar numbers of infiltrating CD1a+ cells. There was clear evidence, however, that the CD1a+ cells were closely associated with tumour cells. It is likely that CD1a+ cells have a role in antigen capture and presentation in human tumours, and this study documents the density of CD1a+ cells in a large sample of all histological grades of human breast carcinomas. (+info)

Long-term culture of human CD34(+) progenitors with FLT3-ligand, thrombopoietin, and stem cell factor induces extensive amplification of a CD34(-)CD14(-) and a CD34(-)CD14(+) dendritic cell precursor. (2/894)

Current in vitro culture systems allow the generation of human dendritic cells (DCs), but the output of mature cells remains modest. This contrasts with the extensive amplification of hematopoietic progenitors achieved when culturing CD34(+) cells with FLT3-ligand and thrombopoietin. To test whether such cultures contained DC precursors, CD34(+) cord blood cells were incubated with the above cytokines, inducing on the mean a 250-fold and a 16,600-fold increase in total cell number after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. The addition of stem cell factor induced a further fivefold increase in proliferation. The majority of the cells produced were CD34(-)CD1a- CD14(+) (p14(+)) and CD34(-)CD1a-CD14(-) (p14(-)) and did not display the morphology, surface markers, or allostimulatory capacity of DC. When cultured with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), both subsets differentiated without further proliferation into immature (CD1a+, CD14(-), CD83(-)) macropinocytic DC. Mature (CD1a+, CD14(-), CD83(+)) DCs with high allostimulatory activity were generated if such cultures were supplemented with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). In addition, p14(-) cells generated CD14(+) cells with GM-CSF and TNF, which in turn, differentiated into DC when exposed to GM-CSF and IL-4. Similar results were obtained with frozen DC precursors and also when using pooled human serum AB+ instead of bovine serum, emphasizing that this system using CD34(+) cells may improve future prospects for immunotherapy. (+info)

Biochemical characterization of CD1d expression in the absence of beta2-microglobulin. (3/894)

CD1d is a major histocompatibility complex class I-like molecule that exhibits a distinct antigen processing pathway that functions in the presentation of hydrophobic antigens to T cells. CD1d has been previously shown to be expressed on the cell surface of human intestinal epithelial cell lines in vivo and a transfected cell line in vitro independently of beta2-microglobulin (beta2m). To define the relationship between CD1d and beta2m and characterize the biochemical structure of CD1d in the absence of beta2m, we have used a newly generated series of CD1d transfectants and CD1d-specific antibodies. These studies show that in the absence of beta2m, CD1d is expressed on the cell surface as a 45-kDa glycoprotein that is sensitive to endoglycosidase-H and is reduced to 37-kDa after N-glycanase digestion. In contrast, in the presence of beta2m, CD1d is expressed on the cell surface as a 48-kDa endoglycosidase-H-resistant glycoprotein. Pulse-chase metabolic labeling studies demonstrate that acquisition of endoglycosidase-H resistance of CD1d is observed in the presence of beta2m but not in the absence of beta2m even after a 24-h chase period. Thus, CD1d is able to be transported to the cell surface independently of beta2m; however, in the absence of beta2m, the glycosylation pattern of CD1d is altered and consistent with an immature glycoprotein. (+info)

T cell-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency viruses are readily transmitted by vaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques, and Langerhans' cells of the female genital tract are infected with SIV. (4/894)

Intravaginal inoculation with T cell-tropic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or some dual-tropic strains of SIV or SHIV produced systemic infection in rhesus macaques. Vaginal inoculation with other dual-tropic molecular clones of SIV or SHIV did not infect rhesus macaques even after multiple inoculations. While in vitro measures of macrophage tropism do not predict which primate lentiviruses will produce systemic infection after intravaginal inoculation, the level to which a virus replicates in vivo after intravenous inoculation does predict the outcome of intravaginal inoculation. Another series of studies, using combined in situ hybridization and immunolabeling to simultaneously detect SIV RNA and identify the immunophenotype of infected cells, demonstrated that a large proportion (approximately 40% in some animals) of the SIV-infected cells in the vagina and cervix were Langerhans' cells. This is the first in vivo demonstration that Langerhans' cells in the genital tract are infected with SIV and that dendritic cells are significant reservoirs for lentiviruses. (+info)

Expression of the nlsLacz gene in dendritic cells derived from retrovirally transduced peripheral blood CD34+ cells. (5/894)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gene transfer and expression of exogenous genetic information coding for an immunogenic protein in antigen presenting cells (APCs) can promote an immune response. This was investigated by retroviral transfer of a marker gene into CD34+ derived APCs. DESIGN AND METHODS: To achieve long term expression of a specific transgene in APCs, G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood CD34+ cell populations were retrovirally transduced with the bacterial nlsLacZ, a marker gene used here as a model, in the presence of IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF and SCF prior to being induced to differentiate into dendritic and macrophage cells by GM-CSF and TNF-a. RESULTS: Addition of IL-4 was found to induce dendritic differentiation preferentially by inhibiting proliferation and differentiation of the macrophage lineage. As assessed by X-Gal staining, LacZ gene expression was observed in cells from both the dendritic lineage (CD1a+/CD14-) which still exhibits the highest immunostimulatory activity in mixed lymphocyte reaction and from the macrophage lineage (CD1a-/ CD14+). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study sets out the possibility of transducing dendritic and macrophage progenitors present in the CD34+ cell population and in using a marker gene such as nlsLacZ to study gene expression in antigen presenting cell compartments. (+info)

Expression of CD1d2 on thymocytes is not sufficient for the development of NK T cells in CD1d1-deficient mice. (6/894)

