Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Antibody Affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic: Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.Binding Sites, Antibody: Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.HIV Antibodies: Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Antibodies, Neoplasm: Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Antinuclear: Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Antibodies, Fungal: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Antibodies, Bispecific: Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Single-Chain Antibodies: A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.Mice, Inbred BALB CAntibodies, Blocking: Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments: Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Antibodies, Heterophile: Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.Antibodies, Catalytic: Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Immunoglobulin A: Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized: Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect: A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Epitope Mapping: Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.Antibodies, Antiphospholipid: Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Immunoenzyme Techniques: Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Immunoassay: A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.Immunoglobulin Fragments: Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Immunoblotting: Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Complement Fixation Tests: Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.Hemagglutination Tests: Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests: Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic: Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.Immunoglobulin Variable Region: That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.Seroepidemiologic Studies: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.Immunoglobulin Idiotypes: Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Immunologic Techniques: Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Immunosorbent Techniques: Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.Antibody Diversity: The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Peptide Library: A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.Hepatitis C Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.Isoantibodies: Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived: Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Hepatitis B Antibodies: Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Binding, Competitive: The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Immunity, Maternally-Acquired: Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.Insulin Antibodies: Antibodies specific to INSULIN.Complement System Proteins: Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic: A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Mice, Inbred C57BLRecombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Precipitin Tests: Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Antigens, Protozoan: Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Serologic Tests: Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.Single-Domain Antibodies: An immunoglobulin fragment composed of one variable domain from an IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN or IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN.Polysaccharides, Bacterial: Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Iodine Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.Bacterial Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Immunochemistry: Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains: The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Immunoglobulin E: An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.Immunoglobulin Light Chains: Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Agglutination Tests: Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Microscopy, Immunoelectron: Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Immunotoxins: Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).Radioimmunodetection: Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.HIV Envelope Protein gp120: External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.beta 2-Glycoprotein I: A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Immunoglobulin A, Secretory: The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).HemocyaninFluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct: A form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension for the detection of a specific antigen. (Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Tetanus ToxoidAdjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Rheumatoid Factor: Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.Immunity, Humoral: Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.Immunization, Secondary: Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins: Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments: Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Sheep: Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.Protozoan Proteins: Proteins found in any species of protozoan.Mice, Nude: Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Receptors, Fc: Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Cell Division: The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.Opsonin Proteins: Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.Indium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.Antibody-Producing Cells: Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Staining and Labeling: The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.Gangliosides: A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Evaluation Studies as Topic: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.Protein Engineering: Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.Hemolytic Plaque Technique: A method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing ANTIBODIES against ANTIGENS or HAPTENS conjugated to sheep RED BLOOD CELLS. The sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added COMPLEMENT producing a clear zone of HEMOLYSIS. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 3rd ed)Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay: Sensitive assay using radiolabeled ANTIGENS to detect specific ANTIBODIES in SERUM. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as PROTEIN A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Cattle Diseases: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.Camelids, New World: Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.Biological Markers: Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Antigens, CD20: Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.Rubella virus: The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.CHO Cells: CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.Microscopy, Fluorescence: Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.
Competition on nitrocellulose-immobilized antibody arrays: from bacterial protein binding assay to protein profiling in breast cancer cells. (1/118)
Large scale comparative evaluation of protein expression requires miniaturized techniques to provide sensitive and accurate measurements of the abundance of molecules present as individual and/or assembled protein complexes in cells. The principle of competition between target molecules for binding to arrayed antibodies has recently been proposed to assess differential expression of numerous proteins with one-color or two-color fluorescence detection methods. To establish the limiting factors and to validate the use of alternative detection for protein profiling, we performed competitive binding assays under different conditions. A model experimental protocol was developed whereby the competitive displacement of multi-subunit bacterial RNA polymerase and/or its subunits was evaluated through binding to subunit-specific immobilized monoclonal antibodies. We show that the difference in physico-chemical properties of unlabeled and labeled molecules significantly affects the performance of one-color detection, whereas epitope inaccessibility in the protein complex can prohibit the assessment of competition by both detection methods. Our data also demonstrate that antibody cross-reactivity, target protein truncation and abundance, as well as the cellular compartment of origin are major factors that affect protein profiling on antibody arrays. The experimental conditions established for prokaryotic proteins were adopted to compare protein profiles in the breast tumor-derived cell lines MDA MB-231 and SKBR3. Competitive displacement was detected and confirmed for a number of proteins using both detection methods; however, we show that overall the two-color method is better suited for accurate expression profile evaluation of a large, complex set of proteins. Antibody array data confirm the functional linkage between the ErbB2 receptor and AP-2 transcription factors in these cell lines and highlight unexpected differences in G1 cyclin expression. (+info)Dual-allele dipstick assay for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms by primer extension reaction. (2/118)
(+info)Generation, affinity maturation, and characterization of a human anti-human NKG2D monoclonal antibody with dual antagonistic and agonistic activity. (3/118)
(+info)Development of immunoaffinity restricted access media for rapid extractions of low-mass analytes. (4/118)
(+info)Application of the checkerboard immunoblotting technique to the quantification of host biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. (5/118)
(+info)Digoxigenin modification of adenovirus to spatially control gene delivery from chitosan surfaces. (6/118)
(+info)Selective detection of live pathogens via surface-confined electric field perturbation on interdigitated silicon transducers. (7/118)
(+info)Biointeraction analysis by high-performance affinity chromatography: Kinetic studies of immobilized antibodies. (8/118)
(+info)![IJMS | Free Full-Text | Fabrication of Calix[4]arene Derivative Monolayers to Control Orientation of Antibody Immobilization |...](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAMAAAAoLQ9TAAAAA3NCSVQICAjb4U/gAAAAUVBMVEX///+eoKwAClj29vdvc4pGTG/IydBSV3ZMUXI+RWwRJF2ys70lMWLq6u1RVnWnqbQ3P2nh4eXAwckvOWZ7fpKChZdobIWWmKaHiZsqNGSGiZq5+rdGAAAAeklEQVQYlXXP6w7DIAgFYGdrOeCt1l62vf+DTtOmumQ7Pwh8ISQo9TeDfcahm/1LsohvsLmkPO8N9FFK1B3EUqyuV9JUM2+ln7iqMPPMBH1dzIGCGUFkHie4QMaqHQ2IeFEr+o1vkEB4J4QbVgZMBuCW66ljPGN/P/0BXosEvpC8TzkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
IJMS | Free Full-Text | Fabrication of Calix[4]arene Derivative Monolayers to Control Orientation of Antibody Immobilization |...
