Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.Single-Chain Antibodies: A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.Tetanus ToxoidImmunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Surface Plasmon Resonance: A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.Mice, Inbred BALB CBase Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.HIV Antibodies: Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Serum Albumin: A major protein in the BLOOD. It is important in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic molecules.Antibodies, Neoplasm: Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.Antibodies, Antinuclear: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Affinity Labels: Analogs of those substrates or compounds which bind naturally at the active sites of proteins, enzymes, antibodies, steroids, or physiological receptors. These analogs form a stable covalent bond at the binding site, thereby acting as inhibitors of the proteins or steroids.Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Antibodies, Fungal: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Antibodies, Bispecific: Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.Antibodies, Blocking: Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Antibodies, Catalytic: Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.Antibodies, Heterophile: Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Immunoglobulin A: Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Ligands: A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Immunoglobulin Fragments: Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Immunosorbent Techniques: Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Immunologic Techniques: Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic: Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Antibody Diversity: The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.Mice, Inbred C57BLRadioligand Assay: Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Lymph node germinal centers form in the absence of follicular dendritic cell networks. (1/1752)
Follicular dendritic cell networks are said to be pivotal to both the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and their functions in generating antigen-specific antibody affinity maturation and B cell memory. We report that lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice form GC cell clusters in the gross anatomical location expected of GCs, despite the complete absence of follicular dendritic cell networks. Furthermore, antigen-specific GC generation was at first relatively normal, but these GCs then rapidly regressed and GC-phase antibody affinity maturation was reduced. Lymphotoxin beta-deficient mice also showed substantial B cell memory in their mesenteric lymph nodes. This memory antibody response was of relatively low affinity for antigen at week 4 after challenge, but by week 10 after challenge was comparable to wild-type, indicating that affinity maturation had failed in the GC phase but developed later. (+info)Immunization of mice with DNA-based Pfs25 elicits potent malaria transmission-blocking antibodies. (2/1752)
Immunological intervention, in addition to vector control and malaria chemotherapy, will be needed to stop the resurgence of malaria, a disease with a devastating impact on the health of 300 to 500 million people annually. We have pursued a vaccination strategy, based on DNA immunization in mice with genes encoding two antigens present on the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, Pfs25 and Pfg27, to induce biologically important antibodies that can block development of the parasite in the Anopheles mosquito and thus transmission of the disease. DNA encoding Pfs25 when administered by the intramuscular route, either alone or with DNA encoding Pfg27, had the most potent transmission-blocking effects, resulting in up to a 97% decrease in oocyst numbers in mosquito midguts and a 75% decrease in rate of infection. Immunization with DNA encoding a Pfg27-Pfs25 fusion protein was less effective and DNA encoding Pfg27 elicited antibodies in sera that had only modest effects on the infectivity of the parasite. These results show for the first time that DNA vaccination can result in potent transmission-blocking antibodies in mice and suggest that the Pfs25 gene should be included as part of a multicomponent DNA vaccine. (+info)Eradication of established tumors by a fully human monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor without concomitant chemotherapy. (3/1752)
A fully human IgG2kappa monoclonal antibody (MAb), E7.6.3, specific to the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFr) was generated from human antibody-producing XenoMouse strains engineered to be deficient in mouse antibody production and to contain the majority of the human antibody gene repertoire on megabase-sized fragments from the human heavy and kappa light chain loci. The E7.6.3 MAb exhibits high affinity (KD = 5 x 10(-11) M) to the receptor, blocks completely the binding of both EGF and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-a) to various EGFr-expressing human carcinoma cell lines, and abolishes EGF-dependent cell activation, including EGFr tyrosine phosphorylation, increased extracellular acidification rate, and cell proliferation. The antibody (0.2 mg i.p. twice a week for 3 weeks) prevents completely the formation of human epidermoid carcinoma A431 xenografts in athymic mice. More importantly, the administration of E7.6.3 without concomitant chemotherapy results in complete eradication of established tumors as large as 1.2 cm3. Tumor eradication of A431 xenografts was achieved in nearly all of the mice treated with total E7.6.3 doses as low as 3 mg, administered over the course of 3 weeks, and a total dose of 0.6 mg led to tumor elimination in 65% of the mice. No tumor recurrence was observed for more than 8 months after the last antibody injection, which further indicated complete tumor cell elimination by the antibody. The potency of E7.6.3 in eradicating well-established tumors without concomitant chemotherapy indicates its potential as a monotherapeutic agent for the treatment of multiple EGFr-expressing human solid tumors, including those for which no effective chemotherapy is available. Being a fully human antibody, E7.6.3 is expected to exhibit minimal immunogenicity and a longer half-life as compared with mouse or mouse-derivatized MAbs, thus allowing repeated antibody administration, including in immunocompetent patients. These results suggest E7.6.3 as a good candidate for assessing the full therapeutic potential of anti-EGFr antibody in the therapy of multiple patient populations with EGFr-expressing solid tumors. (+info)Efficient screening for catalytic antibodies using a short transition-state analog and detailed characterization of selected antibodies. (4/1752)
