Antibody specificity. Medical search

Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.HIV Antibodies: Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.Mice, Inbred BALB C Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Isoantibodies: Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Immunoglobulin A: Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.HIV Envelope Protein gp120: External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Antibodies, Neoplasm: Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Antinuclear: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Antibodies, Fungal: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Antibodies, Bispecific: Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.Single-Chain Antibodies: A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Antibodies, Blocking: Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Antibodies, Heterophile: Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Antibodies, Catalytic: Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Immunoglobulin Fragments: Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Predictive Value of Tests: In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Immunologic Techniques: Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic: Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Immunosorbent Techniques: Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.Antibody Diversity: The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.Mice, Inbred C57BL Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Reagent Kits, Diagnostic: Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.ROC Curve: A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Antigens, Protozoan: Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Hepatitis C Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.False Positive Reactions: Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived: Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.Evaluation Studies as Topic: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Hepatitis B Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.Complement System Proteins: Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.Immunity, Maternally-Acquired: Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.Insulin Antibodies: Antibodies specific to INSULIN.Agglutination Tests: Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Single-Domain Antibodies: An immunoglobulin fragment composed of one variable domain from an IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN or IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bacterial Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Oligopeptides: Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.Carbohydrate Sequence: The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Polysaccharides Immunoglobulin Light Chains: Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a clinical test of monocyte function. (1/9631)

The lack of a simple, rapid, and quantitative test of the functional activity of the monocyte has hampered studies of the contribution of this cell type to host defense and human disease. This report describes an assay of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which depends exclusively upon the monocyte as the effector cell and therefore provides a convenient test of monocyte function. In this system, mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque separation of whole blood are cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled human erythrocyte targets coated with anti-blood group antibody. Removal of phagocytic monocytes from the MNL by iron ingestion, followed by exposure to a magnetic field, completely abolishes all cytotoxic activity from the remaining MNL population. Similarly, in severely mono-cytopenic patients with aplastic anemia, cytotoxic effector activity is absent. In normals and less severely monocytopenic aplastic anemia patients, cytotoxicity correlates significantly (p less than 0.001) with monocyte number. Application of this monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay to the study of patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has revealed defective monocyte cytotoxic activity in spite of normal monocyte numbers, suggesting that this test may be useful for the assessment of monocyte function in a variety of clinical situations. (+info)

Features of the immune response to DNA in mice. I. Genetic control. (2/9631)

The genetic control of the immune response to DNA was studied in various strains of mice F1 hybrids and corresponding back-crosses immunized with single stranded DNA complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin. Anti-DNA antibody response was measured by radioimmuno-logical technique. High responder, low responder, and intermediate responder strains were found and the ability to respond to DNA was characterized as a dominant genetic trait which is not linked to the major locus of histocompatibility. Studies in back-crosses suggested that this immune response is under multigenic control. High responder mice produce both anti-double stranded DNA and anti-single stranded DNA 7S and 19S antibodies, while low responder mice produce mainly anti-single stranded DNA 19S antibodies. (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (3/9631)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability. (+info)

Longitudinal evaluation of serovar-specific immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (4/9631)

The serovars of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are predominant in a community change over time, a phenomenon that may be due to the development of immunity to repeat infection with the same serovar. This study evaluated the epidemiologic evidence for serovar-specific immunity to N. gonorrhoeae. During a 17-month period in 1992-1994, all clients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic in rural North Carolina underwent genital culture for N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal isolates were serotyped according to standard methods. Odds ratios for repeat infection with the same serovar versus any different serovar were calculated on the basis of the distribution of serovars in the community at the time of reinfection. Of 2,838 patients, 608 (21.4%; 427 males and 181 females) were found to be infected with N. gonorrhoeae at the initial visit. Ninety patients (14.8% of the 608) had a total of 112 repeat gonococcal infections. Repeat infection with the same serovar occurred slightly more often than would be expected based on the serovars prevalent in the community at the time of reinfection, though the result was marginally nonsignificant (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.0-2.4; p = 0.05). Choosing partners within a sexual network may increase the likelihood of repeat exposure to the same serovar of N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal infection did not induce evident immunity to reinfection with the same serovar. (+info)

Fine specificity of the autoimmune response to the Ro/SSA and La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. (5/9631)

