Antibody specificity. Medical search

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.

Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.

Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.

Antibodies specific to INSULIN.

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

An immunoglobulin fragment composed of one variable domain from an IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN or IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a clinical test of monocyte function. (1/9631)

The lack of a simple, rapid, and quantitative test of the functional activity of the monocyte has hampered studies of the contribution of this cell type to host defense and human disease. This report describes an assay of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, which depends exclusively upon the monocyte as the effector cell and therefore provides a convenient test of monocyte function. In this system, mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque separation of whole blood are cytotoxic for 51Cr-labeled human erythrocyte targets coated with anti-blood group antibody. Removal of phagocytic monocytes from the MNL by iron ingestion, followed by exposure to a magnetic field, completely abolishes all cytotoxic activity from the remaining MNL population. Similarly, in severely mono-cytopenic patients with aplastic anemia, cytotoxic effector activity is absent. In normals and less severely monocytopenic aplastic anemia patients, cytotoxicity correlates significantly (p less than 0.001) with monocyte number. Application of this monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay to the study of patients with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome has revealed defective monocyte cytotoxic activity in spite of normal monocyte numbers, suggesting that this test may be useful for the assessment of monocyte function in a variety of clinical situations. (+info)

Features of the immune response to DNA in mice. I. Genetic control. (2/9631)

The genetic control of the immune response to DNA was studied in various strains of mice F1 hybrids and corresponding back-crosses immunized with single stranded DNA complexed to methylated bovine serum albumin. Anti-DNA antibody response was measured by radioimmuno-logical technique. High responder, low responder, and intermediate responder strains were found and the ability to respond to DNA was characterized as a dominant genetic trait which is not linked to the major locus of histocompatibility. Studies in back-crosses suggested that this immune response is under multigenic control. High responder mice produce both anti-double stranded DNA and anti-single stranded DNA 7S and 19S antibodies, while low responder mice produce mainly anti-single stranded DNA 19S antibodies. (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (3/9631)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability. (+info)

Longitudinal evaluation of serovar-specific immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (4/9631)

The serovars of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are predominant in a community change over time, a phenomenon that may be due to the development of immunity to repeat infection with the same serovar. This study evaluated the epidemiologic evidence for serovar-specific immunity to N. gonorrhoeae. During a 17-month period in 1992-1994, all clients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic in rural North Carolina underwent genital culture for N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal isolates were serotyped according to standard methods. Odds ratios for repeat infection with the same serovar versus any different serovar were calculated on the basis of the distribution of serovars in the community at the time of reinfection. Of 2,838 patients, 608 (21.4%; 427 males and 181 females) were found to be infected with N. gonorrhoeae at the initial visit. Ninety patients (14.8% of the 608) had a total of 112 repeat gonococcal infections. Repeat infection with the same serovar occurred slightly more often than would be expected based on the serovars prevalent in the community at the time of reinfection, though the result was marginally nonsignificant (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.0-2.4; p = 0.05). Choosing partners within a sexual network may increase the likelihood of repeat exposure to the same serovar of N. gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal infection did not induce evident immunity to reinfection with the same serovar. (+info)

Fine specificity of the autoimmune response to the Ro/SSA and La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. (5/9631)

The fine specificity of the Ro and La proteins has been studied by several techniques. In general, there is agreement in a qualitative sense that autoantibodies bind multiple epitopes. For some specific antibody binding, different studies agree quantitatively, for instance, the binding of the carboxyl terminus of 60-kd Ro as described by 2 studies using different techniques and the presence of an epitope within the leucine zipper of 52-kd Ro. In addition, there is general agreement about the location of a prominent epitope at the RRM motif region of the La molecule. On the other hand, the many specific epitope regions of the molecules differ among these studies. These discrepancies are likely the result of using different techniques, sera, and peptide constructs as well as a result of inherent advantages and disadvantages in the individual approaches. Several theories concerning the origin of not only the antibodies, but also the diseases themselves, have been generated from studies of the fine specificity of antibody binding. These include a theory of a primordial foreign antigen for anti-Ro autoimmunity, molecular mimicry with regard to La and CCHB, as well as the association of anti-Ro with HLA. These remain unproven, but are of continuing interest. An explanation for the association of anti-60-kd Ro and anti-52-kd Ro in the sera of patients has sprung from evaluating antibody binding. Data demonstrating multiple epitopes are part of a large body of evidence that strongly suggests an antigen-driven immune response. This means that the autoantigens are directly implicated in initiating and sustaining autoimmunity in their associated diseases. A number of studies have investigated the possibility of differences in the immune response to these antigens in SS and SLE sera. While several differences have been reported, none have been reproduced in a second cohort of patients. Furthermore, none of the reported differences may be sufficiently robust for clinical purposes, such as distinguishing between SS with systemic features and mild SLE, although some might be promising. For instance, in at least 3 groups of SLE patients, no binding of residues spanning amino acids 21-41 of 60-kd Ro has been found. Meanwhile, 1 of those studies found that 41% of sera from patients with primary SS bound the 60-kd Ro peptide 21-41. Perhaps future studies will elaborate a clinical role of such a difference among SS and SLE patients. Study of the epitopes of these autoantigens has, in part, led to a new animal model of anti-Ro and anti-La. Non-autoimmune-prone animals are immunized with proteins or peptides that make up the Ro/La RNP. Such animals develop an autoimmune response to the entire particle, not just the immunogen. This response has been hypothesized to arise from autoreactive B cells. In another, older animal model of disease, the MRL-lpr/lpr mouse, B cells have recently been shown to be required for the generation of abnormal, autoreactive T cells. Thus, there are now powerful data indicating that B cells that produce autoantibodies are directly involved in the pathogenesis of disease above and beyond the formation of immune complexes. Given that the autoreactive B cell is potentially critical to the underlying pathogenesis of disease, then studying these cells will be crucial to further understanding the origin of diseases associated with Ro and La autoimmunity. Hopefully, an increased understanding will eventually lead to improved treatment of patients. Progress in the area of treatment will almost surely be incremental, and studies of the fine specificity of autoantibody binding will be a part of the body of basic knowledge contributing to ultimate advancement. In the future, the animal models will need to be examined with regard to immunology and immunochemistry as well as genetics. The development of these autoantibodies has not been studied extensively because upon presentation to medical care, virtually all patients have a full- (+info)

