Antifreeze Proteins
Antifreeze Proteins, Type I
Antifreeze Proteins, Type III
Flounder
Antifreeze Proteins, Type IV
Antifreeze Proteins, Type II
Fishes
Marinomonas
Antarctic Regions
Glycoproteins
Flatfishes
Salmoniformes
Secale cereale
Beetles
Daucus carota
Amino Acid Sequence
Crystallization
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Protein Structure, Secondary
Perciformes
Neutron Diffraction
Models, Molecular
Gadiformes
Circular Dichroism
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Solutions
Cryopreservation
Camphor
Cryoprotective Agents
Databases, Protein
Internet
User-Computer Interface
Sciuridae
A family of the order Rodentia which contains 49 genera. Some of the more common genera are MARMOTA, which includes the marmot and woodchuck; Sciurus, the gray squirrel, S. carolinensis, and the fox squirrel, S. niger; Tamias, the eastern and western chipmunk; and Tamiasciurus, the red squirrel. The flying squirrels, except the scaly-tailed Anomaluridae, also belong to this family.
Hibernation
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of type III antifreeze protein structure and function. (1/194)
Some cold water marine fishes avoid cellular damage because of freezing by expressing antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that bind to ice and inhibit its growth; one such protein is the globular type III AFP from eel pout. Despite several studies, the mechanism of ice binding remains unclear because of the difficulty in modeling the AFP-ice interaction. To further explore the mechanism, we have determined the x-ray crystallographic structure of 10 type III AFP mutants and combined that information with 7 previously determined structures to mainly analyze specific AFP-ice interactions such as hydrogen bonds. Quantitative assessment of binding was performed using a neural network with properties of the structure as input and predicted antifreeze activity as output. Using the cross-validation method, a correlation coefficient of 0.60 was obtained between measured and predicted activity, indicating successful learning and good predictive power. A large loss in the predictive power of the neural network occurred after properties related to the hydrophobic surface were left out, suggesting that van der Waal's interactions make a significant contribution to ice binding. By combining the analysis of the neural network with antifreeze activity and x-ray crystallographic structures of the mutants, we extend the existing ice-binding model to a two-step process: 1) probing of the surface for the correct ice-binding plane by hydrogen-bonding side chains and 2) attractive van der Waal's interactions between the other residues of the ice-binding surface and the ice, which increases the strength of the protein-ice interaction. (+info)A leucine-rich repeat protein of carrot that exhibits antifreeze activity. (2/194)
A gene encoding an antifreeze protein (AFP) was isolated from carrot (Daucus carota) using sequence information derived from the purified protein. The carrot AFP is highly similar to the polygalacturonase inhibitor protein (PGIP) family of apoplastic plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Expression of the AFP gene is rapidly induced by low temperatures. Furthermore, expression of the AFP gene in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants leads to an accumulation of antifreeze activity. Our findings suggest that a new type of plant antifreeze protein has recently evolved from PGIPs. (+info)Isolation and characterization of a novel antifreeze protein from carrot (Daucus carota). (3/194)
A modified assay for inhibition of ice recrystallization which allows unequivocal identification of activity in plant extracts is described. Using this assay a novel, cold-induced, 36 kDa antifreeze protein has been isolated from the tap root of cold-acclimated carrot (Daucus carota) plants. This protein inhibits the recrystallization of ice and exhibits thermal-hysteresis activity. The polypeptide behaves as monomer in solution and is N-glycosylated. The corresponding gene is unique in the carrot genome and induced by cold. The antifreeze protein appears to be localized within the apoplast. (+info)Studies of a putative ice-binding motif in winter flounder skin-type anti-freeze polypeptide. (4/194)
Winter flounder contains two distinct anti-freeze protein isoforms, which are the liver-type extracellular anti-freeze proteins and the skin-type intracellular anti-freeze protein. The skin-type anti-freeze proteins exhibit lower anti-freeze activities than the liver-type isoforms and this might be due to their lacking complete ice-binding motifs. One of the skin-type anti-freeze proteins, skin-type anti-freeze protein-3, does contain putative overlapping ice-binding motifs with the sequences '-K-DT-' and '-DT-K-'. Synthetic anti-freezes containing 0-3 repeats of the '-DT-K-' motif were tested for stability and activity. Loss of the single '-DT-K-' of skin-type anti-freeze protein-3 increases the anti-freeze activity and increasing the number of motifs to two or three lowers the activity. The decrease in activity with an increasing frequency of the motif correlates with a decrease in the helical content of these peptides at 0 degrees C. (+info)Artificial antifreeze polypeptides: alpha-helical peptides with KAAK motifs have antifreeze and ice crystal morphology modifying properties. (5/194)
Antifreeze polypeptides from fish are generally thought to inhibit ice crystal growth by specific adsorption onto ice surfaces and preventing addition of water molecules to the ice lattice. Recent studies have suggested that this adsorption results from hydrogen bonding through the side chains of polar amino acids as well as hydrophobic interactions between the non-polar domains on the ice-binding side of antifreeze polypeptides and the clathrate-like surfaces of ice. In order to better understand the activity of one of the antifreeze polypeptide families, namely the alpha-helical type I antifreeze polypeptides, four alpha-helical peptides having sequences not directly analogous to those of known antifreeze polypeptides and containing only positively charged and non-polar side chains were synthesized. Two peptides with regularly spaced lysine residues, GAAKAAKAAAAAAAKAAKAAAAAAAKAAKAAGGY-NH2 and GAALKAAKAAAAAALKAAKAAAAAALKAAKAAGGY-NH2, showed antifreeze activity, albeit weaker than seen in natural antifreeze polypeptides, by the criteria of freezing point depression (thermal hysteresis) and ice crystal modification to a hexagonal trapezohedron. Peptides with irregular spacing of Lys residues were completely inactive. Up to now, lysine residues have not been generally associated with antifreeze activity, though they have been implicated in some antifreeze polypeptides. This work also shows that lysine residues in themselves, when properly positioned on an alpha-helical polyalanine scaffold, have all the requisite properties needed for such an activity. (+info)Secretory expression and site-directed mutagenesis studies of the winter flounder skin-type antifreeze polypeptides. (6/194)
Winter flounder contains both liver-type, extracellular antifreeze polypeptides (wflAFPs) and less active skin-type, intracellular antifreeze polypeptides (wfsAFPs). The lower activity of wfsAFPs might be due to their lack of complete ice-binding motifs '-K-DT-'. In order to test the functional role of this putative ice-binding motif, mutations were introduced into the N-terminal or C-terminal regions of wfsAFP-2, which lack any presumptive ice-binding motifs. The wild-type and mutant wfsAFP-2 were secreted in Escherichia coli culture media as mature antifreeze proteins and purified to homogeneity. Surprisingly, the antifreeze activity decreased with the introduction of ice-binding motifs. However, there was a corresponding decrease in alpha-helical content as well as thermal stability and this would suggest a compromise in retaining helical structure with the presence of ice-binding motifs. These studies have brought new definitions of the roles of ice-binding motif residues in type I antifreeze proteins. (+info)Ice-binding surface of fish type III antifreeze. (7/194)
We employed computational techniques, including molecular docking, energy minimization, and molecular dynamics simulation, to investigate the ice-binding surface of fish type III antifreeze protein (AFP). The putative ice-binding site was previously identified by mutagenesis, structural analysis, and flatness evaluation. Using a high-resolution x-ray structure of fish type III AFP as a model, we calculated the ice-binding interaction energy of 11 surface patches chosen to cover the entire surface of the protein. These various surface patches exhibit small but significantly different ice-binding interaction energies. For both the prism ice plane and an "ice" plane in which water O atoms are randomly positioned, our calculations show that a surface patch containing 14 residues (L19, V20, T18, S42, V41, Q9, P12, A16, M21, T15, Q44, I13, N14, K61) has the most favorable interaction energy and corresponds to the previously identified ice-binding site of type III AFP. Although in general agreement with the earlier studies, our results also suggest that the ice-binding site may be larger than the previously identified "core" cluster that includes mostly hydrophilic residues. The enlargement mainly results from the inclusion of peripheral hydrophobic residues and K61. (+info)Type I 'antifreeze' proteins. Structure-activity studies and mechanisms of ice growth inhibition. (8/194)
The type I 'antifreeze' proteins, found in the body fluids of fish inhabiting polar oceans, are alanine-rich alpha-helical proteins that are able to inhibit the growth of ice. Within this class there are two distinct subclasses of proteins: those related to the winter flounder sequence HPLC6 and which contain 11-residue repeat units commencing with threonine; and those from the sculpins that are unique in the N-terminal region that contains established helix breakers and lacks the 11-residue repeat structure present in the rest of the protein. Although 14 type I proteins have been isolated, almost all research has focused on HPLC6, the 37-residue protein from the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. This protein modifies both the rate and shape (or 'habit') of ice crystal growth, displays hysteresis and accumulates specifically at the {2 0 2; 1} ice plane. Until very recently, all models to explain the mechanism for this specific interaction have relied on the interaction of the four threonine hydroxyls, which are spaced equally apart on one face of the helix, with the ice lattice. In contrast, proteins belonging to the sculpin family accumulate specifically at the {2 1; 1; 0} plane. The molecular origin of this difference in specificity between the flounder and sculpin proteins is not understood. This review will summarize the structure-activity and molecular modelling and dynamics studies on HPLC6, with an emphasis on recent studies in which the threonine residues have been mutated. These studies have identified important hydrophobic contributions to the ice growth inhibition mechanism. Some 50 mutants of HPLC6 have been reported and the data is consistent with the following requirements for ice growth inhibition: (a) a minimum length of approx. 25 residues; (b) an alanine-rich sequence in order to induce a highly helical conformation; (c) a hydrophobic face; (d) a number of charged/polar residues which are involved in solubility and/or interaction with the ice surface. The emerging picture, that requires further dynamics studies including accurate modelling of the ice/water interface, suggests that a hydrophobic interaction between the surface of the protein and ice is the key to explaining accumulation at specific ice planes, and thus the molecular level mechanism for ice growth inhibition. (+info)
Inhibition of Gas Hydrate Nucleation and Growth: Efficacy of an Antifreeze Protein from the Longhorn BeetleRhagium mordax<...
Structural basis of antifreeze activity of a bacterial multi-domain antifreeze protein - omicX
Experimental correlation between thermal hysteresis activity and the distance between antifreeze proteins on an ice surface -...
KOPRI Repository: Synthesis of Cyclic Antifreeze Glycopeptide and Glycopeptoids and Their Ice Recrystallization Inhibition...
AMOLF Institutional Repository:
Blocking rapid ice crystal growth through nonbasal plane adsorption of antifreeze proteins
Perturbation of long-range water dynamics as the mechanism for the antifreeze activity of antifreeze glycoprotein
Influence of Sequential Modifications and Carbohydrate Variations in Synthetic AFGP Analogues on Conformation and Antifreeze...
Animals with antifreeze
Global Antifreeze Proteins (AFP) Sales Market Report 2017 : ReportsnReports
Questioning conventional understanding of antifreeze proteins | EurekAlert! Science News
Beyond the ice-binding: antifreeze proteins control nucleoside crystal growth
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Antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fishes prevent freezing … and melting
Antifreeze Proteins and Larval Fish
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Cloning and expression of afpA, a gene encoding an antifreeze protein from the arctic plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium...
heating system antifreeze - heating system antifreeze for sale.
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IDEALS @ Illinois: Antifreeze Glycoproteins in Northern Cods: Gene Family Sizes, Sequences, Structures, Organizations, and...
