Antibodies. Medical search

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Antibodies, often monoclonal, in which the two antigen-binding sites are specific for separate ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS. They are artificial antibodies produced by chemical crosslinking, fusion of HYBRIDOMA cells, or by molecular genetic techniques. They function as the main mediators of targeted cellular cytotoxicity and have been shown to be efficient in the targeting of drugs, toxins, radiolabeled haptens, and effector cells to diseased tissue, primarily tumors.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.

Antibodies that inhibit the reaction between ANTIGEN and other antibodies or sensitized T-LYMPHOCYTES (e.g., antibodies of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN G class that compete with IGE antibodies for antigen, thereby blocking an allergic response). Blocking antibodies that bind tumors and prevent destruction of tumor cells by CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES have also been called enhancing antibodies. (Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Antibodies elicited in a different species from which the antigen originated. These antibodies are directed against a wide variety of interspecies-specific antigens, the best known of which are Forssman, Hanganutziu-Deicher (H-D), and Paul-Bunnell (P-B). Incidence of antibodies to these antigens--i.e., the phenomenon of heterophile antibody response--is useful in the serodiagnosis, pathogenesis, and prognosis of infection and latent infectious states as well as in cancer classification.

Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Antibodies from non-human species whose protein sequences have been modified to make them nearly identical with human antibodies. If the constant region and part of the variable region are replaced, they are called humanized. If only the constant region is modified they are called chimeric. INN names for humanized antibodies end in -zumab.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

Autoantibodies directed against phospholipids. These antibodies are characteristically found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC;), ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; related autoimmune diseases, some non-autoimmune diseases, and also in healthy individuals.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

Autoantibodies directed against cytoplasmic constituents of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES and/or MONOCYTES. They are used as specific markers for GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS and other diseases, though their pathophysiological role is not clear. ANCA are routinely detected by indirect immunofluorescence with three different patterns: c-ANCA (cytoplasmic), p-ANCA (perinuclear), and atypical ANCA.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Techniques used to demonstrate or measure an immune response, and to identify or measure antigens using antibodies.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Techniques for removal by adsorption and subsequent elution of a specific antibody or antigen using an immunosorbent containing the homologous antigen or antibody.

Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Antibodies obtained from a single clone of cells grown in mice or rats.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS, including antibodies to the surface (Australia) and core of the Dane particle and those to the "e" antigens.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.

Antibodies specific to INSULIN.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

An immunoglobulin fragment composed of one variable domain from an IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN or IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Field of chemistry that pertains to immunological phenomena and the study of chemical reactions related to antigen stimulation of tissues. It includes physicochemical interactions between antigens and antibodies.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (IMMUNOTOXINS) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (see RADIOTHERAPY).

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the B-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the B-cell receptor are located on the surface of the antigen.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Semisynthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; and ANTIGENS. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect.

The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).

Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).

A form of fluorescent antibody technique utilizing a fluorochrome conjugated to an antibody, which is added directly to a tissue or cell suspension for the detection of a specific antigen. (Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Proteins found in any species of protozoan.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Unstable isotopes of indium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. In atoms with atomic weights 106-112, 113m, 114, and 116-124 are radioactive indium isotopes.

Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

A method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing ANTIBODIES against ANTIGENS or HAPTENS conjugated to sheep RED BLOOD CELLS. The sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added COMPLEMENT producing a clear zone of HEMOLYSIS. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 3rd ed)

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Sensitive assay using radiolabeled ANTIGENS to detect specific ANTIBODIES in SERUM. The antigens are allowed to react with the serum and then precipitated using a special reagent such as PROTEIN A sepharose beads. The bound radiolabeled immunoprecipitate is then commonly analyzed by gel electrophoresis.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Unglycosylated phosphoproteins expressed only on B-cells. They are regulators of transmembrane Ca2+ conductance and thought to play a role in B-cell activation and proliferation.

The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (1/15913)

A simple and highly sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of methamphetamine (MA) using a new fluorescent europium chelate (BHHCT-Eu3+) as a label is described. Two variations of competitive immunoassay were attempted. In the first (one-step) assay, microtiter plates coated with anti-MA were used, and the new label was bound to a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and N-(4-aminobutyl)-MA (MA-BSA). In the second (two-step) assay, instead of the labeled MA-BSA, biotinylated MA-BSA and BHHCT-Eu3+-labeled streptavidin-BSA were used. The lowest measurable concentrations of MA for the one-step and the two-step methods were 1 ng/mL (25 pg/assay) and 1 pg/mL (25 fg/assay), respectively. These were 10 to 1000 times superior to the detection limits of MA in any other immunoassay. Intra-assay coefficient of variation was approximately 2-8% at eight different concentrations (n = 4). Analysis of 34 urine samples with the new method and conventional gas chromatography showed a good correlation (r = 0.954). The high detectability of the present assay also enabled segmental hair analysis with a few centimeters of a hair. (+info)

Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor antibody inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in injured rat carotid arteries. (2/15913)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) has been suggested to promote atherogenesis. The effects of in vivo neutralization of MCP-1 in a rat model were examined in an effort to clarify the role of MCP-1 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Competitive polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed maximum MCP-1 mRNA expression at 4 hours after carotid arterial injury. Increased immunoreactivities of MCP-1 were also detected at 2 and 8 hours after injury. Either anti-MCP-1 antibody or nonimmunized goat IgG (10 mg/kg) was then administered every 12 hours to rats that had undergone carotid arterial injury. Treatment with 3 consecutive doses of anti-MCP-1 antibody within 24 hours (experiment 1) and every 12 hours for 5 days (experiment 2) significantly inhibited neointimal hyperplasia at day 14, resulting in a 27.8% reduction of the mean intima/media ratio (P<0.05) in experiment 1 and a 43.6% reduction (P<0.01) in experiment 2. This effect was still apparent at day 56 (55.6% inhibition; P<0.05). The number of vascular smooth muscle cells in the neointima at day 4 was significantly reduced by anti-MCP-1 treatment, demonstrating the important role of MCP-1 in early neointimal lesion formation. However, recombinant MCP-1 did not stimulate chemotaxis of vascular smooth muscle cells in an in vitro migration assay. These results suggest that MCP-1 promotes neointimal hyperplasia in early neointimal lesion formation and that neutralization of MCP-1 before, and immediately after, arterial injury may be effective in preventing restenosis after angioplasty. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism underlying the promotion of neointimal hyperplasia by MCP-1. (+info)

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (3/15913)

The function of the beta-amyloid protein precursor (betaAPP), a transmembrane molecule involved in Alzheimer pathologies, is poorly understood. We recently reported the presence of a fraction of betaAPP in cholesterol and sphingoglycolipid-enriched microdomains (CSEM), a caveolae-like compartment specialized in signal transduction. To investigate whether betaAPP actually interferes with cell signaling, we reexamined the interaction between betaAPP and Go GTPase. In strong contrast with results obtained with reconstituted phospholipid vesicles (Okamoto et al., 1995), we find that incubating total neuronal membranes with 22C11, an antibody that recognizes an N-terminal betaAPP epitope, reduces high-affinity Go GTPase activity. This inhibition is specific of Galphao and is reproduced, in the absence of 22C11, by the addition of the betaAPP C-terminal domain but not by two distinct mutated betaAPP C-terminal domains that do not bind Galphao. This inhibition of Galphao GTPase activity by either 22C11 or wild-type betaAPP cytoplasmic domain suggests that intracellular interactions between betaAPP and Galphao could be regulated by extracellular signals. To verify whether this interaction is preserved in CSEM, we first used biochemical, immunocytochemical, and ultrastructural techniques to unambiguously confirm the colocalization of Galphao and betaAPP in CSEM. We show that inhibition of basal Galphao GTPase activity also occurs within CSEM and correlates with the coimmunoprecipitation of Galphao and betaAPP. The regulation of Galphao GTPase activity by betaAPP in a compartment specialized in signaling may have important consequences for our understanding of the physiopathological functions of betaAPP. (+info)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (4/15913)

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of a large family of voltage-gated K+ channel genes expressed in mammalian brain. This molecular diversity underlies the vast repertoire of neuronal K+ channels that regulate action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release and that are essential to the control of neuronal excitability. However, the specific contribution of individual K+ channel gene products to these neuronal K+ currents is poorly understood. We have shown previously, using an antibody, "KC, " specific for the Kv2.1 K+ channel alpha-subunit, the high-level expression of Kv2.1 protein in hippocampal neurons in situ and in culture. Here we show that KC is a potent blocker of K+ currents expressed in cells transfected with the Kv2.1 cDNA, but not of currents expressed in cells transfected with other highly related K+ channel alpha-subunit cDNAs. KC also blocks the majority of the slowly inactivating outward current in cultured hippocampal neurons, although antibodies to two other K+ channel alpha-subunits known to be expressed in these cells did not exhibit blocking effects. In all cases the blocking effects of KC were eliminated by previous incubation with a recombinant fusion protein containing the KC antigenic sequence. Together these studies show that Kv2.1, which is expressed at high levels in most mammalian central neurons, is a major contributor to the delayed rectifier K+ current in hippocampal neurons and that the KC antibody is a powerful tool for the elucidation of the role of the Kv2.1 K+ channel in regulating neuronal excitability. (+info)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/15913)

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combined in situ hybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells. Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA. (+info)

Antiphospholipid, anti-beta 2-glycoprotein-I and anti-oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome. (6/15913)

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I (anti-beta 2-GPI) and anti-oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) antibodies are all implicated in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome. To investigate whether different autoantibodies or combinations thereof produced distinct effects related to their antigenic specificities, we examined the frequencies of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)-related features in the presence of different antibodies [aPL, beta 2-GPI, anti-oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL)] in 125 patients with APS. Median follow-up was 72 months: 58 patients were diagnosed as primary APS and 67 as APS plus systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), anti-beta 2-GPI and anti-oxidized LDL antibodies were determined by ELISA; lupus anticoagulant (LA) by standard coagulometric methods. Univariate analysis showed that patients positive for anti-beta 2-GPI had a higher risk of recurrent thrombotic events (OR = 3.64, 95% CI, p = 0.01) and pregnancy loss (OR = 2.99, 95% CI, p = 0.004). Patients positive for anti-oxidized LDL antibodies had a 2.24-fold increase in the risk of arterial thrombosis (2.24, 95% CI, p = 0.03) and lower risk of thrombocytopenia (OR = 0.41 95% CI, p = 0.04). Patients positive for aCL antibodies had a higher risk of pregnancy loss (OR = 4.62 95% CI, p = 0.001). When these data were tested by multivariate logistic regression, the association between anti-beta 2-GPI and pregnancy loss and the negative association between anti-oxidized LDL antibodies and thrombocytopenia disappeared. (+info)

The role of homophilic binding in anti-tumor antibody R24 recognition of molecular surfaces. Demonstration of an intermolecular beta-sheet interaction between vh domains. (7/15913)

The murine antibody R24 and mouse-human Fv-IgG1(kappa) chimeric antibody chR24 are specific for the cell-surface tumor antigen disialoganglioside GD3. X-ray diffraction and surface plasmon resonance experiments have been employed to study the mechanism of "homophilic binding," in which molecules of R24 recognize and bind to other molecules of R24 though their heavy chain variable domains. R24 exhibits strong binding to liposomes containing disialoganglioside GD3; however, the kinetics are unusual in that saturation of binding is not observed. The binding of chR24 to GD3-bearing liposomes is significantly weaker, suggesting that cooperative interactions involving antibody constant regions contribute to R24 binding of membrane-bound GD3. The crystal structures of the Fabs from R24 and chR24 reveal the mechanism for homophilic binding and confirm that the homophilic and antigen-binding idiotopes are distinct. The homophilic binding idiotope is formed largely by an anti-parallel beta-sheet dimerization between the H2 complementarity determining region (CDR) loops of two Fabs, while the antigen-binding idiotope is a pocket formed by the three CDR loops on the heavy chain. The formation of homophilic dimers requires the presence of a canonical conformation for the H2 CDR in conjunction with participation of side chains. The relative positions of the homophilic and antigen-binding sites allows for a lattice of GD3-specific antibodies to be constructed, which is stabilized by the presence of the cell membrane. This model provides for the selective recognition by R24 of cells that overexpress GD3 on the cell surface. (+info)

Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK family member associated with tight as well as adherens junctions with a binding affinity to occludin and alpha catenin. (8/15913)