CD1 is an MHC class I-like molecule that has been conserved throughout mammalian evolution. Unlike MHC class I molecules, CD1 can present unique nonprotein antigens to T cells. The murine CD1 locus contains two highly homologous genes, CD1d1 and CD1d2. CD1d1 is essential for the development of a major subset of NK T cells that promptly secrete IL-4 following activation. However, the function of CD1d2 has not yet been demonstrated. In the present study, we examined the expression of CD1d2 in CD1d1-deficient (CD1d1 degrees) mice with the anti-CD1 Ab 3H3. Unlike CD1d1, which is expressed by all lymphocytes, CD1d2 can be detected only on the surface of thymocytes. To determine whether CD1d2 can select a unique subset of NK T cells, we compared the remnant population of NK T cells in CD1d1 degrees and CD1d1, CD1d2-double deficient (CD1d1 degrees CD1d2 degrees) mice. No significant difference in the number of NK T cells and cytokine secretion capacity can be detected between CD1d1 degrees and CD1d1 degrees CD1d2 degrees mice, indicating that CD1d2 cannot substitute for CD1d1 in NK T cell development. The inability of CD1d2 to select NK T cells is not due to the structural constraints of CD1d2 since CD1d2-transfected cells can be recognized by both NK T cell hybridomas and freshly isolated NK T cells. Given the structural similarities, it is possible that the low levels of surface expression and limited tissue distribution of CD1d2 may prevent it from functioning in the selection and expansion of NK T cells. (+info)

Juvenile hemochromatosis locus maps to chromosome 1q. (7/894)

Juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) is an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to severe iron loading in the 2d to 3d decade of life. Affected members in families with JH do not show linkage to chromosome 6p and do not have mutations in the HFE gene that lead to the common hereditary hemochromatosis. In this study we performed a genomewide search to map the JH locus in nine families: six consanguineous and three with multiple affected patients. This strategy allowed us to identify the JH locus on the long arm of chromosome 1. A maximum LOD score of 5.75 at a recombination fraction of 0 was detected with marker D1S498, and a LOD score of 5. 16 at a recombination fraction of 0 was detected for marker D1S2344. Homozygosity mapping in consanguineous families defined the limits of the candidate region in an approximately 4-cM interval between markers D1S442 and D1S2347. Analysis of genes mapped in this interval excluded obvious candidates. The JH locus does not correspond to the chromosomal localization of any known gene involved in iron metabolism. These findings provide a means to recognize, at an early age, patients in affected families. They also provide a starting point for the identification of the affected gene by positional cloning. (+info)

Immunolocalization of CD1d in human intestinal epithelial cells and identification of a beta2-microglobulin-associated form. (8/894)

In order to better understand the role of intestinal CD1d, we sought to define the cellular localization and further characterize the biochemical structure of CD1d in human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Using a CD1d-specific rabbit anti-gst-CD1d antibody, immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled cell surface proteins detected a previously identified 37 kDa protein as well as a 48-50 kDa protein which were confirmed by Western blotting with a CD1d-specific mAb, D5. Immunoprecipitation of protein lysates with the CD1d-specific mAb, D5 and 51.1.3, and the beta2-microglobulin (beta2m)-specific mAb, BBM.1, followed by N-glycanase digestion and Western blotting with the D5 mAb showed that the 48-50 kDa protein was a beta2m-associated, CD1d glycoprotein. CD1d was immunolocalized to the apical and lateral regions of native small and large intestinal IEC as defined by confocal laser microscopy using the D5 mAb and the rabbit anti-gst-CD1d antibody. In addition, a large apical intracellular pool of CD1d was identified. Identical observations were made with polarized T84 cells. Selective biotin labeling of apical and basolateral cell surfaces followed by immunoprecipitation with the D5 mAb, N-glycanase digestion and avidin blotting confirmed the presence of glycosylated CD1d on both cell surfaces and immunolocalization of the 37 kDa non-glycosylated form of CD1d to the apical cell surface. These studies show that CD1d is located in an ideal position for luminal antigen sampling and presentation to subjacent intraepithelial lymphocytes. (+info)

The CD1 proteins mediate the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. ... 2003). "Two novel CD1 E alleles identified in black African individuals". Tissue Antigens. 59 (5): 417-20. doi:10.1034/j.1399- ... Yu CY, Milstein C (1990). "A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes". EMBO J. 8 (12): ... "Entrez Gene: CD1E CD1e molecule". Brigl M, Brenner MB (2004). "CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function". Annu. Rev. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1E

... is the only member of the group 2 CD1 molecules. CD1d-presented lipid antigens activate a special class of T cells, known ... Melián A, Beckman EM, Porcelli SA, Brenner MB (1996). "Antigen presentation by CD1 and MHC-encoded class I-like molecules". ... Yu CY, Milstein C (1990). "A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes". EMBO J. 8 (12): ... Brigl M, Brenner MB (2004). "CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function". Annu. Rev. Immunol. 22 (1): 817-890. doi:10.1146/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1D

The CD1 proteins mediate the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. ... Melián A, Beckman EM, Porcelli SA, Brenner MB (1996). "Antigen presentation by CD1 and MHC-encoded class I-like molecules". ... Moody DB, Zajonc DM, Wilson IA (2005). "Anatomy of CD1-lipid antigen complexes". Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (5): 387-99. doi:10.1038/ ... Yu CY, Milstein C (1990). "A physical map linking the five CD1 human thymocyte differentiation antigen genes". EMBO J. 8 (12): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1A

Barral DC, Brenner MB (December 2007). "CD1 antigen presentation: how it works". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 7 (12): 929-41. ... An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen bound by major histocompatibility complex ( ... Antigen: protease degradation on YouTube - PMAP animation Antigen-Presenting+Cells at the US National Library of Medicine ... Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell

Most of these antigens are bound to CD1b. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells are activated after Mycobacterium infection and ... CD1 expression is downregulated in antigen presenting cells infected with live Mycobacteria, perhaps as a means of immune ... The TCR usually recognizes the hydrophilic part of the antigen which protrudes outwards from the CD1 protein after the lipid ... Brigl M, Brenner MB (2004-04-01). "CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function". Annual Review of Immunology. 22 (1): 817-890 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_1_CD1-restricted_T_cells

... s are part of the unconventional T cell family, they are stimulated by exposure to CD1+ antigen presenting ... Humans express four CD1 isoforms divided in 2 groups: group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) group 2 CD1 (CD1d). Group 1 CD1- ... In general, CD1-restricted T cells are divided according to their CD1 molecule. ... Many CD1-restricted T cells are rapidly stimulated to carry out helper and effector functions upon interaction with CD1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cd1-restricted_T_cell

... +Antigen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Mouse CD Antigen Chart Human CD Antigen ... CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation. CD1d (group 2 CD1) is ... to CD1-specific T cells. The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha- ... CD1 antigens are expressed on cortical thymocytes, but not on mature T cells. This often remains true in neoplastic cells from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1