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Research | Cal State LA
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Non-toxic pool antifreeze prevents pool plumbing freeze-up.
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ASTM D2982 - 07(2013) Standard Test Methods for Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreeze in Used Lubricating Oils
Antifreeze: A Sweet-Tasting Killer of Dogs - American Kennel Club
Display of notice ayant pour identifiant 21936334 - International Geographical Bibliography
Glycoproteins as Biological Antifreeze Agents in Antarctic Fishes | Science
Recent Articles | Antifreeze Proteins, Evolution And Developmental Biology | The Scientist Magazine®
Recent Articles | Antifreeze Proteins, Microbiology And Developmental Biology | The Scientist Magazine®
PhD research
Forests | Free Full-Text | Modeling Climatic Influences on Three Parasitoids of Low-Density Spruce Budworm Populations. Part 2...
Dance of water molecules turns fire-colored beetles into antifreeze artists
Mackay & Matthews Lab
Thermal Hysteresis Proteins in Tenebrio molitor Larvae
Boreal pollen contain ice-nucleating as well as ice-binding antifreeze polysaccharides
Antifreeze: A Deadly Poison to Our Pets - Anchor Animal Hospital
Family » 2.4.34.01. Type III antifreeze protein
Raman spectroscopy shows antifreeze glycoproteins interact with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite - Cui - 2005 - Journal of...
RCSB PDB
- 1KDF: NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN POUT ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN TYPE III ISOFORM HPLC12 MUTANT, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE...
RCSB PDB
- 1KDF: NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN POUT ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN TYPE III ISOFORM HPLC12 MUTANT, NMR, MINIMIZED AVERAGE...
JCI -
Anaplasma phagocytophilum induces Ixodes scapularis ticks to express an antifreeze glycoprotein gene that enhances their...
DNA sequence coding for an antifreeze protein precursor from winter flounder - CaltechAUTHORS
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AMSOIL Propylene Glycol Antifreeze and Engine Coolant - ANT
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Springfield, Mo., mom and daughter accused of poisoning family with antifreeze | The Kansas City Star
3rd Ice Binding Proteins Conference | Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment
Could ticks help improve organ transplantation? - Foundation for Biomedical Research
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Ice crystal legal definition of ice crystal
recrystallizations: Definition, Word Game Analysis
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Spatial transmutation and its consequences in spatially upscaling models of spruce budworm population dynamics.
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Antifreeze-Protein Inspired Materials
Activating and optimizing MoS2 basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies (Journal...
Motormouth: Winter gas blends dont provide freeze protection | Star Tribune
NANOTECH2DAY: Building a Beetle Antifreeze
Ice binding proteins - Everything2.com
Hold the ice: NYU chemists reveal behavior of antifreeze molecules | EurekAlert! Science News
Control of ice nucleation: freezing and antifreeze strategies - Chemical Society Reviews (RSC Publishing)
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Antifreeze Poisoning in Dogs
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used oil recycling surrey
The karyotype of the great sculpin, Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus (Pallas, 1814) (Pisces: Cottidae), from the Russian part...
Science Knowledge: May 2008
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2018 Canada Ice Crystals 1 oz Silver Enameled Proof $20 Coin NGC PF69 Holiday Label - ModernCoinMart
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Data Download
Supercooling
There are many techniques that aid in maintaining a liquid state, such as the production of antifreeze proteins, which bind to ... Noncolligative proteins are secreted by the liver into the bloodstream. Other animals use colligative antifreezes, which ... There are many techniques that aid in maintaining a liquid state, such as the production of antifreeze proteins, or AFPs, which ... Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) J.G. Duman (2001). "Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in terrestrial arthropods". ...
Carex firma
ISBN 3-85474-140-5. Ökke Atıcıa & Barbaros Nalbantoğlu (2003). "Antifreeze proteins in higher plants". Phytochemistry. 64 (7): ...
Glycoprotein
Antifreeze protein Certain plasma proteins of coldwater fish Interact with specific carbohydrates Lectins, selectins (cell ... Affect folding of certain proteins Calnexin, calreticulin Regulation of development Notch and its analogs, key proteins in ... Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated. Carbohydrates are attached to some proteins to form glycoproteins. ... The sugar group(s) can assist in protein folding, improve proteins' stability and are involved in cell signalling. ...
Typhula incarnata
... survive the winter by producing extracellular antifreeze proteins. These antifreeze proteins cause thermal hysteria. Thermal ... Antifreeze proteins bind to ice crystals and create curved ice fronts which are energetically unfavorable for the further ... "Ice recrystallization is strongly inhibited when antifreeze proteins bind to multiple ice planes". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): ...
RiAFP
... refers to an antifreeze protein (AFP) produced by the Rhagium inquisitor longhorned beetle. It is a type V antifreeze ... "Theoretical study of interaction of winter flounder antifreeze protein with ice". Protein Sci. 13 (6): 1524-37. doi:10.1110/ps. ... Whereas most insect antifreeze proteins contain cysteines at least every sixth residue, as well as varying numbers of 12- or 13 ... Duman JG (2001). "Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in terrestrial arthropods". Annu. Rev. Physiol. 63: 327-57. doi:10.1146 ...
Polyproline helix
Some proteins, such as the antifreeze protein of Hypogastrura harveyi consist of bundles of glycine-rich polyglycine II helices ... "X-ray Structure of Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein Determined by Racemic Crystallization of Synthetic Protein Enantiomers". ... Davies, Peter L.; Graham, Laurie A. (2005-10-21). "Glycine-Rich Antifreeze Proteins from Snow Fleas". Science. 310 (5747): 461 ... A polyproline helix is a type of protein secondary structure which occurs in proteins comprising repeating proline residues. A ...
Thermoregulation
... some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues. Amphibians and reptiles ... Crevel, R.W.R; Fedyk, J.K; Spurgeon, M.J (July 2002). "Antifreeze proteins: characteristics, occurrence and human exposure". ... Some plants are known to protect themselves against colder temperatures using antifreeze proteins. This occurs in wheat ( ... This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons (Hcrt-UCP2), which elevated hypothalamic ...
List of examples of convergent evolution
Antifreeze proteins are a perfect example of convergent evolution. Different small proteins with a flat surface which is rich ... others will surely be described (but see the results based on DNA data). The antifreeze protein of fish in the arctic and ... "These include two proteins from fish, the ocean pout and the winter flounder, and three very active proteins from insects, the ... Crevel RW, Fedyk JK, Spurgeon MJ (July 2002). "Antifreeze proteins: characteristics, occurrence and human exposure". Food and ...
Lake Vostok
The fish is known to produce antifreeze proteins. However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in ... The main concern is that the lake could become contaminated with the antifreeze that the Russians used to keep the bore hole ... said that the bacteria could in principle be a contaminant that uses kerosene-the antifreeze used during drilling-as an energy ...
Xylomannan
Unlike antifreeze proteins, xylomannan is not a protein. Instead, it is a combination of a sugar (saccharide) and a fatty acid ... "New Antifreeze Molecule Isolated In Alaska Beetle - Science News - redOrbit". Damonte E, Neyts J, Pujol CA, et al. (June 1994 ... Ishiwata A, Sakurai A, Nishimiya Y, Tsuda S, Ito Y (Dec 7, 2011). "Synthetic study and structural analysis of the antifreeze ... Xylomannan is an antifreeze molecule, found in the freeze-tolerant Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides. ...
Insect winter ecology
These antifreeze proteins are thought to stabilize SCPs by binding directly to the surface structures of the ice crystals ... Hanover, NH: University Press of New England ISBN 978-0874517859 Duman JG (2001) Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in ... Horwath KL and Duman JG (1982) Involvement of the Circadian System in Photoperiodic Regulation of Insect Antifreeze Proteins. ... OIKOS 93:286-293 Duman JG (2001) Antifreeze and ice nucleator proteins in terrestrial arthropods. Annual Review of Physiology. ...
Beetle
Graham, L. A; Liou, Y. C.; Walker, V. K.; Davies, P. L. (August 1997). "Hyperactive antifreeze protein from beetles". Nature. ... The hemolymph of the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor contains several antifreeze proteins. The Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides ... but this is prevented through the production of antifreeze proteins that stop water molecules from grouping together. The low ... The yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, contains a family of small Cys-rich and Thr-rich thermal hysteresis proteins that ...
Ecophysiology
... production of antifreeze proteins and dehydrins increases. As temperatures rise, production of heat shock proteins increases. ... plants can produce various proteins. These protect them from the damaging effects of ice formation and falling rates of enzyme ...
Hypogastrura nivicola
Researchers at Queen's University (Canada) have sequenced and synthesised the anti-freeze-like protein that allows H. nivicola ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "New antifreeze protein may allow longer storage of transplant organs". Queen's ... Unlike proteins with similar functions in other species, the protein found in H. nivicola breaks down easily at higher ... 1 March 2007). "Structural modeling of snow flea antifreeze protein". Biophysical Journal. 92 (5): 1717-1723. doi:10.1529/ ...
Cryobiology
Antifreeze proteins cloned from such fish have been used to confer frost-resistance on transgenic plants.[citation needed] ... See insect winter ecology and antifreeze protein. Another invertebrate that is briefly tolerant to temperatures down to -273 °C ... Materials or systems studied may include proteins, cells, tissues, organs, or whole organisms. Temperatures may range from ... Freezing is made possible by specialized proteins and glucose, which prevent intracellular freezing and dehydration." The wood ...
Cold hardening
Antifreeze protein Cryobiology Cryopreservation Thorsen, Stig Morten; Höglind, Mats (2010-12-15). "Modelling cold hardening and ... Duman, J (2002). "The inhibition of ice nucleators by insect antifreeze proteins is enhanced by glycerol and citrate". Journal ... Proteins also play a large role in the cryoprotective compounds that increase ability to survive the cold hardening process and ... This chemistry found within the glycerol compound and reaction between water has been used as an antifreeze in the past, and ...
Cryoprotectant
... antifreeze compounds and antifreeze proteins) in their bodies to minimize freezing damage during cold winter periods. ... Arctic fish use antifreeze proteins, sometimes appended with sugars, as cryoprotectants. Insects most often use sugars or ... Antifreeze protein Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources Cryoconservation of plant genetic resources Cryopreservation ... Ethylene glycol is commonly used as automobile antifreeze; while propylene glycol has been used to reduce ice formation in ice ...
Myoxocephalus scorpius
Antifreeze protein from shorthorn sculpin: identification of the ice-binding surface. Protein Sci. 10(12): 2566-2576. Dang, M ... Like some other coldwater fish, it has antifreeze proteins, which allow it to survive at temperatures around or slightly below ... Hew, C.L.; Fletcher, G.L.; Ananthanarayanan, V.S. (1980). Antifreeze proteins from the shorthorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus ...
Dendroides canadensis
... canadensis increases the antifreeze proteins in its hind-gut and primary urine at this time. Its antifreeze molecules are ... Wang, Lei; Duman, John G. (August 1, 2005). "Antifreeze proteins of the beetle Dendroides canadensis enhance one another's ... "Antifreeze proteins in the primary urine of larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216: ... antifreeze protein in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a decrease in plant freezing temperature". Plant Molecular Biology. 50 (3 ...
Clifton nanolitre osmometer
This phenomenon arises when biological antifreeze proteins are present in a solution. Solutions that do not contain antifreeze ... It can also be used to determine the antifreeze activity or thermal hysteresis in a solution, such as fluids from polar fish, ... overwintering insects, cold-hardy plants, any fluid that contains antifreeze proteins.. ... The Clifton nanolitre osmometer is especially well suited for determining the antifreeze activity or thermal hysteresis of a ...