One of the major obstacles to acquiring catalytic antibodies is that it requires labor-intensive procedures to select catalytic antibodies from huge repertories of antibodies. Here, we selected potential catalytic Abs by utilizing their affinity towards a short transition-state analog which contained only the transition-state structural element, and evaluated in detail its efficiency to enrich catalytic Abs. Hybridoma supernatants elicited against a phosphonate derivative, the TSA1, were screened by a three-step screening process: step 1, ELISA for TSA1-BSA; step 2, ELISA for the short TSA4; and step 3, competitive-inhibition by the short TSA2. Only 22. 8% of positive mAbs from step 1 were found to be catalytic. The rate of catalytic Abs increased to 45.7% using screening steps 1 plus 2, and reached 83.3% using all three screening steps. This clearly suggests that our screening protocol is an efficient method to select potential catalytic Abs. Furthermore, we characterized the properties of both the catalytic Abs and the noncatalytic Abs in detail. The catalytic Abs tended to have lower Kd for TSA1 and the short TSA2 than noncatalytic Abs. It was also observed that catalytic Abs showed clear enantiospecificity toward substrate 6 containing d-phenylalanine while noncatalytic Abs did not. The detailed analysis of kinetic and binding parameters for these antibodies gives us further insight into catalytic antibodies. (+info)Mice with IFN-gamma receptor deficiency are less susceptible to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (5/1752)
IFN-gamma can either adversely or beneficially affect certain experimental autoimmune diseases. To study the role of IFN-gamma in the autoantibody-mediated experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), an animal model of myasthenia gravis in humans, IFN-gammaR-deficient (IFN-gammaR-/-) mutant C57BL/6 mice and congenic wild-type mice were immunized with Torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus CFA. IFN-gammaR-/- mice exhibited significantly lower incidence and severity of muscle weakness, lower anti-AChR IgG Ab levels, and lower Ab affinity to AChR compared with wild-type mice. Passive transfer of serum from IFN-gammaR-/- mice induced less muscular weakness compared with serum from wild-type mice. In contrast, numbers of lymph node cells secreting IFN-gamma and of those expressing IFN-gamma mRNA were strongly augmented in the IFN-gammaR-/- mice, reflecting a failure of negative feedback circuits. Cytokine studies by in situ hybridization revealed lower levels of lymphoid cells expressing AChR-reactive IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA in AChR + CFA-immunized IFN-gammaR-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. No differences were found for AChR-reactive cells expressing IL-4, IL-10, or TGF-beta mRNA. These results indicate that IFN-gamma promotes systemic humoral responses in EAMG by up-regulating the production and the affinity of anti-AChR autoantibodies, thereby contributing to susceptibility to EAMG in C57BL/6-type mice. (+info)Reconciling repertoire shift with affinity maturation: the role of deleterious mutations. (6/1752)
The shift in Ab repertoire, from Abs dominating certain primary B cell responses to genetically unrelated Abs dominating subsequent "memory" responses, challenges the accepted paradigm of affinity maturation. We used mathematical modeling and computer simulations of the dynamics of B cell responses, hypermutation, selection, and memory cell formation to test hypotheses attempting to explain repertoire shift. We show that repertoire shift can be explained within the framework of the affinity maturation paradigm, only when we recognize the destructive nature of hypermutation: B cells with a high initial affinity for the Ag are less likely to improve through random mutations. (+info)Production of high affinity autoantibodies in autoimmune New Zealand Black/New Zealand white F1 mice targeted with an anti-DNA heavy chain. (7/1752)
Lupus-prone, anti-DNA, heavy (H) chain "knock-in" mice were obtained by backcrossing C57BL/6 mice, targeted with a rearranged H chain from a VH11(S107)-encoded anti-DNA hybridoma (D42), onto the autoimmune genetic background of New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZB/NZW) F1 mice. The targeted female mice developed typical lupus serologic manifestations, with the appearance of transgenic IgM anti-DNA autoantibodies at a young age (2-3 mo) and high affinity, somatically mutated IgM and IgG anti-DNA Abs at a later age (6-7 mo). However, they did not develop clinical, lupus-associated glomerulonephritis and survived to at least 18 mo of age. L chain analysis of transgenic anti-DNA Abs derived from diseased NZB/NZW mouse hybridomas showed a very restricted repertoire of Vkappa utilization, different from that of nonautoimmune (C57BL/6 x BALB/c)F1 transgenic anti-DNA Abs. Strikingly, a single L chain was repetitively selected by most anti-DNA, transgenic NZB/NZW B cells to pair with the targeted H chain. This L chain had the same Vkappa-Jkappa rearrangement as that expressed by the original anti-DNA D42 hybridoma. These findings indicate that the kinetics of the autoimmune serologic manifestations are similar in wild-type and transgenic lupus-prone NZB/NZW F1 mice and suggest that the breakdown of immunologic tolerance in these mice is associated with the preferential expansion and activation of B cell clones expressing high affinity anti-DNA H/L receptor combinations. (+info)Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass distribution and IgG1 avidity of antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals after revaccination with tetanus toxoid. (8/1752)
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals the amount of antibodies formed after vaccination with T-cell-dependent recall antigens such as tetanus toxoid is proportional to the peripheral blood CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts. To investigate whether the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass distribution and avidity of the antibodies produced after vaccination are affected as well, we gave 13 HIV-infected adults with low CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts (<200 x 10(6)/liter; group I), 11 HIV-infected adults with intermediate CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts (>/=200 x 10(6)/liter; group II), and 5 healthy controls booster immunizations with tetanus toxoid. The prevaccination antibody concentrations against tetanus toxoid were similar in the HIV-infected and healthy adults. After vaccination the total IgG and the IgG1 anti-tetanus toxoid antibody concentrations were significantly lower in group I than in group II and the controls. The avidity of the IgG1 anti-tetanus toxoid antibodies formed by HIV-infected adults was within the range for healthy controls, irrespective of their CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts. (+info)ProteinSpecificity and affinityAntigensGerminalProduce antibodiesMonoclonal antibody productionHybridomaDifferentiationMAbsCell-dependentTransgenicMonoclonal antibodyChromatographyFragmentsPolyclonal antibodiesPeptidePhageMaturation of antibodiesELISALigandProteinsImmunologySelection of antibodiesStrength of the antigen-antibodyReceptorsMabsScFv antibodyCytotoxicitySecondary antibodiesIsotypeMurinePurified by Antigen AffinityCharacterizationSpecific antibodiesGerminalHuman antibodyPreparationsReactiveImmuneDissociationCross-reactivitySomaticMolecularTiterSingle domain antibodyPicomolarNanomolar-affinityHigh specificityPrimary AntibodiesRabbitEffectorAnti-glycanBroadlyFragmentOptimization