The fine specificity of the Ro and La proteins has been studied by several techniques. In general, there is agreement in a qualitative sense that autoantibodies bind multiple epitopes. For some specific antibody binding, different studies agree quantitatively, for instance, the binding of the carboxyl terminus of 60-kd Ro as described by 2 studies using different techniques and the presence of an epitope within the leucine zipper of 52-kd Ro. In addition, there is general agreement about the location of a prominent epitope at the RRM motif region of the La molecule. On the other hand, the many specific epitope regions of the molecules differ among these studies. These discrepancies are likely the result of using different techniques, sera, and peptide constructs as well as a result of inherent advantages and disadvantages in the individual approaches. Several theories concerning the origin of not only the antibodies, but also the diseases themselves, have been generated from studies of the fine specificity of antibody binding. These include a theory of a primordial foreign antigen for anti-Ro autoimmunity, molecular mimicry with regard to La and CCHB, as well as the association of anti-Ro with HLA. These remain unproven, but are of continuing interest. An explanation for the association of anti-60-kd Ro and anti-52-kd Ro in the sera of patients has sprung from evaluating antibody binding. Data demonstrating multiple epitopes are part of a large body of evidence that strongly suggests an antigen-driven immune response. This means that the autoantigens are directly implicated in initiating and sustaining autoimmunity in their associated diseases. A number of studies have investigated the possibility of differences in the immune response to these antigens in SS and SLE sera. While several differences have been reported, none have been reproduced in a second cohort of patients. Furthermore, none of the reported differences may be sufficiently robust for clinical purposes, such as distinguishing between SS with systemic features and mild SLE, although some might be promising. For instance, in at least 3 groups of SLE patients, no binding of residues spanning amino acids 21-41 of 60-kd Ro has been found. Meanwhile, 1 of those studies found that 41% of sera from patients with primary SS bound the 60-kd Ro peptide 21-41. Perhaps future studies will elaborate a clinical role of such a difference among SS and SLE patients. Study of the epitopes of these autoantigens has, in part, led to a new animal model of anti-Ro and anti-La. Non-autoimmune-prone animals are immunized with proteins or peptides that make up the Ro/La RNP. Such animals develop an autoimmune response to the entire particle, not just the immunogen. This response has been hypothesized to arise from autoreactive B cells. In another, older animal model of disease, the MRL-lpr/lpr mouse, B cells have recently been shown to be required for the generation of abnormal, autoreactive T cells. Thus, there are now powerful data indicating that B cells that produce autoantibodies are directly involved in the pathogenesis of disease above and beyond the formation of immune complexes. Given that the autoreactive B cell is potentially critical to the underlying pathogenesis of disease, then studying these cells will be crucial to further understanding the origin of diseases associated with Ro and La autoimmunity. Hopefully, an increased understanding will eventually lead to improved treatment of patients. Progress in the area of treatment will almost surely be incremental, and studies of the fine specificity of autoantibody binding will be a part of the body of basic knowledge contributing to ultimate advancement. In the future, the animal models will need to be examined with regard to immunology and immunochemistry as well as genetics. The development of these autoantibodies has not been studied extensively because upon presentation to medical care, virtually all patients have a full- (+info)

Overexpression of human homologs of the bacterial DnaJ chaperone in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (6/9631)

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of the chaperone family of J proteins in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis. METHODS: Rabbit antibodies specific for a synthetic peptide (pHSJ1: EAYEVLSDKHKREIYD), representing the most conserved part of all J domains thus far identified--among them the Drosophila tumor suppressor Tid56--were used in immunohistochemical analyses of frozen sections of synovial tissue and immunoblotting of protein extracts of adherent synovial cells. IgG specific for Tid56 was also used. RESULTS: Both antisera predominantly and intensely stained synovial lining cells from RA patients; other cells did not stain or stained only faintly. In immunoblots, anti-pHSJ1 specifically detected several bands with molecular weights of >74 kd (type I), 57-64 kd (type II), 41-48 kd (type III), and < or =36 kd (type IV). The strongest band detected in RA adherent synovial cells was the type II band, whereas in a B cell line, a type I band was prominent. CONCLUSION: Several potentially new members of the J family are described. The type II band represents the human homolog of the Drosophila Tid56 protein and is strongly expressed in RA synovial tissue. (+info)

Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes. (7/9631)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the subunit specificity of autoantibody directed to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III, which is one of the major autoantibody responses in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Thirty-two SSc sera with anti-RNAP antibodies (23 with anti-RNAP I/III, 5 with anti-RNAP I/III and II, and 4 with anti-RNAP II alone) were analyzed by immunoblotting using affinity-purified RNAP and by immunoprecipitation using 35S-labeled cell extracts in which RNAP complexes were dissociated. Antibodies bound to individual RNAP subunits were eluted from preparative immunoblots and were further analyzed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: At least 15 different proteins were bound by antibodies in anti-RNAP-positive SSc sera in various combinations. All 9 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP II and all 28 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP I/III recognized the large subunit proteins of RNAP II and III, respectively. Reactivity to RNAP I large subunits was strongly associated with bright nucleolar staining by indirect immunofluorescence. Affinity-purified antibodies that recognized a 62-kd subunit protein cross-reacted with a 43-kd subunit protein and immunoprecipitated both RNAP I and RNAP III. Antibodies that recognized a 21-kd subunit protein obtained from sera that were positive for anti-RNAP I/III and II antibodies immunoprecipitated both RNAP II and RNAP III. CONCLUSION: Anti-RNAP antibodies recognize multiple subunits of RNAP I, II, and III. Moreover, the results of this study provide the first direct evidence that antibodies that recognize shared subunits of human RNAPs or epitopes present on different human RNAP subunits are responsible for the recognition of multiple RNAPs by SSc sera. (+info)

Alternating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody specificity: drug-induced vasculitis in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. (8/9631)

We describe a patient who presented with Wegener's granulomatosis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) with a cytoplasmic immunofluorescence pattern (cANCA), whose ANCA type changed to antimyeloperoxidase antibodies with a perinuclear immunofluorescence pattern (pANCA) when treated with propylthiouracil, and changed back to anti-PR3 antibodies with cANCA after the medication was discontinued. The patient developed flares of vasculitis symptoms associated with rises in either type of ANCA. Tests for antimyeloperoxidase ANCA were repeatedly negative before the drug was started, strongly implicating the drug as the cause of the episode. This case demonstrates that patients with idiopathic ANCA-positive vasculitis may quickly develop a superimposed drug-associated ANCA-positive vasculitis. Iatrogenic vasculitis should be suspected when a patient with idiopathic vasculitis with one type of ANCA develops the other type of ANCA. (+info)

Autoantibody

Antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the ... Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases. ... The Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process - it is positive with a ... An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the ...

Monoclonal antibody therapy

... which consist of three antibody hypervariable amino acid domains responsible for the antibody specificity embedded into ... Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are antibodies linked to one or more drug molecules. Typically when the ADC meets the target ... Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... Four major antibody types that have been developed are murine, chimeric, humanised and human. Antibodies of each type are ...