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Pharmacology of the allodynia in rats evoked by high dose intrathecal morphine. | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental..."Adoptive immunotherapy of lung cancer with immobilized anti-TCRgammadelta antibody-expanded human gammadelta T-cells in ... Immunosuppressive antibodies target steps in the immune response. Other drugs modulate immune responses. ...
Phosphopeptides are enriched using phosphospecific antibodies, immobilized metal affinity chromatography or titanium dioxide ( ... Antiphosphotyrosine antibodies have been proven very successful in purification, but fewer reports have been published using ... IMAC enrichment is based on phosphate affinity for immobilized metal chelated to the resin. SCX separates phosphorylated from ... To begin with, isolation methods such as anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies do not distinguish between isolating tyrosine- ...
AMAs immobilize antibodies that capture analytes from the sample applied on the microarray. The target protein is detected ... Other protein microarrays include forward protein microarrays (PMAs) and antibody microarrays (AMAs). PMAs immobilize ... Strips with single band indicate specific antibodies that are suitable for RPMA use. Antibody performance should be also ... In addition, finding the appropriate antibody could require extensive screening of many antibodies by western blotting prior to ...
Analytical or capture protein arrays display antigens and antibodies to profile protein or antibody expression in serum. These ... Subsequently, cDNA molecules (each corresponding to one gene) are immobilized as ~100 µm diameter spots on a membrane, glass, ... Reverse-phase protein arrays test replicates of cell lysates and serum samples with different antibodies to study the changes ... A protein microarray consists of a protein library immobilized on a substrate chip, usually glass, silicon, polystyrene, PVDF, ...
The immobilized DNA is washed to remove inhibitors and used directly as a template for IS2404 PCR. The latter two methods each ... The second method uses paramagnetic beads linked to M. ulcerans antibodies to capture whole cells and separate them from ... contaminants in a magnetic field (immunomagnetic separation). Antibodies are raised in laboratory animals. Captured cells are ...
Here the DNA was immobilized in the well together with an anti-GST antibody. Then cell-free expression mix was added and the ... or C-terminus of each nascent protein will be bound by the capture reagent or antibody, thus immobilizing the proteins to form ... The mRNAs are then arrayed on a slide and immobilized by the binding of biotin to streptavidin that is pre-coated on the slide ... Many proteins, including antibodies, are difficult to express in host cells due to problems with insolubility, disulfide bonds ...
Immunoaffinity media (detailed below) utilizes antigens' and antibodies' high specificity to separate; immobilized metal ... Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography[edit]. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is based on the ... This allows any antibodies that recognize the antigen to be captured on the solid support. Elution of the antibodies of ... to remove the undesirable anti-GST antibodies from the serum and to purify the target antibody. ...
Briefly, magnetic beads containing primary antibodies were mixed with labeled secondary antibodies, incubated, and immobilized ... antigens interacting with immobilized antibodies) and homogeneous immunoassays (antigens interacting with antibodies in ... Superparamagnetic nanoparticles were immobilized with anti-IgE antibodies and fluorescently labeled aptamers to quantify IgE ... The magnet is reintroduced and the particles are immobilized and the droplet is moved away. This process is repeated with wash ...
"Affinity purification and enzymatic cleavage of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins using antibody and elastase immobilized on CIM ... "Monolith-based immobilized metal affinity chromatography increases production efficiency for plasmid DNA purification". Journal ...
... non-specific binding is not limited to the antibody-binding sites on the immobilized support; any surface of the antibody or ... irrelevant antibody of the same antibody subclass as the IP antibody is used instead of the IP antibody itself. This approach ... Antibodies that are specific for a particular protein (or group of proteins) are immobilized on a solid-phase substrate such as ... Second, the ability to capture the target protein is directly dependent upon the amount of immobilized antibody used, and ...
After the antigen is immobilized, the detection antibody is added, forming a complex with the antigen. The detection antibody ... Enzyme-linked secondary antibodies are applied as detection antibodies that also bind specifically to the antibody's Fc region ... By using an enzyme-linked antibody that binds the Fc region of other antibodies, this same enzyme-linked antibody can be used ... A specially prepared "secondary antibody" - an antibody that binds to other antibodies - is then applied to the plate, followed ...
However, when these antibodies are immobilized (either by secondary antibody bound to plastic or by Fc receptors on other cells ... It is of note, that the immobilized conventional antibody poses less prominent spatial constraints than the immobilized ... Immobilized superagonistic antibodies bound to CD28 exclude CD45 phosphatases completely and the signal leading to T-cell ... However, its authors suggest it might be also applied to CD28 triggering by superagonistic antibodies (mitogenic antibodies). ...
Immunoaffinity - Detailed below, this method utilizes antigens' and antibodies' high specificity to separate. Immobilized Metal ... to remove the undesirable anti-GST antibodies from the serum and to purify the target antibody. Monoclonal antibodies can also ... This allows any antibodies that recognize the antigen to be captured on the solid support. Elution of the antibodies of ... This will remove antibodies against the GST part of the fusion protein. The serum is then separated from the solid support and ...
Preferably, this unlabeled antibody is immobilized in some way, such as coupled to an agarose bead, coated to a surface, etc. ... Next, the "hot" radiolabeled antibody is allowed to interact with the first antibody-target molecule complex. After extensive ... to present multiple epitopes to the antibodies. One antibody would be radiolabeled as above while the other would remain ... This radiolabeled antigen is then mixed with a known amount of antibody for that antigen, and as a result, the two specifically ...
The Genous Stent is a bio-engineered coronary stent coated with immobilized anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies specific to the ... The pro-healing technology has an antibody surface coating that captures circulating CD34+ endothelial progenitor cells to the ...
The capture step has been implemented using antibodies bound to magnetic beads as well as antibodies immobilized on flow- ... Antibody-Coupled Magnetic Beads Can Be Reused in Immuno-MRM Assays To Reduce Cost and Extend Antibody Supply. J Proteome Res. ... in which antibodies are used to enrich target proteins, which are analyzed intact by MS; and hybrid methods in which antibodies ... is captured by a sequence-specific anti-peptide antibody. The antibody, together with the captured target peptide, is then ...
He has pioneered in the development of immobilized enzyme or antibody biosensors for clinical, environmental and forensic ...