ZO-2, a member of the MAGUK family, was thought to be specific for tight junctions (TJs) in contrast to ZO-1, another MAGUK family member, which is localized at TJs and adherens junctions (AJs) in epithelial and nonepithelial cells, respectively. Mouse ZO-2 cDNA was isolated, and a specific polyclonal antibody was generated using corresponding synthetic peptides as antigens. Immunofluorescence microscopy with this polyclonal antibody revealed that, similarly to ZO-1, in addition to TJs in epithelial cells, ZO-2 was also concentrated at AJs in nonepithelial cells such as fibroblasts and cardiac muscle cells lacking TJs. When NH2-terminal dlg-like and COOH-terminal non-dlg-like domains of ZO-2 (N-ZO-2 and C-ZO-2, respectively) were separately introduced into cultured cells, N-ZO-2 was colocalized with endogenous ZO-1/ZO-2, i.e. at TJs in epithelial cells and at AJs in non-epithelial cells, whereas C-ZO-2 was distributed along actin filaments. Consistently, occludin as well as alpha catenin directly bound to N-ZO-2 as well as the NH2-terminal dlg-like portion of ZO-1 (N-ZO-1) in vitro. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the second PDZ domain of ZO-2 was directly associated with N-ZO-1. These findings indicated that ZO-2 forms a complex with ZO-1/occludin or ZO-1/alpha catenin to establish TJ or AJ domains, respectively. (+info)

Antibody production independent of T lymphocytes[edit]. For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B ... T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct ... The most commonly released isotype of antibodies in this type of immune reaction is low affinity IgM.[1] ... It results in proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies. TI-2 antigens can activate only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_independent_antigen_

Cerebellar ataxia associated with anti-GAD antibodies[edit]. Antibodies against the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: ... GAD antibodies related ataxia is part of the group called immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias.[38] The antibodies induce a ... Part 3: Anti-Yo/CDR2, anti-Nb/AP3B2, PCA-2, anti-Tr/DNER, other antibodies, diagnostic pitfalls, summary and outlook". Journal ... Jarius S, Wildemann B (September 2015). "'Medusa-head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia

Antibody-drug conjugates[edit]. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) comprise an antibody, drug and a linker between them. The ... Sievers EL, Linenberger M (Nov 2001). "Mylotarg: antibody-targeted chemotherapy comes of age". Current Opinion in Oncology. 13 ... They are divided into two groups: small molecule and antibodies. The massive toxicity seen with the use of cytotoxics is due to ... Teicher BA, Chari RV (Oct 2011). "Antibody conjugate therapeutics: challenges and potential". Clinical Cancer Research. 17 (20 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapeutics

Antibodies[edit]. Main articles: V(D)J recombination and Somatic hypermutation. In antibodies, hypervariable regions form the ... Antibodies are remarkably specific, thanks to hypervariable regions in both light and heavy chains. The hyperbariable regions ... antigen-binding site and are found on both light and heavy chains.[4] They also contribute to the specificity of each antibody. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable_region

Research on antibody[edit]. In the early 1890s, Paul Ehrlich started to work with Emil Behring, professor of medicine at the ... Ehrlich was also nominated for that year.[5]) From Behring's work, Ehrlich understood that antibodies produced in the blood ... He speculated that these antibodies act as bullets fired from a gun to target specific microbes. But after further research, he ... But Ehrlich's rationale was that the chemical structure called side chain forms antibodies that bind to toxins (such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_bullet_

In contrast to antibodies to A and B antigens, Rhesus antibodies are generally not produced from exposure to environmental ... and these IgG antibodies are able to cross the placenta. For unknown reasons, the incidence of maternal antibodies against type ... one of the five main types of antibodies) produced by the mother pass through the placenta. Among these antibodies are some ... Antibodies to the other Kell antigens are rare.[14]. Prevention[edit]. In cases of Rho(D) incompatibility, Rho(D) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_fetus_and_newborn

Antibodies[edit]. HLA antibodies are typically not naturally occurring, and with few exceptions are formed as a result of an ... A23 and A24 are split antigens, but antibodies specific to either are typically used more often than antibodies to broad ... which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed ... serotyping antibodies became more refined as techniques for increasing sensitivity improved and new serotyping antibodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leucocyte_antigen

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity[edit]. Infected cells are routinely opsonized with antibodies for detection by ... respond better to antibody therapy. This has been shown for lymphoma patients who received the antibody Rituxan. Patients who ... Antibodies that bind to antigens can be recognised by FcϒRIII (CD16) receptors expressed on NK cells, resulting in NK ... CD16 (FcγIIIA) plays a role in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; in particular, they bind IgG. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell

Antibody detection[edit]. Antibody detection can be useful to indicate schistosome infection in people who have traveled to ... The presence of antibody is indicative only of schistosome infection at some time and cannot be correlated with clinical status ... Finding eggs of the parasite in urine or stool, antibodies in blood[5]. ... a combination of tests with purified adult worm antigens is used for antibody detection. All serum specimens are tested by FAST ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis

Antibody Binding[edit]. Antibodies are present in the diluted serum sample, and are considered significant to the health of the ... Antibody Detection[edit]. To detect those human antibodies, the array is covered with a solution of a fluorescently labeled ... The antibodies in the serum sample will vary among patients, depending on their health or disease state.[3] Once antibodies ... secondary antibody.[3] This secondary antibody binds to the patient antibody already on the array from the diluted serum sample ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosignature

There are several anti-thyroid antibodies, including anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), anti-microsomal/anti-thyroid ... and TSH receptor antibodies (TSHRAb).[5] *Elevated anti-thryoglobulin (TgAb) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) can ... Antithyroid antibodies[edit]. Autoantibodies to the thyroid gland may be detected in various disease states. ... Anti-thyroid autoantibodies can also be used, where elevated anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_disease

Antibody behavior[edit]. Anti-Fya is a common antibody while anti-Fyb is approximately 20 times less common.,[101][102] They ... Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant human blood group systems, including ... the antibody to a second antigen, Fyb, was discovered in serum. Using these two antibodies, three common phenotypes were ... Antibody type[edit]. Almost entirely IgG. IgG1 usually predominates. IgM does occur but is rare. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benign_ethnic_neutropenia

Antibody-antigen reaction[edit]. Now these antibodies will encounter antigens and bind with them. This will either interfere ... Its aspects involving antibodies are often called antibody-mediated immunity. The study of the molecular and cellular ... Antibodies[edit]. Main article: Antibody. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins in the immunoglobulin superfamily that function as ... Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target. By binding their specific antigens, antibodies can cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immune_response

Humoral antibodies[edit]. The sera of birds infected with avian reovirus display circulating antibodies through the validation ... Maternal antibodies[edit]. Maternal antibodies have displayed protection against the development of microscopic lesions of ... Hung, Liu; Kuo, Liam; Yu, Hu; Ming, Liao; Yi, Lien (April 2002). "Development of an ELISA for detection of antibodies to avian ... An experiment that used monoclonal antibodies that were specific for chick Ia (a chicken class II major histocompatibility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_reovirus

Antinuclear antibody[edit]. A test used to identify abnormal proteins, known as antinuclear antibodies, produced when the body ... "Antinuclear Antibody (ANA)". labtestsonline.org. Retrieved 14 April 2020.. *^ "Complete blood count (CBC)". www.mayoclinic.org ... In this case, a normal immune response to C. jejuni can result in the production of antibodies that also react to a lesser ... Monoclonal antibodies that can be used to block pro-inflammatory cytokines. *Antigen-specific immunotherapy which allows immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_autoimmune_disease

Antibody types[edit]. The antibodies used for specific detection can be polyclonal or monoclonal. Polyclonal antibodies are ... Thus, polyclonal antibodies are a heterogeneous mix of antibodies that recognize several epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies are ... while secondary antibodies are raised against immunoglobulins of the primary antibody species. The secondary antibody is ... Monoclonal antibodies[edit]. Main article: Monoclonal antibody therapy. Many proteins shown to be highly upregulated in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemical_staining

Monoclonal antibodies/ADCs[edit]. MMAE has been tested with various monoclonal antibodies (usually forming an antibody-drug ... Because of its toxicity, it cannot be used as a drug itself; instead, it is linked to a monoclonal antibody (MAB) which directs ... The linker to the monoclonal antibody is stable in extracellular fluid, but is cleaved by cathepsin once the conjugate has ... "AGS67E, an Anti-CD37 Monomethyl Auristatin E Antibody-Drug Conjugate as a Potential Therapeutic for B/T-Cell Malignancies and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomethyl_auristatin_E

Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110). *ASP-6294 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afatinib

Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110). *ASP-6294 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF

Antibodies: Emapalumab. *Fontolizumab. IFNLR (λ, III). *See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD30

... a monoclonal antibody, Novartis) being developed and sold,[7] and the off-label use of the cheaper Bevacizumab.[8] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegaptanib

Such antagonists include (but are not limited to) specific antibodies that target the molecule of interest, which act only in a ... "An antibody reactive with domain 4 of the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor allows BB binding while inhibiting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor

Antibodies: Xentuzumab (against IGF-1 and IGF-2). Kisspeptin. *Agonists: Kisspeptin. *Kisspeptin-10 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

This inhibition can be achieved with a monoclonal antibody such as infliximab (Remicade) binding directly to TNFα, adalimumab ( ... and identified the therapeutic effects of monoclonal anti-TNF antibodies.[20][21] More recently, research in the Laboratory of ... "Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia". Nature. 330 (6149): 662-64. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-alpha

This article needs attention from an expert in Chemistry. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Chemistry may be able to help recruit an expert. (November 2014) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysophosphatidylinositol

Antibodies that recognize puromycylated nascent chains can also be used to purify newly synthesized polypeptides[3] and to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

The endocannabinoid transporters (eCBTs) are transport proteins for the endocannabinoids. Most neurotransmitters are water-soluble and require transmembrane proteins to transport them across the cell membrane. The endocannabinoids (anandamide, AEA, and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, 2-AG) on the other hand, are non-charged lipids that readily cross lipid membranes.[1][2][3][4][5] However, since the endocannabinoids are water immiscible, protein transporters have been described that act as carriers to solubilize and transport the endocannabinoids through the aqueous cytoplasm. These include the heat shock proteins (Hsp70s) and fatty acid binding proteins for anandamide (FABPs).[6][7] FABPs such as FABP1, FABP3, FABP5, and FABP7 have been shown to bind endocannabinoids.[8][9] FABP inhibitors attenuate the breakdown of anandamide by the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in cell culture.[6] One of these inhibitors (SB-FI-26), isolated from a virtual library of a million compounds, belongs to a class ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_transporter

Antibodies: Against TrkA: GBR-900; Against NGF: ABT-110 (PG110). *ASP-6294 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

... s aid B cells to produce antibodies. Important lymphokines secreted by the T helper cell include:[2] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphokine

This monoclonal antibody-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.. *v ... It is a single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody targeted against component 5 of the complement system.[4] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexelizumab

... highly characterized monoclonal antibodies to human proteins associated with cancer. ... CPTC-EGFR-1 antibody does not react with full length EGFR protein ... Immuno-MRM chromatogram of CPTC-EGFR-1 antibody with CPTC-EGFR ...

https://antibodies.cancer.gov/detail/CPTC-EGFR-1

... highly characterized monoclonal antibodies to human proteins associated with cancer. ... Antibody Pairing Studies. This summarizes antibody pairing studies by SPR. Characterization SOP Files. *. Evaluation using ... Antibody Pairing Studies. This summarizes antibody pairing studies by SPR. Characterization SOP Files. *. Evaluation using ... Antibody Pairing Studies. This is a summary of antibody pairing studies by SPR. ...

https://antibodies.cancer.gov/detail/CPTC-FABP5-1

Antibody mimetic[edit]. Antibody mimetics are organic compounds that, like antibodies, can specifically bind antigens. They are ... Asymmetrical antibodies[edit]. Heterodimeric antibodies, which are also asymmetrical and antibodies, allow for greater ... How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody from Cells Alive!. *Antibody applications Fluorescent antibody image library, University of ... Nucleic acids and small molecules are sometimes considered antibody mimetics, but not artificial antibodies, antibody fragments ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

BispecificAntibodies, BlockingAntibodies, CatalyticAntibodies, FungalAntibodies, HelminthAntibodies, HeterophileAntibodies, ... BispecificAntibodies, BlockingAntibodies, CatalyticAntibodies, FungalAntibodies, HelminthAntibodies, HeterophileAntibodies, ... BispecificAntibodies, BlockingAntibodies, CatalyticAntibodies, FungalAntibodies, HelminthAntibodies, HeterophileAntibodies, ... NeoplasmAntibodies, NeutralizingAntibodies, Phospho-SpecificAntibodies, ProtozoanAntibodies, ViralDeltaretrovirus Antibodies + ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?Db=mesh&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22Antibodies%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D

The primary antibody binds to an antigen (in red). A labeled secondary antibody (in green), then binds to the primary antibody ... "Secondary Antibodies as Probes". www.thermofisher.com. Retrieved 2017-05-31.. *^ "F(ab)₂ Fragment Secondary Antibodies - ... Secondary antibodies are especially efficient in immunolabeling. Secondary antibodies bind to primary antibodies, which are ... Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_antibodies