Compared to other CD1 molecules this unique arrangement of CD1b provides the possibility of binding a wide spectrum of antigens ... CD1 molecules are expressed on the surface of numerous different human antigen presenting cells (DCs, monocytes and some ... CD1b molecule has the largest antigen-binding cleft within the CD1 family. Whereas the microbial lipids tend to have longer ... The human CD1 locus is found on chromosome 1 and contains five nonpolymorphic genes (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and CD1e). CD1b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1b

Porcelli, Steven A.; Modlin, Robert L. (April 1999). "THE CD1 SYSTEM: Antigen-Presenting Molecules for T Cell Recognition of ... Thus an antigen might bind specifically to a T or B cell receptor, but not induce an adaptive immune response. If the antigen ... Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human ... Antigenicity is the capacity of a chemical structure (either an antigen or hapten) to bind specifically with a group of certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenicity

Antigen processing and presentation of proteins and lipids seems efficient and can include cross presentation on MHC I and CD1 ... They reside in the peripheral organs and induce different forms of antigen-specific peripheral tolerance. Antigens from the ... DCs present antigens and initiate the afferent limb, while the other antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mediate the effectors to ... Most DCs in vivo in the steady state are immature, able to take up and present antigens, but areunable to adaptive T cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman

CD1). There are 5 subtypes of CD1 molecules that range from a through e. The a through d subtypes are capable of binding to ... CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c subtypes present lipid antigens to T cells, while CD1d cells present lipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins ... CD1 a through c cell subtypes initiate T helper type 1 and type 2 responses, and they facilitate sulfatide loading onto the ... Different types of cells that present antigens on their surfaces include: Macrophages Dendritic cells Hepatocytes B cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatide

The antigen presenting complex that NKT cells bind to involves CD1 proteins, so tetramers made of CD1 can be used to stain for ... MHC tetramers were developed to present HIV antigens and used to find the percentage of CTLs specific to those HIV antigens in ... MHC tetramer molecules developed in a lab can mimic the antigen presenting complex on cells and bind to T-cells that recognize ... James EA, LaFond R, Durinovic-Bello I, Kwok W (March 2009). "Visualizing antigen specific CD4+ T cells using MHC class II ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramer_assay

... tuberculosis T-cell lipid antigens and the elucidation of the CD1 antigen presentation pathway. He is also exploring the ... where it is important to fine tune the hosts immune response through the CD1 pathway. Besra was elected a Fellow of the Royal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdyal_Besra

One case also reported the absence of CD1, a MHC-like glycoprotein involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD25_deficiency

His lab primary focuses on the molecular mechanisms of antigen processing particularly the functions of the major ... histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and CD1 molecules. He is most notable for discovering and identifying the MHC class ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cresswell

May 2016). "The intracellular pathway for the presentation of vitamin B-related antigens by the antigen-presenting molecule MR1 ... Another non-classical MHC class I CD1 is missing in certain species. There is 90% protein homology of the MR1 binding site ... This isoform binds antigen via α1 and α2 interaction. Some bacteria are able to target specific β2 microglobulin that enable ... Due to the antigen necessity for MR1 stabilization. MR1 binds the intermediates of riboflavine synthesis. Many human cells can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex,_class_I-related

... is usually used for antigen binding. Like the CD1 series, EPCR has a lipid in the corresponding groove. The bound lipid in EPCR ... It belongs to the MHC class I/CD1 family of proteins, that is characterized by having a deep groove, that in other proteins in ... comparison with the structure of CD1/major histocompatibility complex alpha1 and alpha2 domains". Blood. 94 (2): 632-41. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_protein_C_receptor

While most T cell subsets have TCRs that recognize peptide or lipid-based antigens in association with MHC or CD1, MAIT cells ... A chemically stable antigen that is functionally similar to 5-OP-RU has also been created. A 2017 study also found that some ... MAIT cell antigen precursor can cross the intestinal blood barrier and is needed for MAIT cell development. Moreover serum from ... MR1 also serves as the antigen-presenting molecule outside of the thymus that binds to TCR and activates MAIT cells. MAIT cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell

Presentation of viral antigen controlled by a gene in the major histocompatibility complex. Nature 345:449-452. Moins- ... He characterised the structural and kinetic mechanisms by which lipids bind to CD1 molecules and are recognized by T cells and ... demonstrated that harnessing CD1 restricted Natural killer T cell (NKT) cells enhances antigen specific antibody and T cell ... NKT cells enhance CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to soluble antigen in vivo through direct interaction with dendritic cells. J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Cerundolo

... lipid antigen presentation facilitation (by CD1) to natural killer T cell as well as modulation of inflammation and oxidation. ... October 2005). "Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation". Nature. 437 (7060): 906-10. Bibcode:2005Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E

However, none of the known antigen-presenting molecules like MHC class I and II or CD1 are required for γδ T cell activation ... The antigens recognized by non-Vδ2 T cells expanded in the above infectious contexts have not been characterized, but the fact ... γδ T cells are believed to have a prominent role in recognition of lipid antigens. They are of an invariant nature and may be ... It is still not clear whether these non-peptidic antigens bind directly to the Vγ9/Vδ2 TCR or if a presenting element exists. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_delta_T_cell

... antigens, cd1 MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.102 - antigens, cd2 MeSH D23.050.301.264.035.103 - antigens, cd3 MeSH D23.050.301.264. ... antigens, cd1 MeSH D23.050.301.264.894.090 - antigens, cd2 MeSH D23.050.301.264.894.095 - antigens, cd3 MeSH D23.050.301.264. ... antigens, cd1 MeSH D23.101.100.110.102 - antigens, cd2 MeSH D23.101.100.110.103 - antigens, cd3 MeSH D23.101.100.110.103.800 - ... antigens, cd1 MeSH D23.101.100.894.090 - antigens, cd2 MeSH D23.101.100.894.095 - antigens, cd3 MeSH D23.101.100.894.095.800 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D23)

CD1+Antigen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Mouse CD Antigen Chart Human CD Antigen ... The antigen has also been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases such as vitiligo and type I diabetes mellitus. T- ... CD4 is a co-receptor of the T cell receptor (TCR) and assists the latter in communicating with antigen-presenting cells. The ... Barber EK, Dasgupta JD, Schlossman SF, Trevillyan JM, Rudd CE (May 1989). "The CD4 and CD8 antigens are coupled to a protein- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4