... then instead of the diffusion towards the antibodies, the proteins are electrophoresed into an antibody-containing gel in the ... Some variants of affinity immunoelectrophoresis are similar to affinity chromatography by use of immobilized ligands. The open ... but provides an anchor for the immunoprecipitates of protein and specific antibodies. The high pH was chosen because antibodies ... 1986). "Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum". Parasitology. 92 (2): 313-324. doi:10.1017/ ...
This method uses either naturally occurring lectins or artificial monoclonal antibodies, where both are immobilized on a ... Table 1:Advantages and disadvantages of mass spectrometry in glycan analysis Lectin and antibody arrays provide high-throughput ... contain carbohydrate compounds that can be screened with lectins or antibodies to define carbohydrate specificity and identify ...
Specific uses of affinity chromatography include antibody affinity, Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography and ... "The covalent binding of daunomycin and adriamycin to antibodies, with retention of both drug and antibody activities". Cancer ... Using this method, Wilchek collaborated with a team who proved that the binding site of antibodies lies in the Fv portion of ... Early in the 1970s, they exploited Avidin as a probe and developed new methods and reagents to biotinylate antibodies and other ...
In the field of biology it proved useful in analyzing an antigen bound to an antibody that had been immobilized for analysis. ... In one study it was found to be a label-free method, allowing for localization and quantitative analysis of antigen-antibody ... Antibody Binding on 2D Substrate Using Imaging NanoSIMS". Analytical Chemistry. 80 (15): 5958-5962. doi:10.1021/ac800602q. ISSN ...
A specially prepared "secondary antibody" - an antibody that binds to human antibodies - is then applied to the plate, followed ... However, unlike the ELISA method, the viral proteins are separated first and immobilized. In subsequent steps, the binding of ... Antibodies that do not attach are washed away, and enzyme-linked antibodies with the capability to attach to the person's ... Antibody tests may give false negative (no antibodies were detected despite the presence of HIV) results during the window ...
... using an antibody from a complex mixture. The extract of disrupted tissue or cells is mixed with an antibody against the ... The immobilized protein complex can be accomplished either in a single step or successively. IP can also be used in conjunction ... If the ligand is bound to the receptor-antibody complex, then the acceptor will emit light. When using FRET, it is critical ... This method involves purifying an antigen through the aid of an attached antibody on a solid (beaded) support, such as agarose ...
Modification-specific antibodies in turn, are used to immunoprecipitate the DNA-histone complexes. Following ... both immunoprecipitated DNA and non-immunoprecipitated onto a microarray containing immobilized gDNA. Analysis of the relative ...
The first form is to covalently immobilize the organic compounds on the solid surface with diverse linking techniques; this ... This microarray format is very similar to DNA microarray, protein microarray and antibody microarray. In chemical genetics ...
... using protein A immobilized on porous substrates is the most widely established method for purifying monoclonal antibodies ( ... 1: Antibodies (AF ed.). GE Healthcare. 2016. p. 48. "A Pathogen's Swiss Army Knife". Small Things Considered. Retrieved 2016-08 ... To this end, protein A plays a multifaceted role: By binding the Fc portion of antibodies, protein A renders them inaccessible ... Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein ...
Jules Bordet received the Nobel prize in 1919 for his discoveries on immunity, especially the implication of antibodies and the ... was immobilized by the antiquated mechanical equipment. ... alone are sufficient to trigger the production of antibodies. ... demonstrated that the serum of an animal vaccinated against the disease included the antibodies needed to defeat it. The anti- ...
In antibody phage display, antibodies are physically linked to phage particles that bear the gene coding for the attached ... DEL libraries are subjected to affinity selection procedures on an immobilized target protein of choice, after which non- ... Phage-displayed antibodies can be isolated from large antibody libraries by mimicking molecular evolution: through rounds of ... The technique enables the mass creation and interrogation of libraries via affinity selection, typically on an immobilized ...
In the first "surface-panning" strategy, decreasing concentrations of antigen is surface immobilized. In the second "solution- ... Phage Display Antibody Library Screening Subsequent library screening will fish out the antibody mutants that have high ... To further improve antibody affinity maturation, Creative Biolabs successfully updated its unique antibody affinity maturation ... If the structure of the antibody/antigen complex is available or modeling the structure of the antibody/antigen is possible, ...
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Treponema-immobilizing antibody definition | Drugs.comDefinition of treponema-immobilizing antibody. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical terms ... treponema-immobilizing antibody. Definition: antibody, evoked during syphilitic infections, possessing specific affinity for ... Treponema pallidum; in the presence of complement immobilizes the organism.. Synonym(s): immobilizing antibody, treponemal ...
The higher ratio of enzyme/antibody than conventional ELISA improved both the sensitivity and dynamic range. Especially, the ... A highly sensitive immunoassay was developed by using antibody-conjugated spherical mesoporous silica with immobilized enzymes ... A highly sensitive immunoassay using antibody-conjugated spherical mesoporous silica with immobilized enzymes J. Y. Eum, S. Y. ... A highly sensitive immunoassay was developed by using antibody-conjugated spherical mesoporous silica with immobilized enzymes ...
![Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] (NBP1-97259): Novus Biologicals](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYAAAAf8/9hAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAkBJREFUOI2lks1LVFEYxn/n3LnXZgxTESehSCuJkZCKpEKTDKIiSHFjrYIimkXLQOw/6B+IQRd9LGoWkS0qMYoiAiMXDhGklWFmEVo6wmgz9+OcFvde75DteuHAOe95n+d93ucc+M8Qa7uM7iD34B72SjWeJ0ls+hmvsFyhtSBR/+304f2XBpp5u+wiAN2ZEhogFoBNoIff+SQaqpLbprqPdj0+WIOUYCmgoYIzBZcTgAHYL9/rp50pkYsF/SUQB8BRnD/e9fyI+tQzNzXb5Gq/4KvWfNGR9PqGrZ+BHSGBChagqbcoeQXHdLwyxF+x8GOuKRrB98IM8FgGr5ubU6N1TakOAYYGXSFQcYNFIJF7l7u8lF+qKye4jnItAEzJ0EecK+1iBBgJOw6+0RtvT9PvFVda0q17hmrIXQxnh4n73Wjlv4gUTC0G+bIYmKD91cMbV8eeZHvvzGLZ0ixGCqThImQ0cGI9wS+PamJCoiQLNptLwrYiBTLmIGPzAZkDLK5zTYYmg2kgtNYiUuAWE0Cc7Yeekdw1CUyS0VVBvSItCoAb2r1so3bu3ncrIigVahi/e462s1lAYK9eQ3kSrQQxyyWjRwmfWQgml1k52Sr6IwKNwC1VMnbzwjrpABuqjrG3d3jtLFBnHmkre0rYvgcNLeP/BIZRWTsPFMoyIjtNmQeNbX00th3A/84uUAfUBsU2IPnwoq+MoIjlj+QTpMUMMLN2ndEtzOUGyX/fgpAKz7FYzScxzBJWZR4YJi0cgD+8+sxLIQV1swAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] (NBP1-97259): Novus BiologicalsAgarose Immobilized]. Available in 15 dyes & fluorophores. Backed by our 100% Guarantee. ... Home » IgG (H+L) » IgG (H+L) Antibodies » Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] ... Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] Summary. Immunogen. Goat IgG whole molecule ... Be the first to review our Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] and receive a gift card or ...