Overexpression of human homologs of the bacterial DnaJ chaperone in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (6/9631)

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of the chaperone family of J proteins in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or osteoarthritis. METHODS: Rabbit antibodies specific for a synthetic peptide (pHSJ1: EAYEVLSDKHKREIYD), representing the most conserved part of all J domains thus far identified--among them the Drosophila tumor suppressor Tid56--were used in immunohistochemical analyses of frozen sections of synovial tissue and immunoblotting of protein extracts of adherent synovial cells. IgG specific for Tid56 was also used. RESULTS: Both antisera predominantly and intensely stained synovial lining cells from RA patients; other cells did not stain or stained only faintly. In immunoblots, anti-pHSJ1 specifically detected several bands with molecular weights of >74 kd (type I), 57-64 kd (type II), 41-48 kd (type III), and < or =36 kd (type IV). The strongest band detected in RA adherent synovial cells was the type II band, whereas in a B cell line, a type I band was prominent. CONCLUSION: Several potentially new members of the J family are described. The type II band represents the human homolog of the Drosophila Tid56 protein and is strongly expressed in RA synovial tissue. (+info)

Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes. (7/9631)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the subunit specificity of autoantibody directed to RNA polymerases (RNAP) I, II, and III, which is one of the major autoantibody responses in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Thirty-two SSc sera with anti-RNAP antibodies (23 with anti-RNAP I/III, 5 with anti-RNAP I/III and II, and 4 with anti-RNAP II alone) were analyzed by immunoblotting using affinity-purified RNAP and by immunoprecipitation using 35S-labeled cell extracts in which RNAP complexes were dissociated. Antibodies bound to individual RNAP subunits were eluted from preparative immunoblots and were further analyzed by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: At least 15 different proteins were bound by antibodies in anti-RNAP-positive SSc sera in various combinations. All 9 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP II and all 28 sera immunoprecipitating RNAP I/III recognized the large subunit proteins of RNAP II and III, respectively. Reactivity to RNAP I large subunits was strongly associated with bright nucleolar staining by indirect immunofluorescence. Affinity-purified antibodies that recognized a 62-kd subunit protein cross-reacted with a 43-kd subunit protein and immunoprecipitated both RNAP I and RNAP III. Antibodies that recognized a 21-kd subunit protein obtained from sera that were positive for anti-RNAP I/III and II antibodies immunoprecipitated both RNAP II and RNAP III. CONCLUSION: Anti-RNAP antibodies recognize multiple subunits of RNAP I, II, and III. Moreover, the results of this study provide the first direct evidence that antibodies that recognize shared subunits of human RNAPs or epitopes present on different human RNAP subunits are responsible for the recognition of multiple RNAPs by SSc sera. (+info)

Alternating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody specificity: drug-induced vasculitis in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. (8/9631)

We describe a patient who presented with Wegener's granulomatosis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3) with a cytoplasmic immunofluorescence pattern (cANCA), whose ANCA type changed to antimyeloperoxidase antibodies with a perinuclear immunofluorescence pattern (pANCA) when treated with propylthiouracil, and changed back to anti-PR3 antibodies with cANCA after the medication was discontinued. The patient developed flares of vasculitis symptoms associated with rises in either type of ANCA. Tests for antimyeloperoxidase ANCA were repeatedly negative before the drug was started, strongly implicating the drug as the cause of the episode. This case demonstrates that patients with idiopathic ANCA-positive vasculitis may quickly develop a superimposed drug-associated ANCA-positive vasculitis. Iatrogenic vasculitis should be suspected when a patient with idiopathic vasculitis with one type of ANCA develops the other type of ANCA. (+info)

Dema B, Charles N (January 2016). "Autoantibodies in SLE: Specificities, Isotypes and Receptors". Antibodies. 5 (1): 2. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curli

The specificity of this test is >98%. Thus, a positive anti-centromere antibody finding is strongly suggestive of limited ... Anti-centromere antibodies are found in approximately 60% of patients with limited systemic scleroderma and in 15% of those ... Anti-centromere antibodies present early in the course of disease and are notably predictive of limited cutaneous involvement ... Anti-centromere antibodies (ACAs; often styled solid, anticentromere) are autoantibodies specific to centromere and kinetochore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-centromere_antibodies

Other applications include enzymatic inhibition assays and screenings of antibody specificity. The runaway success of DNA ... screening antibody specificity. Stevens, R. C. (2000). "Design of high-throughput methods of protein production for structural ... Here the DNA was immobilized in the well together with an anti-GST antibody. Then cell-free expression mix was added and the ... Many proteins, including antibodies, are difficult to express in host cells due to problems with insolubility, disulfide bonds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free_protein_array