- To account for possible sources of error, we additionally analyzed hundreds of human and mouse antibodies in the Protein Data Bank through both rigidity theory and B-factor analysis. (frontiersin.org)
- Affinity maturation drives this evolution through cycles of mutation and selection leading to enhanced antibody specificity and affinity. (frontiersin.org)
- Antibodies can rapidly evolve in specific response to antigens. (frontiersin.org)
- Moreover, noncognate B cells relayed antigen opsonized by newly produced antibodies from the subcapsular region to the germinal center, and affinity maturation was impaired when this transport process was disrupted. (garvan.org.au)
- Accumulating research has suggested that GANP is important in the reconstruction of antibody genes, and transgenic mice expressing high level of GANP can be used to produce antibodies with high affinity and specificity. (genscript.com)
- People with HIV infections have memory B cells that very rarely produce antibodies that can target and eliminate HIV. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)
- B cells produce antibodies in the immune system. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)
- Even though these cells do not contract direct HIV infections, people with HIV infections have memory B cells that very rarely produce antibodies that can target and eliminate HIV. (vaccinenewsdaily.com)
- Technological progresses in monoclonal antibody production systems. (semanticscholar.org)
- GANP mice are available for all our hybridoma services including our Fast Monoclonal Antibody Services , Phospho-Specific mAb Service , Customized Monoclonal Antibody Packages , and Antibody Drug Development Services . (genscript.com)
- A simple hybridoma screening method for high-affinity monoclonal antibodies using the signal ratio obtained from time-resolved fluorescence assay. (semanticscholar.org)
- In hybridoma screening, quantitative kinetic evaluation is difficult since the concentration of each antibody in the hybridoma supernatant is unknown. (semanticscholar.org)
- GANP can augment the induction of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the V regions, resulting in the affinity maturation of V regions during the proliferation and differentiation of Ag-driven B cells in GCs. (genscript.com)
- GANP ® mouse produces mAbs with extraordinarily high affinity. (genscript.com)
- Generation of high-affinity antibody against T cell-dependent antigen in the Ganp gene-transgenic mouse. (genscript.com)
- GenScript has licensed a unique GANP ® technology from Transgenic Inc for the production of high-affinity and high-specificity antibodies. (genscript.com)
- Costimulation of T cell responses with monoclonal antibody agonists (mAb-AG) targeting 4-1BB showed robust anti-tumor activity in preclinical models, but their clinical development was hampered by low efficacy (Utomilumab) or severe liver toxicity (Urelumab). (nature.com)
- GANP mice are available for all our hybridoma services including our Fast Monoclonal Antibody Services , Phospho-Specific mAb Service , Customized Monoclonal Antibody Packages , and Antibody Drug Development Services . (genscript.com)
- Production of a High-affinity Monoclonal Antibody Reactive with Folate Receptors Alpha and Beta. (medworm.com)
- Therapeutic activity of humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and polymorphism in IgG Fc receptor FcγRIIIa gene," Blood 99:754-758, American Society of Hematology (Feb. 2002). (freepatentsonline.com)
- The potent and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2G12 binds a cluster of high-mannose-type oligosaccharides on the gp120 subunit of Env, revealing a conserved and highly exposed epitope on the glycan shield. (nih.gov)
- In this study, the authors performed analysis to better understand the structural and mechanistic basis for the neutralization activity of E106, a monoclonal antibody which protected against the lethal Dengue virus type 1 infection in mice by bivalent engagement of the adjacent domain III subunits on a single virion. (moleculardevices.com)
- IgG1, BALB/c) were produced to obtain insights into the microheterogeneity of the monoclonal antibody. (biomedsearch.com)
- The monoclonal antibody was separated into about six spots which had an identical affinity to dextran B512, but differed in their isoelectric points (pI). (biomedsearch.com)
- During parallel therapy studies with radioiodinated anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3F8 ( 131 I-3F8), a tumor-to-blood ratio of 2.7:1 was achieved, demonstrating the dosimetric advantage of PRIT over conventional radioimmunotherapy (i.e., with directly labeled antibodies or antibody fragments). (aacrjournals.org)
- The fine specificity of epitope recognition of the anti-MUC1 mucin monoclonal antibody, C595 has been studied using solid-phase replacement net (RNET) analysis. (ovid.com)
- One recently described monoclonal antibody (E106) protects mice against infection of DENV-1 when administered before or several days after virus infection. (prolekare.cz)
- Characterization of mAb6-9-1 monoclonal antibody against hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus H5N1 and its engineered derivative, single-chain variable fragment antibody. (semanticscholar.org)
- Top left: Human cerebellar cortex fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and stained with Mouse monoclonal antibody to Neurofilament Heavy, phosphorylated [NAP M-1387-50, using the ABC (avidin biotin conjugate) immunohistochemistry method. (biosensis.com)
- Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRed) Monoclonal Antibody Monoclonal Host:Mouse IgG2b Purification: Affinity purified antibody storage GENTAUR recommends for long therm storage to freeze at -24 C. For short time storage up to 30 days we suggest fridge storage at 1 to 10 C. Prevent multiple freeze taw cycles of Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRed) Monoclonal Antibody Monoclonal Host:Mouse IgG2b Purification: Affinity purified. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRed) Monoclonal Antibody Monoclonal Host:Mouse IgG2b Purification: Affinity purified mus musculus murine Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRed) Monoclonal Antibody Monoclonal Host:Mouse IgG2b Purification: Affinity purified detects proteins from variouse species most likely human. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRed) Monoclonal Antibody Monoclonal Host:Mouse IgG2b Purification: Affinity purified is a monoclonal antibody which is greatly purified and with high binding affinity for the antigen that it is risen against. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Affinity chromatography - is a method of separating biochemical mixtures and based on a highly specific interaction such as that between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, or receptor and ligand. (academic.ru)