... antisperm antibodies fight sperm. it happens when the immune system mistakenly targets sperm in a mans semen as an invader and ... What are antisperm antibodies?. ANSWER Like the name says, antisperm antibodies fight sperm. It happens when the immune system ... Antisperm antibodies arent common. Both men and women can make them. They can make it harder for couples to have a baby. But ... Reproductive Medicine and Biology : "Diagnosis and treatment of immunologically infertile males with antisperm antibodies." ...

https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/qa/what-are-antisperm-antibodies

Award-winning news and culture, features breaking news, in-depth reporting and criticism on politics, business, entertainment and technology.

https://www.salon.com/topic/monoclonal_antibodies

See also Antibiotic resistance, tests for; Antibody and antigen; Antibody-antigen, biochemical and molecular reactions; ... The presence of antibodies in the serum occurs much earlier in the case of infections that occur very soon after the ... Again, the nature of the antibodies can help alert a physician to the presence of a hitherto undetected bacterial infection , ... Seroconversion is am important aspect of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS ). Antibodies to HIV can sometimes be ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/hiv-antibodies

... antibodies are autoantibodies that can affect blood clotting. Cardiolipin antibody tests help diagnose the cause of blood clots ... Cardiolipin antibodies are the most common of the antiphospholipid antibodies. It is not unusual to detect them in a persons ... When cardiolipin antibody is detected, then the test may be repeated several weeks later to determine whether the antibody is ... Cardiolipin antibodies are the most common antiphospholipid antibody, a group of autoantibodies associated with excessive ...

https://labtestsonline.org/tests/cardiolipin-antibodies

The thyroglobulin antibodies test is used to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, or when thyroid ... A thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) test is used to check blood levels of antibodies the body has made against the compound ... The thyroglobulin antibodies test is considered a safe procedure. However, as with many medical tests, some problems can occur ... The thyroglobulin antibodies test is used primarily to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland. The ...

http://kidshealth.org/RadyChildrens/en/parents/test-tgab.html

The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is primarily used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the ... A thyroid peroxidase antibodies test checks the levels of antibodies made against the compound thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the ... Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system, usually to fight bacteria, viruses, and toxins that enter or contact the ... The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is considered a safe procedure. However, as with many medical tests, some problems can ...

http://kidshealth.org/MultiCare/en/parents/test-peroxidase.html

... reveal that patients with a rare autoimmune disease produce antibodies that attack microbe-fighting immune proteins called ...

http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/1816554/antibodies_attack_immune_proteins/

Globulins and Antibodies Br Med J 1950; 1 :431 doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4650.431-a ... Globulins and Antibodies. Br Med J 1950; 1 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4650.431-a (Published 18 February 1950) Cite this ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/1/4650/431.2

Antibodies found in blood type A positive. ?. primarily B antibodies and Rh antibodies ... while type B has B antigens and Anti-A antibodies. AB has both antigens but no antibodies, and O has both antibodies but no ... Are antibodies made of lipids. ?. Most of the antibodies in the body are made of lipids. This is one of the main functions of ... Does the herpes antibody kill herpes. ?. No nothing kills herpes. Antibodies are what is found on a blood test. If you happen ...

https://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_most_antibodies

Thyroid antibodies can be a sign of an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid. These disorders include Hashimoto disease and ... This test looks for thyroid antibodies in your blood. ... Thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO). These antibodies can be a ... Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg). These antibodies can also be a sign of Hashimoto disease. Most people with Hashimoto disease ... What is a thyroid antibodies test?. This test measures the level of thyroid antibodies in your blood. The thyroid is a small, ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/thyroid-antibodies/

... the procedure developed by George Kohler and Cesar Milstein for immortalizing antibody producing B-lymphocytes (1) is ... the antibodies are monoclonal It is this property, together with the ability to produce unlimited amounts of antibody, that has ... Winter, G, Griffiths, A D, Hawkins R E, et al (1994) Making antibodies by phage display technology Ann Rev Immunol 12, 433-455 ... Anderson, D V, Tucker, E M, Powell, J R, and Porter, P (1987) Bovine monoclonal antibodies to the FS (K99) pilus antigen of E ...

https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007%2F978-1-59259-642-3_44

Antibodies highly lucrative as they can be sold for higher amount compared to small chemical drugs and increasingly used by ... Scientist: Antibodies intensely profitable market. Antibodies highly lucrative as they can be sold for higher amount compared ... SINGAPORE--Laboratory-produced antibodies are "intensely profitable" due to the higher prices they command compared to market ... Antibody "revolution" Explaining the clamor for mAB and its economic potential, he attributed the rising interest to the " ...

https://www.zdnet.com/article/scientist-antibodies-intensely-profitable-market/

BV421 and BV480 are available conjugated to a range of secondary antibodies recommended for multiple labeling due to their ... If nuclear counterstaining is desired, four-color antibody staining is possible using BV421, BV480, Alexa Fluor 488, and ... Brilliant Violet dye conjugated secondary antibodies from Jackson ImmunoResearch allow the addition of more colors to multiple ...

https://www.sciencemag.org/custom-publishing/new-products/brilliant-violet-dye-antibodies

The antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) produced in the blood of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) sufferers allows doctors to ... Antimitochondrial Antibodies (AMA). *What are antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA)?. *Do AMA cause the destruction of the bile ... So, investigators prepared antibodies to PDC-E2. As expected, they found that these antibodies bound to the mitochondria within ... home/digestion health center/digestion a-z list/antimitochondrial antibodies center /antimitochondrial antibodies article ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/antimitochondrial_antibodies/article.htm

The chimeric antibodies and their derivatives are used for clinical purposes in vitro and in vivo, especially for the diagnosis ... The invention also concerns test kits and pharmaceutical compositions containing said chimeric monoclonal antibodies and/or ... DNAs coding for heavy and light chains of these antibodies, processes for the preparation of said DNAs, mammalian cell lines ... processes for the preparation of these antibodies and their derivatives, ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6020153?dq=6734022

... hybridoma technology to the study of human mammary carcinoma resulted in the generation of a variety of monoclonal antibodies ... Monoclonal antibodies to human breast cancer. In "Monoclonal Antibodies 82" - Elsevier Press, 1982.Google Scholar ... 1984) Monoclonal Antibodies Against Breast Cancer. In: Aaronson S.A., Frati L., Verna R. (eds) Genetic and Phenotypic Markers ... Nuti M., Teramoto Y.A., Mariani-Costantini R., Horan Hand P., Colcher D., Schlom J.: A monoclonal antibody (B.72.3) defines ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4684-4856-6_11

These antibodies are then used for diagnostics, in molecular microbiology or even as a treatment for certain medical conditions ... Industrial preparation of antibodies requires efforts to produce stable cell lines and commercially viable quantities of pure ... This method allows the production of high concentration of antibodies.. Purification of Antibodies. Antibodies produced by ... The antibody is collected, and is then sent for further purification. In vitro methods can generate an antibody yield of 15- ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Industrial-Production-of-Antibodies.aspx

This laboratory technique uses an antibody conjugated with a fluorochrome for cell analysis. The development of a specialized ... Role of antibodies in flow cytometry. Antibodies are an invaluable component of flow cytometry. The advent of monoclonal ... www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/cell-biology/antibodies/antibody-products.html?TablePage=113425646#sthash.2BIlpYtD.dpuf ... Antibodies labeled with fluorochromes are attached to the cell surface, which help the cells re-emit absorbed light as ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Antibodies-in-Flow-Cytometry.aspx

... thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TSHRAb) tests, used to help diagnose ... Antimicrosomal Antibody; Thyroid Microsomal Antibody; Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody; Thyroperoxidase Antibody; TPO; Anti-TPO; ... Formal name: Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody; Thyroglobulin Antibody; Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibody ... TBII; Antithyroglobulin Antibody; TgAb; TSH Receptor Antibody; TRAb; Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies; Thyroid Stimulating ...

https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/thyroid-antibodies/tab/test/

Scientists have discovered bizarre double-action antibodies that could offer clues to why people suffer similar allergic ... Antibodies are designed to attack one substance and one substance only and different antibodies have different effects on the ... When mixed with their target antigen, the antibodies only picked up one molecule. If both arms were identical, the antibody ... One possibility was that the double-action antibodies developed from normal antibodies that break up and then re-form with ...

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/448485.stm

A novel pre-clinical antibody drug being developed by Fusion Antibodies (Belfast, NI) is being targeted at Pancreatic Cancer. ... Fusion Antibodies intends to expand the development of this drug into more advanced pancreatic cancer models and will work with ... A second antibody drug, Fsn0503, also developed in collaboration with Queens University, has shown efficacy against a range of ...

http://www.prweb.com/releases/2014/05/prweb11852365.htm

... antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). Most patients with ... Many patients with Graves disease have high serum concentrations of these two antibodies, as well as high serum ... Other articles where Antithyroglobulin antibody is discussed: thyroid function test: …serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase ... Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/antithyroglobulin-antibody

... and two or more cross-linked antibodies or fragments thereof; characterised in that the or each reactive group is suitable for ... attaching an effector molecule but does not react with any of the antibodies or fragments thereof. ... Cross-linked antibodies are well known in the art (see for example U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,524). Certain cross-linked antibodies ... Each antibody may bind the same or a different antigen. Hence the cross-linked antibody portion of the molecules according to ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US20080160017?dq=system+for+measuring+web+traffic

... researchers have shown that a nonbiological molecule called a plastic antibody can work just like a natural antibody. In animal ... tests, the plastic particles bind to and neutralize a toxin found in bee stings; the toxin and antibody are then cleared to the ... liver, the same path taken by natural antibodies.… ... Antibodies and their targets fit together like a key in a lock ... researchers have shown that a nonbiological molecule called a plastic antibody can work just like a natural antibody. In animal ...

https://www.technologyreview.com/2010/06/16/202861/plastic-antibodies-fight-toxins/

Learn about other drugs used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children treatment including monoclonal antibodies, rituximab, and ... Monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies are proteins normally made by the bodys immune system to help fight infections. Man-made ... The antibody acts like a homing signal, bringing the chemo drug to the lymphoma cells, where it enters the cells and kills them ... Several monoclonal antibodies are now being used to treat lymphoma in adults. Some of these are now being studied or used in ...

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/childhood-non-hodgkin-lymphoma/treating/monoclonal-antibodies.html

Proteins Immunoglobulin Produce antibodies Specificity Molecule Immune Binds Protein Researchers Autoimmune Serum Polyclonal antibodies Production of antibodies Amount of antibody Secondary antibody Bacteria Conjugates Anticardiolipin Antibodies Molecules Recombinant Immunity Rheumatoid arthritis Type of monoclonal antibody Destroy Search Contain waiting an Receptor Body's Reagents Bind to primary antibodies Hybridoma Levels of antibodies Monoclonal antibodies to target Lymphocytes Therapies Tissue Human antibodies Detect antibodies Fragments Natural antibodies Different antibodies Therapeutic antibody Recognize Pathogens Scientists Immunoglobulins Toxins Specific Lupus anticoagulant Substance Microorganisms Fragment Antigen-bindi Types of antibodies Targets Antiphospholipid antibody Reactive Viruses Bloodstream Thereof Receptors Autoantibodies Diseases Titer Streamlining novel antibody Produces Cardiolipin antibodies Genes Affinity

Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or proteins directly or target another (primary) antibody that, in turn, is bound to an antigen or protein . (wikipedia.org)
Secondary antibodies provide signal detection and amplification along with extending the utility of an antibody through conjugation to proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight bacteria, viruses, and toxins. (kidshealth.org)
Two studies published online on February 1 in the Journal of Experimental Medicine ( www.jem.org ) reveal that patients with a rare autoimmune disease produce antibodies that attack microbe-fighting immune proteins called cytokines. (redorbit.com)
To learn more about the nature of these proteins, we raised monoclonal antibodies to mitotic cells. (pnas.org)
Monoclonal antibodies generated against a wide range of biological molecules such as glycoproteins, proteins, carbohydrates, glycolipids, histones, lysosomes, and cytokines have been produced over the years. (news-medical.net)
Thermo Fisher Scientific offers antibodies conjugated to 24 different fluorescent dyes and proteins for use in flow cytometry. (news-medical.net)
They then produce antibodies, which are Y-shaped proteins, which attach themselves to the intruding substance - and carry them away to be destroyed. (bbc.co.uk)
Epigenetic studies often use antibodies for immunoprecipitation, Western blot or immunolocalization experiments to analyze modified nucleic acids, transcription cofactor proteins and histones. (neb.com)
RNA binding protein immmunoprecipitation (RIP) uses antibodies to pull down RNA binding proteins, which co-precipitate with their interacting RNA molecules for downstream analysis by RT-PCR (3) followed by sequencing. (neb.com)
And antibodies, like other proteins, are very fragile. (technologyreview.com)
Looking to the properties of natural antibodies, Shea's group tailored the method for making polymers that more specifically target large proteins in biological solutions. (technologyreview.com)
Antibodies are proteins normally made by the body's immune system to help fight infections. (cancer.org)
Antibodies, like many other natural proteins, are normally decorated with sugars. (roche.com)
Antibodies - proteins that can recognize and help to inactivate viral particles - are a key immune defence. (nature.com)
Scientists have developed a technique for using plants to grow monocolonal antibodies, important proteins widely used in medicine to diagnose and treat diseases. (nytimes.com)
Furthermore, such antibodies may bind to more than one target, either because the antibody is actually a mixture of antibodies with multiple specificities, or simply because it is able to bind to several proteins. (nature.com)
In other cases the antibody-coated antigen is subject to a chemical chain reaction with complement , which is a series of proteins found in the blood. (britannica.com)
B cells and antibodies together provide one of the most important functions of immunity, which is to recognize an invading antigen and to produce a tremendous number of protective proteins that scour the body to remove all traces of that antigen. (britannica.com)
Antiphospholipid antibodies are a group of immune proteins (antibodies) that the body mistakenly produces against itself in an autoimmune response to phospholipids. (labcorp.com)
These man-made (synthetic) antibodies act against proteins that attack normal tissues in people with autoimmune disorders. (medicinenet.com)
Monoclonal antibodies - grown in bioreactor vats - are copies of these naturally-occurring proteins. (reuters.com)
By manipulating genes in the cells that produce antibodies, or splicing together fragments of the proteins themselves, we can re-engineer their structures to create bespoke immune molecules. (newscientist.com)
Antibodies are proteins that the body produces in response to infections. (questdiagnostics.com)
Antibodies are proteins made by the body's natural defense system (immune system) to fight foreign substances, such as bacteria. (cigna.com)
When seven of these amino acid changes were introduced into an amyloid-forming variable domain, a billion-fold improvement in thermodynamic stability was obtained reflecting a much higher ratio of native protein folds to unfolded proteins "" a major determinate of antibody shelf life. (redorbit.com)
This study adds fuel to the growing discussions about the importance of antibodies targeting neural proteins and it raises many important questions for the field. (psychcentral.com)
Antibodies are large proteins produced by the immune system to combat infection and disease. (deccanherald.com)
The new Alzheimer's antibodies developed by Tessier and colleagues only latched on to the harmful clumped proteins and not the harmless monomers or single peptides that are not associated with disease. (deccanherald.com)
Antibody Fusion Proteins are constructs that combine an antibody targeted to a specific antigen, typically a tumor-related antigen, with a protein that is able to amplify the immune response or induce direct damage to the cancer cell. (roche.com)
Cytolitic fusion proteins increase the potency of antibodies to eliminate cancer cells, by attaching them to a toxin. (roche.com)
This immune response results in the production of antibodies, which are immunoglobulin proteins, and which are usually made by immune cells known as plasma cells. (enotes.com)
It is frequently followed by Western blotting, which involves transfer of proteins to a membrane and their subsequent detection with antibodies coupled to an enzyme or fluorophore. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Anti-BLUE (MABC1691) and anti-RAINBOW (MABC1690) mouse monoclonal antibodies bind the dyes used in molecular markers for Western blot, enabling simultaneous detection of target proteins and the molecular standard, by chemiluminescence or other detection methods. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Anti-RAINBOW antibody detects all marker proteins in commercially available "Rainbow" markers, while lacking cross-reactivity with unstained proteins in whole cell lysates from a variety of species. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Anti-Blue antibody, Clone 2D2-F11, is a unique monoclonal antibody that detects prestained Precision Plus Protein marker proteins and has been tested for use in Western blotting. (sigmaaldrich.com)

An antibody ( Ab ), also known as an immunoglobulin ( Ig ), [1] is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses . (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily . (wikipedia.org)
Whole Immunoglobulin molecule secondary antibodies are the most commonly used format, but these can be enzymatically processed to enable assay refinement. (wikipedia.org)
IgE Antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin made by the body which are implicated in allergic reactions. (healthcentral.com)
The immune system produces at least five kinds of immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM), but the principal one that participates in allergic reactions is immunoglobulin E, or IgE. (healthcentral.com)
Human antibody (immunoglobulin). (news-medical.net)
The study focussed on immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibodies, which are involved in allergic reactions. (bbc.co.uk)
Antibody , also called immunoglobulin , a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen . (britannica.com)
The four-chain structure of an antibody, or immunoglobulin, moleculeThe basic unit is composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains, which are held together by disulfide bonds to form a flexible Y shape. (britannica.com)
Their blood was then analysed 6 to 10 weeks after the infarction for three different antiphospholipid antibody types: immunoglobulin G (IgG), M (IgM) and A (IgA). (eurekalert.org)
GigaGen has a robust internal pipeline consisting of novel antibodies against immuno-oncology targets, in addition to the first recombinant intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for patients with immune deficiency. (prnewswire.com)
Natural antibodies are essentially antibodies of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) isotype present in the circulation of normal humans and other mammalian species. (els.net)
B lymphocytes secreting natural antibodies could represent a reservoir capable of mutating their immunoglobulin variable region genes to give rise to high‐affinity pathogenic autoantibodies. (els.net)
2000) B‐1 and B‐2 cell‐derived immunoglobulin M antibodies are nonredundant components of the protective response to influenza virus infection. (els.net)
CHICAGO - Anticardiolipin antibodies targeting immunoglobulin G (IgG) are common in patients surviving a first myocardial infarction (MI) and occur independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, a new study suggests. (medscape.com)

Such cells, which produce antibodies, linger for months in the bodies of people who have recovered from COVID-19. (nature.com)
Phagocytic cells destroy viral and bacterial antigens by eating them, while B cells produce antibodies that bind to and inactivate antigens. (britannica.com)
However, scientists can produce antibodies in the lab that mimic the action of the immune system. (medicinenet.com)
Man-made antibodies are produced by introducing human genes that produce antibodies into mice or another suitable mammal. (medicinenet.com)
The mice then are vaccinated with the antigen that scientists want to produce antibodies against. (medicinenet.com)
In traditional vaccine studies, people get a vaccine and researchers wait to see if they produce antibodies in response. (cdc.gov)

And functionality varies from batch to batch, because immunizing an animal - even the same one - never results in exactly the same mix of antibodies, making it hard for researchers to be sure of the specificity of any particular batch of binding reagent obtained in this way. (nature.com)
Step 1 of antibody validation is using cell lines in vitro to test antibody specificity. (nih.gov)
The specificity of antibodies amplifies the need for attention to molecular integrity not only in formulation but also during aerosol delivery for pulmonary administration. (rti.org)
False positive results can be minimized by choosing an antibody test with high specificity and by testing populations and people who are likely to have had COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
J.E. Blalock, J.N. Whitaker, E.N. Benveniste, and K.L. Bost , Use of Peptides Encoded by Complimentary RNA for Generating Anti-idiotypic Antibodies of Predefined Specificity. (elsevier.com)
These so called "immunotoxins" derive their potency from the toxin and their specificity from the antibody or antibody fragment to which they are attached. (roche.com)
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: Discovery, specificity, disease associations and pathogenic potential. (labcorp.com)

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen , via the Fab's variable region . (wikipedia.org)
When mixed with their target antigen, the antibodies only picked up one molecule. (bbc.co.uk)
characterised in that the or each reactive group is suitable for attaching an effector molecule but does not react with any of the antibodies or fragments thereof. (google.com)
wherein each reactive group is suitable for attaching an effector molecule to the antibodies or fragments thereof but does not react with any of the antibodies or fragments thereof. (google.com)
For the first time, researchers have shown that a nonbiological molecule called a plastic antibody can work just like a natural antibody. (technologyreview.com)
The experiment only works, Dr. Hiatt said, when the mouse antibody is divided into its two natural components, called a light end and heavy end of the molecule. (nytimes.com)
A quarter of the new generation plants naturally assemble the light and heavy end of the molecule into functional antibodies. (nytimes.com)
Each antibody molecule is essentially identical to the antigen receptor of the B cell that produced it. (britannica.com)
The 'Overview' section provides a discussion of the importance and advantages of antibody-based products, valuation of antibody product sales, patent issues and differences in applicability of mAbs products versus polyclonal antibodies (pAbs), and other competing agents such as small molecule therapeutics. (prnewswire.com)
Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are a group of antibodies that target endogenous tissue, including the fat molecule cardiolipin and the plasma protein β2glycoprotein-I. Cardiolipin is found in the membranes of blood vessel and blood platelet cells, whereas β2glycoprotein-I is found in the blood and is thought to help the body rid itself of dead cells. (eurekalert.org)
One molecule in particular has taken centre stage: the antibody . (newscientist.com)
In the first option, the fluorescently labeled antibody directly binds to the target antigen molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
In the second option the target antigen molecule binds a socalled secondary antibody. (encyclopedia.com)
Then, other antigenic sites in the sample that might also bind the fluorescent antibody are "blocked" by the addition of a molecule that more globally binds to antigenic sites. (encyclopedia.com)
The new antibody design process was used to create antibodies that target a devastating molecule in the body: the Alzheimer's protein. (deccanherald.com)
The immune system's B lymphocytes, which are produced by the bone marrow, develop into plasma cells that can generate a huge variety of antibodies, each one capable of combining with and destroying an antigen, a foreign molecule. (dictionary.com)

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). (wikipedia.org)
The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. (wikipedia.org)
[4] The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system . (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies are secreted by B cells of the adaptive immune system, mostly by differentiated B cells called plasma cells . (wikipedia.org)
[4] The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. (wikipedia.org)
[2] This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. (wikipedia.org)
Cardiolipin antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target the body's own cardiolipins, substances found in the outermost layer of cells (cell membranes) and platelets. (labtestsonline.org)
Ordinarily, a healthy immune system wouldn't make significant levels of antibodies against thyroglobulin, because it's not "foreign," but rather a necessary component of thyroid functioning. (kidshealth.org)
Allergic reactions are triggered when the immune system mistakes a normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader and launches an antibody attack in response. (bbc.co.uk)
An antibody is a substance made by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances such as the herpes virus. (medlineplus.gov)
As Head of Oncology Programmes at Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Switzerland, Christian helps to develop novel antibody-therapies, which use the body's own immune system to help fight cancer. (roche.com)
The mouse's immune system creates an antibody that recognizes and binds to the foreign substance, and attracts other immune system cells to destroy it. (nytimes.com)
They move out into the bloodstream and with stimulation from other immune system cells they release millions of copies of highly efficient antibodies. (nytimes.com)
We discovered that if an immune system wants to make a large number of high-affinity antibodies, mutation should be off a few days, then on one day, then off again and on again. (nytimes.com)
The immune response may start with three to six antibodies with a sloppy fit. (nytimes.com)
They then move into the light zone, where "less fit antibodies are killed off by other immune system cells, and the process continues," she said. (nytimes.com)
To eliminate the invader, the immune system calls on a number of mechanisms, including one of the most important-antibody production. (britannica.com)
As antibodies circulate, they attack and neutralize antigens that are identical to the one that triggered the immune response. (britannica.com)
One way the immune system attacks foreign substances in the body is by making large numbers of antibodies. (cancer.org)
Once attached, the antibody attracts immune cells to destroy these cells. (cancer.org)
An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. (medicinenet.com)
Antibodies are naturally produced by the immune system. (medicinenet.com)
This causes the immune cells of the mice to produce the desired human antibody. (medicinenet.com)
The term monoclonal antibody means that the man-made antibody is synthesized from cloned immune cells, and the identical monoclonal antibody produced binds to one type of antigen. (medicinenet.com)
Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized from different immune cells and the antibodies produced bind to multiple antigens. (medicinenet.com)
For example, a monoclonal antibody used for treating cancer may block a receptor that cancer cells use for preventing the immune system from the destroying the cancer cell. (medicinenet.com)
Serious infections are more likely to occur when monoclonal antibodies are combined with other drugs that suppress the immune system (for example, steroids). (medicinenet.com)
Unlike vaccines, which activate the body's own immune system, the impact of infused antibodies eventually dissipates. (reuters.com)
Antibodies are a vital weapon in our immune system's arsenal. (newscientist.com)
GigaGen is a privately-held, preclinical biopharmaceutical company developing novel antibody therapies to treat diseases of immune dysregulation. (prnewswire.com)
The study by the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) will start by testing around 3,000 blood samples from residents in the southern German town of Reutlingen for antibodies created when immune system fights the coronavirus. (reuters.com)
This antibody subset contrasts with immune antibodies, which are produced in response to the introduction of antigens to the immune system. (els.net)
With time, secretion of affinity‐mature, somatically selected antibodies will provide the immune system with a second wave of potent adaptive defence mechanism. (els.net)
Antibodies attach themselves to the foreign substance, allowing other immune system cells to attack and destroy the substance. (cigna.com)
To destroy the viruses, fungi, or bacteria, the immune system creates antibodies that are specific for each antigen. (cigna.com)
The first time a person is exposed to a type of bacteria, fungus, or virus, the immune system makes antibodies to that specific organism. (cigna.com)
Some of these antibodies remain in the immune system after they have attacked and destroyed the bacteria, fungus, or virus. (cigna.com)
T. Sasaki, Y. Koide, and K. Yoshigaga , Immune Suppression on Anti-DNA Antibody Production Using Anti-idiotypic Antibody-Neocarzinostatin Conjugates. (elsevier.com)
Only a very specific combination of antibody loops will bind each target, permitting the immune system to destroy the invader. (deccanherald.com)
This approach has allowed us to develop a drug consisting of only a few antibodies which neutralizes toxin better than the most potent natural immune response," says team member James D. Marks of the University of California at San Francisco. (scientificamerican.com)
Like other vertebrates, humans possess an effective immune system that uses antibodies to fight bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. (dictionary.com)
Targeted cytokines , also called "immunocytokines" are generated by combining a tumor-targeting antibody with a cytokine: a different kind of signaling protein that mediates immune response. (roche.com)
The drug, a pair of monoclonal antibodies, is intended to mimic the natural process of the immune system, providing it with molecules the body normally manufactures to fight off specific diseases. (usatoday.com)
Antigens are the microbes that attack the immune system which responds with the production of antibodies. (enotes.com)
Immune hemolytic anemia occurs when immune system mistakenly recognizes red blood cells as pathogens, hence producing antibodies to destroy them. (enotes.com)
Antibodies produced by our immune system protect us against various illnesses. (ehow.co.uk)
The general procedure to produce polyclonal antibodies is as follows: Antigen preparation Adjuvant selection and preparation Animal selection Injection process Blood serum extraction An antigen/adjuvant conjugate is injected into an animal of choice to initiate an amplified immune response. (wikipedia.org)

Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. (wikipedia.org)
The primary antibody binds to an antigen (in red). (wikipedia.org)
A labeled secondary antibody (in green), then binds to the primary antibody. (wikipedia.org)
In immunolabeling, the primary antibody's Fab domain binds to an antigen and exposes its Fc domain to secondary antibody. (wikipedia.org)
The antibodies binds to the antigens. (answers.com)
Canevari S., Fossati G., Balsari A., Sonnino S., Colnaghi M.I.: Immunochemical analysis of the determinant recognized by a monoclonal antibody (MBr1) which specifically binds to human mammary epithelial cells. (springer.com)
The mouse at top has been injected with an artificial antibody, also fluorescently labeled, that binds to the toxin and takes it to the liver. (technologyreview.com)
Activation of the pathway occurs when Shh binds to its receptor Patched but signaling is inhibited in a small population of cells if full-length Shh binds instead to the blocking antibody 2G4, a potential therapeutic, so that the protein cannot transmit downstream signals. (eurekalert.org)
Another reason for the modest efficacy the research team observed could be that the antibody also binds cleaved C-terminus Shh produced by a majority of the cells, which has no known Shh signaling function, and which may deplete the amount of antibody available for therapeutic binding to cell-surface expressed full-length Shh. (eurekalert.org)
In various embodiments, the present invention is drawn to antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to a vertebrate high mobility group box (HMGB) polypeptide, methods of detecting and/or identifying an agent that binds to an HMGB polypeptide, methods of treating a condition in a subject. (google.ca)
The secondary antibody then can itself be the target to which the fluorescently labeled antibody binds. (encyclopedia.com)
The drug consists of three antibodies, each of which binds to a different part of the botulinum toxin. (scientificamerican.com)

This antibody is not suitable for use in a Reverse Phase Protein Array format as described in SOP M-105. (cancer.gov)
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. (wikipedia.org)
Only mitotic cells exhibited the protein bands that were recognized by the antibodies. (pnas.org)
The development of monoclonal antibodies against specific phosphoepitopes that can help in detection of protein activation states have enabled the use of flow cytometry to study cellular function. (news-medical.net)
Man-made versions, called monoclonal antibodies , can be designed to attack a specific target, such as a protein on the surface of lymphoma cells. (cancer.org)
This antibody attaches to a protein called CD20 on the surface of some types of lymphoma cells, which seems to cause the cells to die. (cancer.org)
But this decline slowed, and up to 11 months after infection, the researchers could still detect antibodies that recognized the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (nature.com)
Alarmingly, there are serious flaws in the reliability of antibodies, the most widely used class of protein-binding reagent 2 , 3 . (nature.com)
These are produced by injecting a target (typically a protein) into an animal such as a rabbit and using the resulting serum as a source of antibodies. (nature.com)
An antigen receptor is basically an antibody protein that is not secreted but is anchored to the B-cell membrane. (britannica.com)
but the best way to check for phosphorylation at a very low level I have found is if you are able to label with 32-P ATP immunoprep with antibody of yr favorite protein run it on a gel and do a phosphoimaging. (bio.net)
The ligand is preferably an antibody, F(ab) fragment, single domain antibody (dABs) single chain antibody or a serum binding protein. (google.co.uk)
Even though the Shh pathway is mainly quiescent in adults, the safety of Shh-targeting with therapeutic antibodies was questioned initially because not only does the N-terminus of the Shh protein play an important role in embryonic development, but Shh also plays a poorly understood role in tissue homeostasis and repair in adults. (eurekalert.org)
Furthermore, the research team previously showed that Shh+ cells expressing the full-length protein appeared to provide a signal for proliferation, migration and chemotherapy-resistance properties, making functional targeting of full-length Shh by the use of C-terminus anti-Shh antibodies an attractive therapeutic strategy. (eurekalert.org)
Ex vivo analyses of A549 xenograft tumors from mice treated with the C-terminus Shh antibody Ab 1C11-2G4 provided further support that Shh signal transduction is modestly down-regulated after treatment, as evidenced by suppressed transcript and protein levels of Shh downstream target GLI. (eurekalert.org)
While blocking the Shh pathway is an attractive anti-cancer strategy, no therapeutic antibody raised against the carboxy -terminal of the Shh protein has been described. (eurekalert.org)
An antibody is a protein that sticks to a specific protein called an antigen . (cancer.org)
For example, trastuzumab (Herceptin ® ) is an antibody against the HER2 protein. (cancer.org)
Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla ® , also called TDM-1) , an antibody that targets the HER2 protein, attached to a chemo drug called DM1. (cancer.org)
Still, details of the trafficking of a protein from the site of its manufacture to the surface of a cell, for example, is possible, by the application of different antibodies. (encyclopedia.com)
They found that children born to mothers with abnormally high levels of antibodies to the wheat protein gluten were nearly 50% more likely to develop schizophrenia later in life than children born to mothers with normal levels of gluten antibodies. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, children born to mothers with abnormally high levels of antibodies to milk protein were not at increased risk for psychiatric disorders. (medicalnewstoday.com)
D.S. Ludwig and G.K. Schoolnik , Structure-Function Analysis of Protein Active Sites with Anti-idiotypic Antibody. (elsevier.com)
Antibodies are complex, Y-shaped protein molecules. (dictionary.com)
It is evident that some sort of an antibody results from the first protein injected and that it is specific for its own antigen. (dictionary.com)
Mouse polyclonal antibody raised against a full-length human PVRIG protein. (fishersci.com)
Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against partial recombinant protein of USP7. (fishersci.com)
Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikipedia.org)

Researchers are now developing plastic antibodies for a wider range of disease targets in hopes of broadening the availability of antibody therapies, which are currently very expensive. (technologyreview.com)
In 2008 , Shea's group, working with researchers from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, demonstrated for the first time that plastic antibodies made using a technique called molecular imprinting could bind to a target as strongly and specifically as natural antibodies. (technologyreview.com)
The researchers attached different fluorescent imaging probes to melittin and to the plastic antibody, injected them into the mice, and watched what happened in real time. (technologyreview.com)
Researchers had suspected that the body might not recognize the plastic particles as antibodies and thus they would be ineffective, or that they might get gummed up with other particles in the complex mixture that is the bloodstream. (technologyreview.com)
So suggest researchers who have identified long-lived antibody-producing cells in the bone marrow of people who have recovered from COVID-19 1 . (nature.com)
Researchers are experimenting with mouse antibodies extracted from the plants that specifically target human lung cancer cells and kill them. (nytimes.com)
Crucially, researchers should use recombinant antibodies or binding reagents. (nature.com)
Researchers have used polyclonal antibodies for decades. (nature.com)
What is more, only 44% of publications provide enough information - for instance, on the supplier - for researchers to be able to purchase the same antibody 7 . (nature.com)
If all antibodies were defined by their sequences and made recombinantly, researchers worldwide would be able to use the same binding reagents under the same conditions. (nature.com)
Researchers can design antibodies that specifically target a certain antigen, such as one found on cancer cells. (cancer.org)
To make a monoclonal antibody, researchers first have to identify the right antigen to attack. (cancer.org)
Researchers say they have harvested two antibodies from the survivor of a 1995 Ebola outbreak that appear to be effective against the deadly disease. (healthline.com)
The researchers said the antibodies showed potent neutralizing activity against the virus. (healthline.com)
The researchers said the experiment showed the antibodies could be effective even if administered in the latter stages of Ebola infection. (healthline.com)
Researchers in a recent paper published in the journal Nature said they had discovered several new, very potent, antibodies directed to an area where the virus attaches to human cells and to a region of the spike that has not attracted attention. (reuters.com)
Researchers at Okayama University describe in Scientific Reports the effect of a particular type of monoclonal antibody on epilepsy in mice. (prweb.com)
A team of researchers led by Masahiro Nishibori from Okayama University has now investigated the HMBG1-epilepsy connection in detail, and found that administering anti-HMBG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) prolongs the latency of epileptic seizures - an important finding in the on-going quest for understanding and curing epilepsy. (prweb.com)
Realizing the importance of HMGB1 in the context of epilepsy, the researchers tried, with success, to inhibit its effects by intravenous HMGB1 antibodies. (prweb.com)
In this study, researchers from Genentech Inc. have taken a step in overcoming these problems, improving upon a previously used small-scale strategy, known as "knobs-into-holes," that employed sterically complementary mutations in the antibody heavy chain CH3 domain to promote heavy chain heterodimerization with a single common light chain to prevent heavy chain/light chain mispairing. (asbmb.org)
The researchers adapted this technology into a two-part strategy that consists first of small-scale generation of bispecific antibodies lacking a common light chain and hinge disulfides to facilitate proof-of-concept studies, followed by the identification of a common light chain-bispecific antibody for large-scale production with high purity and yield. (asbmb.org)
Researchers screened 25 million of his cells to find 12 that produced the antibodies. (futurismic.com)
New Scientist reports that a group of addiction researchers have filed a patent on a method for producing antibodies that can clean the bloodstream of "designer drugs" from the amphetamine family . (futurismic.com)
Researchers at Virginia Institute of Marine Science have developed antibodies that can detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the chemicals within oil spills, and have devised a sensor that can be used to find, and measure, pollutants. (treehugger.com)
Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory have developed a systematic method to improve the stability of antibodies. (redorbit.com)
To proactively improve the stability of a different antibody variable domain, Argonne researchers drew up a short list of 11 candidate amino acid changes. (redorbit.com)
Researchers found antibodies to fight the life altering virus. (wgntv.com)
In the new study, researchers detected antibodies to the dopamine D2 receptor or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor in a subgroup of children experiencing their first episode of psychosis. (psychcentral.com)