An antibody can be called monospecific if it has specificity for the same antigen or epitope, or bispecific if they have ... antibody Neutralizing antibody Optimer Ligand Secondary antibodies Single-domain antibody Slope spectroscopy Synthetic antibody ... Antibody fragments, such as Fab and nanobodies are not considered as antibody mimetics. Common advantages over antibodies are ... Affimer Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-nuclear antibodies Antibody mimetic Aptamer Colostrum ELISA Humoral immunity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

... with antibodies to multiple antigenic targets). p-ANCA with MPO specificity is found in 50% of microscopic polyangiitis, 50% of ... Classical p-ANCA occurs with antibodies directed to MPO. p-ANCA without nuclear extension occurs with antibodies to BPI, ... Sinclair, D; Stevens, JM (Sep 2007). "Role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and glomerular basement membrane antibodies ... Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-neutrophil_cytoplasmic_antibody

... which consist of three antibody hypervariable amino acid domains responsible for the antibody specificity embedded into ... Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are antibodies linked to one or more drug molecules. Typically when the ADC meets the target ... Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... Four major antibody types that have been developed are murine, chimeric, humanised and human. Antibodies of each type are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody_therapy

Bispecific antibodies combine two different antigen binding specificities within one molecule. The bispecific antibodies are ... Recombinant antibodies are antibody fragments produced by using recombinant antibody coding genes. They mostly consist of a ... a group including Fab fragment antibodies, antibodies binding to idiotope outside of the drug binding site and antibodies, ... Fab fragment antibodies can be used for detection of not bound drugs or free drugs in the serum. Fab antibodies have also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_antibodies

Köhler, G.; Milstein, C. (2005). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. 1975". ... Other antibody parts (such as Fc regions) and antibody mimetics use different naming schemes. For antibodies named until early ... ximab just as does the human/macaque antibody gomiliximab. Purely human antibodies used -u-. Rat/mouse hybrid antibodies can be ... This means that antibodies with the same source and target substems are only distinguished by their prefix. Even antibodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature_of_monoclonal_antibodies

"Recombination of a mixture of univalent antibody fragments of different specificity". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. ... Bispecific monoclonal antibody entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms Bispecific+antibodies at the US ... The most common types are called trifunctional antibodies, as they have three unique binding sites on the antibody: the two Fab ... Suurs FV, Lub-de Hooge MN, de Vries EG, de Groot DJ (September 2019). "A review of bispecific antibodies and antibody ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispecific_monoclonal_antibody

Dema, Barbara; Charles, Nicolas (4 January 2016). "Autoantibodies in SLE: Specificities, Isotypes, and Receptors". Antibodies. ... Anti-histone antibodies can be used as a marker for drug-induced lupus. Anti-histone antibodies target 5 major classes of ... Anti-histone antibodies are autoantibodies that are a subset of the anti-nuclear antibody family, which specifically target ... Anti-histone antibodies are diverse, so aside from targeting the protein subunits, different antibodies may also be specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-histone_antibodies

"RBPDB: The database of RNA-binding protein specificities". "Anti-TMEM171 Antibody". Sigma-Aldrich. Swiss Institute of ... November 2008). "A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression". BMC Biology. 6 (1): 49. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMEM171

Antibodies show a strong correlation between rigidity and specificity. This correlation extends far beyond the paratope of the ... Bond specificity, unlike group specificity, recognizes particular chemical bond types. This differs from group specificity, as ... Immunostaining utilizes the chemical specificity of antibodies in order to detect a protein of interest at the cellular level. ... Tanford, Charles (1968). "Chemical basis for antibody diversity and specificity". Accounts of Chemical Research. 1 (6): 161-167 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_specificity

Problematic with AGA is the typical sensitivity and specificity was about 85%. Gliadin peptides which are synthesized as the ... Clinically these antibodies and IgG antibodies to gliadin are abbreviated as AGA. The IgG antibody is similar to AGA IgA, but ... Anti-gliadin antibodies are frequently found with anti-transglutaminase antibodies. The IgE antibodies are more typically found ... removal of gluten results in the benign circulation of antibodies. The half life of these antibodies is typically 120 days. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-gliadin_antibodies

The sensitivity of this test is 98.03% while the specificity is 99.56%. This test is paired with an easy-to-use mobile app ... It uses a lateral flow test to determine whether a person has IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. The ... The AbC-19 rapid antibody test is an immunological test for COVID-19 exposure developed by the UK Rapid Test Consortium and ... COVID-19 rapid antigen test "AbC-19™ , COVID-19 Rapid Antibody Test and Certificate Solution , IgG". Abingdon Health plc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test

Gregson NA, Koblar S, Hughes RA (1993). "Antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barré syndrome: specificity and relationship to ... These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells. These antibodies show highest association with certain forms ... Antibodies levels correlate with more severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Levels of anti-GM1 antibodies are especially elevated in ... In vivo studies of isolated anti-GM1 and GD3 antibodies indicate the antibodies can interfere with motor neuron function. Anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiganglioside_antibodies

The kinetoplast fluoresces if serum contains high avidity anti-dsDNA antibodies. This test has a higher specificity than EIA ... EIA detects low and high avidity anti-dsDNA antibodies, increasing its sensitivity and reducing its specificity. Flow cytometry ... Anti-dsDNA antibodies might also be created secondary to the production of antibodies to other proteins within the nucleosome. ... Anti-dsDNA antibodies can be present in normal individuals, however these antibodies are usually low avidity IgM isotype. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-dsDNA_antibodies

Antibodies have successfully been raised against endogenous & unreactive small molecules such as some neurotransmitters (e.g. ... Based on K. Landsteiner, 1962, The Specificity of Serologic Reactions, Dover Press Tagliaferro, P; Tandler, C.J; Ramos, A.J; ... They have been used to evaluate the properties of specific epitopes and antibodies. They are important in the purification and ... In inhibition, free hapten molecules bind with antibodies toward that molecule without causing the immune response, leaving ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapten

They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody. In a variable domain, the 3 HV segments of each heavy or light chain ... In antibodies, hypervariable regions form the antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains. ... Antibodies are remarkably specific, thanks to hypervariable regions in both light and heavy chains. The hyperbariable regions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable_region

The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody. The antigenic determinant or epitope ... Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B ... The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen-antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for ... Since antibodies are bivalent or polyvalent, this is the sum of the strengths of individual antibody-antigen interactions. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen-antibody_interaction

Monoclonal antibodies, on the other hand, all bind the same epitope with high specificity. They can be produced with the ... Not all antibodies that bind a pathogenic particle are neutralizing. Non-neutralizing antibodies, or binding antibodies, bind ... A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that defends a cell from a pathogen or infectious particle by neutralizing any ... Neutralizing antibodies may also assist the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Although this type of antibody has the ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

Köhler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ... The resulting "hybridoma" from this combination expresses a desired antibody as determined by the B-cell involved, but is ... Wilschut, Jan; Duezguenes, Nejat; Papahadjopoulos, Demetrios (1981). "Calcium/magnesium specificity in membrane fusion: ... AND SPECIFICITY". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (40): 37272-37279. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204257200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion

Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... More recently[when?] work has been undertaken to graft antibodies or other molecular markers onto the liposome surface in the ... The resulting "hybridoma" from this combination expresses a desired antibody as determined by the B-cell involved, but is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer

G. Köhler & C. Milstein (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ... Milstein and Köhler's technique for producing monoclonal antibodies laid the foundation for the exploitation of antibodies for ... He not only worked hard for refining antibodies but also gave his time to his family. George moonlighted as a taxi driver to ... It was during this work that they devised their hybridoma technique for the production of antibodies. Köhler continued his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_J._F._Köhler

The major advantage of NChIP is antibody specificity. It is important to note that most antibodies to modified histones are ... The antibodies are commonly coupled to agarose, sepharose, or magnetic beads. Alternatively, chromatin-antibody complexes can ... The chromatin-antibody complex is selectively retained by the disc and eluted to obtain enriched DNA for downstream ... This is because antibodies have to be generated for each TF, or, alternatively, transgenic model organisms expressing epitope- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin_immunoprecipitation

Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... SeV antibodies that cross-reactive with HPIV-1 antibodies are present in most people, however, majority of people do not have ... Instead, it can be measured using anti-glycan antibodies, and despite the large collection of such antibodies in a community ... and from antibodies-online.com (No. ABIN6737444) . Monoclonal antibodies (IgG1) to F-protein are available from Kerafast ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus

It is an antibody to EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule). BerEp4 has a high sensitivity and specificity in being positive ... Ordóñez, Nelson G. (1998). "Value of the Ber-EP4 Antibody in Differentiating Epithelial Pleural Mesothelioma From ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BerEp4

Kohler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 ... César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, ... effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science. Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_science

Köhler G, Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. ... The monoclonal antibody infliximab is a mouse-human chimeric antibody to TNF-α. The FDA approved it in 1998, making it the ... they can prompt an immunological response causing the development of anti-drug antibodies. Anti-drug antibodies can cause ... The use of antibodies to treat diseases can be traced all the way back to the late 1800s with the advent of diphtheria ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_therapy_for_inflammatory_bowel_disease

Köhler, G; Milstein, C (7 August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". ... I. Isolation with a monoclonal antibody". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 157 (4): 1149-69. doi:10.1084/jem.157.4.1149. ... Antibody production in plasma B cells (Astrid Fagraeus) 1949 - Growth of polio virus in tissue culture, neutralization, and ... Demonstration of antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins. Beginning of humoral theory of immunity. (Emil von ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology

... an antibody). Owing to their high affinity and specificity, antibodies have been considered as suitable vehicles for imaging ... Köhler, G.; Milstein, C. (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". ... Owing to the high molecular weight of antibodies and the Fc domain of the antibody, a slow clearance from the blood and non- ... However, these types of antibodies turned out to be quite troublesome, due to the triggering of the human anti-murine antibody ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretargeting_(imaging)

Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity ... "Persistence of Antibodies to 2 Virus-Like Particle Norovirus Vaccine Candidate Formulations in Healthy Adults: 1-Year Follow-up ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

As of 2015 antibodies for ICOS were not available for clinical testing. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163600 - Ensembl, ... binding specificity and function of human ICOS". European Journal of Immunology. 30 (12): 3707-17. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200012 ... In agreement with reduced Th2 responses, ICOS-/- mice expressed reduced germinal center formation and IgG1 and IgE antibody ... Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies (2 ed.). Weinheim, Bergstr: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1088-9. ISBN 978-3527329373. Sharma P, Allison JP ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD278

... or indirectly with streptavidin or antibodies, if biotin-dUTP or BrdUTP are used, respectively. The most sensitive of them is ... "Importance of DNA fragmentation in apoptosis with regard to TUNEL specificity". Biomed Pharmacother. 52 (6): 252-8. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUNEL_assay

Antibodies are used to quantify and purify hematopoietic progenitor stem cells for research and for clinical bone marrow ... May 1999). "Sulfotransferases of two specificities function in the reconstitution of high endothelial cell ligands for L- ... Tindle RW, Nichols RA, Chan L, Campana D, Catovsky D, Birnie GD (1985). "A novel monoclonal antibody BI-3C5 recognises ... A hematopoietic progenitor cell surface antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody raised against KG-1a cells". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