... a member of the CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules, rather than peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). As ... iNKT cells recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d, a non-polymorphic major histocompatibility complex class I-like antigen ... The best known antigen of iNKT cells is alpha-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), which is a synthetic form of a chemical purified ... The highly conserved TCR is made of Va24-Ja18 paired with Vb11 in humans, which is specific for glycolipid antigens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_killer_T_cell

Antigen presentation: MHC molecules bind to both T cell receptor and CD4/CD8 co-receptors on T lymphocytes, and the antigen ... The evolutionary oldest nonclassical MHC class I lineage in human was deduced to be the lineage that includes the CD1 and PROCR ... MHC interacts with TCR and its co-receptors to optimize binding conditions for the TCR-antigen interaction, in terms of antigen ... Essentially, the MHC-peptide complex is a complex of auto-antigen/allo-antigen. Upon binding, T cells should in principle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex

... antigen (Cluster of Differentiation 48) also known as B-lymphocyte activation marker (BLAST-1) or signaling lymphocytic ... located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1". J. Exp. Med. 173 (6): 1339-44. doi:10.1084/jem.173.6.1339. PMC 2190850. PMID ... Smith GM, Biggs J, Norris B, Anderson-Stewart P, Ward R (1998). "Detection of a soluble form of the leukocyte surface antigen ... Killeen N, Moessner R, Arvieux J, Willis A, Williams AF (October 1988). "The MRC OX-45 antigen of rat leukocytes and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD48

Such examination also utilizes CD1 and CD207 (Langerin) staining. Electron microscopy examination of the sample is based on ... Human eosinophilic granuloma is characterized by abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells (LCs). LCs are antigen-presenting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_granuloma

Antigen-naive T cells expand and differentiate into memory and effector T cells after they encounter their cognate antigen ... Still during the double negative stages, CD34 expression stops and CD1 is expressed. Expression of both CD4 and CD8 makes them ... T cell exhaustion can be triggered by several factors like persistent antigen exposure and lack of CD4 T cell help. Antigen ... These self-antigens are expressed by thymic cortical epithelial cells on MHC molecules, which reside on the surface of cortical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

FO B cells express high levels of IgD, and CD23; lower levels of CD21 and IgM; and no CD1 or CD5, readily distinguishing this ... Antigen-specific memory B cell development. Annu Rev Immunol. 2005;23:487-513. (B cells, Human cells, Immune system, ... Two-photon imaging of lymphocyte motility and antigen response in intact lymph node. Science. 2002;296(5574):1869-1873. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_cell

The ability of T cells to recognize foreign antigens is mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which is a surface protein able ... Still during the double negative stage, CD34 expression stops and CD1 is expressed. Expression of both CD4 and CD8 makes them ... This allows single positive thymocytes to be exposed to a more complex set of self-antigens than is present in the cortex, and ... Cells which do not have a high affinity for self-antigens survive negative selection. At this stage, some cells are also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymocyte

Wang Z, Cao Y, Albino AP, Zeff RA, Houghton A, Ferrone S (February 1993). "Lack of HLA class I antigen expression by melanoma ... but also with class I-like molecules such as CD1 (5 genes in humans), MR1, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and Qa-1 (a form of ... Krangel MS, Orr HT, Strominger JL (December 1979). "Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo". Cell. 18 (4 ... Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC (May 1991). "Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin

Langerhans cells are dendritic cells found in the skin and function by internalizing antigens (foreign particles) and ... "Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is an epidermotropic Langerhans cell histiocytosis that expresses CD1 and specific beta 2- ... Malignant diseases of macrophages Histiocytic lymphoma A histiocytoma originates from epidermal Langerhans cells of antigen- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiocytoma_(dog)

Drake, Wonder Puryear; Newman, Lee S (2006). "Mycobacterial antigens may be important in sarcoidosis pathogenesis". Current ... "Antiviral treatments reduce severity of diabetes in Ljungan virus-infected CD-1 mice and delay onset in diabetes-prone BB rats ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infections_associated_with_diseases

Wilson, AJ; Maddox, PH; Jenkins, D (January 1991). "CD1a and S100 antigen expression in skin Langerhans cells in patients with ... Presence of Birbeck granules on electron microscopy and immuno-cytochemical features e. g. CD1 positivity are more specific. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langerhans_cell_histiocytosis

Antigen presentation function of the mouse CD1 molecule. S Tangri, HR Holcombe, AR Castaño, JEW Miller, M Teitell, WD Huse, PA ... title = "Antigen presentation function of the mouse CD1 molecule",. author = "S Tangri and HR Holcombe and AR Casta{\~n}o and ... Antigen presentation function of the mouse CD1 molecule. In: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1996 ; No. 1996. pp. 288-296. ... Antigen presentation function of the mouse CD1 molecule. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1996 Jan 1;(1996):288-296. ...

https://portalrecerca.uab.cat/en/publications/antigen-presentation-function-of-the-mouse-cd1-molecule

Favaloro EJ, Bradstock KF, Grimsley A, Henniker A, Kamath S. Further studies on the heterogeneity of antigens recognised by CD- ... Dive into the research topics of Further studies on the heterogeneity of antigens recognised by CD-1 monoclonal antibodies: ... The binding patterns of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) recognizing antigens belonging to Cluster of Differentiation One (CD-1) ... Further studies on the heterogeneity of antigens recognised by CD-1 monoclonal antibodies: distribution of epitopes and ...

https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/further-studies-on-the-heterogeneity-of-antigens-recognised-by-cd

CD1 genes, CD1 pathway, Classification of CD1 proteins, Foreign lipid antigens presented, Group 1 CD1, Group 2 CD1-restricted T ... title = "Antigen Processing and Presentation by CD1 Family Proteins",. keywords = "Antigen presenting cells, Antigen processing ... Antigen Processing and Presentation by CD1 Family Proteins. In Antigen Presenting Cells: From Mechanisms to Drug Development. ... Antigen Processing and Presentation by CD1 Family Proteins. Antigen Presenting Cells: From Mechanisms to Drug Development. ...

https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/antigen-processing-and-presentation-by-cd1-family-proteins-2

CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.. Entry Term(s). CD1 Antigen CD1 Antigens Registry Number. ... use ANTIGENS, CD1 (NM) to search CD1 ANTIGENS 1988-95. History Note. 96; was CD1 ANTIGENS (NM) 1988-95. Date Established. 1996/ ... Antigens, Differentiation [D23.101.100] * Antigens, CD [D23.101.100.110] * Antigens, CD1 [D23.101.100.110.100] * Antigens, CD1d ... CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.. Terms. Antigens, CD1 Preferred Term Term UI T056474. Date ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=CD1%20Antigen

cortical thymocyte antigen CD1A antibody. *differentiation antigen CD1 alpha 3 antibody. *epidermal dendritic cell marker CD1a ... Antigen-presenting protein that binds self and non-self lipid and glycolipid antigens and presents them to T-cell receptors on ...

https://www.abcam.com/cd1a-antibody-ep3091-bsa-and-azide-free-ab284760.html

Given that iNKT-based immunotherapies are dependent mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APC), a human tolerogenic molecule with ... such as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), could contribute to this discrepancy. HLA-G is a well-known immune checkpoint ... no murine homolog, such as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), could contribute to this discrepancy. HLA-G is a well-known ... dependent mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APC), a human tolerogenic molecule with no murine homologue, ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.608614/full

CD1: antigen presentation and T cell function. Annu Rev Immunol 2004;22:817-90. [ Links ]. ... and that may recognize lipids presented by CD1 molecules (CD1a, -b, -c); antigen recognition, however, is not restricted to ... APC, antigen-presenting cell; NK, natural killer; LTi, lymphoid tissue inducer; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; IBD, ... Antigen Presentation Research Group. Imperial College London. Northwick Park & St Marks Campus, Level 7W, St. Marks Hospital ...

https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1130-01082014000500006

T cells follow specific selection rules and are poised to recognize self or evolutionarily conserved microbial antigens. We ... Ogg, G., Cerundolo, V. & McMichael, A. J. Capturing the antigen landscape: HLA-E, CD1 and MR1. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 59, 121-129 ... Cohen, N. R., Garg, S. & Brenner, M. B. Antigen presentation by CD1 lipids, T cells, and NKT cells in microbial immunity. Adv. ... T cell antigen receptor recognition of antigen-presenting molecules. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 33, 169-200 (2015). ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03578-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d07658d5-d055-43f5-87f7-8bbc169e4845

T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b, CD1B, CD1, CD1A, R1.. Introduction. CD1B belongs to CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins ... CD1B is an antigen-presenting protein which connects self and nonself lipid and glycolipid antigens and displays them to T-cell ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/cd1b_human

A number of presentations were focused on the role of CD1 proteins, which present lipid antigens (e.g., from mycobacteria or ... The evidence that CD1-restricted T cells contribute to immunity against microbial infection includes the observation that CD1 ... Whole microbes, microbial subunits and extracts, and peptide and protein antigens have been the focus of much vaccine research ... While studies of peptide and protein antigens have been facilitated by the rapid advances in genomics and proteomics, studies ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/4/04-1142_article

Virulent Mtbs have acquired the capability to dampen the activity of NF-Kb by some of their antigens [6,7], such as ESAT-6 and ... It has been demonstrated in vitro that CD8+ cells recognize bacterial peptides and lipids through the MHC-I CD-1 molecules, ... A third antigen- CFP-10 markedly reduces nitric oxide (NO) and reactive-oxygen species (ROS) production by the macrophages, ... So far, the 85A and 85B antigens, in various constructs, seem to be presently the most promising, at least in animal models and ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/43706

The human leukocyte antigen class I allele HLA-B27 is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen that is strongly ... To study the biology of CD1 and its role in human disease we developed novel techniques for generation of recombinant CD1/lipid ... CD1 molecules are beta(2)m-associated HLA class-I-like glycoproteins which have the unique ability to present glycolipid and ... The human MHC class I-like molecule CD1b is distinctive among CD1 alleles in that it is capable of presenting a set of ...

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nathan-Zaccai-2

CD45 has been reported to be associated with several other cell surface antigens including CD1, CD2, CD3, and CD4. CD45 has ... Antigen Details Antigen References *Thomas ML. 1989. Annu Rev Immunol. 7:339-69. ...

https://www.biolegend.com/en-us/products/pe-dazzle-594-anti-human-cd45ra-22103

Raftery, M. J.; Winau, F.; Kaufmann, S. H. E.; Schaible, U. E.; Schönrich, G.: CD1 antigen presentation by human dendritic ...

https://www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/1829831/publications?year=2006

Rossjohn has pioneered molecular understanding of how T cells bind lipid-based antigens presented by the CD1 family and has ... We asked him about the nuts and bolts of engineering the best antigen. ...

https://www.asbmb.org/asbmb-today/people/080122/rossjohn-fellow-decker-science-board-gillaspy-dean

Antigen description CD1a, together with CD1b and c, belongs to group 1 of CD1 glycoproteins. These proteins serve as antigen- ... Exbio - Research products - Antibodies - CD and related antigens - Anti-Hu CD1a FITC ... and CD1a antigen presentation is independent upon vesicular acidification. ... that responds to specific lipids and glycolipids found in the cell walls of bacterial pathogens or self-glycolipid antigens ...

https://www.exbio.cz/research-product/antibodies/cd-and-related-antigens/anti-hu-cd1a-fitc-1

METHODS: Brain and spinal cord from normal cat Felis domesticus and brain from CD-1 mice were reacted with aPL using indirect ... CONCLUSION: aPL, especially those reactive with phosphatidylserine dependent antigens, react directly with epitopes associated ... using 3 monoclonal IgM aPL that differentiate between cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine dependent antigens. ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/ref/e/9292795.html

CD1, CD1A, CD1a molecule, FCB6, HTA1, hTa1 thymocyte antigen, R4, T6. Overview ...

https://www.ptglab.com/products/CD1a-Antibody-65172-1-Ig.htm

Vertebrate cells did not support the replication of either chimeric virus although trace to modest amounts of viral antigen ... We then established a process for manufacturing UF6b and evaluated in outbred female CD1 mice the immunogenicity of the ... Furthermore, we showed the use of multiplex Plasmodium antigen and IgG detection in selecting samples of interest for ... antigens in samples from eight out of the nine U.S. geographic regions. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v13issue14.html