Cell-free protein array

Other applications include enzymatic inhibition assays and screenings of antibody specificity. The runaway success of DNA ... screening antibody specificity. Stevens, R. C. (2000). "Design of high-throughput methods of protein production for structural ... Here the DNA was immobilized in the well together with an anti-GST antibody. Then cell-free expression mix was added and the ... Many proteins, including antibodies, are difficult to express in host cells due to problems with insolubility, disulfide bonds ...

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

The major advantage for NChIP is antibody specificity. It is important to note that most antibodies to modified histones are ... The antibodies are commonly coupled to agarose, sepharose or magnetic beads. Alternatively, chromatin-antibody complexes can be ... The chromatin-antibody complex is selectively retained by the disc and eluted to obtain enriched DNA for downstream ... This is because antibodies have to be generated for each TF, or, alternatively, transgenic model organisms expressing epitope- ...

Marian Koshland

These data had a profound effect on theories of antibody formation and how antibody specificity was generated. Legend has it ... By the 1960s, she had turned her attention to the origins of antibody specificity. Jim Allison, a colleague from Berkeley, said ... Barron, James (October 30, 1997). "Marian Koshland, 76, Expert On How Antibodies Fight Ills". The New York Times. Maugh II, ... In the early 1950s, Koshland demonstrated the molecular differences between serum-borne and secreted antibodies. ...

Clonal selection

In short the theory is an explanation of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity. The first ... In 1957, David W. Talmage hypothesized that antigens bind to antibodies on the surface of antibody-producing cells and "only ... The entrance of an antigen into the body results in the selection of only one type of antibody to match it. This may happen by ... In 1955, Danish immunologist Niels Jerne put forward a hypothesis that there is already a vast array of soluble antibodies in ...

Mario Rosemblatt

A tool in understanding antibody specificity. In: Molecular approaches to immunology. Academic Press. New York. p. 303. 1975 ... 1987 BURTON J., ROSEMBLATT M., HABER E. Approaches to the synthesis of an antibody combining site. In: Antibodies in human ... Rosemblatt was the first to publish a report on the use of monoclonal antibody technology to study muscle physiology. The main ... p. 190-205.1993 ROSEMBLATT M., PÉREZ G, ANTONIU B, REILLEY E, IKEMOTO N: Monoclonal antibodies as probes of triad structure and ...

Glycosylation

... absence of glycosyltransferases which dictates which blood group antigens are presented and hence what antibody specificities ... Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation. Five classes of glycans are produced: N-linked ... Crispin, Max; Doores, Katie J (2015-04-01). "Targeting host-derived glycans on enveloped viruses for antibody-based vaccine ... Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. ...

Immunomics

... and analysis of antibody specificity. MHC microarrays are the most recent development in immunomic arrays and use peptide-MHC ... Antibody microarrays use antibodies as probes and antigens as targets. They can be used to directly measure the antigen ... Epitope mapping identifies the sites of antibodies to which their target antigens bind. In the past, scientists would have to ... Peptide microarrays use antigen peptides as probes and serum antibodies as targets. These can be used for functional immunomic ...

ELISA

... the specificity of antigen-antibody type reaction is used because it is easy to raise an antibody specifically against an ... Enzyme-linked secondary antibodies are applied as detection antibodies that also bind specifically to the antibody's Fc region ... By using an enzyme-linked antibody that binds the Fc region of other antibodies, this same enzyme-linked antibody can be used ... A specially prepared "secondary antibody" - an antibody that binds to other antibodies - is then applied to the plate, followed ...

Chimeric antigen receptor

... these receptors are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell, with transfer of their coding ... "Generation of effector T cells expressing chimeric T cell receptor with antibody type-specificity". Transplantation Proceedings ... "Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity". ... Using an antibody that binds the Strep-tag, the engineered cells can be expanded by 200-fold. Unlike existing methods this ...

Cell culture

... to produce a hybridoma which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma. ... These are screened for production of the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single cloning. A ... This method is used to produce monoclonal antibodies. In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the spleen (or possibly blood) of an ... monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using ...

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

... antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies specificity is determined via (ELISA), with pANCA(antibody) directed against MPO Serum ... In addition to the anti-GBM antibodies, some cases of type I RPGN are also associated with antibodies directed against the ... The presence of anti-Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies suggests type I RPGN; antinuclear antibodies (ANA) may ... The antibodies are directed against a particular protein found in the GBM, type IV collagen, specifically the noncollagenous ...

Lipid bilayer fusion

Köhler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ... The resulting "hybridoma" from this combination expresses a desired antibody as determined by the B-cell involved, but is ... Wilschut, Jan; Duezguenes, Nejat; Papahadjopoulos, Demetrios (1981). "Calcium/magnesium specificity in membrane fusion: ...

Lipid bilayer

Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... More recently[when?] work has been undertaken to graft antibodies or other molecular markers onto the liposome surface in the ... The resulting "hybridoma" from this combination expresses a desired antibody as determined by the B-cell involved, but is ...

Georges J. F. Köhler

"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 (5517): 495-7. Bibcode:1975Natur. ... Milstein and Köhler's technique for producing monoclonal antibodies laid the foundation for the exploitation of antibodies for ... It was during this work that they devised their hybridoma technique for the production of antibodies. Köhler continued his ... Köhler remained at the Basel Institute for another nine years, during which time he continued investigating antibody diversity ...

1975 in science

Kohler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ... César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, ... effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science. Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus ...

Timeline of immunology

Köhler, G; Milstein, C (Aug 7, 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature ... I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 157 (4): 1149-69. doi:10.1084/jem.157.4.1149. ... Antibody production in plasma B cells 1949 - Growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization with immune sera, and ... Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von ...