Cucujus clavipes
... producing anti-freeze proteins (AFPs) and anti-freeze glycolipids (AFGL), entering into a diapause, producing a multimolar ... The use of antifreeze proteins for frost protection in sensitive crop plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 106:60-69 ... roles of antifreeze proteins, polyols, dehydration and diapause. The Journal of Experimental Biology 208:4467-4477 Bercha, R. ... The Alpha S1 and S2 caesin precursor proteins are thought to have roles in the inhibition of formation of ice nucleators in C. ...
Rye
Hon, W. C.; Griffith, M.; Chong, P.; Yang, D. S.-C. (March 1, 1994). "Extraction and Isolation of Antifreeze Proteins from ... The leaves of winter S. cereale produce various antifreeze polypeptides (these are different from the antifreeze polypeptides ... It was discovered that the storage proteins are very diverse and possess a lot of overall genetic variation as well, which is ... In addition, the plant mixture has improved forage and is known to contain digestible fiber and protein. Information about the ...
David Leitner
Meister, K.; Duman, J.G.; Xu, Y.; DeVries, A.L.; Leitner, D.M.; Havenith, M. The role of sulfates on antifreeze protein ... Agbo, J.K.; Gnanasekaran, R.; Leitner, D.M. Communication Maps: Exploring Energy Transport through Proteins and Water. Isr. J. ... His interests are energy-molecule relations and his highest paper is An extended dynamical hydration shell around proteins, ... An extended dynamical hydration shell around proteins. 104:52. 20749-20752. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. ...
McMurdo Sound
The notothenioids feature an Antifreeze protein in their bloodstream that prevents them from freezing. Notothenioids account ... Evolution of antifreeze glycoprotein gene from a trypsinogen gene in Antarctic notothenioid fish, Proceedings of the National ...
Notothenia neglecta
Additionally, N. neglecta synthesizes eight antifreeze proteins to combat the freezing temperatures of the environment. ... An antifreeze glycopeptide gene from the antarctic cod Notothenia coriiceps neglecta encodes a polyprotein of high peptide copy ...
Fish physiology
... some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues. Most sharks are "cold- ...
Bald notothen
Antifreeze proteins in its blood prevent it freezing in the subzero water temperatures of Antarctica. Growing to a maximum ...
Crystal
Conversely, some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring, such as antifreeze proteins. An ...
Flavobacterium xanthum
2007). "A novel, intracellular antifreeze protein in an antarctic bacterium, Flavobacterium xanthum". Cryo Letters. 28 (1): 39- ...
Neofunctionalization
In the case of the Antarctic zoarcid fish type III antifreeze protein gene (AFPIII; P12102) diverged from a paralogous copy of ... 1157-1164, 2005 Deng, C.; Cheng, C.- H. C.; Ye, H.; He, X.; Chen, L. (29 November 2010). "Evolution of an antifreeze protein by ... The evolution of the antifreeze protein in the Antarctic zoarcid fish L. dearborni provides a prime example of ... It is much more rare to see major changes in protein function, such as subunit structure or substrate and ligand affinity, as a ...
Genetically modified tomato
This tomato gained the moniker "fish tomato".[16] The antifreeze protein was found to inhibit ice recrystallization in the ... Kurstaki Insect Control Protein". Nature Biotechnology. 7 (12): 1265-1269. doi:10.1038/nbt1289-1265.. ... "Fruit Cell Wall Proteins Help Fungus Turn Tomatoes From Ripe To Rotten". Science Daily. Jan 31, 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2010. ... An early tomato was developed that contained an antifreeze gene (afa3) from the winter flounder with the aim of increasing the ...
Hemoglobin
Each subunit is composed of a protein chain tightly associated with a non-protein prosthetic heme group. Each protein chain ... "Mammoths had ′anti-freeze′ blood". BBC. 2010-05-02. Retrieved 2010-05-02.. ... In all proteins, it is the amino acid sequence that determines the protein's chemical properties and function. ... Protein alignment of human hemoglobin proteins, alpha, beta, and delta subunits respectively. The alignments were created using ...
اکسیژن - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
"Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings). DIANE Publishing. ... including antifreeze and polyester polymers (the precursors of many plastics and fabrics).[62] ... This class of compounds includes the heme proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin.[115] An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with ... such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, ...
اتیلن - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Ethylene is perceived by a family of five transmembrane protein dimers such as the ETR1 protein in Arabidopsis. The genes ... Ethylene oxide is also hydrolyzed to produce ethylene glycol, widely used as an automotive antifreeze as well as higher ... The effects of salinity have been studied on Arabidopsis plants that have mutated ERS1 and EIN4 proteins.[36] These proteins ... Central membrane proteins in plants, such as ETO2, ERS1 and EIN2, are used for ethylene signaling in many plant growth ...
Preservative
Field, Simon Quellen (2008). Why There's Antifreeze in Your Toothpaste: The Chemistry of Household Ingredients. Chicago: ... It serves the important function of controlling the bacteria that cause botulism, but sodium nitrite can react with proteins, ...
Polyproline helix
Some proteins, such as the antifreeze protein of Hypogastrura harveyi consist of bundles of glycine-rich polyglycine II helices ... "X-ray Structure of Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein Determined by Racemic Crystallization of Synthetic Protein Enantiomers". ... Davies, Peter L.; Graham, Laurie A. (2005-10-21). "Glycine-Rich Antifreeze Proteins from Snow Fleas". Science. 310 (5747): 461 ... A polyproline helix is a type of protein secondary structure which occurs in proteins comprising repeating proline residues.[1] ...
Oxalate
Oxalic acid can also be produced by the metabolism of ethylene glycol ("antifreeze"), glyoxylic acid, or ascorbic acid (vitamin ... an excess of protein in the urine) and with large amounts of calcium oxalate in urine sediment.[39] Oxalobacter formigenes in ...
بلور - ویکیپدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Conversely, some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring, such as antifreeze proteins. ...
Plant
... s protect themselves from frost and dehydration stress with antifreeze proteins, heat-shock proteins and sugars (sucrose ... "LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress". Biochemical Journal. 388 (Part , 1): 151-157. doi:10.1042/ ... protein expression is induced by stresses and protects other proteins from aggregation as a result of desiccation and freezing. ... "Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (7): E693-E699. ...
Ammonia
Therefore, nitrogen fixation is required for the synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. Some ... ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as ...
Cell membrane
Proteins. Type. Description. Examples Integral proteins. or transmembrane proteins. Span the membrane and have a hydrophilic ... Acting as antifreeze, cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the membrane. Cholesterol is more abundant in cold-weather animals ... Membrane proteins consist of three main types: Integral proteins, peripheral proteins, and lipid-anchored proteins.[3] ... G proteins Peripheral proteins. Attached to integral membrane proteins, or associated with peripheral regions of the lipid ...
Optic neuropathy
Ethylene glycol, a component of automobile antifreeze, is a poison that is toxic to the whole body including the optic nerve. ... Undernourished patients often suffer from many vitamin and nutrient deficiencies and have low serum protein levels. However, ...
Rainbow smelt
They overwinter under the ice in estuaries, producing an antifreeze protein and glycerol.[7] In the spring, they spawn at night ...
Antifreeze
Biological antifreezes[edit]. Antifreeze proteins refer to chemical compounds produced by certain animals, plants, and other ... Antifreeze proteins bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be fatal.[4] ... Fletcher GL, Hew CL, Davies PL (2001). "Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes". Annual Review of Physiology. 63: 359-90. doi: ... Other antifreezes[edit]. Propylene glycol methyl ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than ...
Genetically modified crops
The modifications prevent natural, harmful proteins from being made via RNA interference.[97][98] They do not employ genes from ... Lundmark, C. (2006). "Searching Evolutionary Pathways: Antifreeze Genes from Antarctic Hairgrass". BioScience. 56 (6): 552. doi ... Transgenic plants are used to express proteins like the cry toxins from B. thuringiensis, herbicide resistant genes, antibodies ... Companies that produce Bt seed are introducing strains with multiple Bt proteins. Monsanto did this with Bt cotton in India, ...
Thermoregulation
... some use natural antifreeze or antifreeze proteins to resist ice crystal formation in their tissues. Amphibians and reptiles ... "OMIM entry on human UnCoupling Protein 2 (UCP2)". Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.. ... This mechanism is due to overexpressing the uncoupling protein 2 in hypocretin neurons (Hcrt-UCP2), which elevated hypothalamic ...
Sulfuric acid
In common with other corrosive acids and alkali, it readily decomposes proteins and lipids through amide and ester hydrolysis ... insecticides and antifreeze, as well as in various processes such as oil well acidicizing, aluminium reduction, paper sizing, ... Similar to their alkaline versions, such drain openers can dissolve fats and proteins via hydrolysis. Moreover, as concentrated ...
Indoor mold
Killing mold with a biocide is insufficient, since chemicals and proteins causing reactions in humans remain in dead mold. The ... Antifreeze. *Automobile air conditioning. *Autonomous building. *Building insulation materials. *Central heating. *Central ...
Ethylenediamine
as a solvent, it is miscible with polar solvents and is used to solubilize proteins such as albumins and casein. It is also ...
Glycerol
AntifreezeEdit. Main article: Antifreeze. Like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, glycerol is a non-ionic kosmotrope that ... Circulating glycerol does not glycate proteins as do glucose or fructose, and does not lead to the formation of advanced ... The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein and ... Glycerol was historically used as an anti-freeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which ...
Oxygen
"Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings). DianePublishing. p ... including antifreeze and polyester polymers (the precursors of many plastics and fabrics).[65] Large quantities of oxygen or ... This class of compounds includes the heme proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin.[128] An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with ... such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, ...
2007 Chinese export recalls
The rice protein was imported from Binzhou Futian Biology Technology Co. Ltd. in China, a company spokesman said.[2] ... a constituent of antifreeze. Some Chinese manufacturers had been using it as a less-expensive substitute for glycerol, a safe ... The FDA says it originated in wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate imported from mainland China that was added to the pet ... In April 2007, animal feed provider Wilbur-Ellis Company issued a recall of rice protein it supplies to pet food companies ...
Cat health
Although meat protein can be substituted with vegetable proteins, vegetable proteins do not provide a sufficiency of the ... Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) poisoning[edit]. Cats can succumb quickly from ethylene glycol poisoning, after ingesting as ... Most felines with IBD also have several food allergies, including red meat proteins, fish oils, and gluten, which must be ... "College of Veterinary Medicine: Pet Health Topics: Antifreeze Poisoning" Archived 2015-02-10 at the Wayback Machine, Washington ...
Beta sheet
Other examples are the lipid A synthesis enzyme LpxA and insect antifreeze proteins with a regular array of Thr sidechains on ... Tertiary Protein Structure and Folds: section 4.3.2.1. From Principles of Protein Structure, Comparative Protein Modelling, and ... Richardson JS (1981). Anatomy and Taxonomy of Protein Structures. Advances in Protein Chemistry. 34. pp. 167-339. doi:10.1016/ ... Hutchinson EG, Thornton JM (1990). "HERA--a program to draw schematic diagrams of protein secondary structures". Proteins. 8 (3 ...
Boreogadus saida
... but may tolerate colder temperatures owing to the presence of antifreeze protein compounds in its blood. They group in large ...
Antifreeze Protein Synthesised - Slashdot
... an antifreeze protein naturally produced by Antarctic fish has been synthesised by U.S. researchers at the University of ... but how would an anti-freeze PROTEIN help us form frost-resistant CONCRETE? I think the point is that since the protein can be ... Antifreeze Protein Synthesised 13 Posted by timothy on Monday August 20, 2001 @07:56PM. from the new-chemical-factories dept. ... but how would an anti-freeze PROTEIN help us form frost-resistant CONCRETE? I guarantee that your average protein is larger ...