Cardiolipin antibodies are the most common antiphospholipid antibody , a group of autoantibodies associated with excessive clotting and autoimmune diseases , such as lupus . (labtestsonline.org)
In people with certain thyroid-related autoimmune conditions, the blood level of thyroglobulin antibodies may rise. (kidshealth.org)
The thyroglobulin antibodies test is used primarily to help diagnose autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland. (kidshealth.org)
The thyroid peroxidase antibodies test is primarily used to help diagnose and monitor autoimmune conditions involving the thyroid gland, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves disease. (kidshealth.org)
When thyroid antibodies attack healthy thyroid cells, it can lead to an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid . (medlineplus.gov)
A thyroid antibodies test is used to help diagnose autoimmune disorders of the thyroid. (medlineplus.gov)
The more thyroid antibodies you have, the more likely it is that you have an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid. (medlineplus.gov)
Testing for thyroid antibodies, such as thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO), is primarily ordered to help diagnose an autoimmune thyroid disease and to distinguish it from other forms of thyroid dysfunction . (labtestsonline.org)
One or more thyroid antibody tests may also be ordered to determine if a person with an autoimmune condition is at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction. (labtestsonline.org)
If a pregnant woman has a known autoimmune thyroid disease (such as Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves disease) or has another autoimmune disorder and thyroid involvement is suspected, then one or more of the thyroid antibodies may be ordered early in the pregnancy and then again near the end. (labtestsonline.org)
Anticardiolipin antibodies are the result of an autoimmune disorder where your body makes antibodies against its own tissues. (medhelp.org)
Sales of humanized and fully human antibodies for autoimmune/inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis are forecast to experience the fastest sales growth. (prnewswire.com)
Levels of antiphospholipid antibodies, which are associated with rheumatic diseases, are also elevated in myocardial infarction without any autoimmune co-morbidity, a study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden published in The Annals of Internal Medicine reports. (eurekalert.org)
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition characterised by recurrent blood clots and/or pregnancy morbidities together with chronically elevated levels of antiphospholipid antibodies. (eurekalert.org)
It is unknown how common the antibodies are in patients with myocardial infarction but without any autoimmune co-morbidity. (eurekalert.org)
In the last decade, antibody-based drugs have provided treatments for allergies, infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. (technologyreview.com)
M.C. Souroujon and S. Fuchs , Anti-idiotypic Antibodies in the Study and Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis. (elsevier.com)
These findings also contribute significantly to an emerging acceptance in the field of the involvement of autoimmune antibodies in neurological diseases. (psychcentral.com)
Antiganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. (wikipedia.org)

Zinc sulfate treatment of secondary male infertility associated with positive serum and seminal plasma anti-sperm antibody test. (webmd.com)
Antibodies are found in blood serum. (answers.com)
Innovations such as shrinking antibodies of their large size, as compared to smaller chemical drugs, and enhancing the serum half-life of antibodies, which may improve patience compliance , he said. (zdnet.com)
Serum antibodies that attach (bind) to mitochondrial membranes within the tissue cells can then be observed with a microscope. (medicinenet.com)
This means that a serum sample diluted with 40 times its original volume still contains enough antimitochondrial antibodies to be detected in the binding reaction. (medicinenet.com)
serum, namely antithyroid peroxidase antibodies, antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antibodies that act like thyrotropin (called TSH-receptor antibodies). (britannica.com)
Most patients with Hashimoto disease have high serum concentrations of antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies. (britannica.com)
Serum herpes simplex antibodies is a blood test that looks for antibodies to the herpes simplex virus (HSV), including HSV-1 and HSV-2. (medlineplus.gov)
A naturally occurring antibody that reacts with the keratinised tissue of animal oesophagus was found in the serum of 75 out of 129 patients (58%) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but not in sera from 105 healthy people. (bmj.com)
Sigma′s polyclonal secondary antibodies are produced from the serum of host animals such as mouse, rabbit, goat and sheep, whereas, monoclonal secondary antibodies are produced from mouse hybridoma clones. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Polyclonal antibodies should be phased out of research entirely. (nature.com)
Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). (wikipedia.org)

If they are, epitope and receptor fit together like two pieces of a puzzle, an event that is necessary to activate B-cell production of antibodies. (britannica.com)

However, with increasing amount of antibody production, the cost of in vitro production may rise. (news-medical.net)
Lower doses would allow the same amount of antibody to help more people. (usatoday.com)
Animal selection should be based upon: the amount of antibody needed, the relationship between the donor of the antigen and the recipient antibody producer (generally the more distant the phylogenetic relationship, the greater the potential for high titer antibody response) and the necessary characteristics [e.g., class, subclass (isotype), complement fixing nature] of the antibodies to be made. (wikipedia.org)

Since the Fc domain is constant within the same animal class, only one type of secondary antibody is required to bind to many types of primary antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
This reduces the cost by labeling only one type of secondary antibody, rather than labeling various types of primary antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
The specific utility of a secondary antibody depends upon its conjugated probe(s). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Search below for the secondary antibody to fit your research needs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Target bands were visualized using a goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody conjugated to HRP and a chemiluminescence detection system. (sigmaaldrich.com)

It is possible that natural antibody production is driven by microorganisms indigenous to the organism, such as bacteria living in the intestine. (els.net)
These antibodies often protect a person from becoming ill when exposed to the bacteria, fungus, or virus again. (cigna.com)
Some conditions can be diagnosed by detecting antibodies in a person's blood to the virus, fungus, or bacteria that is causing the condition. (cigna.com)
When a mother is exposed to viruses and bacteria, she will produce additional antibodies in her own body that are transferred through her breast milk. (healthline.com)
In a healthy person, antibodies protect the body against bacteria, viruses, and other invaders. (psychcentral.com)
It can happen as a response to several different bacteria and parasites, as well as to the antigen/antibody reaction. (enotes.com)

The size and shape of the antibody used and its conjugates influence the staining measurements in flow cytometry, especially in the case of cytoplasmic or intranuclear staining. (news-medical.net)
All these factors need to be carefully considered before the formulation of antibody-conjugates for flow cytometry. (news-medical.net)
This period of dynamic growth for humanized and fully human antibodies plus the continued rollout of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), also called immunoconjugates, is expected to result in stagnating sales of chimeric antibodies from 2011 through 2016. (prnewswire.com)
They are also known as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). (cancer.org)
E. Hurwitz and J. Haimovich , Use of Anti-idiotypic Antibody-Drug Conjugates to Treat Experimental Murine B-Cell Tumors. (elsevier.com)

My first doctor told me that I was merely unlucky but after 4 failed pregnancies and saw another specialist who diagnosed anticardiolipin antibodies and prescribed asprin and folic acid for me to take each day. (medhelp.org)
However, these chemicals cannot prevent clots from developing in the placental blood vessels from the anticardiolipin antibodies. (medhelp.org)
Whether you are at risk of death from this disorder is hard to determine, but most patients with anticardiolipin antibodies are chronically treated with blood thinners to prevent clots from developing. (medhelp.org)

Since antibodies can recognize and bind to antigenic epitopes, they can be used to identify different molecules with specific epitopes. (news-medical.net)
Most if not all of the antibody molecules would be screwed up," he said. (nytimes.com)
The antigen receptors on B lymphocytes are identical to the binding sites of antibodies that these lymphocytes manufacture once stimulated, except that the receptor molecules have an extra tail that penetrates the cell membrane and anchors them to the cell surface. (britannica.com)
Once begun, antibody production continues for several days until all antigen molecules are removed. (britannica.com)
4. The isolated cell of claim 3 , wherein said isolated cell is selected from the group consisting of an immortalized B cell, a hybridoma and a recombinant cell comprising one or more exogenous nucleic acid molecules that encode said antibody or antigen-binding fragment of said antibody. (google.ca)
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are molecules that are able to identify and 'capture' molecules considered harmful (e.g.HMGB1 molecules). (prweb.com)
But antibodies are large molecules, expensive to manufacture and tricky to maintain, requiring refrigerated storage. (technologyreview.com)
Brain Shuttle is a technology that we have developed at Roche to increase penetration into the brain of large molecules such as antibodies. (roche.com)

Immortal production lines of recombinant antibodies - which express no extra antibody chains - can be engineered by incorporating plasmids containing antibody DNA into cell lines. (nature.com)
Mouse polyclonal antibody raised against a partial recombinant QPCT. (fishersci.com)
Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against a partial recombinant HARS. (fishersci.com)
Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against a full-length recombinant WT1. (fishersci.com)
Rat monoclonal antibody raised against recombinant human IgG1 Fc. (fishersci.com)
Antibodies are currently also being produced from isolation of human B-lymphocytes to produce specific recombinant monoclonal antibody mixtures. (wikipedia.org)

Some early COVID-19 immunity studies also stoked worries, when they found that antibody levels plunged not long after recovery 3 . (nature.com)
But the persistence of antibody production, whether elicited by vaccination or by infection, does not ensure long-lasting immunity to COVID-19. (nature.com)
Antibodies remain in circulation for several months, providing extended immunity against that particular antigen. (britannica.com)
The advantage of an antibody is that it is basically instant immunity," said Mark Brunswick, senior vice president at Sorrento Therapeutics SRNE.O , which aims to begin human trials next month of a single antibody candidate. (reuters.com)
Laboratory professionals and health care professionals needing specific information on types of tests, the development of antibodies and immunity, and considerations for use in public health and clinical practice, should refer to CDC's Interim Guidance on Antibody Testing . (cdc.gov)
That's because your milk contains antibodies that pack a big punch for immunity. (healthline.com)
From the very beginning , your breast milk is filled with immunity-boosting antibodies. (healthline.com)
In an effort to better understand the role of NITRs in zebrafish immunity, anti-Nitr9 monoclonal antibodies were generated and evaluated for the ability to recognize the three Nitr9 isoforms. (hindawi.com)

Anti-keratin antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. (bmj.com)
It could be an early reaction or it could be an isotype spread like you see with anti-citrullinated antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis with antibodies, but again we don't know," Svenungsson said. (medscape.com)

The use of monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases is called immunotherapy therapy because each type of monoclonal antibody will target a specific targeted antigen in the body. (medicinenet.com)
Each type of monoclonal antibody has its own side effect profile and may or may not cause some of the side effects listed here. (medicinenet.com)

Some antibodies destroy thyroid tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
It will quickly reactivate its antibodies and destroy the organism again. (cigna.com)
Once the antibody and antigen combine, the antibodies deactivate the antigen or lead it to macrophages (a kind of white blood cell) that ingest and destroy it. (dictionary.com)
At Roche, we collaborate with external partners to combine our tumor-targeting antibodies with engineered toxins to precisely destroy cancers while sparing local tissue. (roche.com)
Antisperm antibodies destroy sperm cells as soon as they enter the female reproductive tract, although less than 5 per cent of infertile women are directly affected by them. (ehow.co.uk)
The immediate consequence is the development of antibodies wrongly programmed to destroy sperm, often resulting in infertility. (ehow.co.uk)
Presumably, i now have antibodies that will protect me a bit but does the humira destroy the antibodies or stop them developing? (healingwell.com)

The use of antibodies in the treatment of lung diseases is of increasing interest especially as the search for COVID-19 therapies has unfolded. (rti.org)

When a plant is attacked by the virus or fungus, its cells would contain waiting antibodies to immobilize the attack, providing an alternative to pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. (nytimes.com)

Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell to be free in the blood plasma , and a membrane -bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B-cell receptor (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
Positive: antibodies to TPO and/or TSH receptor were found. (medlineplus.gov)
In these conditions the monoclonal antibody targets and interferes with the action of a chemical or receptor that is involved in the development of the condition that is being treated. (medicinenet.com)
N.R. Farid , Anti-idiotypic Antibodies as Probes of Hormone Receptor Structure and Function. (elsevier.com)
J.A. Glasel , Production and Properties of Antimorphine Anti-idiotypic Antibodies and their Antiopiate Receptor Activity. (elsevier.com)
C. Gramsch, R. Schulz, S. Kosin, A.H.S. Hassan, and A. Herz , Production and Characterization of Anti-idiotypic Antiopioid Receptor Antibodies. (elsevier.com)
A.D. Strosberg , Anti-idiotypic Antibodies That Interact with ~gb-Adrenergic Catecholamine Receptor. (elsevier.com)
I.R. Cohen, D. Elias, M. Rapoport, and Y. Shechter , Production and Properties of Anti-idiotypic Antibodies That Recognize Insulin Receptor. (elsevier.com)
M.B.H. Youdim, R.J. Barkey, T. Amit, and J. Guy , Anti-idiotypic Antibodies as Probes of Prolactin Receptor. (elsevier.com)
W.V. Williams, D.B. Weiner, and M.I. Greene , Development and Use of Antireceptor Antibodies to Study Interaction of Mammalian Reovirus Type 3 with Its Cell Surface Receptor. (elsevier.com)
One function of the free receptor, the antibody , is always to unite with the chemical substance which caused it to be formed. (dictionary.com)

But sometimes antibodies attack the body's own cells, tissues, and organs by mistake. (medlineplus.gov)

Antibodies are among the most frequently used tools in basic science research and in clinical assays, but there are no universally accepted guidelines or standardized methods for determining the validity of these reagents. (nih.gov)
b) one or more ancillary reagents suitable for detecting the presence of a complex between said antibody or antigen-binding fragment and said HMGB1 polypeptide or said portion thereof. (google.ca)
Bio-Rad contributed antibody reagents, but had no influence over the planning or execution of the study. (eurekalert.org)
M.R. Schick and R.C. Kennedy , Production and Characterization of Anti-idiotypic Antibody Reagents. (elsevier.com)