Biconical tapered optical fiber biosensor for real-time monitoring of bovine serum albumin at femtogram/mL levels on antibody...The attachment of BSA to the antibody-immobilized surface of the taper at (20-25°C) temperature was monitored by transmission ... to the antibody-immobilized surface of the taper. The applied fiber tapers were fabricated with waist diameter of 6-7μm and of ... tapered fibers with antibody-immobilized surfaces showed changes in optical throughput at bulk concentrations down to100 fg/mL ... tapered optical fiber biosensor for real-time monitoring of bovine serum albumin at femtogram/mL levels on antibody-immobilized ...
Such an immobilized antibody system is well suited for repeated use with minimal change in its physical and biochemical ... The immobilized antibody system is highly resistant to leaching, may be made incompressible, sterilizable, and pyrogen-free. ... An immobilized antibody system can be made by reacting an aminated core support with an antibody in the presence of a ... 7. The immobilized antibody system of claim 1 where the antibody or antibody fragment is a monoclonal antibody or antibody ...
Competitive ELISA, Immobilized antibody - for Saliva - Immunoassays | BioVendor Research and Diagnostics ProductsCompetitive ELISA, Immobilized antibody type Capture ELISA, Biotin-labelled antibody Capture ELISA, HRP-labelled antibody ... Immobilized antibody Competitive ELISA, Immobilized antigen Control Set Direct ELISA, Biotin-labelled antibody Direct ELISA, ... Competitive ELISA, Immobilized antibody - for Saliva - Immunoassays. Product filter molecule 1,25OH2 Vitamin D 17α- ... AChE-labelled antibody Sandwich ELISA, Biotin-labelled antibody Sandwich ELISA, HRP-labelled antibody Training ELISA Kit ...
Pure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL Kit - EY Laboratories, Inc.Pure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre-packed in column with separate elution buffers and ... Pure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre-packed in column with separate elution buffers and ...
Inflammation imaging by silica nanoparticles with antibodies orientedly immobilized. - Semantic Scholar... the fluorescent-labeled anti-CD11b was orientedly immobilized to the SiNP surface through the specific protein G-antibody ... An antibody against CD11b expressed on the surfaces of mouse macrophages (anti-CD11b), was fluorescently labeled. Protein G, ... It is concluded that the anti-CD11b orientedly immobilized SiNP are promising nanoprobes to image the inflammation site at a ... The anti-CD11b orientedly immobilized SiNP were accumulated in the UUO kidney to a significantly great extent compared with the ...
Treponema-immobilizing antibody | definition of treponema-immobilizing antibody by Medical dictionary... treponema-immobilizing antibody explanation free. What is treponema-immobilizing antibody? Meaning of treponema-immobilizing ... antibody medical term. What does treponema-immobilizing antibody mean? ... Looking for online definition of treponema-immobilizing antibody in the Medical Dictionary? ... treponema-immobilizing antibody. trep·o·ne·ma-im·mo·bi·liz·ing an·ti·bod·y. antibody, evoked during syphilitic infections, ...
An Antibody-Immobilized Capillary Column as a Bioseparator/Bioreactor for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 with Absorbance ...
Data on antigen recognition hindrance by antibodies covalently immobilized to Protein G magnetic beads by dimethyl pimelimidate...Data on antigen recognition hindrance by antibodies covalently immobilized to Protein G magnetic beads by dimethyl pimelimidate ...
Page contains details about antibody-immobilized single-walled carbon nanotubes . It has composition images, properties, ...
Gentaur Molecular :EYlabs \ Pure Mouse IgG Gel, Immuno Absorbant Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre packed in column with...Immuno Absorbant Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre_packed in column with separate elution buffers and instruction booklet. \ AGK ... Pure Mouse IgG Gel, Immuno Absorbant Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre_packed in column with separate elution buffers and ... Pure Mouse IgG Gel, Immuno Absorbant Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre_packed in column with separate elution buffers and ... Product name : Pure Mouse IgG Gel, Immuno Absorbant Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL, pre_packed in column with separate elution ...
Calculate the Number of Immobilized Proteins Per Bead of Agarose Affinity Supports | Thermo Fisher Scientific - CANumber of immobilized antibody molecules per agarose bead. *Typically, the protein coupling capacities of activated resins are ... How many antibody or protein molecules are coupled per agarose bead?. *How many antibody or protein molecules can bind to one ... Ideal for antibodies and other proteins- immobilize molecules via primary amines (-NH2) ... 20501) can immobilize 4.7mg mouse IgG with 97% efficiency. That translates into an effective coupling yield of 4.5mg IgG per mL ...
Gold-Coated Magnetic Particles for Solid-Phase Immunoassays: Enhancing Immobilized Antibody Binding Efficiency and Analytical ...
Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL \ AG-008-2 for more molecular products just contact us ... Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL mus musculus murine Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL ... Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL. Related products : Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL ... Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL rabbit polyclonal These antibodies are very stable and can ...
Immobilized Anti-TMT™ Antibody Resin. Catalog number:. 90076. Size. 6 mL. Price. USD 506.00 ... Quantitative analysis of proteins for which no antibodies are available. • Identification and quantitation of membrane and post ...
ANTIBODY REMOVAL BY IMMOBILIZED SYNTHETIC ANTIGEN IN SPECIFIC ANTIBODY FILTERS. Gautam, Shalini; Alikhani, Azadeh H.; Bovin, ... STEM CELL SEPARATION BASED ON SURFACE MAKER DENSITY BY ANTIBODY-IMMOBILIZED COLUMN. Mahara, Atsushi; Yamaoka, Tetsuji ...