Antifreeze-Protein Inspired Materials
... and Cryopreservation Nature has evolved a huge range of mechanisms to allow life to ... One of the key reasons why fish can survive here is that they produce a series of antifreeze (glyco)proteins. The most famous ... Congdon, TC, Notman, R., Gibson, MI, Biomacromolecules, 2013, DOI 10.1021/bm400217j Antifreeze (Glyco)Protein Mimetic Behaviour ... We are very interested in developing antifreeze-protein mimics to enhance cellular and ultimately organ storage.. ...
Global Antifreeze Proteins Market Analysis & Trends, 2019-2025
Antifreeze Proteins market worldwide is projected to grow by US$12.5 Million, driven by a compounded growth of 28.6%. ... Antifreeze Proteins - Market Analysis, Trends, and Forecasts report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.coms offering. ... Antifreeze Proteins market worldwide is projected to grow by US$12.5 Million, driven by a compounded growth of 28.6%. Fish, one ... "Antifreeze Proteins - Market Analysis, Trends, and Forecasts" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.coms offering. ...
Antifreeze protein - Wikipedia
Fish Antifreeze Produced in Pancreas Antifreeze Proteins: Molecule of the Month, by David Goodsell, RCSB Protein Data Bank ... Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain animals, ... These proteins were later called antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) or antifreeze glycopeptides to distinguish them from newly ... Recent attempts have been made to relabel antifreeze proteins as ice structuring proteins to more accurately represent their ...
Questioning conventional understanding of antifreeze proteins | EurekAlert! Science News
This finding could lead to a broader application of the antifreeze protein in food and medical industries. ... from the sea ice microalga does not fit in the conventional classification of ice-binding proteins, suggesting unknown ... Scientists have discovered that an ice-binding protein (fcIBP) ... Small protein, big impact University of Würzburg * Cancer cells ... This finding could lead to a broader application of the antifreeze protein in food and medical industries. Organisms living in ...
Superheating of ice crystals in antifreeze protein solutions | PNAS
1993) Use of proline mutants to help solve the NMR solution structure of type III antifreeze protein. Protein Sc 2(9):1411-1428 ... Superheating of ice crystals in antifreeze protein solutions. Yeliz Celik, Laurie A. Graham, Yee-Foong Mok, Maya Bar, Peter L. ... Superheating of ice crystals in antifreeze protein solutions. Yeliz Celik, Laurie A. Graham, Yee-Foong Mok, Maya Bar, Peter L. ... Antifreeze proteins at the ice/water interface: Three calculated discriminating properties for orientation of type I proteins. ...
Proteins matched: Choristoneura fumiferana antifreeze (IPR007928) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
We combine protein signatures from a number of member databases into a single searchable resource, capitalising on their ... InterPro provides functional analysis of proteins by classifying them into families and predicting domains and important sites ... Proteins matched: Choristoneura fumiferana antifreeze (IPR007928) The following proteins are predicted to be part of this ... Antifreeze protein AFP Cf18. Choristoneura fumiferana (Spruce budworm moth). Loading... Q5I2X8 Antifreeze protein AFP Cf1. ...
Antifreeze proteins help | Physics Forums
Antarctic notothenioid fish avoid freezing in their perpetually icy environment because of an antifreeze... ... It is said that all proteins function by binding to other molecules. To what ligand do you suppose antifreeze proteins bind to ... Antarctic notothenioid fish avoid freezing in their perpetually icy environment because of an antifreeze protein that ... The protein binds to tiny ice crystal and prevent the growth of these crystals.. But in more technical terms. These compounds ...
Antifreeze protein evolution - creation.com
... fail as evidence formolecules-to-man evolution though they may be a new protein produced by mutation and natural selection. ... Antifreeze proteinsin general, and this example in particular, ... a class of proteins called antifreeze proteins (AFPs) appear to ... more akin to beneficial debris than a new complex and specified protein. Creating an antifreeze protein naturalistically is ... Antifreeze protein evolution: turning wrenches into hammers. by Shaun Doyle. Evolutionists have often claimed that gene ...
Antifreeze protein
... or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, ... a new name for antifreeze proteins Commercial Use Commercially, there appears to be infinite uses for antifreeze proteins. ... Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates ... However, insect antifreeze proteins are 10-30 times more active than any known fish protein. This is probably because insects ...
Antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish prevent both freezing and melting | NSF - National Science Foundation
Antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish prevent both freezing and melting. Protein-bound ice crystals resist melting even when ... By testing the antifreeze proteins in the lab, the team found that these proteins also were responsible for preventing the ... What we found is that the antifreeze proteins also stop internal ice crystals from melting. That is, they are anti-melt ... In the new study, the team investigated whether the antifreeze protein-bound ice crystals inside these fish would melt as ...
Can an antifreeze protein also promote ice formation?
... 15.03.2019. New research shows that some antifreeze proteins can do both ... Antifreeze is lifes means of surviving in cold winters: Natural antifreeze proteins help fish, insects, plants and even ... The scientists wanted to compare the antifreeze proteins to natural proteins that can promote the growth of ice crystals. Some ... Antifreeze proteins like those in the fish are used today, among other things, to keep ice cream smooth and to keep outside ...
Antifreeze Proteins in Fish - Media Center - creation.com
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Isolation and some characterisation of antifreeze protein from th...: Ingenta Connect
The antifreeze activity of Z. viviparus antifreeze proteins is concentration dependent and showed a saturation effect when the ... Two antifreeze proteins with molecular weights of approx. 6.5-7 kDa were characterised and found to share high similarity to ... At least 3 different antifreeze proteins were purified from Z. viviparus serum but more isoforms are most likely present. ... Isolation and some characterisation of antifreeze protein from the european eelpout Zoarces viviparus ...
Ice recrystallization is strongly inhibited when antifreeze proteins bind to multiple ice planes | Scientific Reports
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), a class of proteins capable of arresting ice crystal growth, are known to inhibit this phenomenon ... Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), a class of proteins capable of arresting ice crystal growth, are known to inhibit this phenomenon ... Fish-Derived Antifreeze Proteins and Antifreeze Glycoprotein Exhibit a Different Ice-Binding Property with Increasing ... Rational design of short antifreeze peptides derived from Rhagium inquisitor antifreeze protein *Lai Fun Kong ...
Antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fishes prevent freezing … and melting
... antifreeze proteins »crystals »ice crystals »marine environments »melting point »notothenioid »proteins »proteins in » ... antifreeze proteins , crystals , ice crystals , marine environments , melting point , notothenioid , proteins , proteins in , ... By testing the antifreeze proteins in the lab, the team found that these proteins also were responsible for preventing the ... DeVries discovered antifreeze proteins in Antarctic notothenioid fishes in the late 1960s, and was the first to describe how ...
RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Type II antifreeze protein - A0ZT93 (A0ZT93 9TELE)
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... Protein disorder predictions are based on JRONN (Troshin, P. and Barton, G. J. unpublished), a Java implementation of RONN * ... The Protein Feature View requires a browser that supports SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Mouse over tracks and labels for more ... Data in red indicates combined ranges of Homology Models from SBKB and the Protein Model Portal ...
Antifreeze Protein Engineering
IBPs, including the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that prevent the freezing of organisms, are found in nearly all biological ... PROTEIN KINASE A, EXCHANGE PROTEIN ACTIVATED BY cAMP 1, AND PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4D ALL ASSOCIATE WITH VE-CADHERIN TO REGULATE ... Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) is an integral membrane protein belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily ... Biochemical Characterization of Nucleotide and Protein Interactions of Human Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) Wang ...
RCSB PDB - 1WFB: WINTER FLOUNDER ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN ISOFORM HPLC6 AT-180 DEGREES C
ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN ISOFORM HPLC6. A, B. 38. Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Mutation(s): 0 Membrane Entity: Yes ... Ice-binding structure and mechanism of an antifreeze protein from winter flounder.. Sicheri, F., Yang, D.S.. (1995) Nature 375 ... Antifreeze proteins provide fish with protection against the freezing effect of polar environments by binding to ice surfaces ... Antifreeze proteins provide fish with protection against the freezing effect of polar environments by binding to ice surfaces ...
Polyampholytes as low toxic efficient cryoprotective agents with antifreeze protein properties. - PubMed - NCBI
Beetle Antifreeze Protein (2VCNULAAF) by 3DBiology
... on Shapeways. Learn more before you buy, or discover other cool products in ... Antifreeze Proteins (AFPs) or Ice Structuring Proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates ... product/2VCNULAAF/beetle-antifreeze-protein /, ,input type=hidden class= name=confirmation value=emailConfirmationModal ... Models Biology Chemistry Biochemsitry Enzyme Biological Models Science Cell Cellular Biology Cell Biology Antifreeze Protein ...
Recent Articles | Antifreeze Proteins, Culture And Genetics & Genomics | The Scientist Magazine®
Recent Articles | Antifreeze Proteins, Developmental Biology And Evolution | The Scientist Magazine®
Antifreeze protein-induced superheating of ice inside Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhibits melting during summer warming |...
By virtue of their two AFPs, antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) (1) and antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) (9), members of the ... 2003) Freezing avoidance of Antarctic fishes: The role of a novel antifreeze potentiating protein and the antifreeze ... Antifreeze protein-induced superheating of ice inside Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhibits melting during summer warming. ... Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) of polar marine teleost fishes are widely recognized as an evolutionary innovation of vast adaptive ...
Compound ice-binding site of an antifreeze protein revealed by mutagenesis and fluorescent tagging
... type III antifreeze protein (AFP) can depress the freezing point of fish blood to below that of freezing seawater. This 7-kDa ... globular protein is encoded by a multigene family that produces two major isoforms, SP and QAE, which are 55% identical. ... Compound ice-binding site of an antifreeze protein revealed by mutagenesis and fluorescent tagging Biochemistry. 2010 Oct 26;49 ... By binding to the surface of ice crystals, type III antifreeze protein (AFP) can depress the freezing point of fish blood to ...
Beginner Puzzle: Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein | Foldit
By right clicking on a region of the protein (not the guide) it will pull up a menu with 6 tools. The bottom right one is " ... You might notice that the protein has an unusually high number of glycines. The lack of side chain in glycine is critical for ... When starting this puzzle, you might want to set the entire structure to sheet and then straighten out the protein entirely. ... Developed by: UW Center for Game Science, UW Institute for Protein Design, Northeastern University, Vanderbilt University ...
Fish antifreeze protein - Stock Image C025/1900 - Science Photo Library
Molecular model of a fish antifreeze protein (AFP) from the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). - Stock Image C025 ... Caption: Fish antifreeze protein. Molecular model of a fish antifreeze protein (AFP) from the winter flounder ( ... fish antifreeze protein, ice structuring protein, illustration, isp, model, molecular, molecular model, molecular structure, ... molecule, protein, proteomics, pseudopleuronectes americanus, structure, thermal hysteresis protein, white background, winter ...
Beginner Puzzle (|150): Snow Flea Antifreeze Protein | Foldit
By right clicking on a region of the protein (not the guide) it will pull up a menu with 6 tools. The bottom right one is " ... Developed by: UW Center for Game Science, UW Institute for Protein Design, Northeastern University, Vanderbilt University ... This will help you see what sections on your protein correspond to the guide! ... "Align Guide". Clicking on it will align the native guide to the region of the protein you selected.. ...