NKT cells recognize CD1, which binds to lipid-type antigens typical of bacterial cell walls. Bendalacs group found that they ... the microbe has an antigen that looks like self antigen; the self antigen is normally ignored, because the immune system needs ... The database of tumor antigens at Cancer Immunity lists some 750 of them, divided into various categories:. *Unique antigens ... One interesting thing about Bendelacs paper is that they link CD1 to the disease, through NKT cells. CD1 is an MHC class I ...

http://www.iayork.com/MysteryRays/category/autoimmunity/

X-Gal staining (bright blue) of the eye tissues from WT or KO Balb/c, 129/CD1, and DBA1 mice. (A) Absence of X-Gal staining in ... In view of the data by Gieni et al. 29 that antigen-driven IL-12 is a mechanism by which the genetic background can affect the ... X-Gal staining (bright blue) of the eye tissues from WT or KO Balb/c, 129/CD1, and DBA1 mice. (A) Absence of X-Gal staining in ... X-Gal staining (bright blue) of the eye tissues from WT or KO Balb/c, 129/CD1, and DBA1 mice. (A) Absence of X-Gal staining in ...

https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2162541&resultClick=1

Antigen, CD1. CD1 Antigen. CD1 Antigens. Tree number(s):. D23.050.301.264.035.100. D23.050.301.264.894.080. D23.101.100.110.100 ... Antigens, CD (1990-1995). Antigens, Differentiation (1988-1991). T-Lymphocytes (1988). Public MeSH Note:. 96; CD1 ANTIGENS was ... CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.. Annotation:. T-lymphocyte differentiation antigens; but ... Antigens, CD1 - Preferred Concept UI. M0028319. Scope note. Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=32853

... thymocyte antigen CD1E; CD1E antigen, e polypeptide; leukocyte differentiation antigen; differentiation antigen CD1-alpha-3; R2 ... CD1E; CD1e molecule; CD1e antigen , CD1E antigen, e polypeptide; T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1e, membrane-associated; R2G1; ... Antigen standard for CD1e molecule (CD1E), transcript variant 1 is a lysate prepared from HEK293T cells transiently transfected ... The antigen control carries a C-terminal Myc/DDK tag for detection.. ...

https://www.creativebiomart.net/recombinant-human-cd1e-293-cell-lysate-409336.htm

... region and binds to the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules and additionally to other class I-like molecules such as CD1 and ... β2 microglobulin plays a role in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. It has no transmembrane ... Alternative names of antigen. Beta-2-microglobulin, B2M, β2M, CDABP0092, HDCMA22P. Distribution of antigen. leukocytes, ... Alternative names of antigen. Beta-2-microglobulin, B2M, β2M, CDABP0092, HDCMA22P. Distribution of antigen. leukocytes, ...

https://www.miltenyibiotec.com/LU-en/products/b2-microglobulin-antibody-anti-human-readye-lease-real845.html

1 Antigens, CD1 --analysis. *1 Cadherins --analysis. *1 CD1a. *1 Cytoplasm --immunology ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/1366/simple-search?query=&sort_by=score&order=desc&rpp=10&filter_field_1=subject&filter_type_1=equals&filter_value_1=Young+Adult&filter_field_2=dateIssued&filter_type_2=equals&filter_value_2=2010&filter_field_3=subject&filter_type_3=equals&filter_value_3=Middle+Aged&etal=0&filtername=author&filterquery=Arun%2C+Ramya&filtertype=equals

October 2021 for Presentation of Lipid Antigens by CD1 - Antigen Processing and Presentation ... February 2021 for Presentation of Lipid Antigens by CD1 - Antigen Processing and Presentation ... October 2020 for Presentation of Lipid Antigens by CD1 - Antigen Processing and Presentation ... The inciting antigen can be intrinsic or part of the host cell. Extrinsic antigens such as blood products or medications can ...

https://www.lecturio.com/medical-courses/immune-system.course

Lymphocyte antigen CD1 (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Lymphocyte antigen CD1 (substance). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=103110008

In the experiment, seven days after subcutaneous (SC) injection of the antigen into normal C57BL/6 mice, the same antigen in 50 ... We prepared the Map antigen by ethanol extraction and developed a mouse model in a manner similar to that of the well-known ... Method: We evaluated the potency of Map antigen molecules in an effort to develop a novel colitis model using a more realistic ... However, no change was detected with each single Map-antigen injection. Conclusion: The present results provide a novel animal ...

https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-1-47

CD1 genotyping of patients with Mycobacterium malmoense pulmonary disease. Tissue antigens 2001 Jul 58 (1): 19-23. Jones D C, ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Mycobacterium+Malmoense&Mysubmit=Search&dbTypeChoice=Rare

Antigens, CD1d.immunology. CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes.immunology. Glycolipids.immunology. HEK293 Cells. Humans. Mice. Mice, ... Antibody responses to glycolipid-borne carbohydrates require CD4+ T cells but not CD1 or NKT cells.. ... These data provide new insight into glycolipid antigen recognition by the immune system and indicate the existence of a ... Using model carbohydrate systems (isogloboside 3 and B blood group antigen), we examined the anti-carbohydrate response on ...

https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/11197

Studies were also presented on novel molecules involved in the recognition of carbohydrate antigens such as specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-grabbing nonintegrins, which are C-type lectins that show substantial expression in many tissues, and toll-like receptors, which function as pattern recognition receptors for conserved pathogen structures and serve as key links between innate and adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)
These proteins serve as antigen-presenting molecules for a subset of T cells that responds to specific lipids and glycolipids found in the cell walls of bacterial pathogens or self-glycolipid antigens such as gangliosides, and they have also roles in antiviral immunity. (exbio.cz)
It has no transmembrane region and binds to the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules and additionally to other class I-like molecules such as CD1 and Qa. (miltenyibiotec.com)
Immunoassays are plate-based techniques that can detect and quantify many types of molecules through antibody-antigen reactions. (lecturio.com)
Method: We evaluated the potency of Map antigen molecules in an effort to develop a novel colitis model using a more realistic source than TNBS. (springeropen.com)
To elicit an anti-carbohydrate immune response, glycoproteins can be processed to glycopeptides and presented by the classical antigen-presenting molecules, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and II. (austin.org.au)
In contrast to MHC proteins, CD1 molecules present lipid antigens to T lymphocytes. (harvard.edu)
We have a high level of expertise in studying molecular recognition of T cells, particularly unconventional T cells outside the canonical CD4+/CD8+ lineage and structure function of antigen-presenting molecules. (uchicago.edu)
More recently, Enzo helped define the structural and functional basis for the T cell recognition of lipids bound to CD1 molecules, with consequent enhancement of antibody and peptide-specific T cell responses. (ox.ac.uk)
The effect of saposins on human immune response is mediated by their involvement in presenting mycobacterial antigens on CD1 molecules. (iimmun.ru)
摘要： CD1, as the third family of antigen-presenting molecules, is previously only found in mammals and chickens, which suggests that the chicken and mammalian CD1 shared a common ancestral gene emerging at least 310 million years ago. (chinaxiv.org)