- Here, we isolated antigens from total parasite proteins by antibody affinity chromatography to test an immunization against lethal malaria infection in a murine model. (hindawi.com)
- Affinity chromatography is one of the most employed methods for IgG purification, based on the development of specific interactions between the antibody and a ligand. (nsti.org)
- PeproTech's polyclonal antibodies are purified through the isolation of specific polyclonal antibodies from antiserum by antigen affinity chromatography. (peprotech.com)
- 5%), which cannot be effectively isolated by standard purification procedures (e.g. ion exchange chromatography) or by non-antigen-specific affinity procedures, such as Protein A/G affinity purification. (peprotech.com)
- Download this publication from Biotechnology Journal today to learn more about custom affinity chromatography development using camelid V H H antibody fragments, and their potential to purify highly pure and active biological therapeutics. (thermofisher.com)
- Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) is the most common method for preparing affinity chromatography to purify antibody because of its simplicity and mild pH conditions. (abnova.com)
- Peptide epitope affinity chromatography is a powerful technique for the purification of antibodies. (open.ac.uk)
- It is concluded that epitope affinity chromatography, coupled with biophysical analyses have an important role to play in the production and characterization of antibody based reagents for targeted diagnosis and therapy of human diseases. (open.ac.uk)
- Efficient Screening and Design of Variable Domain of Heavy Chain Antibody Ligands Through High Throughput Sequencing for Affinity Chromatography to Purify Fab Fragments. (bioportfolio.com)
- Sequencing for Affinity Chromatography to Purify Fab Fragments. (bioportfolio.com)
- They were also tested as ligands for the purification of C595 antibody using epitope affinity chromatography. (ovid.com)
- This order of affinity for C595 was confirmed in chromatography experiments in which antibody was eluted from the former two peptide matrices at approximately the same point on the NaSCN elution gradient, whereas antibody was desorbed from APDTRPPPG at a higher NaSCN concentration. (ovid.com)
- The aim of our study was to determine the affinity of IgG anti-β2GPI, isolated by affinity chromatography. (biomedcentral.com)
- Produced in rabbits immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding to the center region of the Human STARD4, and purified by antigen affinity chromatography. (bioon.com.cn)
- Thermo Fisher Scientific has collaborated with MedImmune to develop two custom affinity resins based on V H H antibody fragments, targeting recombinant proteins with the most desired specificity. (thermofisher.com)
- The performance of a number of peptide ligands for the purification of a range of different antibodies and recombinant fragments was investigated by automated FPLC. (open.ac.uk)
- High-throughput reformatting of phage-displayed antibody fragments to IgGs by one-step emulsion PCR. (bioportfolio.com)
- F(ab')2 fragments of antibodies are generated by pepsin digestion of whole IgG antibodies to remove most of the Fc region while leaving intact some of the hinge region. (selectscience.net)
- The binding specificity, affinity and biophysical characteristics of these fragments determine their potential applications and resulting efficacies. (utexas.edu)
- Thus engineering desired properties into antibody and TCR fragments is a major concern of the multi-billion dollar biopharmaceutical industry. (utexas.edu)
- Binding affinity and kinetics for representative variants depended on the display format used during selection, and all TCR fragments retained binding to native pMHC antigen. (utexas.edu)
- Using a combination of computational design and phage-based screening, we have identified antibodies and TCR fragments with improved binding properties or biophysical characteristics. (utexas.edu)
- In this study, we describe an optimization of the YSD methodology, applied to the generation of potentially therapeutic high affinity single chain antibody fragments (scFvs) targeting PD-L1, an immune checkpoint component which is often upregulated on cancer cell surface. (unina.it)
- The selection and characterization of human anti-CEA single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) is a first step toward the construction of new anticancer monoclonal antibodies designed for optimal blood clearance and tumor penetration. (biomedcentral.com)
- The construction of libraries of recombinant antibody fragments that are displayed on the surface of filamentous phage, and the selection of phage antibodies against target antigens, have become an important technological tool in generating new monoclonal antibodies for research and clinical applications. (biomedcentral.com)
- Manoutcharian K, Perez-Garmendia R and Gevorkian G: Recombinant antibody fragments for neurodegenerative diseases. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The in vitro affinity maturation has successfully been used to optimize antibodies, antibody fragments or other peptide molecules like antibody mimetics. (wikipedia.org)
- Two or three rounds of mutation and selection using display methods like phage display usually results in antibody fragments with affinities in the low nanomolar range. (wikipedia.org)
- Our affinity-purified polyclonal antibody package in rabbit delivers 10-50 mg purified polyclonal antibodies with guaranteed ELISA titer. (genscript.com)
- Embodiments herein provide methods of purifying monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies (e.g., immunoglobulins) from biological fluids, such as cell lysates, cell. (patents.com)
- in comparison to the polyclonal antibodies monoclonal antibodies are highly specific to a given epitope and can be used in applications where specific targeting is required. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- TCR avidity for a given pMHC is determined by number of MHC molecules, availability of coreceptors, and TCR affinity for MHC or peptide, respectively, with peptide recognition being the most important factor to confer target specificity. (rcsb.org)
- Here we present high-resolution crystal structures of 2 Fab antibodies in complex with the immunodominant NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide analogue (SLLMWITQV) presented by HLA-A*0201 and compare them with a TCR recognizing the same pMHC. (rcsb.org)
- As the MW "peg" dominates the contacts between Fab and peptide, we estimated the contributions of individual amino acids between the Fab and peptide to provide the rational basis for a peptide-focused second-generation, high-affinity antibody library. (rcsb.org)