Chemical synthesis of a masked analogue of the fish antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP)
... is thought to act as an adjunct to the previously characterised antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), the two acting together to ... A recently identified Antarctic fish protein termed antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) ... A recently identified Antarctic fish protein termed antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) is thought to act as an adjunct to ... Chemical synthesis of a masked analogue of the fish antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) Org Biomol Chem. 2013 Aug 14;11(30): ...
Antifreeze Proteins Market by End Use & Type - Global Forecast 2023 | MarketsandMarkets
Antifreeze Proteins Market report categorizes the global market by End Use (Medical, Cosmetics, and Food), Type (Type I, Type ... III, and Antifreeze Glycoproteins), Source (Fish, Plants, and Insects), and Region ... 4.2 Antifreeze Proteins Market Size, By Region 4.3 Antifreeze Proteins Market, By Type 4.4 Antifreeze Proteins Market, By End ... Antifreeze Proteins Market Snapshot. Figure 27 Europe: Antifreeze Proteins Market Snapshot. Figure 28 Asia Pacific: Antifreeze ...
AFPsAntarcticWinter flounderGlycoproteinsCrystalsMolecularHyperactiveProduction of antifreeze proteinsSurged the demand for antifreeze proteins2017Global Antifreeze Proteins Market AnalysisFishes2019CryopreservationImproving antifreeze proteins marketInhibitionForms of antifreeze proteinsTemperaturesMoleculesInsect antifreeze proteinsGeneAdsorptionCharacterizationEthylene glycolTested for antifreeze activityApplication of antifreezeBacteriaSpruce budwormAFGPsSamples with antifreezeFungiThermalLarvaeOrgan transplantsInsectsMechanismOrganismsAlanine-richRhagiumFishActivityGlycoproteinForecastPOLYPEPTIDEInhibitPolarArcticInteractionsBeetle Tenebrio molitorGlobularLipidAmino AcidTypeSurviveCryoprotectiveFrozenClassification
AFPs48
- It has been argued that for antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to stop ice crystal growth, they must irreversibly bind to the ice surface. (pnas.org)
- This increase in melting temperature was more appreciable for hyperactive AFPs compared to the AFPs with moderate antifreeze activity. (pnas.org)
- Knight and DeVries predicted that ice crystals in a solution containing antifreeze proteins (AFPs) would remain stable when superheated ( 11 ). (pnas.org)
- AFPs are structurally diverse proteins evolved in marine and terrestrial organisms to help survival in freezing conditions ( 12 ). (pnas.org)
- 1 However, a class of proteins called antifreeze proteins (AFPs) appear to have gone against this trend. (creation.com)
- 2 So do these AFPs represent a neo-Darwinian mechanism producing a new protein? (creation.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments. (bionity.com)
- Unlike the widely used automotive antifreeze, ethylene glycol, AFPs do not lower freezing point in proportion to concentration. (bionity.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), a class of proteins capable of arresting ice crystal growth, are known to inhibit this phenomenon even at sub milli-molar concentrations. (nature.com)
- IBPs, including the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that prevent the freezing of organisms, are found in nearly all biological kingdoms. (queensu.ca)
- Antarctic notothenioid fishes are protected from freezing by antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that bind to invading ice crystals and inhibit their growth. (pnas.org)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) of polar marine teleost fishes are widely recognized as an evolutionary innovation of vast adaptive value in that, by adsorbing to and inhibiting the growth of internalized environmental ice crystals, they prevent death by inoculative freezing. (pnas.org)
- Various polar teleost fishes rely on the presence of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) in their blood and other body fluids to survive in the freezing seawater (−1.9 °C) of the world's polar oceans. (pnas.org)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) protect marine teleosts from freezing in icy seawater by binding to nascent ice crystals and preventing their growth. (queensu.ca)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) aid the survival of cold-adapted organisms by inhibiting the growth of ice crystals in the organism. (rsc.org)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are characterized by their ability to protect organisms from subfreezing temperatures. (ruc.dk)
- The production of this protein through insect cell line fermentation provides a platform for the future production and optimization of AFPs for hydrate inhibition. (ruc.dk)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are characterized by their ability to protect organisms from subfreezing temperatures by preventing tiny ice crystals in solution from growing as the solution is cooled below its freezing temperature. (dtu.dk)
- This inhibition of ice growth is called antifreeze activity, and in particular, certain insect AFPs show very high antifreeze activity. (dtu.dk)
- There are four types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs). (ijbs.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been found in fungi, bacteria, plants and animals, and they can bind to ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice [ 21 ]. (ijbs.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are often called ice-binding proteins and are thought to bind to ice or ice-like crystals exclusively to control their growth. (growkudos.com)
- The crystal recognition repertoire of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) has been first expanded beyond ice and ice-like crystals and the effects of AFPs on the non-ice like crystal growth are highly efficient, compared with those of other additives on crystal growth control. (growkudos.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) enhance the survival of organisms inhabiting cold environments by affecting the formation and/or structure of ice. (paperity.org)
- The bulky side chain of Leu174 in domain A sterically hinders the binding of water molecules to the protein backbone, partially explaining why antifreeze activity by domain A is inferior to that of domain B. Our data provide a molecular basis for understanding differences in antifreeze activity between the two domains of this protein and general insight on how structural differences in the ice-binding sites affect the activity of AFPs. (paperity.org)
- As an adaptive response to cold environmental conditions, many organisms, such as fish, plants and insects, have developed antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that allow them to survive at subfreezing temperatures. (calstatela.edu)
- Highly efficient enhancers can greatly increase the antifreeze activity of AFPs and thus reduce the cost of the usage of AFPs in these applications. (calstatela.edu)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a unique class of proteins that bind to ice crystal surfaces and arrest their growth. (amolf.nl)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) production is a survival strategy of psychrophiles in ice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Moreover, there is not much information regarding the interaction of Antarctic bacterial AFPs with ice, and new determinations are needed to understand the behaviour of these proteins at the water/ice interface. (biomedcentral.com)
- Modelled proteins showed a triangular prism form similar to β-helix AFPs with a linear distribution of threonine residues at one side of the prism that could correspond to the putative ice binding side. (biomedcentral.com)
- Modeled proteins possess a β-helix structure, and molecular docking analysis revealed the AFP gu3B could be the most efficient AFPs in order to avoid the formation of ice crystals, even when gu3A has a higher affinity for ice. (biomedcentral.com)
- Scientists know about these antifreeze proteins (AFPs), but not so much about the mechanisms that make them work. (ucsd.edu)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) is also known as ice structuring proteins (ISPs). (theinsightpartners.com)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a unique class of protein characterized by their ability to depress the freezing point of water sufficient to prevent the formation of ice crystals by adsorbing to the surface of ice crystals. (unh.edu)
- AFPs have gained a large interest for their use in antifreeze formulations for water-based materials, such as foods, waterborne paints, and organ transplants. (amolf.nl)
- Instead of commonly used colligative antifreezes such as salts and alcohols, the advantage of using AFPs as an additive is that they do not alter the physicochemical properties of the water-based material. (amolf.nl)
- The absence of a distinct correlation in antifreeze activity points to a mechanistic difference in ice growth inhibition by the different classes of AFPs: blocking fast ice growth requires rapid nonbasal plane adsorption, whereas basal plane adsorption is only relevant at long annealing times and at small undercooling. (amolf.nl)
- Fish blood, which is considerably less salty, would be expected to freeze at -0.5 °C. To avoid this, Arctic fish have evolved specialised antifreeze proteins (AFPs). (scienceinschool.org)
- The properties of these proteins have led them to be referred to as antifreeze proteins (AFPs), thermal hysteresis (TH) proteins, ice-binding proteins, and re-crystallization inhibiting (RI) proteins. (usda.gov)
- The relatively low TH activity of plant AFPs (IBPs), however, has been solely demonstrated in vitro in plant or protein (purified and non-purified) extracts. (usda.gov)
- Therefore, more studies on TH activity of plant AFPs (IBPs) should be conducted in nanopore systems that simulate cell wall structure to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the potential role of the TH activity of plant AFPs in ice formation and propagation, especially since these proteins are secreted into the apoplast. (usda.gov)
- An effective strategy for cold resistance is the expression of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) - a class of polypeptides that allow survival in cold environments. (northgeorgia.edu)
- AFPs and AFGPs (antifreeze glycoproteins) are relatively high molecular mass molecules that have the ability to stabilize membranes during chilling and control ice crystal growth during freezing of cells and tissues. (northgeorgia.edu)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been found in the blood of many teleost species and have the ability to bind to ice crystals and inhibit their growth. (mun.ca)
- Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), found in certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria have the ability to permit their survival in subzero environments by thermal hysteresis mechanism. (figshare.com)
- The inhibition activities of two antifreeze proteins (AFPs) on the formation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) clathrate hydrate have been tested. (gc.ca)
- The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of supplementing vitrification and warming solutions with two types of antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and the combination thereof on the follicular integrity of vitrified-warmed mouse ovaries . (bvsalud.org)
Antarctic24
- According to an article in New Scientist, an antifreeze protein naturally produced by Antarctic fish has been synthesised by U.S. researchers at the University of California. (slashdot.org)
- If you are talking about substitutes for fuel or lubricant oil, then i dont know though, but i would suspect, that ordinary oil would not freexe at normal temperatures (except in the extreme arctic or antarctic environments) and similarly with kerosene or petrol, they are liquid below 0C centigrade as they is, and the additives in those is not for antifreeze, bur rathre for engine performance and durability. (slashdot.org)
- Antarctic notothenioid fish avoid freezing in their perpetually icy environment because of an antifreeze protein that circulates in their blood. (physicsforums.com)
- Researchers have recently posited a detailed evolutionary scenario for the evolution of an antifreeze protein from such a gene duplication event in a species of Antarctic eelpout (ray-finned fish), Lycodichthys dearborni . (creation.com)
- Antifreeze glycoproteins or AFGPs are found in Antarctic notothenioids and northern cod. (bionity.com)
- Antarctic fish that manufacture their own 'antifreeze' proteins to survive in the icy Southern Ocean also suffer an unfortunate side effect, researchers funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) report: The protein-bound ice crystals that accumulate inside their bodies resist melting even when temperatures warm. (nsf.gov)
- We discovered what appears to be an undesirable consequence of the evolution of antifreeze proteins in Antarctic notothenioid fish,' said University of Oregon doctoral student Paul Cziko, who led the research with University of Illinois animal biology professors Chi-Hing 'Christina' Cheng and Arthur DeVries. (nsf.gov)
- With NSF support, Arthur DeVries discovered antifreeze proteins in Antarctic notothenioid fish in the late 1960s, and was the first to describe how the proteins bind to ice crystals in the blood to prevent the fish from freezing. (nsf.gov)
- This long-standing and continuously refined work on the antifreeze properties of Antarctic fish exemplifies one of the best and defining features of good science,' said Charles Amsler, organisms and ecosystems program director in Polar Programs. (nsf.gov)