The binding patterns of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) recognizing antigens belonging to Cluster of Differentiation One (CD-1) were analyzed in order to investigate heterogeneity within this cluster. (edu.au)

Porcelli, SA & Moody, DB 2006, Antigen Processing and Presentation by CD1 Family Proteins . (elsevier.com)
CD1B belongs to CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins, which are structurally associated with the MHC proteins and form heterodimers with the beta-2-microglobulin. (prospecbio.com)
A number of presentations were focused on the role of CD1 proteins, which present lipid antigens (e.g., from mycobacteria or Francisella tularensis , a potential weapon of bioterrorism) to T cells. (cdc.gov)
In contrast, much less is known about the mechanism(s) for anti-carbohydrate responses to glycolipids, although it is generally considered that the CD1 family of cell surface proteins presents glycolipids to T cells or natural killer T (NKT) cells. (austin.org.au)
This gene encodes a member of the CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins, which are structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and form heterodimers with beta-2-microglobulin. (nih.gov)
The CD1 proteins mediate the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. (nih.gov)
Many of our projects focus on "unconventional" T cell recognition, involving ?d T cells, Natural Killer T cells and Muscosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells and antigen presentation by nonclassical or MHC-like proteins. (uchicago.edu)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: CD1 is a group of glycoproteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that present lipid antigens to T cells. (cambridge.org)

CD1a, together with CD1b and c, belongs to group 1 of CD1 glycoproteins. (exbio.cz)
Unlike CD1b, CD1a is excluded from late endosomal compartments and instead traffics independently in the recycling pathway of the early endocytic system, and CD1a antigen presentation is independent upon vesicular acidification. (exbio.cz)

In Antigen Presenting Cells: From Mechanisms to Drug Development (pp. 129-156). (elsevier.com)
CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS . (nih.gov)
After activation by alpha-GalactosylCeramide (αGC), an exogenic glycolipid antigen, iNKT cells can rapidly release cytokines to enhance specific anti-tumor activity. (frontiersin.org)
Given that iNKT-based immunotherapies are dependent mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APC), a human tolerogenic molecule with no murine homolog, such as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), could contribute to this discrepancy. (frontiersin.org)
CD1d is a MHC-class-I-like molecule that mediates the presentation of lipid or glycolipid antigens to T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Unconventional T cells follow specific selection rules and are poised to recognize self or evolutionarily conserved microbial antigens. (nature.com)
CD1B is an antigen-presenting protein which connects self and nonself lipid and glycolipid antigens and displays them to T-cell receptors on natural killer T-cells. (prospecbio.com)
While studies of peptide and protein antigens have been facilitated by the rapid advances in genomics and proteomics, studies of sugar chains, which are abundantly expressed on the outer surfaces of viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal pathogens and on the membranes of mammalian cells, have not kept pace with technologic advances. (cdc.gov)
The evidence that CD1-restricted T cells contribute to immunity against microbial infection includes the observation that CD1 is expressed at higher levels in lesions of tuberculoid leprosy in comparison to lepromatous leprosy. (cdc.gov)
CD1 antigen presentation by human dendritic cells as a target for herpes simplex virus immune evasion. (mpg.de)
Rossjohn has pioneered molecular understanding of how T cells bind lipid-based antigens presented by the CD1 family and has provided a structural basis of how vitamin B metabolites can be presented and recognized by the immune system, revealing a new class of antigen. (asbmb.org)
Antigen standard for CD1e molecule (CD1E), transcript variant 1 is a lysate prepared from HEK293T cells transiently transfected with a TrueORF gene-carrying pCMV plasmid and then lysed in RIPA Buffer. (creativebiomart.net)
Antibody responses to glycolipid-borne carbohydrates require CD4+ T cells but not CD1 or NKT cells. (austin.org.au)
These data provide new insight into glycolipid antigen recognition by the immune system and indicate the existence of a previously unrecognised population of glycolipid antigen-specific, CD1-independent, CD4(+) T cells. (austin.org.au)
Antigen-presenting protein that binds self and non-self lipid and glycolipid antigens and presents them to T-cell receptors on natural killer T-cells. (nih.gov)
In addition to their epigenetic landscape, we elucidate novel enzymatic pathways that generate the endogenous lipid antigens required for thymic selection and peripheral activation of NKT cells. (harvard.edu)
Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) are genetically modified to express the iCD40 receptor and are pulsed with tumor antigen. (medicalterminologydb.com)
AP1903 binds to and activates iCD40 receptors presented on DC cell surfaces, thus activating the DCs and stimulating a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against host tumor cells that express the tumor antigen. (medicalterminologydb.com)
CD1d plays a role in non-peptide glycolipid antigen presentation to CD1d-restricted T cells. (biolegend.com)
Natural killer T cells recognize diacylglycerol antigens from pathogenic bacteria. (umassmed.edu)
Our goal is to determine the frequency, phenotypes, and functionality of CD1 T cells against Mtb using the guinea pig model. (cambridge.org)
His work focused on understanding mechanisms of processing and presentation of lipid and peptide antigens to T cells. (ox.ac.uk)

But CD1d is the only CD1 molecule has been found in mouse. (biolegend.com)
It has been shown that PKCδ is a critical regulator of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. (biolegend.com)
Although the reptilian CD1 protein structures are predicted to be similar to human CD1d and chicken CD1.1, CD1 isotypes are not found to be orthologous between mammals, birds, and reptiles according to phylogenetic analyses, suggesting an independent diversification of CD1 isotypes during the speciation of mammals, birds, and reptiles. (chinaxiv.org)

His work focuses on many connections between Antibody and other disciplines, such as Cell adhesion molecule, that overlap with his field of interest in Mucin, Carcinoembryonic antigen, Function and Internal medicine. (research.com)