Thymidine kinase

Köhler G, Milstein C (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ( ... Those that produce the desired antibody are then selected and cultured to produce the monoclonal antibody. Hybridoma cells can ... One possible approach would be to use the specificity of the thymidine kinase of poxvirus for the purpose, in a similar way ... It is used to select hybridoma cell lines in production of monoclonal antibodies. In clinical chemistry it is used as a ...

Sendai virus

Köhler, G; Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature ... In need of a reliable method to produce large quantities of a specific antibody, the two merged a monoclonal B cell, exposed to ... capable of being grown indefinitely and of producing significant amounts of an antibody specifically targeting the chosen ... especially to produce hybridoma cells capable of manufacturing monoclonal antibodies in large quantities. Sneezing Hunched ...

Hollow fiber bioreactor

Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 256:495. Gramer, MJ. Britton TL. ... Hollow fiber bioreactors are used to generate high concentrations of cell-derived products including monoclonal antibodies, ... but they do not allow the passage of larger products such as antibodies. Therefore, as a cell line (e.g., hybridoma) expands ... including monoclonal antibody and influenza vaccine production. Likewise, because hollow fiber bioreactors use up significantly ...

Affinity chromatography

Monoclonal antibodies can also be selected to bind proteins with great specificity, where protein is released under fairly ... This allows any antibodies that recognize the antigen to be captured on the solid support. Elution of the antibodies of ... Immunoaffinity - Detailed below, this method utilizes antigens' and antibodies' high specificity to separate. Immobilized Metal ... to remove the undesirable anti-GST antibodies from the serum and to purify the target antibody. ...

Hypervariable region

They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody. In a variable region, the 3 HV segments of each heavy or light chain ... In antibodies, hypervariable regions form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains. ... Antibodies are remarkably specific, thanks to hypervariable regions in both light and heavy chains. The hyperbariable regions ...

Suparnostic

Performing the suPARnostic ELISA requires two antibodies with high specificity for suPAR. The blood plasma sample from the ... A 'sandwich' is formed of solid-phase antibody, suPAR and peroxidase-conjugated antibody. The concentration (ng/mL plasma) of ... The advantages of using monoclonal antibodies compared to using polyclonal antibodies includes: High homogeneity, absence of ... The suPARnostic ELISA is a simplified double monoclonal antibody sandwich assay that measures the level of suPAR and suPARII- ...

Bacterial display

Antibody epitope mapping is used to find the specificity of an antibody. The epitope (antibody binding site of antigens) is ... Flow cytometry with fluorescently-labelled antibodies is used to detect the amount of antibody binding to epitope. This can be ... Rockberg J, Lofblom J, Hjelm B, Uhlen M & Stahl S (2008). "Epitope Mapping of Antibodies Using Bacterial Surface Display". ... These include affinity-based screening, antibody epitope mapping, the identification of peptide substrates, the identification ...

Norovirus

Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity ... which would not be distinguishable from other types of the virus using standard viral antibody tests) interacts with a specific ...

Menarini

"MEN1112, a Novel Humanized De-Fucosylated Monoclonal Antibody with High Affinity and Specificity for Bst1/CD157 Antigen and ... a Novel Humanized Defucosylated Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Bst1/CD157 Antigen". 56th ASH Annual Meeting and ...

Patente US4925787 - Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody, method for production thereof, and ... - Google Patentes

... of producing a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody specific to the human IgG1 type monoclonal antibody possessing specificity to ... and collecting the produced monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody; and use of the monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody as a reagent ... monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody by the steps of immunizing an animal with a human IgG1 type monoclonal antibody specific to ... propagating the selected hybridoma thereby giving rise to said monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody, ...

http://www.google.es/patents/US4925787

WikiGenes - Antibody Specificity

... antibody specificity.. [8].. *Inheritance of antibody specificity. III. A new VH gene controls fine specificity of anti-p- ... Gene context of Antibody Specificity. *Diversity in the CDR3 region of V(H) is sufficient for most antibody specificities [29]. ... Disease relevance of Antibody Specificity. *The antibody specificity of immunoglobulin G bound to the liver cell membrane ... Inheritance of antibody specificity. III. A new VH gene controls fine specificity of anti-p-azobenzenearsonate coupled to the ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/1058.html

UltraMAB Antibody Specificity Service | OriGene

... to test the specificity of an antibody against the human proteome in a high-throughput manner. This platform can also be used ... to screen for the target(s) of an antibody or a small molecule. ... High specificity is the pre-requisite for any antibody used in ... UltraMAB Antibody Specificity Service. The Ultimate Array test for Validating Antibody Specificity. ... OriGene now provides UltraMAB Service, the ultimate array test to validate the antibody specificity. The UltraMAB Service ...

https://www.origene.com/services/antibody-specificity-service

Immunohistochemistry Antibody Specificity | College of Veterinary Medicine

This antibody reacts with most of macrophages in lymphoreticular organs and in many other organs and tissues. This antibody ... This antibody reacts with type specific as well as type-common antigens. It can be used to identify HXV-1 in the tissues of ... This antibody in B lymphocytes at all stages of maturation, but is decreased on plasma cells and a subset of memory B cells. It ... This antibody stains only lambda light chain-containing cells in lymphoid tissue. Since most plasma cell tumors in the dog ...

https://vet.osu.edu/biosciences/immunohistochemistry-antibody-specificity

ProtoArray® Antibody Specificity Profiling Service Information Request | Thermo Fisher Scientific - AR

Please fill out the information below to obtain more information and/or a quote for an Antibody Specificity Profiling Service ... 3) The detection reagents used in Invitrogens standard Antibody Specificity Profiling Service recognize antibodies containing ... Please fill out the information below to obtain more information and/or a quote for an Antibody Specificity Profiling Service ... If your antibody DOES NOT contain a human, mouse, or rabbit Fc region, what do you recommend as a detection reagent?. ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/ar/es/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-assays-analysis/protein-microarrays/antibody-specificity-profiling-service.html