- The final Fab candidate achieved better peptide binding by 2 light-chain mutations, giving a 20-fold affinity improvement to 2-4 nM, exceeding the affinity of the TCR by 1,000-fold. (rcsb.org)
- For polyclonal antibody projects that employ peptide antigens designed, synthesized, and conjugated by GenScript, the final antibody product will have an ELISA titer of 1:64,000 or better, guaranteed. (genscript.com)
- FQ studies showed that the modified peptide had higher affinity for antibody. (open.ac.uk)
- The versatility of epitope affinity was demonstrated by purification of a recombinant diabody (dbFv) and by the use of a separate peptide matrix for the purification of an unrelated antibody. (open.ac.uk)
- A typical PRIT protocol begins with a cold dose of bispecific antibody (BsAb) to prelocalize at the tumor, followed with a clearing agent (CA) to remove circulating off-target antibody and then last, a rapidly clearing radiolabeled small-molecule hapten or peptide. (aacrjournals.org)
- In FQ tests the native epitope peptide (APDTRPAPG) and the alanine substituted peptide had similar association constants when reacting with C595 antibody, whereas the proline substituted peptide (APDTRPPPG) had a higher association constant. (ovid.com)
- In conclusion, RNET analysis is useful in the rational design of peptide ligands so that the performance of affinity matrices may be regulated. (ovid.com)
- In the first study, de novo modeling was used to generate libraries of FLAG peptide-binding single-chain antibodies. (utexas.edu)
- This can be performed by immobilising the antigen of interest (e.g., the peptide used to raise the antibody) on a solid phase so that the antibodies that bind specifically to the antigen are retained upon loading of the serum, while other impurities and unspecific IgG are discarded in the flow-through. (covalab.com)
- Thanks to our expertise in purification and peptide chemistry, we are able to determine the best conditions to allow the most effective antigen-antibody interaction. (covalab.com)
- Anti-post-translational modification antibodies are purified using a specific 3-step antigen affinity purification procedure, for those antibodies require an extremely specific separation between antibodies which are specific for the control peptide and those which are specific to the modified peptide. (covalab.com)
- Please note that antibodies raised against synthetic peptides are quite often very specific for that peptide. (biosensis.com)
- This ultrasound-based method enables single-step selection of a high-affinity peptide. (wikipedia.org)
- Directed evolution of human T-cell receptors with picomolar affinities by phage display. (umassmed.edu)
- To design an affinity ligand for purification of antigen-binding fragment (Fab) antibody, variable domain of heavy chain antibody (VHH) phage libraries were constructed from Fab-immunized Alpaca and subjected to biopanning against Fabs. (bioportfolio.com)
- Human Antibody Bispecifics through Phage Display Selection. (bioportfolio.com)
- Using phage display selection of antibody heavy chains in the presence of a competitor light chain and providing a cognate li. (bioportfolio.com)
- Single-chain variable fragment (scFv) is the most common format for phage display antibody library. (bioportfolio.com)
- Toward this goal, we (1) designed antibody specificity using a novel computational method, (2) engineered thermoresistant Fabs by phage-based selection and (3) modulated binding kinetics for a single-chain TCR. (utexas.edu)
- In the third study, TCR fragment binding kinetics for a clonotypic antibody were modulated by varying valence during phage-based selection. (utexas.edu)
- For more information, visit http://www.bio-rad.com/HuCAL-Affinity Learn how recombinant monoclonal antibodies are created using the HuCAL® antibody library and proprietary phage display technology. (labtube.tv)
- In a previous study, a human anti‑TSLP‑single‑chain antibody variable fragment (anti‑TSLP‑scFv) 84 was selected by phage display from a constructed human scFv library. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The invention of antibody phage display revolutionised antibody drug discovery. (wikipedia.org)
- In summary, we prove that affinity maturation of antibodies mimicking a TCR is possible and provide a strategy for engineering high-affinity antibodies that can be used in targeting specific pMHC complexes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. (rcsb.org)
- In this Thesis, we investigate affinity maturation of antibodies for very high affinity binding. (mit.edu)
- Primary, Secondary and Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Providing highly cited primary and secondary antibodies, we have you covered for your ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry or other assay. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- For all antibody projects using antigens designed, synthesized, and conjugated by GenScript, we guarantee a final ELISA titer of 1:64,000 or better- in any host . (genscript.com)
- GANP ® mouse antibodies can be used to establish a highly-specific ELISA system that distinguishes similar substances. (genscript.com)
- The large quantities of unrelated IgGs found in these inferior preparations can considerably increase the background when the antibody is used in analytical procedures such as ELISA, neutralization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. (peprotech.com)
- To ensure that the product titer falls within the required range, antibody titer is standardized by microtiter plate ELISA with rabbit IgG. (mpbio.com)
- This video shows the procedure of sandwich ELISA assay for anti-PEG antibody pair. (abnova.com)
- Eluted fractions containing anti-β2GPI antibodies were neutralised and analysed by ELISA using various binding buffers. (biomedcentral.com)
- Custom ELISA Kits, Recombinant Proteins and Antibodies can be designed, manufactured and produced according to the researcher's specifications. (mybiosource.com)
- The mutant scFvs were expressed in pLZ16 and affinity‑enhanced anti‑TSLP‑scFv‑M4 was screened using ELISA. (spandidos-publications.com)
- High affinity IgG was eliminated preferentially, as shown by calibrated variable ligand-density ELISA. (elsevier.com)
- The strength of binding between a receptor, such as an ANTIGEN binding site on an antibody, and a LIGAND , such as an EPITOPE on an antigen. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Typical interactions that are exploited in affinity purification include antibody-antigen, enzyme-substrate/inhibitor/cofactor and ligand-receptor. (abcam.com)
- VHHs from three major groups were first selected to analyze their properties as an affinity ligand. (bioportfolio.com)
- However, those VHHs were not suitable as an affinity ligand because of lack of resistance against alkaline pH and/or difficulty in acidic elution from the affinity column. (bioportfolio.com)
- A serial dilution of preS1 fused onto GST was screed against the captured antibody ligand. (moleculardevices.com)
- We review the most common groups of proteins that are isolated using affinity purification beads (also termed affinity purification resins) below. (abcam.com)