Studies have shown that S1 domain induced IgG and IgA antibody levels at a much higher capacity. It is the focus spike proteins ... Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by rRT-PCR is of limited specificity in ... Detection of a past infection is possible with serological tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to ... It is unknown whether different persons use similar antibody genes in response to COVID‑19. The severity of the inflammation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

This approach depended on the use of antibodies to cell surface glycoproteins or "markers" that might identify specialized ... Ly phenotypes predict both function and specificity for major histocompatibility complex products. Immunogenetics 1983;17:147. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Cantor

The virus appears to have specificity for renal tissues within the species Rana pipiens. It is possible that this is because ... even in the absence of antibodies. This is also seen in the studies in which warm frogs nearly devoid of tumors are cooled down ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranid_herpesvirus_1

First, antibodies with high specificities for plant SPS also target the bacterial SPS, indicating the structure is conserved ... enough for the antibody to recognize the enzyme as an antigen. Furthermore, genomic studies reveal that closely related plant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose-phosphate_synthase

The specificities were 95%, 72%, and 73% for PAMG-1, fFN and CL, respectively. The NPVs were 96%, 87%, and 89% for PAMG-1, fFN ... capability of the PAMG-1 protein has originally been used by an immunoassay that employs a series of monoclonal antibodies ( ... specificity for ≤7 and ≤14 days, respectively. A second peer-reviewed, published study by this same group of authors involved ... with respect to SP specificity and PPV positive predictive value (P < 0.01) provides evidence toward being able to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_alpha_microglobulin-1_(PAMG-1)

This peptide-to-antibody conjugation is validated in Western blotting, immunoprecipitation (IP), immunocytochemistry (IHC), and ... This is advantageous to offer stringent specificity to the NE-tagged proteins, which are readily to be detected, quantitated, ... The NE-tag can be specifically detected using a monoclonal anti-NE detection antibody - an affinity-purified mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NE-tag

An ELISA test for antigen and Immunoglobulin M antibodies give 88% sensitivity and 90% specificity for the presence of the ... Confirmation is by laboratory testing to detect the virus's RNA, antibodies for the virus, or the virus itself in cell culture ... presence of excess protein in the urine and fever can indicate Lassa fever with higher specificity. In cases in which death ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_fever

They are classified according to their ligand specificity, function, localization and/or evolutionary relationships. Based on ... including monoclonal antibodies, non-specific immunotherapies, oncolytic virus therapy, T-cell therapy and cancer vaccines. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

There he performed a number of studies on the immunological specificity and chemical nature of antibodies and antigens and ... Ostromislensky investigated the possibility of synthesis of antibodies in vitro and proposed a theory of antibody synthesis, ... which is regarded as one of the first versions of the so-called matrix theory of antibody synthesis. The theory had strong ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ostromislensky

... weakened immune systems without specificity to a toxin, and as allergens or irritants. Some mycotoxins are harmful to other ... "Development of an immuno-electrochemical glass carbon electrode sensor based on graphene oxide/gold nanocomposite and antibody ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotoxin

One drawback to shielding the drug from the outside cells is that it no longer has specificity, and requires coupling to extra ... antibodies to be able to target a biological site. Due to their low stability, liposome-based nanoparticles for drug delivery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoneuroscience

... the samples are labelled with a fluorescent dye using an antibody for specificity and then finally loaded into a microcapillary ... method combines amplification with a novel technology called surround optical fiber immunoassay and some specific antibodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy

... and enhances the antigen-specific T-cell response which is necessary for Tr1 cells antigen specificity. CD49b belongs to the ... "Correlation of allergen-specific IgG subclass antibodies and T lymphocyte cytokine responses in children with multiple food ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_regulatory_T_cell

They may directly activate B cells, regardless of their antigenic specificity. Plasma cells are terminally differentiated and, ... or antibodies. Mitogens are often used to stimulate lymphocytes and thereby assess immune function. The most commonly used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen

Modification-specific antibodies in turn, are used to immunoprecipitate the DNA-histone complexes. Following ... which cleaves DNA in a low sequence specificity manner. Such hypersensitive sites were thought to be transcriptionally active ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics

Separate and overlapping specificities in rheumatoid arthritis antibodies binding to citrulline- and homocitrulline-containing ... Antibodies binding to homocitrulline-containing sequences have been found in rheumatoid arthritis patients' sera More recently ... Turunen, S., Koivula, M.-K., Risteli, L. and Risteli, J. (2010), Anticitrulline antibodies can be caused by homocitrulline- ... Homocitrulline has been suggested as a confounding antigen for rheumatoid arthritis antibodies targeting citrullinated proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocitrulline

Thus, the antibodies used in RPMA must be carefully validated for specificity and performance against cell lysates by western ... Strips with single band indicate specific antibodies that are suitable for RPMA use. Antibody performance should be also ... In addition, finding the appropriate antibody could require extensive screening of many antibodies by western blotting prior to ... two open resource databases have been created to display western blot results for antibodies that have good binding specificity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_phase_protein_lysate_microarray

The Weil-Felix antibody was recently found to target rickettsia LPS O-antigen. The basis of the test is the presence of ... The Weil-Felix test suffers from poor sensitivity and specificity, with a recent study showing an overall sensitivity as low as ... Weil-Felix is a nonspecific agglutination test which detects anti-rickettsial antibodies in patient's serum. Weil-Felix test is ... As a result, it has largely been supplanted by other methods of serology, including indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weil–Felix_test