Whole microbes, microbial subunits and extracts, and peptide and protein antigens have been the focus of much vaccine research and development. (cdc.gov)
The design of optimal vaccines against such pathogens should include lipid and peptide antigens. (cdc.gov)
Severity of EAU was assessed in DBA1 and 129/CD1 wild-type (WT) or IL-18 knockout (KO) mice after immunization with the uveitogenic antigen: interphotoreceptor retinal binding protein (IRBP) peptide 161-180. (arvojournals.org)
EAU-resistant mice (129/CD1) with an IL-18 −/− phenotype remained resistant after immunization with IRBP peptide (P161-180). (arvojournals.org)
β2 microglobulin plays a role in the presentation of peptide antigens to the immune system. (miltenyibiotec.com)

His primary areas of study are Immunology, Immune system, Antigen, Molecular biology and Immunoglobulin G. His research integrates issues of Intestinal mucosa and Inflammatory bowel disease in his study of Immunology. (research.com)
His primary scientific interests are in Immunology, Cell biology, Immune system, Molecular biology and Antigen. (research.com)

CD1, CD45 isoforms and L-selectin receptors act as cell maturation markers. (pbkom.eu)

Therefore, a close follow-up on research developments on new CD antigens and their corresponding monoclonal antibodies is important in veterinary laboratory diagnostics. (pbkom.eu)
Atopy, meaning "strange disease," was used by Coca to describe antigen-specific reactions with apparent immunological specificity for which no precipitating antibodies could be identified in plasma. (jci.org)
Transgenic, knock-out, congenic and inbread strains are known for C57BL/6, A/J, BALB/c, SCID while the CD-1 is outbred as strain.Antibodies are affinity purified with an antigen coated column or protein A or G agarose or beads. (polabo.com)

for instance, the use of CD40 agonist antibody plus antigen showed remarkably rapid immune response and protection in a murine model of anthrax. (cdc.gov)
Using model carbohydrate systems (isogloboside 3 and B blood group antigen), we examined the anti-carbohydrate response on glycolipids using both antibody neutralisation and knockout mouse-based experiments. (austin.org.au)
A Rabbit polyclonal antibody against Mouse S Antigen (SAG). (arrestins.com)
This is a monoclonal antibody which is greatly purified and with high binding affinity for the antigen that it is risen against. (polabo.com)

Unique antigens result from point mutations in genes that are expressed ubiquitously. (iayork.com)
IL-18 detection was performed by using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-β-- d -galactopyranoside (X-Gal) staining on frozen sections of eyes from mice (129/CD1, DBA1, and Balb/c), either of normal phenotype (+/+) or of deficiency (±, −/−) in the IL-18 gene which had been replaced by introduced genes including LacZ under the control of an IL-18 promotor. (arvojournals.org)
The human genome contains five CD1 family genes organized in a cluster on chromosome 1. (nih.gov)
Here, we describe CD1 genes in the green anole lizard and Crocodylia, demonstrating that CD1 is ubiquitous in mammals, birds, and reptiles. (chinaxiv.org)
In the green anole lizard, although the single CD1 locus and MHC I gene are located on the same chromosome, there is an approximately 10-Mb-long sequence in between, and interestingly, several genes flanking the CD1 locus belong to the MHC paralogous region on human chromosome 19. (chinaxiv.org)
The CD1 genes in Crocodylia are located in two loci, respectively linked to the MHC region and MHC paralogous region (corresponding to the MHC paralogous region on chromosome 19). (chinaxiv.org)

This is the first evidence that mycobacterium antigen induces necrotizing colitis. (springeropen.com)
CD1 genotyping of patients with Mycobacterium malmoense pulmonary disease. (cdc.gov)

His Immunoglobulin G research incorporates themes from Receptor, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I and Immunotherapy. (research.com)
An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN . (nih.gov)

There's been a lot of interest in finding tumor antigens that cytotoxic T lymphocytes will recognize, and in fact hundreds have been identified. (iayork.com)
Overall, shared tumor-specific antigens may be the ideal target. (iayork.com)

CD45 is the common leukocyte antigen, however, it is absent from ruminant WC1+ lymphocytes and monocytes. (pbkom.eu)

The meeting was organized into 7 sessions on such topics as genetic and cellular mechanisms of carbohydrate immunity, carbohydrate antigens for vaccines, and new tools for studying carbohydrates. (cdc.gov)

The goals of this workshop were to examine the mechanisms involved in generating an appropriate immune response to selected carbohydrate antigens, highlight recent and novel advances, and discuss how this information could be used in the development of effective vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Understanding the mechanistic aspects of the genetic control and the cellular pathways of the immune response to bacterial carbohydrate antigens should provide insights into ways to enhance the immune response and thus facilitate vaccine development. (cdc.gov)

CD45 has been reported to be associated with several other cell surface antigens including CD1, CD2, CD3, and CD4. (biolegend.com)

His Molecular biology research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in T cell, CD1, Antigen-presenting cell and CD8. (research.com)

In the experiment, seven days after subcutaneous (SC) injection of the antigen into normal C57BL/6 mice, the same antigen in 50% ethanol was injected into the colon by the transanal route with a fine cannula. (springeropen.com)

Antigens are peptides or recombinant or native dependent on the production method. (arrestins.com)

The human CD antigens do not always correspond to surface markers found on animal lymphocytes. (pbkom.eu)

The CD1 family members are thought to differ in their cellular localization and specificity for particular lipid ligands. (nih.gov)
It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. (nih.gov)

His Antigen study combines topics in areas such as Biochemistry, Antigen presentation and Pathogenesis. (research.com)

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is an organ-specific, T helper (Th)1 cell- mediated disease that targets the photoreceptor-associated antigens of the eye. (arvojournals.org)
γδ-TCR, consisting of a γ chain and δ chain and forming a complex with CD3 subunits, mediates signal transduction into the cell by recognizing a variety of ligands and antigens. (creative-biolabs.com)
Using mass spectrometry and T-cell responses to scan through the major classes of phospholipids, we identified phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as the immunodominant lipid antigen. (ox.ac.uk)

We prepared the Map antigen by ethanol extraction and developed a mouse model in a manner similar to that of the well-known TNBS-induced colitis in mice. (springeropen.com)