"Sperm-immobilizing and -agglutinating monoclonal antibodies. Abstr." by M Isahakia and N J. AlexanderIsahakia, M and Alexander, N J., "Sperm-immobilizing and -agglutinating monoclonal antibodies. Abstr." (1983). Subject Strain ...
RP complex from a plasma or commercial concentrate source of factor VIII onto agarose beads bound to a monoclonal antibody ... Carboxyl anchored immobilized antibodies. US4568488 *. 11. Jan. 1984. 4. Febr. 1986. Lee Huang Sylvia. Reverse immunoaffinity ... Carrier for affinity chromatography immobilized with antibodies. US5149787 *. 24. Nov. 1987. 22. Sept. 1992. The Blood Center ... Monoclonal antibodies useful in deodorizing skin and antibody fragments thereof. US5259951 *. 11. Juni 1991. 9. Nov. 1993. ...
The improvement involves immobilizing the analyte on the solid surface by reacting the analyte or derivative thereof with ... with a group which is reactive with the analyte contacting the resulting conjugate with the solid surface to thereby immobilize ... Disclosed is an improvement to the technique for immobilizing an analyte onto a solid surface for use in a competitive ... Immobilized hydrophobically-modified antibodies. US5403928 *. 15 May 1991. 4 Apr 1995. Diatron Corporation. Fluorescent marker ...
6-nylon element-anti-guinea pig IgG-insulin antibody (hereinafter designates as immobilized antibody). The immobilized antibody ... and conjugated with an antibody to prepare the immobilized antibody. Polystyrene is previously molded, thereafter chemically ... Preparation of immobilized antibody]-I:. Fifty 6,6-nylon elements of the size and shape as shown in FIG. 5 were stirred with ... Preparation of immobilized antibody]-II:. Fifty 6,6-nylon elements were added to a methanol solution (50 ml) of 30% v/v ...
Biocarrier composition for and method of degrading pollutants (Patent) | DOepatentsThe biocarrier, which is preferably in the form of glass microspheres, is coated with an antibody or group of antibodies that ... 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 56 BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, APPLIED STUDIES; IMMOBILIZED CELLS; SUPPORTS; REMEDIAL ACTION; CHEMICAL ... The antibody, once bonded to the biocarrier, is used by the composition to attract and bond those pollutant-degrading antigens ... Each antibody is specific for an antigen that is specific for a given pollutant. The resulting composition is subsequently ...
nanotechnology | Journal of The Royal Society InterfaceMicrofluidic one-step synthesis of alginate microspheres immobilized with antibodies. Wanyu Chen, Jong-Hoon Kim, Di Zhang, ... Boronic acid-modified magnetic materials for antibody purification. Vijaykumar L. Dhadge, Abid Hussain, Ana M. Azevedo, Raquel ...
AffinityProteinMoleculesSecondary AntibodyImmunoassayConjugateMAbs11D9 and 13H11BeadsAssayImmunoassaysDetectionFragmentMicroarrayActivity of the AntibodyCapture AntibodyScFvAntigens and AntibodiesMoleculeEscherichiaReactiveRecombinant antibodyImmunePrimary antibodiesImmunoglobulinRecognizesBindsLigandCELLSTherapeuticGoat IgGRabbitConventionalReagentsReceptorsBiosensor
- Relative sizes of functional groups in diagrams of immobilized affinity ligands. (thermofisher.com)
- For the researcher who wishes to envision a more accurate picture of the underlying molecular and physical sizes contained in an immobilized affinity resin, it is instructive to calculate how the ligand loading values and binding capacities relate to the number and size of individual molecules. (thermofisher.com)
- We developed a repertoire of stable hybridoma cell lines producing high-affinity IgG antibodies against recombinant human ST3Gal-I, expressed in E. coli BL21-DE3 strain. (hindawi.com)
- Typical interactions that are exploited in affinity purification include antibody-antigen, enzyme-substrate/inhibitor/cofactor and ligand-receptor. (abcam.com)
- We used the interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and a high-affinity antibody to evaluate binding affinity measurements by the bench-top li SPR system (capitalis technology GmbH). (mdpi.com)
- Purified by Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography. (abcam.com)
- Per L culture supernatant, more than 400 μg of recombinant His 6 -tagged antibody fragment were purified by one step affinity chromatography. (biomedcentral.com)
- Goat anti-HA affinity purified Antibodies were coupled to agarose beads using a cyanogen bromide method. (acris-antibodies.com)
- Affinity purify antibodies (IgG) with densely immobilized Protein A offered in bottles, spin columns, filter plates and complete purification kits. (fishersci.com)
- Phosphopeptides are enriched using phosphospecific antibodies, immobilized metal affinity chromatography or titanium dioxide (TiO2) chromatography. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, the current and simplest methods to enrich phosphoproteins are affinity purification using phosphospecific antibodies, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography, or titanium dioxide chromatography. (wikipedia.org)
- IMAC enrichment is based on phosphate affinity for immobilized metal chelated to the resin. (wikipedia.org)
- A single-mode tapered fiber optics biosensor was utilized for the real-time attachment of model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the antibody-immobilized surface of the taper. (spie.org)
- Protein G, which has an ability to bind the Fc region of antibody, was conjugated onto the surface of silica nanoparticles (SiNP). (semanticscholar.org)
- 15. In a method for purifying Factor VIII procoagulant activity protein from plasma or concentrate, the improvement comprising the step of passing said plasma or concentrate through a chromatographic type column having adsorbent to which is bound monoclonal antibodies which is specific to VIII:RP and eluting the VIII-C therefrom. (google.de)
- Often, the modification of reactive residues necessary for the interaction between the immobilized protein and the matrix compromise the interaction between the protein and its target. (conicet.gov.ar)
- In the present report, we used a GST-fusion version of the 8 kDa protein SPINK3 as the bait to purify anti-SPINK3 antibodies from a rabbit crude serum. (conicet.gov.ar)
- We concluded that the immobilized protein remained bound to the column after elution with low pH, allowing the re-use of the column for alternative uses, such as screening for other protein-protein interactions using SPINK3 as bait. (conicet.gov.ar)
- If you wish to purify a recombinant protein for applications such as immunoprecipitation, you can simply use an antibody raised to the tag, e.g . (abcam.com)
- To help you decide which protein resins to use, we have compiled detailed information about the species and antibody subtype binding properties for Protein A, Protein G, Protein A/G, Protein L and jacalin here . (abcam.com)
- Among them, latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay for detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) has been widely used because rapid and quantitative detection is possible by just mixing human serum with latex beads immobilized with anti-CRP antibody. (aiche.org)
- 15 . The microarray of claim 11 , wherein the fusion protein is complementary to the immobilized cDNA. (google.com.au)