- Antarctic fishes that manufacture their own "antifreeze" proteins to survive in the icy Southern Ocean also suffer an unfortunate side effect, researchers report: The protein-bound ice crystals that accumulate inside their bodies resist melting even when temperatures warm. (innovations-report.com)
- The paper, "Antifreeze protein-induced superheating of ice inside Antarctic notothenioid fishes inhibits melting during summer warming," is available online or from the U. of I. News Bureau . (innovations-report.com)
- This thesis describes: 1) the use of protein engineering to increase ice-binding protein (IBP) activity and thermal stability, and 2) the binding interaction and microcolony formation between an Antarctic bacterium and diatom. (queensu.ca)
- The IBP found on the cell surface of a Gram-negative Antarctic bacterium, Marinomonas primoryensis, is one region of an exceptionally large multi-domain 1.5 MDa protein, MpIBP. (queensu.ca)
- A recently identified Antarctic fish protein termed antifreeze potentiating protein (AFPP) is thought to act as an adjunct to the previously characterised antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), the two acting together to inhibit ice crystal growth in vivo. (nih.gov)
- R&D in TU/e University (Netherlands) for extraction of antifreeze proteins from polar fish such as Antarctic fish, snow scorpionflies, and other cold climate fishes has revealed significant differences in the types of protein extracted. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- It was hypothesized that the cold ice-shelf water, lethal to fishes without antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP's) in their blood, was excluding the oceanic species from most of the Antarctic continental shelf waters. (usf.edu)
- Many organisms in extremely cold environments such as the Antarctic Pole have evolved antifreeze molecules to prevent ice formation. (ijbs.com)
- Evolutionary disparate Antarctic notothenioids and Arctic gadids have adapted to their freezing environments through the elaboration of essentially identical antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs). (cambridge.org)
- Genomic basis for antifreeze glycopeptide heterogeneity and abundance in Antarctic notothenioid fishes. (cambridge.org)
- Identification and Characterization of an Isoform Antifreeze Protein from the Antarctic Marine Diatom, Chaetoceros neogracile and Suggestion of the Core Region. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- An intracellular antifreeze protein from an Antarctic microalga that responds to various environmental stresses. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Different Antarctic places were screened for antifreeze activity and microorganisms were selected for the presence of thermal hysteresis in their crude extracts. (biomedcentral.com)
- Fish in the Antarctic have antifreeze proteins. (bestlifeonline.com)
- To stop their blood freezing, some fish that live in the Arctic and Antarctic have special antifreeze proteins. (planet-science.com)
Winter flounder6
- The protein was isolated from the blood plasma of winter flounder. (bionity.com)
- Molecular model of a fish antifreeze protein (AFP) from the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). (sciencephoto.com)
- A cDNA made to antifreeze protein mRNA of the winter flounder was cloned in the plasmid pBR322 and its sequence was determined by the method of Maxam and Gilbert. (caltech.edu)
- Isolation, characterization, and physical properties of protein antifreezes from the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- In order to further our understanding of these proteins that are not produced in the liver, epithelial cells of the winter flounder gill were isolated and maintained in culture to look for the presence of skin type I AFP. (mun.ca)
- The winter flounder is one such fish that utilizes these proteins to survive in its frigid environment. (wikipedia.org)
Glycoproteins7
- Antifreeze proteins and glycoproteins [AF(G)Ps] have been well-known for their ability to inhibit ice growth and recrystallization by interactions with specific ice crystal faces, representing a noteworthy example of crystal control in nature. (calstatela.edu)
- Antifreeze glycoproteins not lost with the faeces are resorbed from the gut via the rectal epithelium, transported to the blood and ultimately secreted into the bile, from where they re-enter the gastrointestinal tract. (cambridge.org)
- N-linked protein glycosylation (N-glycosylation of N-glycans) at Asn residues (Asn-x-Ser/Thr motifs) in glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide chains ( glycans ) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. (wikipedia.org)
- Carbohydrates are attached to some proteins to form glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins , where they play a role in cell-cell interactions. (wikipedia.org)
- Based on type, the market is segmented into type i, type iii, antifreeze glycoproteins and others. (theinsightpartners.com)
Crystals28
- This is the ability of the proteins to stop ice crystals from growing larger. (warwick.ac.uk)
- The study showed that fclBP attaches to both basal and prism faces of ice crystals although it is capable of lowering the freezing point by less than 1 degree C or so, defying the conventional classification of ice-binding proteins. (eurekalert.org)
- The protein binds to tiny ice crystal and prevent the growth of these crystals. (physicsforums.com)
- These proteins bind to the surface of ice crystals and prevent water molecules from binding to the ice crystals, preventing the ice crystals from growing. (creation.com)
- What we found is that the antifreeze proteins also stop internal ice crystals from melting. (nsf.gov)
- In the new study, the team investigated whether the antifreeze protein-bound ice crystals inside these fish would melt as expected when temperatures warmed. (nsf.gov)
- By testing the antifreeze proteins in the lab, the team found that these proteins also were responsible for preventing the internal ice crystals from melting. (nsf.gov)
- Strangely enough, in very cold conditions, the same proteins can also promote the growth of ice crystals. (innovations-report.com)
- The scientists wanted to compare the antifreeze proteins to natural proteins that can promote the growth of ice crystals. (innovations-report.com)
- While in pure water microdroplets with nothing added, ice would begin to form at around 38.5 degrees below zero, in around half of the samples with antifreeze proteins, ice crystals began forming at a higher temperature - close to minus 34. (innovations-report.com)
- In other words, at certain temperatures, which are extreme but not unknown on the planet, the antifreeze actually becomes pro-freeze, initiating the growth of ice crystals. (innovations-report.com)
- The group compared these findings to what is known about the natural proteins that promote the growth of ice crystals (ice-nucleating proteins, or INPs). (innovations-report.com)
- For Prof. Rudich, whose work focuses on atmosphere and climate, it may help shed light on the physical processes that affect cloud formation, in which proteins and other complex molecules have an impact on the development of ice crystals in clouds. (innovations-report.com)
- Antifreeze proteins provide fish with protection against the freezing effect of polar environments by binding to ice surfaces and inhibiting growth of ice crystals. (rcsb.org)
- These special proteins irreversibly bind to ice crystals that enter the body, depressing the temperature at which ice will grow below the equilibrium freezing/melting point (eqFMP) of body fluids (approximately −0.7 to −1.0 °C) to a lower nonequilibrium hysteresis freezing point (hFP) ( 1 ⇓ - 3 ). (pnas.org)
- By binding to the surface of ice crystals, type III antifreeze protein (AFP) can depress the freezing point of fish blood to below that of freezing seawater. (nih.gov)
- Proteins that bind to ice and modify the growth of ice crystals. (umassmed.edu)
- Antifreeze proteins are naturally occurring proteins and peptides, which are found in a variety of living organisms (such as fish, plants, and insects).where they do not prevent freezing, but control the size, shape and aggregation of ice crystals. (rnrmarketresearch.com)
- Antifreeze proteins" refer to a class of proteins that have the property of sticking fast to a specific facet of ice crystals. (or.jp)
- Antifreeze proteins bind to the surface of ice crystals and inhibit the growth of these crystals, this inhibition causes thermal hysteresis. (mybiosource.com)
- Ice-binding proteins protect organisms in cold habitats from freezing or ice injuries by inhibiting the formation of ice crystals. (europa.eu)
- The most striking property antifreeze proteins is their ability to prevent growth of ice crystals upon cooling and thus they produce a thermal hysteresis, i.e. a separation of the equilibrium freezing point of a solution and the temperature where an ice crystal can grow. (reportsanddata.com)
- Professor Peter Davies said they have been studying snow fleas and have identified what they call "antifreeze" proteins, which bond to ice crystals to keep them from growing and stopping circulation. (ctvnews.ca)
- Antifreeze proteins prevent water from freezing by absorbing to the ice surface and stopping the growth of minute ice crystals to large crystals in a non-colligative manner. (theinsightpartners.com)
- In his research, DeVries found that when these fish entered freezing waters, the proteins attached to ice crystals inside the body and inhibited their growth. (bestlifeonline.com)
- Proteins that determine the temperature at which ice crystals will form in water-based solutions in cells and tissues, that bind to growing ice crystals, thus affecting their size, and that impact ice re-crystallization have been widely-documented and studied in many plant, bacterial, fungal, insect, and other animal species. (usda.gov)
- They also mapped the protein's genetic sequence to show how it stops ice crystals from forming on tissue and tested the protein on liver tissue to demonstrate its effectiveness as an antifreezing agent. (yaledailynews.com)
- There are many techniques that aid in maintaining a liquid state, such as the production of antifreeze proteins, which bind to ice crystals to prevent water molecules from binding and spreading the growth of ice. (wikipedia.org)
Molecular9
- We need to understand the molecular mechanisms behind their antifreeze properties. (eurekalert.org)
- Or do you think this might be an example of a protein that functions in the absence of any molecular interaction? (physicsforums.com)
- Two antifreeze proteins with molecular weights of approx. (ingentaconnect.com)
- a) Steric structure of Tis antifreeze protein, (b) Molecular surface of Tis antifreeze protein. (or.jp)
- This second volume, written in four parts, offers the reader a thorough picture on molecular, structural and applied aspects of antifreeze proteins. (springer.com)
- Low molecular weight organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which recommends them as antifreeze agents. (wikipedia.org)
- Combined molecular dynamics and neural network method for predicting protein antifreeze activity. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- HR-MAS NMR proved to be a viable tool for the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of ionic liquid - protein interactions. (unh.edu)
- Here, four long explicit molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out at two different temperatures (277 and 298 K) with and without glycan to study the conformational rigidity of the Ocean pout type III antifreeze protein in aqueous medium and the structural arrangements of water molecules hydrating its ice-binding surface. (figshare.com)
Hyperactive3
- Also known as Antifreeze protein Maxi (5a-like AFP) (Type 1 hyperactive antifreeze protein) (AFP Hyp-1). (mybiosource.com)
- We found that no mutant exhibited the dramatic activity of the wild-type version of this hyperactive antifreeze protein. (plu.mx)
- Beta-helix structure and ice-binding properties of a hyperactive antifreeze protein from an insect. (readabstracts.com)
Production of antifreeze proteins2
- Volume production of antifreeze proteins hold promise for technology development for stable frozen storage of food products and biological cells. (or.jp)
- Therefore it may be a promising source for low-cost production of antifreeze proteins, leading to the promotion of frozen storage technologies for stable preservation of such perishable items as food products and biological cells. (or.jp)
Surged the demand for antifreeze proteins1
- Thus, this has surged the demand for antifreeze proteins to prevent crystallization during the freezing and storage. (gmiresearch.com)
20171
- This antifreeze proteins market report forecasts revenue growth at a global, regional & country level, and provides an analysis of the market trends in each of the sub-segments from 2017 to 2027. (reportsanddata.com)
Global Antifreeze Proteins Market Analysis1
- The "Global Antifreeze Proteins Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the food and beverage industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. (theinsightpartners.com)
Fishes2
- The Type I antifreeze protein is found in fishes that live in cold weather. (gmiresearch.com)
- Antifreeze proteins and organismal freezing avoidance in polar fishes. (cambridge.org)
20194
- DUBLIN , Oct. 11, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Antifreeze Proteins - Market Analysis, Trends, and Forecasts" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. (yahoo.com)
- Market Size - USD 2.0 Million in 2019, Market Growth - CAGR of 27.4%, Market Trend- Increasing Investment in R&D and Innovations to Strengthen Demand is an opportunity for the antifreeze proteins market. (reportsanddata.com)