- Several antibody-binding proteins are coupled to beads for use in antibody purification, IP and ChIP. (abcam.com)
- Two single chain antigen-binding fragment (scFv) antibody systems that were engineered to obtain higher affinity interactions through directed evolution were probed using biophysical techniques to illuminate affinity modulation in proteins. (mit.edu)
- Antibody is isolated from goat anti-rabbit IgG antiserum by immunospecific purification which removes essentially all goat serum proteins, including immunoglobulins, which do not specifically bind to rabbit IgG. (mpbio.com)
- Surface plasmon resonance showed that the anti-FRαβ bound to soluble forms of the FRα and FRβ proteins with high affinity (KD=6.26×10(-9) M and 4.33×10(-9) M, respectively). (medworm.com)
- Check out links to articles that cite our custom service antibodies, peptides, and proteins in major peer-reviewed journals, organized by research category. (abgent.com)
- The binding affinity of the scFv E8 is in a range for efficient, in vivo , antigen capture in tumor cells expressing a shared epitope of the CEACAM1, 3 and 5 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- 3. in immunology, the thermodynamic bond strength of an antigen-antibody complex. (thefreedictionary.com)
- 3 Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, Scripps Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. (jci.org)
- In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which Tfh cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
- On-chip affinity selection of antibodies using ultrasonic standing waves. (lu.se)
- We describe how off-rate measurement can be introduced as part of the high-throughput antibody generation process, enabling affinity ranking of antibody candidates and selection of antibodies for optimal assay sensitivity. (labtube.tv)
- the measure of the binding strength of the antigen-antibody reaction. (thefreedictionary.com)
- It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. (umassmed.edu)
- Antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), a key immune effector mechanism, relies on the binding of antigen-antibody complexes to Fcγ receptors expressed on immune cells. (rcsb.org)
- High and low affinity IL 2 receptors: analysis by IL 2 dissociation rate and reactivity with monoclonal anti-receptor antibody PC61. (jimmunol.org)
- molecular recognition in these cells occurs through antibodies and T cell receptors (TCRs), respectively. (utexas.edu)
- Estimates suggest that greater than 90% of severe cases occur during secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype, possibly because sub-neutralizing amounts of cross-reactive antibody facilitate viral entry into myeloid cells expressing Fc-γ receptors, a phenomenon termed antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) . (prolekare.cz)
- Endomorphins 1 and 2 are endogenous opioid peptides which have the highest affinity for the mu-opioid receptors. (biosensis.com)
- The binding specificities of 52 well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from 12 different research groups were studied by immunohistochemistry and immuno flow cytometry. (aacrjournals.org)
- Specific Mabs with high as well as low affinity were found. (aacrjournals.org)
- We used the immunoglobulin variable regions isolated from sorted single ASCs to produce over 50 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bound to the three influenza vaccine strains with high affinity. (nih.gov)
- This strategy demonstrates that we can generate multiple high-affinity mAbs from humans within a month after vaccination. (nih.gov)
- The panel of influenza-virus-specific human mAbs allowed us to address the issue of original antigenic sin (OAS): the phenomenon where the induced antibody shows higher affinity to a previously encountered influenza virus strain compared with the virus strain present in the vaccine. (nih.gov)
- However, we found that most of the influenza-virus-specific mAbs showed the highest affinity for the current vaccine strain. (nih.gov)
- GANP ® mouse produces mAbs with extraordinarily high affinity. (genscript.com)
- Inhibitory anti-C1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been identified that bind to putative phospholipid and von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding epitopes and block endocytosis of fVIII by antigen presenting cells. (bloodjournal.org)
- These mAbs, designated group A, display high binding affinities for fVIII, weakly inhibit fVIII procoagulant activity, poorly inhibit fVIII binding to phospholipid, and exhibit heterogeneity with respect to blocking fVIII binding to VWF. (bloodjournal.org)
- Group A and B epitopes are distinct from the epitope recognized by the canonical, human-derived inhibitory anti-C1 mAb, KM33, whose epitope overlaps both groups A and B. Antibodies recognizing group A and B epitopes are present in inhibitor plasmas from patients with hemophilia A. Additionally, group A and B mAbs increase fVIII clearance and are pathogenic in a hemophilia A mouse tail snip bleeding model. (bloodjournal.org)
- Group A anti-C1 mAbs represent the first identification of pathogenic, weakly inhibitory antibodies that increase fVIII clearance. (bloodjournal.org)
- Here, we describe the analysis of human antibodies induced during an HIV-1 vaccine trial (GSK PRO HIV-002) that used the clade B envelope (Env) gp120 of clone W6.1D (gp120 W6.1D ). Using dual-color antigen-specific sorting, we isolated Env-specific human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and studied the clonal persistence of antibodies in the setting of HIV-1 Env vaccination. (asm.org)
- The affinity engineering is a key step to increase the therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (unina.it)
- Our approach enabled rapid (8 hours) mutagenesis and automated cloning of 50 position-specific alanine mutants for mapping of a scFv antibody paratope. (dtu.dk)
- All FcγRs can crosslink anti-41BB antibodies to strengthen co-stimulation, but activating FcγR-induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity compromises anti-tumor immunity by deleting 4-1BB + cells. (nature.com)
- In vitro functional analysis of the anti-FRαβ showed that this MAb mediates complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis of FRα-expressing and FRβ-expressing cell lines. (medworm.com)
- While the profile of antibodies required for the induction of natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been elucidated, less is known about the humoral parameters associated with robust antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). (asm.org)
- F(ab')2 Fragment Affinity-Purified Secondary Antibodies from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc. (selectscience.net)
- The Ag- specific B cells that had not yet undergone isotype switching showed a relatively higher expression of TLR4 than memory B cells, which was reflected in a heightened response to its agonist, but in both cases of TLR4 and 9 yielded mostly low affinity IgM secreting plasma cells. (umd.edu)