- 16 . The microarray of claim 15 , wherein the fusion protein expressed from the immobilized cDNA comprises an antigen. (google.com.au)
- 17 . The microarray of claim 15 , wherein the fusion protein expressed from the immobilized cDNA comprises an antibody. (google.com.au)
- For the first application, we have incubated these protein chips with anti-RGSHis 6 , anti-GAPDH, and anti-HSP90β antibodies. (mcponline.org)
- The regeneration on microarray chip surfaces is achieved by changing the protein structures and desorption of antibodies. (mdpi.com)
- Afterwards, reactivation of immobilized protein antigens is necessary for reconstitution processes. (mdpi.com)
- Any backfolding should be managed in a way that antibodies are able to detect the protein antigens in the next measurement cycle. (mdpi.com)
- Direct ELISAs are based on the stickiness of protein, maybe the antibody just sticks to the agarose whether the reagent is used or not. (bio.net)
- WorkBeads™ Protein A & BabyBio A are designed for the purification of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. (interchim.com)
- The high capacity, chemical stability and low ligand leakage make WorkBeads Protein A ideal for purification of mono- and polyclonal antibodies. (interchim.com)
- This allows high utilization of the immobilized protein A resulting in high IgG binding conditions. (interchim.com)
- Comparison of acetone and the 50 kDa dextran elution peaks in the protein-immobilized column. (wiley.com)
- The ELISA is utilized in research, healthcare, and food safety environments to measure target analytes such as hormones, antibodies, and protein biomarkers. (genscript.com)
- Over 280,000 products but you can't find the right antibody for your protein or application? (acris-antibodies.com)
- Purify antibodies or perform immunoprecipitation with this standard-capacity, immobilized native Protein A on beaded agarose resin. (fishersci.com)
- Extremely durable polyacrylamide support with densely immobilized Protein A for high-capacity IgG purification. (fishersci.com)
- Purify IgG using this genetically engineered, immobilized protein A on beaded agarose, when native protein A has undesirable effects. (fishersci.com)
- In many cases this involves only a part of the antibodies, or various conjugates in which the antibody fragment is coupled to another protein component (e.g., an enzyme or a pharmaceutical active substance). (antibodies-online.com)
- An antibody is a protein (immunoglobulin) produced by B-lymphocytes (immune cells) in response to stimulation by an antigen. (encyclopedia.com)
- In the flow injection analysis (FIA) format, the antibody was immobilized on protein-A sepharose matrix and packed in a glass capillary column, which functioned as an immunoreactor. (ingentaconnect.com)
- IgG antibodies are large molecules of about 150 kDa composed of four peptide chains. (novusbio.com)
- Assay methods applying the antigen-antibody reaction wherein antigen-antibody complex insolubles are precipitated, and a large number of antigen-antibody molecules aggregate, are already known as classical methods. (google.ca)
- The pentameric antigen, CRP can be interacted with antibody molecules that were immobilized on the surface of latex, and then the latices are aggregated via CRP antigen. (aiche.org)
- ScFv-PM could be immobilized on the surface of latex and consequently, remaining activity of scFv-PM on the latex surface became higher than that of scFv without PMMA-tag immobilized, indicating that PMMA-tag prevented conformational change in scFv molecules after immobilization. (aiche.org)
- More particularly, the present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules, including fusion constructs, having catalytic activity and the use of same in glycosylation engineering of host cells to generate polypeptides with improved therapeutic properties, including antibodies with increased Fc receptor binding and increased effector function. (freepatentsonline.com)
- We successfully developed a stem cell rolling column with a soft-interface bearing anti cell surface marker molecules antibody. (nii.ac.jp)
- enzymes as a model of other immobilized molecules. (scirp.org)
- By linking several antibodies to the particle, the particle is able to bind many antigen molecules simultaneously. (encyclopedia.com)
- Be the first to review our Rabbit anti-Goat IgG (H L) Secondary Antibody [Agarose Immobilized] and receive a gift card or discount. (novusbio.com)
- An indirect ELISA detects the plated antigen with an unlabeled antibody, which is then detected with a secondary antibody carrying the means of signaling. (genscript.com)
- By utilizing a secondary antibody for signal delivery, indirect ELISA formats allow for use of a modular secondary antibody that recognizes the constant (Fc) region of the primary antibody. (genscript.com)
- Disclosed is an improvement to the technique for immobilizing an analyte onto a solid surface for use in a competitive immunoassay. (google.ca)
- However, there are some problems in the conventional antibody-immobilized latex for turbidimetric immunoassay. (aiche.org)
- Production cost of whole antibody which has been used in this immunoassay is considerably high because it is produced by hybridoma cell or animal s. (aiche.org)
- only the immobilized mouse antibodies and the HAMA remain in the immunoassay when the labeled secondary antibodies are administered. (wikipedia.org)
- The simplest immunoassay method measures the quantity of precipitate, which forms after the reagent antibody (precipitin) has incubated with the sample and reacted with its respective antigen to form an insoluble aggregate. (encyclopedia.com)
- In the dipstick-based immunoassay technique, antibody (anti-atrazine) was first immobilized on the nitrocellulose membranes. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Residual sample is eliminated by washing and conjugate (enzyme labeled antibodies to human IgG) is added and incubated. (cdc.gov)
- If IgG antibodies to norovirus are present, the conjugate will be immobilized in the wells. (cdc.gov)
- Trastuzumab emtansine: a unique antibody-drug conjugate in development for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive cancer. (springer.com)
- In this study, gold (Au) nanoparticle-antibody conjugate was applied for the signal enhancement of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). (nsti.org)
- The aim of the current study is to develop new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human ST3Gal-I and evaluate their diagnostic potential. (hindawi.com)
- In this study, we show that CD81 cross-linking via immobilized E2 or mAbs specific for CD81 inhibits not only non major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells but also interferon (IFN)-γ production by NK cells after exposure to interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, IL-15, or CD16 cross-linking. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- For several decades, and until recently, mice were used extensively in the production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). (wikipedia.org)
- To date, only patients in hospi- antibodies (MAbs) to plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase tals are being screened for the disease. (cdc.gov)
- A) Shown are the reactivities of the indicated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the LDH from 7 Plasmodium spp. (cdc.gov)