Secondary antibodies bind to primary antibodies, which are directly bound to the target antigen(s). (wikipedia.org)
Secondary antibodies are polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies that bind to primary antibodies or antibody fragments, such as the Fc or Fab regions. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Two different hybridoma clones secreting antibodies reactive with mitotic and meiotic cells from every species tested were isolated. (pnas.org)
The application of classical hybridoma technology to the study of human mammary carcinoma resulted in the generation of a variety of monoclonal antibodies that identify several antigens associated with this type of tumor (1-3). (springer.com)
In the in vitro method, antibodies are produced using the hybridoma method, where hybridoma cells are generated by fusing myeloma cells and B-lymphocytes. (news-medical.net)
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from single B-cell clones developed in hybridoma cells. (news-medical.net)
Four decades ago, the first monoclonal antibodies were made - by fusing a normal antibody-producing B-lymphocyte cell with a cancer cell to produce a 'hybridoma' 6 . (nature.com)
Hybridoma cell lines can die off, lose their antibody genes, or simply not grow when taken out of frozen storage - meaning that the source of a particular monoclonal antibody may be lost forever. (nature.com)
First, the sequences should be obtained for widely used hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibodies. (nature.com)
5. A antibody or fragment thereof according to claim 2 , wherein the antibody is MAb53, as produced by hybridoma cell line ECACC Accession No. 90012433. (google.co.uk)
1. An antibody produced by a murine hybridoma deposited as ATCC Accession Number PTA-5433, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. (google.ca)
3. An isolated cell that produces the 6E6 HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced by the murine hybridoma deposited as ATCC Accession Number PTA-5433. (google.ca)
5. An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof wherein said antibody or fragment comprises the light chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) and the heavy chain CDRs (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3) of the 6E6 HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) produced by the murine hybridoma deposited as ATCC Accession Number PTA-5433. (google.ca)

A thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) test is used to check blood levels of antibodies the body has made against the compound thyroglobulin. (kidshealth.org)
A thyroid peroxidase antibodies test checks the levels of antibodies made against the compound thyroid peroxidase (TPO) in the bloodstream. (kidshealth.org)

Development of monoclonal antibodies to target the virus has been endorsed by leading scientists. (reuters.com)
In contrast, he claims, using monoclonal antibodies to target endogenous stem cells "not only provides methods of activating stem cells but also allows for the development of stem cell adjuvant therapies that could be used to resurrect stem cell candidates that failed in clinical trials. (genengnews.com)

Antibodies are produced by B-Lymphocytes. (answers.com)
After the animal has generated antibodies, the lymphocytes are extracted and fused with myeloid cells to create hybridomas. (news-medical.net)
Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells ). (britannica.com)
This is an antibody against the CD20 antigen, which is found on lymphocytes called B cells. (cancer.org)
Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris ® ) , an antibody that targets the CD30 antigen (found on lymphocytes), attached to a chemo drug called MMAE . (cancer.org)
The antibodies may float free in the blood plasma, or they may be attached to the outer surfaces of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. (enotes.com)
Specific antibodies are produced by lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cells. (enotes.com)

Although CAR T-cell therapies clearly have fight in them, they may cede some anticancer glory to bispecific antibodies (bsAbs). (genengnews.com)
Even while monospecific antibody-based checkpoint inhibition therapies and CAR T-cell therapies continue to be improved, bispecific and multispecific antibodies are shaping up as a cancer immunotherapy options that may provide significant advantages. (genengnews.com)
Reuters) - As the world awaits a COVID-19 vaccine, the next big advance in battling the pandemic could come from a class of biotech therapies widely used against cancer and other disorders - antibodies designed specifically to attack this new virus. (reuters.com)
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif. , Dec. 19, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- GigaGen Inc ., a biopharmaceutical company developing novel antibody therapies, today announced the disclosure of 17 immuno-oncology targets the company is pursuing within their robust internal pipeline. (prnewswire.com)
Our opinion is that the barriers to entry for monoclonal antibody-based therapies modulating endogenous stem cells is lower than stem cell-based therapeutics," adds Jiong Wu, Superview's CEO. (genengnews.com)
Now, scientists have developed a new antibody technology that combines the advantages of antibody-based therapies with the convenience of oral drug administration. (medindia.net)
While widely applicable, these antibody-based therapies are not designed for oral ingestion for targets in the gut, as the digestive environment of gastrointestinal tract may break it down. (medindia.net)

[7] Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms. (wikipedia.org)
When the antibodies encounter the allergen they are programmed against, they immediately signal the basophils or mast cells to unleash histamine or other mediating chemicals into the surrounding tissue. (healthcentral.com)
Step 2 (below the dotted line) involves further validation of antibody on tissue microarray (TMA) for expected target localization and reproducibility between assay runs and different antibody lots. (nih.gov)
Sometimes the body mistakenly identifies normal tissues as foreign and produces antibodies against the tissue. (medicinenet.com)
We studied patients with scleroderma as compared with other connective tissue disease patients and normal controls for the presence of circulating antibodies to myenteric neurons. (jci.org)
Although 6 out of 20 SLE and 6 out of 10 mixed connective tissue disease patients' sera stained myenteric plexus neurons, when positive sera were absorbed with calf thymus extract to remove antinuclear antibody, 15 scleroderma sera, 0 SLE, and 2 mixed connective tissue disease patients retained positive staining of myenteric neurons. (jci.org)
Sometimes the body responds to its own tissue as though the tissue was a foreign substance, creating antibodies against the tissue and triggering reactions that cause normal cells to be destroyed. (cigna.com)
Because antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) can come and go or increase and decrease, "it could be that the antibodies are a reaction to the tissue damage of the MI since the blood samples were taken 6 to 10 weeks after the infarction," she said. (medscape.com)

The subject invention provides non-human mammalian hosts characterized by inactivated endogenous Ig loci and functional human Ig loci for response to an immunogen to produce human antibodies or analogs thereof. (freepatentsonline.com)
Our Surge platform continues to outperform conventional discovery and development methods by several orders of magnitude to capture the incredible diversity of antibodies in circulation, and we are encouraged by the platform's ability to develop fully human antibodies, which reduces the probability of safety problems once we enter the clinic,' said Dr. Johnson. (prnewswire.com)

The test is designed to detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (questdiagnostics.com)

There are several different types of antibody heavy chains that define the five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. (wikipedia.org)
3 . The compound according to claim 1 comprising three cross-linked antibodies or fragments thereof. (google.com)

the toxin and antibody are then cleared to the liver, the same path taken by natural antibodies. (technologyreview.com)
Natural antibodies are frequently directed to intracellular structures, rather than to cell‐surface antigens. (els.net)
Other investigations suggest that natural antibodies can play a pathogenic role in autoinflammatory diseases. (els.net)
Natural antibodies play a role in shaping the B‐cell repertoire and may represent the precursors of antibodies to pathogens. (els.net)
Natural antibodies could serve as innate recognition receptors, recognising various bacterial cell‐wall components or parasites. (els.net)
Studies of rodents rendered deficient in natural antibodies suggest that this antibody subset is endowed with a homeostatic potential and housekeeping functions, such as recognition and removal of senescent cells and other self‐antigens. (els.net)
Circumstantial evidence suggests that natural antibodies can be associated with protection against Alzheimer disease, atherosclerosis or cancer development. (els.net)
Mechanisms of B‐cell tolerance to self and their relevance to production of natural antibodies. (els.net)
Beneficial effects of natural antibodies. (els.net)
Earlier research funded by the National Institutes of Health showed that it was possible to stabilize antibodies after a team led by Stevens unexpectedly discovered that natural antibodies contain stabilizing amino acid replacements. (redorbit.com)

Antibodies are designed to attack one substance and one substance only and different antibodies have different effects on the body - leading doctors to expect a different reaction to a different allergy. (bbc.co.uk)
Thus, the presence of different antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent compounds that fluoresce at the different wavelengths can produce an image of the location of two antigens in the same sample at the same time. (encyclopedia.com)
Because of the great diversity of amino acids in the variable domains, different antibodies are capable of interacting with an effectively unlimited number of targets. (redorbit.com)

Elaborating, he noted that while the structure of antibodies was discovered in 1975, it was not until 1994 that the first therapeutic antibody was approved for human use. (zdnet.com)

The two antibodies, designated MPM-1 and MPM-2, recognize a family of polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 0.40 to greater than 200 kilodaltons (kDa). (pnas.org)
Antibodies recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body. (britannica.com)
These include antibodies that recognize and lock onto a virus, preventing the infection from spreading. (reuters.com)
Bispecific antibodies, which simultaneously recognize two different antigens, hold great therapeutic potential, but their broad application has been hindered by difficulties in developing stable antibody platforms, favorable pharmacokinetic properties and feasible large-scale manufacturing protocols. (asbmb.org)

In the body, antibodies help to fight pathogens. (nature.com)
They can also be used as the basis for biosensors that can continuously detect for pathogens like botulinum, ricin and anthrax in places such as airports and subway stations "" locations where it is not currently possible to provide ongoing detection of pathogens because antibodies cannot tolerate the environmental conditions. (redorbit.com)
But they suspect that such cocktails of multiple antibodies, or oligoclonal Abs, will one day combat a wide array of diseases caused by other pathogens and biologic threat agents. (scientificamerican.com)

Scientists have discovered bizarre double-action antibodies that could offer clues to why people suffer similar allergic reactions to totally different substances. (bbc.co.uk)
Scientists always thought that the two antigen-binding sites were identical, so any one antibody would only be able to tackle one substance. (bbc.co.uk)
But the new study, carried out by scientists in Amsterdam, found that some antibodies have different antigen-binding sites - so one arm will bind to antigens on pollen while the other will attach itself to dust mites. (bbc.co.uk)
To make monoclonal antibodies, scientists inject a mouse with a foreign substance such as a human cancer cell or plant virus. (nytimes.com)
To make the antibodies in plants, Dr. Hiatt said, scientists create the mouse antibody in the usual way. (nytimes.com)
The antibody treatment announcement comes one day after other scientists revealed that most of 82 survivors from last year's Ebola outbreak in Africa have brain symptoms more than six months after infection. (healthline.com)
Scientists are still working out the exact role of neutralizing antibodies in recovery from COVID-19, but drugmakers are confident that the right antibodies or a combination can alter the course of the disease that has claimed more than 675,000 lives globally. (reuters.com)
Many scientists believe that a vaccine developed using broadly neutralizing antibodies could protect healthy people from HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
Scientists will conduct five different antibody tests on each sample. (reuters.com)
That's why scientists are working on technologies that protect antibodies during gastric passage to deliver them intact to the target site in the gut. (medindia.net)
The scientists engineered an antibody format that is simple but robust enough to survive the harsh environment in the gut. (medindia.net)

They can be used to block endogenous immunoglobulins on cells, tissues or other surfaces, and to block the exposed immunoglobulins in multiple labeling experiments using primary antibodies from the same species. (wikipedia.org)
The company offers antibodies against MHC and related antigens, immunoglobulins, and CD and related antigens. (news-medical.net)
Colostrum and breast milk contain antibodies called immunoglobulins. (healthline.com)

Since the study was published, they have found antibodies that bind to both banana and cat dander antigens, and to diptheria and tetanus toxins. (bbc.co.uk)
M. Colombatti, L. Dell'Arciprete, R. Rappuoli, and G. Tridente , Selective Immunotoxins Prepared with Mutant Diphtheria Toxins Coupled to Monoclonal Antibodies. (elsevier.com)