- When immunized together with the antigen, TLR agonists not only boosted the antigen-specific titers, but also increased affinity and isotype switching of the immunoglobulin. (umd.edu)
- These states include the choice of antibody isotype and IgG subclass ( 2 - 5 ), as well as the precise glycan structure at a conserved glycosylation site at position Asn297 on the antibody heavy, or Fc, chain ( 6 , 7 ), giving rise to remarkable combinatorial diversity. (asm.org)
- 8 ⇓ - 10 Healey et al 11 demonstrated a predominance of anti-fVIII antibodies to the A2 and C2 domains of fVIII in a murine hemophilia A model, but antibodies to the other domains were also detected. (bloodjournal.org)
- Analysis of association reactions in both rabbit polyclonal and murine monoclonal populations of anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibodies revealed the presence of two-step association kinetics. (illinois.edu)
- Human antibodies obtained by this method do not induce harmful immune response in patients, in comparison with murine monoclonal antibodies produced by the classic hybridoma techniques. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hen Egg Yolk Antibodies Purified by Antigen Affinity under Highly Alkaline Conditions Provide New Tools for Diagnostics. (hu-berlin.de)
- I. Characterization of antibody families in the primary and hyperimmune response. (nature.com)
- This study aims to demonstrate the versatility of the technique and to show how biophysical techniques such as Circular Dichroism (CD) and Fluorescence Quenching (FQ) can aid the rational design of affinity ligands and characterization of antibody based reagents. (open.ac.uk)
- 95% pure specific antibodies. (peprotech.com)
- Nevertheless it is often required to dispose of the unspecific antibodies population and retain only the antigen-specific antibodies, which then tend to show lower background or non-specific binding levels. (covalab.com)
- CSIC have developed a method for the in vitro generation of antigen-specific antibodies or cells producing thereof by means of the development of an in vitro germinal center useful to produce vaccines, immunomodulators or immunotherapies. (innoget.com)
- Thus, TLR9 signaling might enhance antibody titers at the expense of the ability of B cells to engage in germinal-center events that are highly dependent on B cells' capture and presentation of antigen. (nih.gov)
- It has long been believed that fish lack antibody affinity maturation, in part because they were thought to lack germinal centers. (mdpi.com)
- In the context of recent evidence for a putative proto-germinal center in fishes we propose some possible reasons that observed affinity maturation in fishes often seems lacking and propose future work that might shed further light on this process in fishes. (mdpi.com)
- Moreover, noncognate B cells relayed antigen opsonized by newly produced antibodies from the subcapsular region to the germinal center, and affinity maturation was impaired when this transport process was disrupted. (garvan.org.au)
- The Germinal Center (GC) reaction is key in this process because B cells undergo antigen-driven immunoglobulin class switch and somatic hypermutation that allows the selection and expansion of B cells producing antibodies of the highest affinity and adequate effector properties. (innoget.com)
- Affinity maturation primarily occurs on surface immunoglobulin of germinal center B cells and as a direct result of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and selection by Tfh cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the germinal centers present antigen to the B cells, and the B cell progeny with the highest affinities for antigen, having gained a competitive advantage, are favored for positive selection leading to their survival. (wikipedia.org)
- We developed a repertoire approach to generate human antibody bispecifics. (bioportfolio.com)
- However, a fully human antibody reactive with TSLP is currently unavailable for clinical use. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Therefore, the use of the superior antigen affinity-purified antibody preparations can help alleviate background in these analytical procedures. (peprotech.com)
- The antibody preparation is solid phase adsorbed with human IgG to ensure minimal cross reactivity in tissue or cell preparations. (mpbio.com)
- All studies resulted in antibody preparations of high purity and immunoreactivity. (open.ac.uk)
- Polyclonal anti-fluorescyl antibody preparations, obtained from 14 different hyperimmune NZW rabbits, were used to characterize the expression of anti-fluorescyl antibodies within the rabbit population. (illinois.edu)
- When combined with AAE, Mass Spectrometry can also be used to assess antibody coverage to HCPs in a given process and identify those HCPs that are reactive with the antibody. (bioprocessintl.com)
- Thus, in TI-2 immune responses, large differences in affinity produce only small differences in the intrinsic ability of B cells to respond to antigen, and selection for high-affinity clones is due to clonal competition during the earliest stages of the response. (nature.com)
- Eisen, H. N. & Siskind, G. W. Variations in affinities of antibodies during the immune response. (nature.com)
- Immune checkpoint blockade antibodies have gained great success in clinic, which aim to release the brake of anti-tumor T cell response. (nature.com)
- Yet they most often produce low- to medium-affinity immune responses of limited duration in immunologically fit individuals and disappointing results in the elderly and immunocompromised patients. (jci.org)
- These findings allow us to understand the higher efficacy of therapeutic antibodies lacking the core fucose and also suggest a unique mechanism by which the immune system can regulate antibody-mediated effector functions. (rcsb.org)
- Neutralizing antibodies are a key component of a protective natural and vaccine-induced immune response against human DENV infections. (prolekare.cz)
- In this study, we investigated antibody-dependent phagocytosis of HIV immune complexes, and we observed significant differences in the ability of antibodies from infected subjects to mediate this critical effector function. (asm.org)
- The innate immune effector function of an antibody is determined by its constant, or Fc, domain, which has evolved to possess a large number of states with regard to potency. (asm.org)
- Critically, as a potent mechanism of antibody-mediated effector function, phagocytosis of immune complexes, opsonized virus, and infected host cells represents an important connection between the adaptive and innate immune systems, with potential roles both in priming of the adaptive immune response and in clearance of virus. (asm.org)
- We cloned VLRB binders of lysozyme, β-gal, cholera toxin subunit B, R-phycoerythrin, and B-trisaccharide antigen, with dissociation constants up to the single-digit picomolar range, equivalent to those of high-affinity IgG antibodies. (mit.edu)