- antibodies such as 17E4 could detect and distinguish among the primate malarias and 7G9 specifi cally bind only to P. falciparum LDH, would not only benefi t individual patients but would also whereas antibodies such as 11D9 and 13H11 bind only to provide an important epidemiologic tool to monitor the P. vivax LDH. (cdc.gov)
- P. vivax LDH is immobilized only by 11D9 and 13H11, and P. falciparum LDH was only immobilized by 17E4. (cdc.gov)
- P. knowlesi LDH was immobilized by 11D9 and 13H11 antibodies and also by 17E4. (cdc.gov)
- Only the C-terminally anchored fusions resulted in specific recognition and binding of spheroplasts onto TentaGel beads with immobilized antigen. (elsevier.com)
- Lipid immobilized agarose beads were purchased from Echelon. (jneurosci.org)
- Quantitative assay methods of antigen-antibody reactions and analogous reactions are well known. (google.ca)
- A direct ELISA's detection is limited by the degree of labeling of the sole antibody in the assay. (genscript.com)
- A test apparatus for the determination of immunoassays of antigens and their antibodies which comprises a receptacle tray having a plurality of wells for receiving and samples, a holder for receiving and holding balls, coated with an immunologic composition and for depositing the balls into the wells. (google.com)
- There are many immunoassays utilizing antigen-antibody reaction. (aiche.org)
- Immunoassays measure the formation of antibody-antigen complexes and detect them via an indicator reaction. (encyclopedia.com)
- Qualitative immunoassays are often used to detect antigens on infectious agents and antibodies that the body produces to fight them. (encyclopedia.com)
- Immunoassays for antibodies produced in viral hepatitis, HIV , and Lyme disease are commonly used to identify patients with these diseases. (encyclopedia.com)
- Covalent Binding of Antibodies to Cellulose Paper Discs and Their Applications in Naked-eye Colorimetric Immunoassays Yanfen Peng 1 , Victor Van Gelder 2 , Anburaj Amaladoss 1 , Kadamb Haribhai Patel 1 1 School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 2 University of Applied Sciences Utrecht In this manuscript, periodate oxidation and glutaraldehyde cross-linking methods for covalent immobilization of antibodies on paper discs are presented. (jove.com)
- The capture zone removes excess labeled antibody as the bound labeled antibody migrates to a detection zone. (google.ca)
- For the purpose of diagnostic imaging, novel antibodies can be developed to target antigens for disease detection, or current FDA-approved antibodies can be repurposed with the covalent addition of an imaging probe. (springer.com)
- Direct ELISA has the simplest format, requiring antigen to be adsorbed to the plate and then bound by a labeled "detection" antibody. (genscript.com)
- This contrasts with an "indirect" ELISA which separates the detection and signaling tasks between "primary" and "secondary" antibodies. (genscript.com)
- 3. The diagnostic test method of claim 2 , wherein a receptive material immobilized within the detection region binds to the detection probes or conjugates thereof. (google.co.uk)
- This allows rapid and sensitive detection of antibodies that are markers of such diseases, as infectious mononucleosis and rheumatoid arthritis. (encyclopedia.com)
- Cross-reactivity, arising because detection antibodies are mixed, is a known weakness of multiplex sandwich assays that is mitigated by lengthy optimization. (mcponline.org)
- In ACMs, both capture and detection antibodies are physically colocalized by spotting to the same two-dimensional coordinate. (mcponline.org)
- Following spotting of the capture antibodies, the chip is removed from the arrayer, incubated with the sample, placed back onto the arrayer and then spotted with the detection antibodies. (mcponline.org)
- In this paper, we report on the immobilization of antibodies onto the surface of an optical fiber through an avidin-biotin bridge for the detection of ricin, ovalbumin, and Bacillus globigii (Bg). (spie.org)
- Finally, a fluorophore- labeled antibody is added for the specific detection of the analyte. (spie.org)
- In all cases, we observe an improved performance of the biosensor, i.e., lower limit of detection and wide linear dynamic range, for the assays in which the antibody is immobilized via avidin-biotin bridges compared to covalent attachment method. (spie.org)
- To stabilize BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer, it was coupled with the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of broadly neutralizing antibody, PGT145. (moleculardevices.com)
- In the first case the antibody is split above the hinge region, thereby producing a so-called Fc fragment (consisting of two heavy-chain constant domains) and two Fab fragments (variable and constant domain of the two chains). (antibodies-online.com)
- Methods and Results- Human IgG1 antibodies against 2 malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified apoB-100 peptide sequences were produced through screening of a single-chain antibody-fragment library and subsequent cloning into a pcDNA3 vector. (ahajournals.org)
- 4 . The microarray of claim 2 , wherein the first active area comprises an immobilized polypeptide. (google.com.au)
- 5 . The microarray of claim 4 , wherein the immobilized polypeptide comprises an antigen. (google.com.au)
- 7 . The microarray of claim 2 , wherein the first active area comprises immobilized avidin, immobilized non-glycosylated avidin, or immobilized streptavidin. (google.com.au)
- 10 . The microarray of claim, 9 , wherein the first active area further comprises an immobilized fusion tag ligand. (google.com.au)
- By using the rAg microarray chip, a fast and automated screening of antibodies against pathogens in sera of slaughtered pigs would be possible for zoonosis monitoring. (mdpi.com)
- We propose (2) a novel concept for multiplexing without mixing named antibody colocalization microarray (ACM). (mcponline.org)
- The differentiating feature of a sandwich ELISA is the adsorption of a "capture" antibody to the plate. (genscript.com)
- First, a capture antibody is immobilized, followed by the addition of the analyte. (spie.org)
- Here we show that scFv antibody fragments expressed in the APEx format allow the binding of spheroplasts to immobilized ligands. (elsevier.com)
- ScFv antibodies specific for the cardiac glycoside digoxin or for the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis as a negative control were expressed in E. coli as fusions to either N-terminal or C-terminal membrane anchoring domains. (elsevier.com)
- 3. The antibody according to claim 2 , characterized in that it is in the form of single chain (scFv) comprising one variable region of the light chain covalently joined to one variable region of the heavy chain. (google.com)
- We investigated preparation of latex immobilized with single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody. (aiche.org)
- Approximately 50 ng/ml of CRP was detected by use of the scFv-immobilized latices prepared in this study. (aiche.org)
- High yields of functional scFv antibody fragments can be produced and secreted into the culture medium by B. megaterium , making this production system a reasonable alternative to E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