The specificity and sensitivity can be controlled by the appropriate choice of materials and their interaction with the ... A large range of analytes of biological interest such as proteins, DNA, cancer cells, glucose and antibodies can be detected ... In ion-containing hydrogels, their selective swelling results in their specificity. Applications in gaseous and aqueous ... Emiliyanov, Grigoriy; Høiby, Poul; Pedersen, Lars; Bang, Ole (2013-03-08). "Selective Serial Multi-Antibody Biosensing with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal_sensor

Nadarajan, V.S.; Laing, A. A.; Saad, S. M.; Usin, M (2011). "Prevalence and specificity of red-blood-cell antibodies in a ... FSL have been used to create human red cell kodecytes that have been used to detect and identify blood group allo-antibodies as ... FSL blood group A as a solution has been used to neutralise circulating antibodies in a mouse model and allow incompatible ... This model experiment was used to demonstrate the potential of FSLs to neutralise circulating antibody and allow for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function-spacer-lipid_Kode_construct

Immunofluorescence and antibody techniques were used to localise the mutant V12rac1 protein after being microinjected into the ... These findings were published in Molecular and Cellular Biology (MCB). Alan Hall showed the specificity of Rho in the ... providing specificity. In the same year, Hall investigated the role of the small GTPase Ral in neurite branching. After ... yet very little investigation into the way in which specificity of the pathway is maintained. It was known at this point that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hall

The relevance of some auto-antibodies that act against the NMDAR and VGKC is being studied. Current estimates suggest that ... Bentall RP, Fernyhough C (August 2008). "Social Predictors of Psychotic Experiences: Specificity and Psychological Mechanisms ... Torrey EF, Bartko JJ, Lun ZR, Yolken RH (May 2007). "Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Meta- ... In a meta-analysis of several studies, they found moderately higher levels of Toxoplasma antibodies in those with schizophrenia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

... which use DNA-barcoded antibodies. A different approach uses a combination of heavy-metal RNA probes and protein antibodies to ... Specificity, and Excellent Scalability". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95192. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995192A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095192 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiomics

Heizmann B, Reth M, Infantino S (Oct 2010). "Syk is a dual-specificity kinase that self-regulates the signal output from the B- ... However, the presence of both the CD79a and CD79b ITAM tyrosines were required for normal T cell dependent antibody responses. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD79A

In general, small molecular inhibitors are difficult in terms of specificity along with unendurable side effects. Antibodies ... would be the specificity and diversity of targets it can affect compared to what is currently being used such as antibodies or ... Also, producing miRNA therapeutically lacks in specificity because only 6-8 nucleotide base pairing is required for miRNA to ... in order to effectively position the RNaseIII domains and thus control the specificity of the sRNA products. The helicase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicer

Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin Anges Yadouleton1, Anna-Lena Sander1, Andres ... Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/1/20-3281-f2

The specificity of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in the fluorescent antibody test for malaria parasites in mice / by F ... 1969)‎. The specificity of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M in the fluorescent antibody test for malaria parasites in mice ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/65570?locale-attribute=fr&

Side by side comparison of three fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays with a focus on specificity. View ORCID Profile ... Side by side comparison of three fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays with a focus on specificity ... Side by side comparison of three fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays with a focus on specificity ... Side by side comparison of three fully automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays with a focus on specificity ...

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.04.20117911v3.article-metrics

Specificity and durability of antibody responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) immunised with Vibrio anguillarum O2b. ... Specificity and durability of antibody responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) immunised with Vibrio anguillarum O2b. ... Specificity and durability of antibody responses in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) immunised with Vibrio anguillarum O2b ...

https://nofima.no/publikasjon/372048/

Would you like to change your VIN email? Just click here ...

https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11257&catId=32414&id=3864650&ind=1051&objTypeID=17

T1 - Monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity for hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants can recognize viral ... title = "Monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity for hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants can recognize viral ... Monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity for hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants can recognize viral ... Monoclonal antibodies with broad specificity for hepatitis C virus hypervariable region 1 variants can recognize viral ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/monoclonal-antibodies-with-broad-specificity-for-hepatitis-c-viru-4

The effect of different immunisation schedules on the specificity of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to potato cyst nematode. In: ... The effect of different immunisation schedules on the specificity of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to potato cyst nematode. ... The effect of different immunisation schedules on the specificity of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to potato cyst nematode. / ... The effect of different immunisation schedules on the specificity of rabbit polyclonal antibodies to potato cyst nematode. ...

https://researchportal.hw.ac.uk/en/publications/the-effect-of-different-immunisation-schedules-on-the-specificity-2

Antibodies, Viral Coronavirus Infections COVID-19 Humans SARS-CoV-2 Sensitivity And Specificity Serologic Tests ... Title : Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin Personal Author(s) : Yadouleton, Anges; ... Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin. ... Limited Specificity of Serologic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection, Benin ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/99992

Our PSMC3 Polyclonal Antibody price is reasonable. Check more details about PSMC3 Polyclonal Antibody now. ... Antibodies. Flow Cytometry Antibodies Polyclonal Antibody Monoclonal Antibody Virus Antibody Secondary Antibody KO Validated ... Acetyl Phospho Methyl Antibody Ready-to-Use Antibodies Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody Kits. SARS-CoV-2 ELISA Kit ELISA Kits Food ... IHC Validated Antibodies Cancer Research Antibodies SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test TUNEL Assay Kit Immunology Related Reagents ...