- Scope of the Report: The worldwide market for Antifreeze Proteins (AFP) is expected to grow at a CAGR of roughly xx% over the next five years, will reach xx million US$ in 2024, from xx million US$ in 2019, according to a new GIR (Global Info Research) study. (intenseresearch.com)
- Kondo is the co-author of an October 2019 study in the journal Science that determined the structure of the complex of proteins that make up B-Raf and also found how the paradoxical B-Raf activation happens. (phys.org)
Cryopreservation6
- We also found that carboxylated PLLs showed antifreeze protein properties, such as ice recrystallization inhibition, which may contribute to successful cryopreservation by membrane protection. (nih.gov)
- Evaluation of antifreeze protein III for cryopreservation of Nili-Ravi (Bubalus bubalis) buffalo bull sperm. (bvsalud.org)
- Rational, yet simple, design and synthesis of an antifreeze-protein inspired polymer for cellular cryopreservation† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. (scienceopen.com)
- Antifreeze (glyco) proteins AF(G)Ps are potent ice recrystallization inhibitors, which is a desirable property to enhance cryopreservation of donor tissue/cells. (scienceopen.com)
- Modulation of antifreeze activity and the effect upon post-thaw HepG2 cell viability after cryopreservation. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Because of these proteins' ability to prevent and slow the rate of ice crystal formation, they have great potential in the application of cryopreservation in medicine, agriculture and food science. (unh.edu)
Improving antifreeze proteins market1
- It helps to prepare Marketing Policies by understanding the rising trends developing and improving antifreeze proteins market development. (bbstate.com)
Inhibition6
- Ice-binding protein functions cannot be evaluated only by the attachment of the proteins to basal faces or by ice crystal growth inhibition. (eurekalert.org)
- These AFP multimers had improved antifreeze and ice-recrystallization inhibition activity. (queensu.ca)
- Here we show that an insect antifreeze protein from the longhorn beetle, Rhagium mordax (RmAFP1), the most potent protein yet found for freezing inhibition, can inhibit methane hydrates as effectively as the synthetic polymeric inhibitor polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). (dtu.dk)
- RmAFP1 clearly showed inhibition of hydrates compared to amino acids (l-valine and l-threonine) and the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA). (dtu.dk)
- The results are discussed in the context of a two-stage model for the absorption−inhibition mechanism of antifreeze protein binding to ice surfaces. (plu.mx)
- Ice recrystallization inhibition mediated by a nuclear-expressed and -secreted recombinant ice-binding protein in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Forms of antifreeze proteins2
- Multiple forms of antifreeze proteins are synthesized within each organism. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Metallothioneins and most forms of antifreeze proteins from insects are known to contain unusually high amounts cysteine. (bibsys.no)
Temperatures12
- During the extreme winter months, the spruce budworm resists freezing at temperatures approaching −30 °C. The Alaskan beetle Upis ceramboides can survive in a temperature of -60 °C by using antifreeze agents that are not proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Not once in that time did temperatures increase enough to overcome the antifreeze proteins' anti-melting effect to completely rid the fish of their internal ice, the researchers report. (nsf.gov)
- Antifreeze is life's means of surviving in cold winters: Natural antifreeze proteins help fish, insects, plants and even bacteria live through low temperatures that should turn their liquid parts to deadly shards of ice. (innovations-report.com)
- View of a research chip through a microscope: a high concentration of antifreeze proteins ensures that the drops freeze at temperatures that are less cold than usual (frozen drops are dark). (innovations-report.com)
- Once the antifreeze proteins were added to the droplets, they were cooled to chilling temperatures. (innovations-report.com)
- INPs can efficiently form ice at higher temperatures than those in which the antifreeze proteins switched to ice production. (innovations-report.com)
- This study suggests that these proteins may have limitations, and could actually promote ice buildup when exposed to extremely cold temperatures such as those that hit the North American continent this year. (innovations-report.com)
- Exposure to low temperatures stimulates synthesis of antifreeze proteins in large amounts. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Antifreeze protein is the class of polypeptides, which are produced from plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that allow their survival in temperatures below the freezing point of water. (gmiresearch.com)
- Many insects and animals have special proteins that act like car antifreeze to prevent ice from forming and spreading in their bodies amidst harsh winter temperatures. (ucsd.edu)
- Rather, thanks to deep ocean waters that never freeze solid, combined with uniquely wonderful antifreeze proteins produced within their bodies, many polar and subpolar marine bony fish are able to go about their lives in relative comfort, despite the frigid temperatures. (bestlifeonline.com)
- By flash-freezing viruses at temperatures hundreds of degrees below zero, essentially stopping their motion while still preserving their structure, researchers can use electron microscopes to take pictures of viruses and their proteins. (phys.org)
Molecules8
- It is said that all proteins function by binding to other molecules. (physicsforums.com)
- see the Perspective by Sharp ) report a high-resolution structure showing that the antifreeze protein Maxi retains about 400 water molecules in its core. (sciencemag.org)
- The final model consists of protein residues 23-445 for protein molecule A, 23-446 for protein molecule B, one nitrate anion and 684 water molecules. (omictools.com)
- We find thatRmAFP, unlike other proteins,retains its hydrating water molecules upon adsorption to the ice surface. (amolf.nl)
- The animal responds by producing special protein molecules antibodies that bind to the coat of the parasite and stop its growth. (panspermia.org)
- Those pictures revealed where the antibody binds to the protein, information that could help other researchers design molecules to interfere with infection. (phys.org)
- To avoid the problems faced by other researchers, we used a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction to examine the structure of the protein and its interactions with water molecules. (scienceinschool.org)
- From rotational auto correlation function of water molecules around ice-binding sites, it is prominent that with increase in temperature, strong interaction between the water oxygen and the hydrogen bond acceptor group on the protein-binding surface decreases. (figshare.com)
Insect antifreeze proteins4
- However, insect antifreeze proteins are 10-30 times more active than any known fish protein. (bionity.com)
- SciRep)(29.3 °F). However, insect antifreeze proteins are 10-30 times more active than fish proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, we have characterized the antifreeze protein ApAFP752 from the beetle Anatolica polita to better understand method of action of antifreeze activity of insect antifreeze proteins and to identify it potential applications in cryoprotection. (unh.edu)
- We found the protein to have a β-helix secondary structure, similar to other known insect antifreeze proteins. (unh.edu)
Gene6
- However, postulating that gene duplication and subsequent mutation can result in new functional proteins is not enough. (creation.com)
- They proposed that a type III antifreeze protein gene evolved from a duplicated copy of the sialic acid synthase ( SAS ) gene called LdSAS-B (Ld stands for Lycodichthys dearborni) . (creation.com)
- 4 , 5 This achieved two fortuitous things that transformed the putative SAS gene into an AFP gene: it stripped it of any SAS function, and enabled a change in reading frame, which altered the signal peptide, enabling the new protein to be secreted. (creation.com)
- Characterization of antifreeze protein gene expression in summer spruce budworm larvae. (umassmed.edu)
- As is typical in investigations of protein structures, we inserted the synthetic gene for the type-III AFP into Escherichia coli , where it was over-expressed to allow us to collect sufficient amounts of the protein. (scienceinschool.org)
- p>This section provides information about the protein and gene name(s) and synonym(s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. (uniprot.org)
Adsorption2
- This protein fold supports both the anchored-clathrate water mechanism of antifreeze protein adsorption to ice and the water-expulsion mechanism of protein folding. (sciencemag.org)
- Adsorption site on the ice surface is shown in yellow, (c) Schematic representation of Tis antifreeze protein adsorbed on an ice crystal. (or.jp)
Characterization2
- During the past three decades a considerable amount of research has been conducted on the characterization of and structure - activity studies of antifreeze proteins. (springer.com)
- Isolation and characterization of a novel antifreeze protein from carrot (Daucus carota). (semanticscholar.org)
Ethylene glycol3
- Alcohols - ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, etc. - have been the basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). (wikipedia.org)
- Ovaries (n=154) were obtained from 5-week-old BDF1 female mice (n=77) and vitrified using ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide with the supplementation of 10 mg/mL of Flavobacterium frigoris ice - binding protein (FfIBP), 10 mg/mL of type III AFP, or the combination thereof. (bvsalud.org)
Tested for antifreeze activity1
- These mutants, maintaining the regularity of amino acid spacing found in the wild-type protein but with different functional groups on the surface, were tested for antifreeze activity by measuring thermal hysteresis and observing ice grown in their presence. (plu.mx)
Application of antifreeze1
- There has been an increase in the application of antifreeze proteins in organ transplants, vaccinations, cryosurgeries, which are driving the market growth. (gmiresearch.com)
Bacteria4
- The protein does not kill bacteria, Fikrig explained. (scitechdaily.com)
- This protein could lead to a new class of antibacterial agents to use against diverse bacteria, either alone or in conjunction with other antibiotics," Fikrig said. (scitechdaily.com)
- The antifreeze proteins are effective against viruses, fungi, bacteria, and protozoa in the body and on the skin. (gmiresearch.com)
- During the summer the team focused on mass-producing the protein using the model organism E. coli as the host - a difficult feat, Hakim said, because antifreeze proteins do not function well in bacteria. (yaledailynews.com)
Spruce budworm1
- The solution structure of spruce budworm antifreeze proteins is reported and its ice-biding properties are characterized. (readabstracts.com)
AFGPs1
- Antifreeze glycoprotein recirculation conserves energy expenditure and explains how high levels of AFGPs reach the blood in notothenioids since, unlike Arctic gadids which also synthesize AFGP in the liver, AFGP secretion in notothenioids is directed exclusively towards the gastrointestinal lumen. (cambridge.org)
Samples with antifreeze1
- The cells of the thawed samples with antifreeze protein conserved the structure of the reference samples of in natura strawberry. (scielo.br)
Fungi2
Thermal6
- Further the antifreeze activity was found to be dependent of the buffer osmolality resulting in increasing thermal hysteresis when buffer osmolality was raised from 0 to 1M. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Peptide backbone circularization had no effect on antifreeze activity but significantly increased thermal stability compared to the non-cyclized form. (queensu.ca)
- Antifreeze proteins, also known as thermal hysteresis proteins, ice binding proteins and ice structuring proteins (ISP). (rnrmarketresearch.com)
- This protein inhibits the recrystallization of ice and exhibits thermal-hysteresis activity. (semanticscholar.org)
- An antifreeze protein, thermal hysteresis, has been purified from Tenebrio molitor, the common yellow mealworm beetle. (readabstracts.com)
- Previous attempts to purify thermal hysteresis proteins (THPs) have failed to produce sufficient yield to account for that of haemolymph. (readabstracts.com)
Larvae2
- Flour beetle larvae, for example, have such proteins on their outer shells, to keep away ice that could break their fragile skin. (innovations-report.com)
- They then added carefully measured amounts of antifreeze proteins purified from flour beetle larvae or from a fish that lives in the arctic year-round. (innovations-report.com)
Organ transplants2
- By source, fish antifreeze proteins are widely preferred sources in applications such vaccinations, organ transplants, cosmetics such as antiaging creams, and food products such as ice creams and frozen desserts. (reportsanddata.com)
- Antifreeze proteins could also be used to prevent food freezing and to preserve delicate organs during organ transplants. (planet-science.com)
Insects3
- Many of these insects produce so called antifreeze proteins that protect them from lethal freezing. (bibsys.no)
- Evolution of the diverse antifreeze proteins Cheng, Chi-Hing C 1998-12-01 00:00:00 Different types of ice-growth-inhibiting antifreeze proteins, first recognized in fish, have now been isolated from insects and plants, and the list continues to expand. (deepdyve.com)
- Different types of ice-growth-inhibiting antifreeze proteins, first recognized in fish, have now been isolated from insects and plants, and the list continues to expand. (deepdyve.com)
Mechanism3