ProtoArray® Antibody Specificity Profiling Service Information Request | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US

https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-assays-analysis/protein-microarrays/antibody-specificity-profiling-service.html

New antibody specificity portal bolsters biomedical research reliability - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com

New antibody specificity portal bolsters biomedical research reliability UNCs Brian Strahl and Van Andel Research Institutes ... Enter the Histone Antibody Specificity Database (www.histoneantibodies.com), a newly launched online portal that lets ... Enter the Histone Antibody Specificity Database (www.histoneantibodies.com), a newly launched online portal that lets ... Enter the Histone Antibody Specificity Database (www.histoneantibodies.com), a newly launched online portal that lets ...

https://www.healthcanal.com/medical-breakthroughs/65637-new-antibody-specificity-portal-bolsters-biomedical-research-reliability.html

Federal Register :: Immune Globulins for Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases: Antibody Specificity, Potency and...

The purpose of the public workshop is to discuss approaches to identify the most relevant antibody specificities in Immune ... Immune Globulins for Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases: Antibody Specificity, Potency and Testing; Public Workshop. A Notice ... The second day of the workshop will focus on the potential clinical impact on PIDD patients of declining measles antibody ... The public workshop will also include a discussion about the declining measles antibody levels in U.S. licensed Immune ...

https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/03/12/E7-4313/immune-globulins-for-primary-immune-deficiency-diseases-antibody-specificity-potency-and-testing

Two Distinct Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibody Specificities in IDDM Target Different Epitopes | Diabetes

We find that the GAD binding present in most IDDM sera (n = 11 of 12) is composed of two distinct GAD antibody specificities ... Two Distinct Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibody Specificities in IDDM Target Different Epitopes. ... Two Distinct Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibody Specificities in IDDM Target Different Epitopes ... Two Distinct Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Auto-Antibody Specificities in IDDM Target Different Epitopes ...

http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/44/2/216

The T-body Approach Combining Antibody Specificity With T Cell Activity For Adoptive Vaccination Of Cancer | 9822

... that endows them with antibody-type specificity to any pre-d... ... is based on engineered T cells expressing chimeric antibody ... The T-body approach combining antibody specificity with T cell activity for adoptive vaccination of cancer. ... that endows them with antibody-type specificity to any pre-defined target antigen. We have designed the modular CAR construct ... T he ?T-body? approach is based on engineered T cells expressing chimeric antibody receptor (CAR) ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/proceedings/the-tbody-approach-combining-antibody-specificity-with-t-cell-activity-for-adoptive-vaccination-of-cancer-9822.html

Knockout (KO) validated antibodies: specificity confirmed | Abcam

... validation as a standard quality control protocol for antibodies at scale ... With increasing need for specific antibodies, Abcam introduces knockout (KO) ... Primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies. ELISA and Matched Antibody Pair Kits. Cell and tissue imaging tools. Cellular and ... We are starting at 500 antibodies a year, and we will knockout validate these antibodies as a part of our rigorous antibody ...

https://www.abcam.com/primary-antibodies/knockout-validation

Case Study O1 - Discussion Part 1 - Determining antibody specificity

Figure 1 shows the patients apparent antibody specificity to be anti-D and possibly anti-C, although anti-G has not been ... Figure 1 shows the patients apparent antibody specificity to be anti-D and possibly anti-C, although anti-G has not been ... Antibodies to low frequency antigens such as Kpa and Lua do not need to be excluded in the absence of unexplained results. ... Other clinically significant antibodies have been excluded based on at least one negative with a cell from a homozygous donor. ...

http://traqprogram.ca/index.php/en/case-studies/case-studies-o/item/416-case-study-o1-discussion-part-1-determining-antibody-specificity

A limited number of antibody specificities mediate broad and potent serum neutralization in selected HIV-1 infected individuals...

A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals ... A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals ... A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals ... A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700449?dopt=Abstract

Single human leukocyte antigen flow cytometry beads for accurate identification of human leukocyte antigen antibody...

It is difficult to assign antibody specificity for highly sensitized patients using a cell panel with multiple antigens per ... In 10 sera from patients who had rejected a kidney transplant, single antigen beads identified antibodies to 31 of 35 antigens ... The single antigen panel provided higher resolution than the regular cell panel for antibody detection by uncovering the masked ... specificities. Single antigens also provided higher sensitivity than the multiple antigens coated onto beads for HLA antibody ...

https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00007890-200301150-00008

Antibody Specificity

... antibody specificity helps us discuss if the antibody that we are using in our research (whether its a single antibody from a ... Antibody Specificity:. Each individual antibody protein is capable of binding specifically with one unique epitope thanks to ... Maximizing Specificity and Affinity with a Custom Monospecific Peptide Antibody. *Developing a Custom Polyclonal Antibody for ... Techniques for increasing specificity will be discussed on the Monoclonal Antibody Alternative page. ...

https://www.pacificimmunology.com/resources/antibody-introduction/antibody-specificity/

Malaria-Helminth Co-Infection and the Immune Response: How Relative Infection Size Alters Antibody Specificity and the Th1/Th2...

Malaria-Helminth Co-Infection and the Immune Response: How Relative Infection Size Alters Antibody Specificity and the Th1/Th2 ...

https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp010v838258w

Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1...