- The proportion of high and low affinity IL 2-R, as well as the relative difference in dissociation rates fit very well with the estimates derived previously from Scatchard plot analysis of equilibrium IL 2 binding. (jimmunol.org)
- The addition of PC61 caused an accelerated dissociation of IL 2 from both high and low affinity IL 2-R (t1/2 of 16 and 120 sec respectively). (jimmunol.org)
- Mathematical and experimental tools for the measurement and assessment of association and dissociation kinetics in anti-fluorescyl antibodies were developed in these studies. (illinois.edu)
- Dissociation rates were measured by following the increase in fluorescence intensity after the addition of excess 5-aminofluorescein to a population of fluorescyl-liganded antibodies. (illinois.edu)
- Dissociation kinetics were analyzed in both monoclonal and polyclonal anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibodies. (illinois.edu)
- As expected, monoclonal antibodies exhibited homogeneous dissociation kinetics. (illinois.edu)
- A subgroup of such antibodies, initially identified by cross-reactivity with peptidylarginine deiminase type 3 (PAD3), is strongly associated with progression of radiographic joint damage and interstitial lung disease and has the unique ability to activate PAD4. (ovid.com)
- Heavy chain variable region contribution to the NPβ family of antibodies: somatic mutation evident in a γ2a variable region. (nature.com)
- GANP can augment the induction of somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the V regions, resulting in the affinity maturation of V regions during the proliferation and differentiation of Ag-driven B cells in GCs. (genscript.com)
- Somatic mutations increase the agonistic activity of these antibodies at low calcium concentrations by facilitating their interaction with structural epitopes that modulate calcium-binding site 5 in PAD4. (ovid.com)
- The mAb 2D12.5 has nmol/L affinity for low molecular weight (MW) 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) complexes with yttrium (Y) and lutetium (Lu), and is well suited for PRIT in vivo ( 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
- Antibody titer of the affinity purified antibody is standardized by equivalence-point precipitation. (mpbio.com)
- Single-domain antibody - Ribbon diagram of a llama VHH domain. (academic.ru)
- Creative Biolabs has built a novel single domain antibody and scFv affinity improvement platform using our exclusive HIAF-ProNano™ affinity improvement technology. (creative-biolabs.com)
- We also isolated from a single lamprey 13 anti-lysozyme VLRA clones with affinities ranging from low nanomolar to mid-picomolar. (mit.edu)
- Yeast surface display (YSD) is the most widely used and powerful affinity maturation approach, allowing for the achievement of low picomolar antibody binding affinities. (unina.it)
- In both cases, these vaccines elicited serotype-specific, protective, and long-lasting IgG antibodies of nanomolar affinity against the target glycans in mice. (jci.org)
- Affinity-purified antibodies yield high specificity to the target sequence with lower background. (genscript.com)
- GenScript has licensed a unique GANP ® technology from Transgenic Inc for the production of high-affinity and high-specificity antibodies. (genscript.com)
- These mice can be chosen when high affinity and high specificity antibodies are needed for certain applications. (genscript.com)
- This antibody is generally intended for use as labeled primary antibodies in applications such as immunoassay and immunoblotting. (affinitybiologicals.com)
- Anti-TMPRSS5 antibody produced in rabbit is suitable for western blotting at a concentration of 2.0μg/ml. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Peroxidase-conjugated goat affinity purified antibody to rabbit IgG (whole molecule) is suitable for use as a reagent in enzyme immunoassays (EIA), cell and tissue staining (for light microscopy), cell and tissue labeling (for electron microscopy), and blot immunostaining. (mpbio.com)
- Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Rictor antibody A300-459A (lot A300-459A-4) used for WB at 0.1 µg/ml. (bioscience.co.uk)
- Antibodies: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Rictor antibody A300-459A (lot A300-459A-4) used for IP at 3 µg per reaction. (bioscience.co.uk)
- Rictor was also immunoprecipitated by a previous lot of this antibody (lot A300-459A-3) and rabbit anti-Rictor antibody A300-458A. (bioscience.co.uk)
- Antibody: Affinity purified rabbit anti-Rictor (Cat. (bioscience.co.uk)
- Antibodies: Affinity purified rabbit anti-SNF2h/ISWI antibody A301-018A used for IP at 3 µg/mg lysate. (bioscience.co.uk)
- SNF2h/ISWI was also immunoprecipitated by rabbit anti-SNF2h/ISWI antibodies A301-017A and BL4495, which recognize upstream epitopes. (bioscience.co.uk)
- 4% paraformaldehyde fixed rat brain crystostat sections (10 m) were incubated overnight at 4 C with Rabbit polyclonal antibody to Endomorphin-2 (10 g/ml) followed by incubation with donkey anti-rabbit Rhodamine Red conjugated secondary antibody (1:200). (biosensis.com)
- While significant research has focused on the cytolytic properties of antibodies in acquisition and control, less is known about the role of additional effector functions. (asm.org)
- Several recent reports have highlighted the possible importance of antibody Fc effector functions in HIV acquisition and progression ( 3 , 5 , 8 - 12 ), offering what may be a tractable handle for protection mediated by vaccination. (asm.org)
- We further identified a requirement for CD4 T cells in the anti-glycan antibody response. (jci.org)
- Most antibodies that broadly neutralize HIV-1 are highly somatically mutated in antibody clonal lineages that persist over time. (asm.org)
- This article describes a biochemical investigation that lead up to an enhancement of the humanized nature and binding affinity of a broadly neutralizing hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific humanized antibody called HzKR127. (moleculardevices.com)
- Possibility of producing broadly neutralizing antibodies by introducingvariants of the selecting antigen at specific steps. (innoget.com)
- Finally, a study was performed to investigate the thermal stability of a recombinant antibody fragment by CD analysis. (open.ac.uk)
- Despite improvements in gene synthesis and directed mutagenesis, current methodologies still have limitations regarding the synthesis of complete antibody single-chain variable fragment (scFv) genes and simultaneous diversification of all six CDRs. (dtu.dk)
- Proper validation with controls and optimization ensure the quality of the antibody, and establish confidence in your results. (abgent.com)
- Building upon over 18 years' experience in antibody engineering and humanization we are proud to introduce our novel Affinity Maturation platform (RAMP™) for the rapid optimization of your antibody. (fusionantibodies.com)
- Single-chain antibody-based immunotoxins targeting Her2/neu: design optimization and impact of affinity on antitumor efficacy and off-target toxicity. (semanticscholar.org)