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https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/1/20-3281-t1

Knockout Tested Rabbit recombinant monoclonal CD13 antibody [EPR4058]. Validated in WB, IHC, ICC/IF and tested in Mouse, Rat, ... Broad specificity aminopeptidase. Plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by ... Primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies. ELISA and Matched Antibody Pair Kits. Cell and tissue imaging tools. Cellular and ... Anti-CD13 antibody [EPR4058] - Low endotoxin, Azide free (ab227111) *Anti-CD13 antibody [EPR4058] - BSA and Azide free ( ...

https://www.abcam.com/cd13-antibody-epr4058-ab108310.html

... result of antibodies induced by the introduction of antigens or microorganisms into the host. Specificity:. The probability ... More correctly referred to as an HIV antibody test, the HIV test is a laboratory procedure that detects antibodies to HIV, ... A laboratory test that detects specific antibodies to components of a virus. Chiefly used to confirm HIV antibodies in ... Participants in HIV vaccine trials. HIV-vaccine--induced antibodies may be detected by current HIV tests and may cause a false- ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5019a1.htm

Anti-CD3d Antibody, clone 1H2 ZooMAb® Rabbit Monoclonal recombinant, expressed in HEK 293 cells; find Sigma-Aldrich-ZRB1295 ... Specificity. Clone 1H2 is a ZooMAb® rabbit recombinant monoclonal antibody that specifically detects human T-cell surface ... ZooMAb® antibodies represent an entirely new generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies.. Each ZooMAb® antibody is ... Each antibody is validated for high specificity and affinity across multiple applications, including its most commonly used ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/sigma/zrb1295

... immunochromatographic dual test for the simultaneous detection of both nontreponemal and Treponema pallidum-specific antibodies ... nontreponemal antibodies; point-of-care; rapid test; sensitivity; specificity. ... The sensitivity, the specificity, and its concordance to gold standard serology of treponemal line were high, around 90%. The ... Keywords: Syphilis; Treponema pallidum; Treponema pallidum-specific antibodies; diagnosis; ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23999937/?dopt=Abstract

Production and specificity of mono and polyclonal antibodies against microcystins conjugated through N-methyldehydroalanine. ... Production and specificity of mono and polyclonal antibodies against microcystins conjugated through N-methyldehydroalanine. I ... Production and specificity of mono and polyclonal antibodies against microcystins conjugated through N-methyldehydroalanine. / ... Production and specificity of mono and polyclonal antibodies against microcystins conjugated through N-methyldehydroalanine. ...

https://research.abo.fi/sv/publications/production-and-specificity-of-mono-and-polyclonal-antibodies-agai

Specificity designationsEdit. An antibody can be called monospecific if it has specificity for the same antigen or epitope,[54] ... Antibody fragments, such as Fab and nanobodies are not considered as antibody mimetics. Common advantages over antibodies are ... Antibody mimeticEdit. Antibody mimetics are organic compounds, like antibodies, that can specifically bind antigens. They ... Asymmetrical antibodiesEdit. Heterodimeric antibodies, which are also asymmetrical antibodies, allow for greater flexibility ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Specificity. This Balb/c myeloma derived clone has unknown specificity and was chosen as an isotype control after screening on ... Primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies. ELISA and Matched Antibody Pair Kits. Cell and tissue imaging tools. Cellular and ... The anti-IL6 antibody ab9324 is a mouse monoclonal IgG2a. Therefore, you will need to use a mouse monoclonal IgG2a isotype ... One is IgG2a and the second is IgG1 and she is looking for one isotype control for IHC-P that will fit both primary antibodies ...

https://www.abcam.com/mouse-igg2a-kappa-monoclonal-mopc-173-isotype-control-chip-grade-ab18413.html

Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies and type II collagen Specificities. In: ... Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies and type II collagen Specificities. / Mahdi, ... title = "Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies and type II collagen Specificities", ... Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: anti-citrullinated proteins antibodies and type II collagen Specificities. ...

https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/autoantibodies-in-rheumatoid-arthritis-anti-citrullinated-protein-2

Antibody - Pan Specific (AF4175). Validated Applications: WB. Validated Species: Human, Mouse, Rat. Sample size available. ... Specificity. Detects recombinant human PKA C alpha , C beta , and C gamma , and endogenous human PKA C isoforms in Western ... Diseases for PKA C (pan) Antibody (AF4175). Discover more about diseases related to PKA C (pan) Antibody (AF4175). ... PTMs for PKA C (pan) Antibody (AF4175). Learn more about PTMs related to PKA C (pan) Antibody (AF4175). ...

https://www.novusbio.com/products/pka-c-pan-antibody_af4175

Specificity. Detects mouse BCMA in ELISAs and Western blots. In sandwich immunoassays, less than 0.2% cross-reactivity with ... Reviews for Mouse BCMA/TNFRSF17 Biotinylated Antibody. There are currently no reviews for this product. Be the first to review ... Have you used Mouse BCMA/TNFRSF17 Biotinylated Antibody?. Submit a review and receive an Amazon gift card.. $25/€18/£15/$25CAN ... Citation for Mouse BCMA/TNFRSF17 Biotinylated Antibody. R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/products/mouse-bcma-tnfrsf17-biotinylated-antibody_baf593

Non-specificity as the sticky problem in therapeutic antibody development While antibodies have a remarkable track record in ... This Review discusses the physicochemistry of non-specificity, with a focus on surface patches as a key challenge, and outlines ... therapeutics, achieving sufficient specificity remains an issue. ...

https://www.nature.com/natrevchem/?utm_source=ext_website_link&utm_medium=liveevent&utm_content=null&utm_campaign=NRRJ_1_AK_OS26NRChem&error=cookies_not_supported&code=266e4243-ac42-4aef-be8b-a65b2cfd97ea