At higher concentrations, specificities with lower affinities for the depletion antigens or gp41-specific antibodies that were ... Improved design of an antigen with enhanced specificity for the broadly HIV-neutralizing antibody b12. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. ... Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1- ... Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1- ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/81/12/6548?ijkey=23b1095c6567f8c08f4af373d68136262aa8a178&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Antibody Specificity Profiling - AVMBioMedAVMBioMed

Antibody Specificity Profiling. Antibodies are essential tools of biomedical research. Immunoprecipitation, ... To get started with Antibody Specificity Profiling, contact us so we can discuss your specific project or idea! ... Array-based screening of mouse anti-POI* antibody (commercially obtained). A) Antibody to POI preferentially recognized ... Our Antibody Profiling Screen:. *Is far more informative than alternative techniques. *Is not affected by variable expression ...

https://avmbiomed.com/antibody-specificity-profiling-3/

HighSpec Antibody Specificity Testing

CDI will analyze an antibody against thousands of human proteins (both native and denatured), traversing 75% of the human ... NEW!! WHITE PAPER on commercial antibody specificity. Read it here.. Give us a call for more information or to begin a project. ... Specificity: Native v. denatured protein. p53 Antibody (commercially available; company 2). Summary:. *RECOGNIZES p53 (Rank1) ... Working concentration v. specificity:. PCNA Antibody (commercially available; Company 4). Summary:. *RECOGNIZES PCNA (Rank1) at ...

https://cdi-lab.com/HighSpec.shtml

Particle shape enhances specificity of antibody-displaying nanoparticles | PNAS

Here, we show that presentation of antibodies on the surface of nonspherical particles enhances antibody specificity as well as ... Shape-induced enhancement of antibody specificity. Sutapa Barua, Jin-Wook Yoo, Poornima Kolhar, Aditya Wakankar, Yatin R. ... Shape-induced enhancement of antibody specificity. Sutapa Barua, Jin-Wook Yoo, Poornima Kolhar, Aditya Wakankar, Yatin R. ... Particle shape enhances specificity of antibody-displaying nanoparticles. Sutapa Barua, Jin-Wook Yoo, Poornima Kolhar, Aditya ...

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/9/3270?ijkey=6171acb46af0fc4b295aaddccdb1482c3b5242b5&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Engineering Antibody Specificity Using Combinatorial Antibody Libraries

A variant of the HERCEPTIN® antibody, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody that binds the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ... antibody and the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab, respectively. While the structural and mutagenesis studies highlight the ... antibody-antigen and protein-protein interactions using combinatorial antibody libraries, phage-display and bacterial display ... the high affinity dual specific antibodies can be converted back to essentially monospecific HER2 or VEGF antibodies. The ...

https://research.chalmers.se/publication/101474

Partial purification and some properties of BB7.2. A cytotoxic monoclonal antibody with specificity for HLA-A2 and a variant of...

A cytotoxic monoclonal antibody with specificity for HLA-A2 and a variant of HLA-A28.. Parham P, Brodsky FM. ... The purification and properties of a cytotoxic mouse monoclonal anti-HLA-A2 antibody are described. This antibody, BB7.2, can ... View related products from antibodies-online.com - antibodies-online. Miscellaneous. *Information About the Mentioned ... BB7.2 provides an example of an antibody which requires bivalent attachment to a polymeric antigen, e.g., a cell, to produce a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7035415?dopt=Abstract

GEN: Validating Antibodies for Specificity | Proteintech Group

Validating Antibodies for Specificity. siRNA Knockdown Adds Critical Negative Control. This tutorial outlines a validation ... Validating Antibodies for Specificity. siRNA Knockdown Adds Critical Negative Control. Though an essential component of ... Proteintech make every single antibody in its 12,000+ catalog.. *All products are exclusively available to buy through ... Each Proteintech antibody is unique and cannot be bought under a different label. ...

https://www.ptglab.com/news/company-news/gen-validating-antibodies-for-specificity/

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Rhesus Macaque CD200, CD200R and...

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Rhesus Macaque CD200, CD200R and ... our laboratory generated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the human analogs of rhesus macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle, ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/papers/26468886

Specificity of antibodies to type II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis.

Analysis of antibodies in these sera showed differences in the specificity of the collagen antibodies in RA patient sera and ... Specificity of antibodies to type II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis.. код для вставки. код для вставки на сайт или в блог. ... 1493 SPECIFICITY OF ANTIBODIES TO TYPE I1 COLLAGEN IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS KUNIAKI TERATO, YASUNORI SHIMOZURU, KOU KATAYAMA, ... We believe that the differences observed in the specificity of anti-type I1 collagen antibodies found in the RA patients, as ...

https://www.docme.ru/doc/2176226/specificity-of-antibodies-to-type-ii-collagen-in-rheumato..

Understanding the specificities that mediate broad neutralization will provide insight into which epitopes should be targeted for immunogen design and aid in the isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from these donors. (nih.gov)

In a knockout validation, antibody specificity is confirmed by testing the antibody of interest on a knockout sample or cell line which doesn't express the target protein. (abcam.com)

However, the IDDM epitopes have been difficult to further define because the antibodies do not bind GAD protein fragments or synthetic peptides. (diabetesjournals.org)
Identification of epitopes targeted by IDDM sera may allow one to distinguish between GAD antibody-positive individuals at high and low risk of developing IDDM and to determine if differences in the autoimmune repertoire directed at GAD are present. (diabetesjournals.org)
Although the development of an immunogen that elicits such antibodies remains elusive, a proportion of HIV-1 infected individuals evolve broadly neutralizing serum responses over time, demonstrating that the human immune system can recognize and generate NAbs to conserved epitopes on the virus. (nih.gov)
In approximately half of the donors, key N-linked glycans were critical for expression of the epitopes recognized by the bNAb specificities in the sera. (nih.gov)
The sera also failed to neutralize chimeric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 viruses displaying highly conserved gp41-neutralizing epitopes, suggesting that antibodies directed against these epitopes likely do not account for the broad neutralizing activity observed. (asm.org)
Serum antibodies from these human vaccine recipients were also found to be preferentially directed to linear epitopes within gp120 that are poorly exposed on native gp120. (asm.org)