- These results significantly contribute to our understanding of the AFP mechanism and will be helpful in applying these proteins in different fields. (rsc.org)
- Antifreeze proteins have been known for over five decades, however, their exact mechanism of action is still under investigation. (unh.edu)
- On the basis of our results, we postulate a mechanism for heterogeneous nucleation, the memory effect and its elimination by antifreeze proteins. (gc.ca)
Organisms1
- Organisms living in cold zones produce ice-binding (antifreeze) proteins to prevent themselves from freezing to death. (eurekalert.org)
Alanine-rich2
- The mature protein matches in composition one of the alanine-rich serum antifreeze proteins that was purified by ion-exchange and reverse-phase chromatography. (caltech.edu)
- We report the crystal structure of an alanine-rich antifreeze protein that retains ~400 waters in its core. (sciencemag.org)
Rhagium2
- In this study, the effectiveness of an insect cell expressed novel monomeric streptavidin fusion protein version of Rhagium mordax RmAFP1 antifreeze protein (mSA-RmAFP1), and four amino acids (histidine, lysine, tyrosine and proline), on CH4 hydrate nucleation, growth and decomposition was investigated using a rocking cell apparatus, then compared with the commercial inhibitors Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Luvicap Bio. (ruc.dk)
- Low thermodynamic but high kinetic stability of an antifreeze protein from Rhagium mordax. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Fish14
- One of the key reasons why fish can survive here is that they produce a series of antifreeze (glyco)proteins. (warwick.ac.uk)
- To what ligand do you suppose antifreeze proteins bind to keep the fish from freezing. (physicsforums.com)
- This was the finding of experiments carried out in Israel and Germany using proteins taken from fish and beetles. (innovations-report.com)
- Antifreeze proteins like those in the fish are used today, among other things, to keep ice cream smooth and to keep outside surfaces frost-free. (innovations-report.com)
- Hence, though present even in cool waters of moderate climatic zones, the amount of antifreeze proteins generated in fish here is lower than fish in cooler climates. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Extraction of an antifreeze protein from fish is a complex process and involves huge R&D investments. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of the antifreeze protein on the microstructure and physicochemical properties of hidroponic strawberries, evaluating the titratable acidity, pH, colour and optical microscopy before freezing both in natura (IN) and impregnated with the protein (IP), and after thawing without the protein (TWP) and impregnated (TIP) with the antifreeze protein (AFP Type I from fish) by vacuum impregnation. (scielo.br)
- Antifreeze (glyco) proteins (AF(G)Ps) from the blood of polar fish species are extremely potent ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRI), but are difficult to synthesise or extract from natural sources. (rsc.org)
- The oceanic fish families analyzed: Myctophidae (Electrona and Gymnoscopelus), Zoarcidae (Melanostigma), Gempylidae (Paradiplospinus), Paralepididae (Notolepsis), and Bathylagidae (Bathylagus) showed no antifreeze activity. (usf.edu)
- Type-IV antifreeze proteins (AFP4s) are present also in certain temperate and even tropical fish, which has raised a question as to whether these AFP4s have important functions in addition to antifreeze activity. (ijbs.com)
- Furthermore, advancements in technology to enhance fish farming in colder climates is also projected to influence the antifreeze proteins market significantly. (theinsightpartners.com)
- The antifreeze proteins that these fish possess were discovered in the early 1960s by then Stanford graduate student Dr. Art DeVries . (bestlifeonline.com)
- To find out more about how antifreeze proteins work, go to Neutrons and antifreeze: research into Arctic fish . (planet-science.com)
- Matthew Blakeley from ILL and his colleagues from ESRF and elsewhere have discovered how antifreeze in Arctic fish blood keeps them alive in sub-zero conditions. (scienceinschool.org)
Activity10
- This setup enabled the group to be sure that any ice-forming or -preventing activity was solely due to the actions of the proteins. (innovations-report.com)
- The antifreeze activity of Z. viviparus antifreeze proteins is concentration dependent and showed a saturation effect when the protein concentration reached 30mg·ml −1 (crude serum) and 8mg·ml −1 (partly purified serum) respectively. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Previously, AFP activity was increased by fusing an AFP to another protein, or by increasing the size of the IBP's ice-binding face. (queensu.ca)
- Disruptive mutations on the ice-binding site of type III AFP lower antifreeze activity but can also change ice crystal morphology. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, it is possible to select a single protein with appropriate characteristics and a suitable level of activity for a specific food product. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Two endemic species captured in the same sampling program did show antifreeze activity: the important pelagic species Pleuragramma antarcticum (Nototheniidae) and the Bathydraconid (Vomeridens). (usf.edu)
- Mutating any of the smaller residues on the ice binding site to bulkier ones decreased the antifreeze activity. (paperity.org)
- November Structural basis of antifreeze activity of a bacterial multi-domain antifreeze protein Chen Wang 0 1 Svetlana Pakhomova 0 1 Marcia E. Newcomer 0 1 Brent C. Christner 0 1 Bing- Hao Luo 0 1 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. (paperity.org)
- Perturbation of bacterial ice nucleation activity by a grass antifreeze protein. (uni-bielefeld.de)
- Hydrophilic residues N14, T18 and Q44 are essential to antifreeze activity. (figshare.com)
Glycoprotein1
- So far, Oliver, Arvin and Chiu have begun to gather images of the varicella-zoster virus and a protein that helps the virus get into cells, glycoprotein B, along with an antibody to the protein. (phys.org)
Forecast5
- The report presents a forward-looking prospect on the global antifreeze proteins market past data, status, and expected forecast, product, revenue, consumption. (bbstate.com)
- Consequently, the wide range of commercial applications of antifreeze proteins is expected to drive market growth during the forecast period. (reportsanddata.com)
- The global antifreeze proteins market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. (theinsightpartners.com)
- It provides overview and forecast of the global antifreeze proteins market based on various segments. (theinsightpartners.com)
- The report analyzes factors affecting antifreeze proteins market from both demand and supply side and further evaluates market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers, restraints, opportunities, and future trend. (theinsightpartners.com)
POLYPEPTIDE2
- This precursor has both a signal polypeptide and a prosequence before the mature protein of 38 amino acid residues. (caltech.edu)
- When polypeptide chains fold into a protein, hydrophobic groups are compacted in the center with exclusion of water. (sciencemag.org)
Inhibit2
- This indicates that proteins or amino acids do not generally inhibit hydrate formation. (dtu.dk)
- Ice easily recrystallizes during warming after vitrification, and antifreeze protein (AFP) can inhibit the re-crystallization. (bvsalud.org)
Polar1
- The most recent antifreeze discovery was supported by a grant from NSF's Division of Polar Programs. (nsf.gov)
Arctic1
- IBPv shares low sequence identity (29%) with the ice binding protein LeIBP from Arctic yeast Leucosporidium sp. (omictools.com)
Interactions5
- These results suggested interactions of antifreeze proteins with the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. (springer.com)
- ZnF-containing proteins are among the most abundant protein superfamilies in eukaryotic genomes and participate in a variety of cellular processes, such as replication and repair, transcription and translation, and metabolism and signaling, where they typically mediate sequence-specific nucleic acid binding, protein-protein interactions, and protein-lipid interactions. (calstatela.edu)
- Our goal is to determine the detailed structure basis of the interactions of toxic metal ions with ZnF-containing DNA repair proteins. (calstatela.edu)
- Ionic liquids are highly viscous liquids at room temperature comprised entirely of ions, which makes it challenging to study their interactions with protein by traditional NMR methods. (unh.edu)
- Chilling slows cellular function, alters protein-protein interactions, and reduces membrane fluidity, among other effects. (northgeorgia.edu)
Beetle Tenebrio molitor2
- Zachariassen, K.E.. Cadmium exposure of the beetle Tenebrio molitor (L): Internal distribution of Cd and induction of a Cd-binding protein in the gut content. (bibsys.no)
- The 1.4-A resolution crystal structure of a small protein from the beetle Tenebrio molitor is reported. (readabstracts.com)
Globular3
- They are cysteine rich globular proteins containing five disulfide bonds (Ng and Hew, 1992). (bionity.com)
- This 7-kDa globular protein is encoded by a multigene family that produces two major isoforms, SP and QAE, which are 55% identical. (nih.gov)
- Most globular proteins release water as they fold to form a dry hydrophobic core. (sciencemag.org)
Lipid1
- In glycation , also known as non-enzymatic glycosylation, sugars are covalently bonded to a protein or lipid molecule, without the controlling action of an enzyme, but through a Maillard reaction . (wikipedia.org)
Amino Acid1
- The fold of the β-helical antifreeze protein from Tenebrio molitor (TmAFP) proved to be surprisingly tolerant of multiple amino acid substitutions, enabling the construction of a panel of mutants displaying grids of single amino acid types in place of the threonines on the ice-binding face. (plu.mx)
Type13
- 6.5-7 kDa were characterised and found to share high similarity to the type III antifreeze proteins found in other members of the family Zoarcidae . (ingentaconnect.com)
- By attaching green fluorescent protein to different mutants and isoforms and by examining the binding of these fusion proteins to single-crystal ice hemispheres, we show that type III AFP has a compound ice-binding site. (nih.gov)
- The main objective of the report is to define, segment, and project the global market size for antifreeze proteins on the basis of type, source, form, end-use, and region. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- Induction of one of these two types of proteins may potentially deplete the cysteine pool and thus reduce the capacity to produce the other type. (bibsys.no)
- Global Antifreeze Proteins Market provides different sections and sub-sections based on separation by type, application, key players, and end-user, segments, developments, topographical areas of this market. (bbstate.com)
- In addition, Npc1 (Niemann-Pick disease, type C1), a 13 transmembrane-spanning protein containing a sterol-sensing domain, was also demonstrated to contribute early morphogenetic movements including epiboly and CE movements [ 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
- The increasing use of type I antifreeze protein, particularly in medical and cosmetics applications, is propelling the market growth. (gmiresearch.com)
- Organizations such as A/F Protein Inc., and Nichirei Corporation, are some of the leading manufacturers and suppliers of this type of protein. (gmiresearch.com)
- The report aims to provide an overview of antifreeze proteins market with detailed market segmentation by type, form, end use, and source and geography. (theinsightpartners.com)
- The global antifreeze proteins market is segmented on the basis of type, form, end use, and source. (theinsightpartners.com)
- It activated the un-mutated, wild-type B-Raf protein kinases, which again triggered melanoma. (phys.org)
- Preparation of cultures such as these provide a means of examining the mechanisms involved in skin type I AFP production, regulation and also how these proteins function in gill epithelia. (mun.ca)
- p>This indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. (uniprot.org)
Survive1
- After learning that Danish researchers isolated a protein from a beetle that is able to survive the Siberian cold, the team focused on learning more about it, Hakim said. (yaledailynews.com)
Cryoprotective2
- Polyampholytes as low toxic efficient cryoprotective agents with antifreeze protein properties. (nih.gov)
- We take inspiration from natural cryoprotective biopolymers, so-called ice binding proteins (IBPs) to develop novel polymeric antifreeze agents for application in biomedicine and materials science. (voetslab.nl)
Frozen5
- Antifreeze proteins improve the quality of frozen food products such as ice creams that are consumed in the frozen state by inhibiting recrystallization and maintaining a smooth texture. (marketsandmarkets.com)
- The increasing demand for frozen food products around the world is contributing to the growth of the global antifreeze proteins market share. (gmiresearch.com)
- The solid antifreeze proteins have applications, including in frozen meat, skin whitening creams, and ice creams. (gmiresearch.com)
- Antifreeze proteins have unique effects on ice in frozen solutions. (reportsanddata.com)
- These proteins have potential in frozen food industry avoiding the damage in the structure of animal or vegetal foods. (biomedcentral.com)
Classification1
- Scientists have discovered that an ice-binding protein (fcIBP) from the sea ice microalga does not fit in the conventional classification of ice-binding proteins, suggesting unknown mechanisms behind its antifreeze property. (eurekalert.org)