Highly specific and rigorously validated in-house, CD70 Antibody (CST #72094) is ready to ship. ... Polyclonal Antibody for studying CD70. Cited in 1 publication. Validated for Western Blotting. ... Specificity / Sensitivity. CD70 Antibody recognizes endogenous levels of total CD70 protein.. Species Reactivity:. Human ... Primary Antibody Incubation. *Incubate membrane and primary antibody (at the appropriate dilution and diluent as recommended in ...

https://www.cellsignal.com/products/primary-antibodies/cd70-antibody/72094

Specificity & cross reactivity of anti-RNA antibodies reactive with mammalian RNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. ... Kumar A, Ali R. Specificity & cross reactivity of anti-RNA antibodies reactive with mammalian RNA in systemic lupus ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/20612

Specializing in Secondary Antibodies and Conjugates - For Western Blotting, IHC, ICC, Flow Cytometry, ELISA and other ... Antibody Format: Fab Fragment. Specificity: IgM, Fc5μ fragment specific. Conjugate: Alexa Fluor® 647. Product Category: ... The antibody may cross-react with IgM from other species. Fab fragment antibodies are generated by papain digestion of whole ... To complex with primary antibody in solution, use 1:1 weight ratio of Fab:primary antibody (15:1 molar ratio). Vortex and ...

https://www.jacksonimmuno.com/catalog/products/109-607-043/Goat-Human-IgM-Alexa-Fluor-647

Complement C1q antibody. Cat# MBS536288. Supplier: MyBiosource. Available at Gentaur Genprice in 5 to 7 Working Days. Place ... Specificity: N/A. Purity: N/A. Form: GBS, with 0.1% EACA, 0.01% benzamidine, 1mM EDTA, and 0.099% NaN3. ... MBS536288 , Complement C1q antibody MyBiosource Antibodies MBS536288 , Complement C1q antibody. (No reviews yet) Write a Review ... MyBiosource Antibodies. MBS536288 , Complement C1q antibody. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ( ...

https://biocheminfo.org/mbs536288-complement-c1q-antibody/

45-890) can be used to detect Human MLL2 Antibody in ELISA and other applications. ... SPECIFICITY: The immunizing peptide was designed from NP_003473.1. Since then the sequence has changed in the databases and ... Custom Antibody Services Speak to one of our custom antibody specialists to discuss your next custom antibody project. ... Pair your antibody with a Lysate, Peptide, Control, & /OR Secondary Antibody.. Contact our Customer Care Team for more ...

https://www.prosci-inc.com/product/mll2-antibody-45-890/

... is a relatively rare autoimmune disorder in which antibodies form against acetylcholine nicotinic postsynaptic receptors at the ... The anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody test for diagnosing MG has the following characteristics:. * High specificity ( ... Assays for the following antibodies may also be useful:. * Anti-MuSK antibody (present in about half of patients with negative ... Antibody response in MG is polyclonal. In an individual patient, antibodies are composed of different subclasses of IgG. In ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1171206-92579/what-is-myasthenia-gravis-mg

... and sex on specificity and treshold values. In: Clinical Chemistry. 1999 ; Vol. 45, No. 12. pp. 2269-2272. ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in screening for autoimmune diabetes: influence of comorbidity, age, and sex on ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in screening for autoimmune diabetes: influence of comorbidity, age, and sex on ... Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in screening for autoimmune diabetes: influence of comorbidity, age, and sex on ...

https://pure.eur.nl/en/publications/glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-antibodies-in-screening-for-autoimmun

Antibody Specificity. *. Markus Müschen, MD, PhD. Arthur H. and Isabel Bunker Professor of Medicine (Hematology) and Professor ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/dfri/research-profiles/?orgId=116262&meshId=869

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Monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: a clinical test of monocyte function. (1/9631)

Features of the immune response to DNA in mice. I. Genetic control. (2/9631)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (3/9631)

Longitudinal evaluation of serovar-specific immunity to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (4/9631)

Fine specificity of the autoimmune response to the Ro/SSA and La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. (5/9631)

Overexpression of human homologs of the bacterial DnaJ chaperone in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (6/9631)

Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes. (7/9631)

Alternating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody specificity: drug-induced vasculitis in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. (8/9631)

No FAQ available that match "antibody specificity"

Antibody Specificity

Antibodies

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Antibodies, Neutralizing

Antibodies, Bacterial

Antibodies, Viral

Epitopes

Sensitivity and Specificity

Antibody Formation

Antibody Affinity

Cross Reactions

HIV Antibodies

Immunoglobulin G

Binding Sites, Antibody

Autoantibodies

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

Molecular Sequence Data

Substrate Specificity

Immunoglobulin M

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Amino Acid Sequence

Immune Sera

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Neutralization Tests

Rabbits

Epitope Mapping

Immunization

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Hybridomas

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Haptens

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Immunoassay

Isoantibodies

Species Specificity

Autoantigens

Antigens

Immunoglobulin A

Peptides

Antigens, Bacterial

Radioimmunoassay

HIV Envelope Protein gp120

B-Lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Antibodies, Protozoan

Blotting, Western

Immunoblotting

Antibodies, Neoplasm

Antibodies, Antinuclear

HIV-1

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Molecular Weight

Immunohistochemistry

Antibodies, Fungal

Base Sequence

Antibodies, Bispecific

Single-Chain Antibodies

Recombinant Proteins

Antibodies, Blocking

Cell Line

Antibodies, Heterophile

Kinetics

Antibodies, Catalytic

Binding Sites

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect

Protein Binding

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid

Antigens, Surface

Cells, Cultured

Models, Molecular

Cattle

Antigens, Viral

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Cloning, Molecular

Peptide Library