High specificity is the pre-requisite for any antibody used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. (origene.com)
Drugs targeting the epigenetic machinery are being tested in oncology clinics now, and a better understanding of what the antibodies are recognizing will help researchers define more precisely how epigenetics works and ultimately lead to better, stronger conclusions that can make a difference for drug discovery and future therapeutic interventions. (healthcanal.com)
Custom antibody development and commercial partnerships to advance your diagnostic and therapeutic discovery. (abcam.com)
Whether managing a research program, a reagent company R&D lab or a diagnostic/therapeutic antibody initiative, you will benefit from learning more about an antibody BEFORE you use it (or sell it). (cdi-lab.com)
Antibodies are used routinely in various analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications, including cell and protein sorting ( 1 ), in vitro assays ( 2 ), in vivo imaging ( 3 ), and targeted delivery of therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer ( 4 ), arthritis ( 5 ), and allergies ( 6 ). (pnas.org)
Although the benefits of antibodies in delivering therapeutic carriers to tissues have long been recognized, the effect of carriers themselves on antibody function has been relatively less studied. (pnas.org)

A- and S-scores greater than 3 standard deviations over the next listed target are deemed statistically significant and indicate highly specific antibodies with high affinity. (cdi-lab.com)
This affinity-improved version of bH1 specifically inhibits both HER2- and VEGF-mediated cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in mouse models with activity similar to the Herceptin® antibody and the anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab, respectively. (chalmers.se)
Finally we show that by mutation of merely two residues in the CDRs, the high affinity dual specific antibodies can be converted back to essentially monospecific HER2 or VEGF antibodies. (chalmers.se)

Specificity validation of anti-Her2 antibody (Cat. (origene.com)
The specificity is further proved by using an independent antibody (anti-DDK antibody in the middle) against the same recombinant overexpressed Her2 protein. (origene.com)

Proteintech make every single antibody in its 12,000+ catalog. (ptglab.com)

Initially developed in the 1970s, laboratory-produced antibodies have been commercially available to scientists for decades. (healthcanal.com)
The new database offers an easy way to access detailed information about the accuracy and specificity of more than 100 commonly used and commercially available histone antibodies. (healthcanal.com)

We find that the GAD binding present in most IDDM sera ( n = 11 of 12) is composed of two distinct GAD antibody specificities that target different conformation-dependent regions of the GAD 65 protein, one that is located between amino acids 240 and 435 (termed IDDM-E1) and one that is located between amino acids 451 and 570 (termed IDDM-E2). (diabetesjournals.org)
Here, we have used a number of new and established technologies to map the bNAb specificities in the sera of 19 donors who exhibit among the most potent cross-clade serum neutralizing activities observed to date. (nih.gov)
To better understand the requirements for cross-neutralization of HIV-1, we have characterized the neutralizing antibody specificities present in the sera of three asymptomatic individuals exhibiting broad neutralization. (asm.org)
Overall, the data suggest that broad neutralization results from more than one specificity in the sera but that the number of these specificities is likely small. (asm.org)
Analysis of 19 selected RA sera revealed that autoantibodies were generally associated with specific antibodies to some species of heterologous type I1 collagen. (docme.ru)
Additionally, those immune sera with the highest oligomeric gp160 antibody binding titers had neutralizing activity against some primary HIV-1 isolates, using phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell targets. (asm.org)

The UltraMAB Service leverages OriGene's proprietary technology platform, the High-Density Protein Microarray, to test the specificity of an antibody against the human proteome in a high-throughput manner. (origene.com)
OriGene has applied the High-Density Protein Microarray to test the specificity of over 100 UltraMAB® and other commercial antibodies. (origene.com)
Here we showcase two case studies of the comparison between UltraMAB and other antibodies with the microarray. (origene.com)
Test antibody specificity was evaulated using CDI HuProt™ Human Proteome Microarray (~75% of the human proteome) and subseqently analyzed with GenePix Pro Image Acquisition and Analysis Software, the benchmark tool for the acquisition and analysis of microarray images. (cdi-lab.com)

These two antibody production techniques will be discussed on the Polyclonal vs Monoclonal Antibodies page. (pacificimmunology.com)

These studies demonstrate the capacity of a soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein vaccine to elicit an antibody response capable of neutralizing primary HIV-1 isolates. (asm.org)

OriGene now provides UltraMAB Service, the ultimate array test to validate the antibody specificity. (origene.com)
At OriGene, we have been working hard to validate specificities of our antibodies. (origene.com)
Specificity Validation for OriGene antibody Cat. (origene.com)

However, many investigators are UNAWARE of the potential problems with the specificity of antibodies, suggesting a need for new methods of characterization for antibodies being considered for use in serious scientific investigations, grant proposals or for commercialization purposes. (cdi-lab.com)
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Rhesus Macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle. (sigmaaldrich.com)

There's been a real awakening in the biological community that we need better ways to know if the antibodies are recognizing what they're intended to recognize. (healthcanal.com)
In the same study, antibodies 2F5 and 4E10, which recognize adjacent sites on the highly conserved membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 ( 55 , 86 ), showed an even greater neutralization breadth, neutralizing 67% and 100%, respectively, of the cross-clade virus panel. (asm.org)

We are starting at 500 antibodies a year , and we will knockout validate these antibodies as a part of our rigorous antibody validation process. (abcam.com)