- More particularly, this invention relates to a diagnostic apparatus for a direct radioimmunoassay for determining hapatitis associated antigen or its antibodies or antigens and antibodies. (google.com)
- Typically the immobilized molecule. (genscript.com)
- Direct" refers to the first and only antibody acting as both the antigen recognition molecule and signal delivery molecule. (genscript.com)
- Escherichia coli expression systems are unique for the validation of the correct functioning of antibody fragments in the periplasmic space or cytoplasm. (frontiersin.org)
- The well established production host Escherichia coli relies on the secretion into the periplasmic space for antibody synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- In parallel, PE-expressing Escherichia coli bound soluble vitronectin and adhered to immobilized vitronectin compared with controls. (jimmunol.org)
- The analyte binds to the antibody and passes through a capture zone which contains immobilized analyte or an analyte derivative which is immunologically reactive with the antibody. (google.ca)
- Generation of human monoclonal antibodies reactive with cellular antigens," Proc. (freepatentsonline.com)
- Hi DK, Yes it's a hydrazide-functional beaded agarose gel support, and the antibody or other glycoprotein is oxidized with periodate to form reactive aldehydes. (bio.net)
- Recombinant Antibody (Giby-1-4). (antibodies-online.com)
- Recombinant antibody (Praxy-1). (antibodies-online.com)
- Recombinant Antibody (Bondy-1-1). (antibodies-online.com)
- Antibodies are nanosize biological products that are part of the specific immune system. (hindawi.com)
- It has four sections focusing on Sperm antigens, Antisperm antibodies (ASAs), Clinical impact of ASAs, and Immune contraception, and include contributions from leading experts in these fields. (springer.com)
- Antibody treatment is a type of therapy that is used to treat certain types of cancer and immune disorders. (wikipedia.org)
- Antibodies can also be grown outside of the patient's body and injected into them to help aid the immune system to fight disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The immediate union of antibody and antigen forms immune complexes that are too small to precipitate. (encyclopedia.com)
- Conclusions- These findings suggest that antibodies are important mediators of atheroprotective immune responses directed to oxidized LDL. (ahajournals.org)
- Primary antibodies are typically monoclonal, a precious and expensive resource, whereas secondary antibodies are typically polyclonal, cheaply and quickly produced. (genscript.com)
- Immunoglobulin G is the most abundant antibody isotype found in the circulation. (novusbio.com)
- 7. The antibody according to claim 4 characterized in that it comprises at least one of the sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, and 6 in combination with a sequence derived from an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region. (google.com)
- To further study the role of these IgG antibodies in the atheroprotective response and to test whether specific MDA-apoB-100 antibodies could be used for direct inhibition of atherosclerosis in apoE −/− mice, we produced recombinant human IgG1 that specifically recognizes 2 MDA-modified sequences in human apoB-100. (ahajournals.org)
- P. knowlesi ratory conditions, several monkey malarias are capable of binds to both the "falciparum-specifi c" (17E4/7G9) and the infecting humans and that P. knowlesi can be transmit- "vivax-specifi c" (11D9/13H11) antibodies (Figure 1, pan- ted to humans by mosquito bite ( 6,7 ). (cdc.gov)
- Blood was wicked in the presence of colloidal gold conjugated to antibody 6C9, which binds all pLDH isoforms. (cdc.gov)
- The binding of the ligand-free BG505 trimer and the PGT145-trimer complex to a panel of purified monoclonal antibodies (VRC01, PGT145, PGT151, F105, and 17b) were studied. (moleculardevices.com)
- As the results, zwitterionic telomer brush containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) efficiency suppressed the non-specific interaction between cells and antibody-immobilized surface. (nii.ac.jp)
- Protective antibodies are secreted by cells underlying the gastrointestinal lining. (britannica.com)
- Moreover the present invention refers to the nucleotide sequences coding for such antibodies and to the therapeutic use of both polypeptide and nucleotide sequences, in particular for the therapy of diseases involving tissue damage deriving from uncontrolled activation of the complement system. (google.com)
- Get access to the best antibodies, discovery platforms, and know-how to advance your diagnostic and therapeutic programs. (abcam.com)
- Custom antibody development and commercial partnerships to advance your diagnostic and therapeutic discovery. (abcam.com)
- Reuse of therapeutic antibodies for diagnostic purposes reduces translational costs since the safety profile of the antibody is well defined and the agent is already available under conditions suitable for human use. (springer.com)
- Advanced antibody engineering techniques have extensive applications in the fields of immunology, biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapeutic medicines. (frontiersin.org)
- Their prophylactic and therapeutic protection ability was first discovered in the late nineteenth century by the passive transmission of antibodies from a diseased animal that provided immunity against diphtheria. (frontiersin.org)
- Anti-Goat IgG [H&L] (Rabbit) Antibody Agarose Conjugated is an IgG fraction antibody coupled to activated agarose. (novusbio.com)
- Anti-Goat IgG [H&L] (Rabbit) Antibody Agarose Conjugated is generated in goat and detects specifically Goat IgG heavy and light chains. (novusbio.com)
- This anti-Goat antibody is suited for immobilization in a packed column for removal of Goat IgG from solution. (novusbio.com)
- Anti-Goat IgG [H&L] Antibody is ideal for investigators in Cancer, Immunology, and Microbiology research. (novusbio.com)
- Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL antibody storage GENTAUR recommends for long therm storage to freeze at -24 C. For short time storage up to 30 days we suggest fridge storage at 1 to 10 C. Prevent multiple freeze taw cycles of Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL rabbit polyclonal These antibodies are very stable and can be stored up to 2 months at fridge temperature under 10C. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Do not freeze taw, rather use Pure Rabbit Anti_Mouse IgG Gel, Specific Immobilized Antibodies, 2mL from the fridge if your use is less than 1 or 2 weeks. (antibody-antibodies.com)
- Since the development of antibody-production techniques, a number of immunoglobulins have been developed on a large scale using conventional methods. (frontiersin.org)
- Therefore, this review extends beyond our understanding of conventional polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. (frontiersin.org)
- Recombinant antibodies are essential reagents for research, diagnostics and therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
- These trace components are assayed by applying antigen-antibody reactions or analogous reactions, for example antibodies or receptors for hormones. (google.ca)
- Antibodies were immobilized onto AHC Biosensor probes. (moleculardevices.com)