The anti-C could be a passive antibody derived from the IV RhIG or a new alloantibody stimulated by prior transfusion. (traqprogram.ca)
Alloantibody specificities differed from those previously described, especially due to the significantly higher frequency of anti-S. Although alloimmunization was not associated with frequency of vasoocclusive episodes, a higher percentage of alloimmunized patients had chronic pain, as defined by daily use of short-acting narcotics (p = 0.006), long-acting narcotics (p = 0.013), or both (p = 0.03). (duke.edu)

Second, susceptible strains of rodents (8-12) and nonhuman primates (1315) immunized with type I1 collagen produce high titers of autoreactive antibodies and develop an erosive polyarthritis that shares phenotypic features with RA. (docme.ru)
Current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope vaccine candidates elicit high antibody binding titers with neutralizing activity against T-cell line-adapted but not primary HIV-1 isolates. (asm.org)

However, the enormous sequence diversity of HIV-1 presents a major complication, in that a globally effective vaccine must elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), i.e., those capable of neutralizing a wide range of primary isolates. (asm.org)
Antibody responses to conserved regions of the functional envelope spike have been difficult to elicit, due at least in part to the restricted accessibility of these regions. (asm.org)

Induction of an antibody response preferentially reactive with natively folded gp120/gp160 was dependent on the tertiary structure of the HIV-1 envelope immunogen as well as its adjuvant formulation, route of administration, and number of immunizations administered. (asm.org)

This antibody, BB7.2, can be used as an HLA-A2 typing reagent with little modification of current typing techniques. (nih.gov)
In the in situ method, protein synthesis is carried out on a protein array surface that is pre-coated with a protein-capturing reagent or antibody. (wikipedia.org)

Antibodies are essential tools of biomedical research. (avmbiomed.com)

This antibody reacts with most of macrophages in lymphoreticular organs and in many other organs and tissues. (osu.edu)

Neglecting this important validation step has resulted in the proliferation of nonspecific, poorly validated antibodies, thus contributing to a major problem in biomedicine: the reproducibility crisis. (ptglab.com)

Abcam has incorporated knockout based validation as a standard level of validation for its antibody products. (abcam.com)
When you see the knockout validated seal, you can trust that the antibody has not only been validated in the recommended applications and species, but its specificity has been confirmed through our in-house knockout validation approach. (abcam.com)
Abcam knockout validates its antibodies using the extensive library of knockout cell lines available from Horizon Discovery. (abcam.com)

Now as a control I want to show that this antibody really only binds to the phosphorylated protein. (protocol-online.org)

This particular antibody labels high and low molecular weight keratins in many epithelia, including keratinized and corneal epidermis, stratified squamous epithelia of internal organs, stratified epithelia, hyperproliferative keratinocytes, and simple epithelia. (osu.edu)

This antibody reacts specifically with human CD45 and is useful for identifying human leukocytes transplanted into immunodeficient mice. (osu.edu)
In efforts to gain further insight on the potential role of these lectin-like molecules, our laboratory generated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the human analogs of rhesus macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle, since the rhesus macaques are accepted as the most reliable animal model to study human HIV infection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Antibodies with specificity to native gp120 and neutralization activity against primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates elicited by immunization with oligomeric gp160. (asm.org)

2) What is the species and isotype of the Fc region of your antibody? (thermofisher.com)

Other clinically significant antibodies have been excluded based on at least one negative with a cell from a homozygous donor. (traqprogram.ca)
The results suggest that broad and potent serum neutralization arises in most donors through a limited number of specificities (1-2 per donor). (nih.gov)

These results open unique opportunities for particulate forms of antibodies in therapeutics and diagnostics. (pnas.org)

In addition to exhibiting higher binding and internalization, trastuzumab-coated rods also exhibited greater inhibition of BT-474 breast cancer cell growth in vitro to a level that could not be attained by soluble forms of the antibody. (pnas.org)

Although most individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), antibodies to GAD are also present in some individuals with a low risk of developing diabetes. (diabetesjournals.org)

The antibody 2G12, which has a unique dimeric domain-exchanged structure that recognizes a carbohydrate cluster on the so-called silent face of gp120 ( 16 , 67 , 69 , 76 ) also neutralized over 40% of the 90-virus panel. (asm.org)

A limited number of antibody specificities mediate broad and potent serum neutralization in selected HIV-1 infected individuals. (nih.gov)
We found that the gp120-binding antibody population mediated neutralization of some isolates, but not all. (asm.org)

With their specificity and sensitivity, these tools can help to easily identify the protein of interest at various expression levels. (abcam.com)

This antibody does not react with dendritic cell population, such as epidermal Langerhans cells, interdigitating cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes, nor follicular dendritic cells. (osu.edu)
This brings up the issue of how antibodies are typically used, since they can be collected directly from the serum or by isolating the B cell(s) that is producing the antibody of interest. (pacificimmunology.com)
This surprising interplay between particle shape and antibodies originates from the unique role of shape in determining binding and unbinding of particles to cell surface. (pnas.org)
Alloimmunization in sickle cell disease: changing antibody specificities and association with chronic pain and decreased survival. (duke.edu)

Unreliable antibodies have led to numerous instances of false findings, failed experiments, and wasted money and samples. (healthcanal.com)

Here, we show that presentation of antibodies on the surface of nonspherical particles enhances antibody specificity as well as avidity toward their targets. (pnas.org)

In fact, it has been speculated that the largest driver of poor reproducibility in published biomedical literature is antibody- driven. (avmbiomed.com)

Enter the Histone Antibody Specificity Database (www.histoneantibodies.com), a newly launched online portal that lets scientists find the right antibodies for their research with a much higher degree of confidence than ever before. (healthcanal.com)

The array was manufactured as indicated in the flow chart below and tested with 1:500 dilution of OriGene's anti-DDK (FLAG) tag antibody followed by DyLight 649 conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody. (origene.com)