[2] [3] Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. (wikipedia.org)
Every individual has different IgE antibodies, and each allergic substance stimulates production of its own specific IgE. (healthcentral.com)
Measurable allergen-specific antibodies can be identified by radioallergosorbent tests (RAST). (healthcentral.com)
The RAST tests measure the increase and quantity of allergen-specific IgE antibodies. (healthcentral.com)
So, newly developed tests for antibodies that bind to PDC-E2 are more specific and are now available to confirm the diagnosis of PBC. (medicinenet.com)
Taylor-Papadimitriou J., Peterson J.A., Arklie J., Burchell J., Ceriani R.L., Bodmer W.F.: Monoclonal antibodies to epithelium-specific components of the human milk fat globule membrane: production and reaction with cells in culture. (springer.com)
Subsequently, it can be passed through an ion exchange chromatography column, where the antibodies can be separated by binding to specific ligands. (news-medical.net)
The advent of monoclonal antibodies in 1977 promised an unlimited supply of highly specific antibodies and dramatically changed the flow cytometry technique. (news-medical.net)
Over the years, specific monoclonal antibodies for murine MHC antigens and murine/rat helper T cells have been developed. (news-medical.net)
The identification of 3 murine monoclonal antibodies that are specific for human T-cells - OKTl, OKT3, and OKT-l-lI7 - opened up new avenues for human studies. (news-medical.net)
Also, high concentrations of antibodies in flow cytometry can lead to non-specific binding which will complicate the process. (news-medical.net)
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which uses modification specific histone antibodies, is the most commonly used method to analyze histone modifications associated with genes (2). (neb.com)
A process in which antibodies are decorated in a specific way with carbohydrates to make it acknowledgeable by the human body. (roche.com)
The antibodies are also used to target specific kinds of cells in a wide variety of diagnostic tests, including home pregnancy kits. (nytimes.com)
Plants containing antibodies specific to pollutants could be grown in contaminated soils. (nytimes.com)
To validate an antibody, it must be shown to be specific, selective, and reproducible in the context for which it is to be used. (nih.gov)
preferably by using phospho serine and threonine specific antibodies. (bio.net)
Detection of the antibody, which is unrelated to rheumatoid factor, is more specific for RA than the reaction in the sheep-cell agglutination test but less sensitive. (bmj.com)
There is also concern that the coronavirus could become resistant to specific antibodies. (reuters.com)
Immunofluorescence refers to the combination of an antibody and a compound that will fluoresce when illuminated by light of a specific wavelength. (encyclopedia.com)
A false positive result is when the test result is positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, even though those specific antibodies are not actually present. (cdc.gov)
Here's the scoop on the specific antibodies your baby is getting from your milk. (healthline.com)
When a baby is exposed to an illness, mom's breast milk will change to give them the specific antibodies they need to fight it off. (healthline.com)
Formula does not include environment-specific antibodies like breast milk does. (healthline.com)
The application of these antibodies to flow cytometry should prove to be useful for identifying the specific lymphocyte lineages that express Nitr9 and may permit the isolation of Nitr9-expressing cells that can be directly assessed for cytotoxic (e.g. (hindawi.com)
All we've done was inject an antibody against a specific virus. (dictionary.com)
Antibodies react to very specific characteristics of different antigens, binding them to the top ends of their Y formation. (dictionary.com)
To address this technical problem, we have introduced new antibodies specific for MW marker dyes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Presence of anti-MPO antibodies is highly specific for idiopathic and vasculitis-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis, classic polyarteritis nodosa, Churg-Strauss syndrome, and polyangiitis overlap syndrome without renal involvement. (labcorp.com)
After a series of injections over a specific length of time, the animal is expected to have created antibodies against the conjugate. (wikipedia.org)
Anti-GD3 antibodies have been found in association with specific forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome. (wikipedia.org)

They are frequently detected with other antiphospholipid antibodies, such as lupus anticoagulant and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein 1 . (labtestsonline.org)
The 14th International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force criteria for identifying APS requires testing for cardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, and beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies when one of two clinical problems exist, blood clots (thrombosis) or pregnancy morbidity. (labcorp.com)
2018;132:1365-1371 ) in high-risk APS patients triple-positive for lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-β 2 GPI antibodies was terminated prematurely because of excess arterial events with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin (12% vs 0%), she noted. (medscape.com)

The contrast only confirms Nate's potential as Antibodies substance and passion undeniably proves Birthmark is a project that has many years until its demise. (thefourohfive.com)

By attaching themselves to some invading microbes, other antibodies can render such microorganisms immobile or prevent them from penetrating body cells. (britannica.com)
The use of antibodies to antigen that are critical to disease processes in microorganisms allow immunofluorescence to act as a detection and screening tool in the monitoring of a variety of materials. (encyclopedia.com)

4 . The compound according to claim 1 wherein the antibody or fragment thereof is an antibody Fab′ fragment. (google.com)
It is preferred, however, that the ligand is a monoclonal antibody or F(ab) fragment thereof. (google.co.uk)
18. An antibody or fragment thereof according to claim 17 , wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. (google.co.uk)
19. An antibody of fragment thereof according to claim 17 , wherein the antibody or fragment thereof has no effect on the induction of tumor fibrin deposition. (google.co.uk)
6. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment of claim 5 wherein said antibody or antigen-binding fragment further comprises a human framework region. (google.ca)
A follow up experiment using a functional antibody fragment was able to improve antibody stability comparably, with no loss of antibody functionality. (redorbit.com)

[1] The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes ), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. (wikipedia.org)

Most people with Hashimoto disease have high levels of one or both of these types of antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
The 'Technology and Technical Issues' section discusses new directions in antibody research, the types of antibodies used as therapeutics, the challenges in antibody production, and other approaches-in particular transgenic sources-of antibody production. (prnewswire.com)

Thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb)- this antibody targets thyroglobulin, the storage form of thyroid hormones. (labtestsonline.org)
For more than 20 years, biochemists have attempted to mimic antibodies' ability to zero in on their targets, as part of a strategy to make more effective and cheaper therapeutics and diagnostics. (technologyreview.com)
Antibodies and their targets fit together like a key in a lock, or like a hand into a plaster cast. (technologyreview.com)
But in a 2008 study 3 , fewer than half of around 6,000 routinely used commercial antibodies recognized only their specified targets, with some manufacturers producing consistently good antibodies, and others consistently poor ones. (nature.com)
Historically, the use of antibody therapy was based on multiple targets including receptors involved in local hyper-reactivity in asthma, viruses and micro-organisms involved in a variety of pulmonary infectious disease. (rti.org)
Their findings consisted of over 85 nanomolar-affinity antibodies for each of the 17 unique targets pursued, for a total number of 2,230 novel antibody candidates discovered. (prnewswire.com)
Superview is a subsidiary of China's Yinhuan Holding, which is exploiting a technology for generating monoclonal antibodies against highly defined targets. (genengnews.com)
Anti-GD1a antibodies were highly associated acute motor axonal neuropathy while high titers of anti-GM1 were more frequent indicating that GD1a possibly targets the axolemma and nodes of Ranvier most of the Ab+ patients had C. jejuni infections. (wikipedia.org)

When an individual has inappropriate blood clot formation, recurrent miscarriages, cardiolipin antibodies, and/or another antiphospholipid antibody, the person may be diagnosed with antiphospholipid ayndrome (APS) . (labtestsonline.org)

Colcher D., Horan Hand P., Nuti M., Schlom J.: A spectrum of monoclonal antibodies reactive with human mammary tumor cells. (springer.com)
Schlom J., Wunderlich D., Teramoto Y.A.: Generation of human monoclonal antibodies reactive with human mammary carcinoma cells. (springer.com)
Dual-targeting antibodies may promote less toxicity by more selectively targeting the tumor reactive T cells. (genengnews.com)
My HCV antibody test was 'reactive,' however my HCV RN. (medhelp.org)
A reactive antibody test does not necessarily mean a person still has Hepatitis C. Once people have been infected, they will always have antibodies in their blood. (medhelp.org)
A reactive antibody test requires an additional, follow-up test to determine if a person is currently infected with Hepatitis C. (medhelp.org)

A second application involves making mouse antibodies against important plant viruses and fungi. (nytimes.com)
We're used to antibodies searching for germs and viruses within our own bodies, and now that same concept is put to use for marine pollution. (treehugger.com)

Blood types are related to antibodies and antigens in the bloodstream. (answers.com)
During the process, which may last two to three weeks, the antibody with the best fit is released into the bloodstream to help remove the antigen. (nytimes.com)
The mature B cells, called plasma cells, secrete millions of antibodies into the bloodstream and lymphatic system . (britannica.com)
Conventional therapeutic antibodies are injected into the bloodstream for treatment or prevention of a multitude of diseases, including infectious diseases, cancer and inflammation. (medindia.net)

The invention also concerns test kits and pharmaceutical compositions containing said chimeric monoclonal antibodies and/or derivatives thereof. (google.com)

A.D. Strosberg , Interaction of Anti-idiotypic Antibodies with Membrane Receptors: Practical Considerations. (elsevier.com)
It is far more treatable, however, as it is essentially brain inflammation caused by antibodies that attack the brain's NMDA receptors. (psychcentral.com)

Between 95 and 98% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis ( PBC ) have autoantibodies (antibodies to self) in their blood that react with the inner lining of mitochondria. (medicinenet.com)
These autoantibodies are called antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). (medicinenet.com)

A primary antibody can be very useful for the detection of biomarkers for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and they are used for the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and multi-drug resistance (MDR) of therapeutic agents. (wikipedia.org)
Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat many diseases, including some types of cancer. (cancer.org)
The antibodies are common in rheumatic diseases such as SLE and increase the risk of blood clots. (eurekalert.org)
this antibody displayed similar pharmacokinetic properties to regular human IgG antibodies, showing its promise as a therapeutic agent for asthma and other allergic diseases. (asbmb.org)
Alan M. Johnson , Peter Phillips , and David Jenkins "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Dingoes," Journal of Wildlife Diseases 26(3), 383-386, (1 July 1990). (bioone.org)
Therapeutic antibodies are increasingly being used in the clinic for the treatment of various diseases. (medindia.net)

I should say the antibody titer has reached the danger point. (dictionary.com)
That last checkup showed an antibody titer entirely too high for safety. (dictionary.com)
The primary goal of antibody production in laboratory animals is to obtain high titer, high affinity antisera for use in experimentation or diagnostic tests. (wikipedia.org)

Fundamentally, their engineered expression platforms focus on streamlining novel antibody development, reducing the risk factors to patients, and optimizing tumor destruction. (genengnews.com)

[8] [10] This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. (wikipedia.org)
No, your body produces antibodies to the virus. (answers.com)
Colostrum, the first milk that a mother produces for her baby, is full of antibodies. (healthline.com)

This test detects the presence of cardiolipin antibodies in the blood. (labtestsonline.org)
Cardiolipin antibodies target cardiolipins and are associated with an increased risk of developing recurrent inappropriate blood clots (thrombi) in veins and arteries, such as the deep veins of the legs (DVT) or the lungs (pulmonary embolism, PE). (labtestsonline.org)
Cardiolipin antibodies (IgG, IgM, and sometimes IgA) are frequently ordered since they are the most common antiphospholipid antibodies. (labcorp.com)

Then instead of fusing the antibodies to cancer cells, they clone the genes that make up the antibody. (nytimes.com)
And because the antibody genes are cloned into a manufacturing cell line, cultured cells could conceivably churn out an unlimited supply of the antibodies. (scientificamerican.com)

After several rounds of this phasic mutation, you end up with a high- affinity antibody," Dr. Perelson said. (nytimes.com)

Anatomy3

Organisms2

Diseases13

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science6

Health Care1

Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (1/15913)

Anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor antibody inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in injured rat carotid arteries. (2/15913)

The amyloid precursor protein interacts with Go heterotrimeric protein within a cell compartment specialized in signal transduction. (3/15913)

Identification of the Kv2.1 K+ channel as a major component of the delayed rectifier K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons. (4/15913)

Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. (5/15913)

Antiphospholipid, anti-beta 2-glycoprotein-I and anti-oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome. (6/15913)

The role of homophilic binding in anti-tumor antibody R24 recognition of molecular surfaces. Demonstration of an intermolecular beta-sheet interaction between vh domains. (7/15913)

Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK family member associated with tight as well as adherens junctions with a binding affinity to occludin and alpha catenin. (8/15913)

Antibodies

Antibody Specificity

Antibodies, Viral

Antibodies, Bacterial

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Antibody Formation

Antibodies, Neutralizing

Antibody Affinity

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

Binding Sites, Antibody

HIV Antibodies

Epitopes

Antibodies, Neoplasm

Antibodies, Protozoan

Antibodies, Antinuclear

Cross Reactions

Immunoglobulin M

Autoantibodies

Antibodies, Fungal

Neutralization Tests

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Antibodies, Bispecific

Molecular Sequence Data

Single-Chain Antibodies

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Antibodies, Blocking

Amino Acid Sequence

Immunoglobulin G

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Antibodies, Heterophile

Antibodies, Catalytic

Rabbits

Immunoglobulin A

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized

Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect

Hybridomas

Immune Sera

Epitope Mapping

Antibodies, Antiphospholipid

Immunization

Antigens

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Cell Line

Antigens, Bacterial

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antigens, Surface

Immunization, Passive

Recombinant Proteins

Blotting, Western

Immunoassay

Immunoglobulin Fragments

Molecular Weight

Immunohistochemistry

Antigens, Viral

Immunoblotting

Radioimmunoassay

Cells, Cultured

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

B-Lymphocytes

Complement Fixation Tests

Hemagglutination Tests

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests

Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Seroepidemiologic Studies

Immunoglobulin Idiotypes

T-Lymphocytes

Immunologic Techniques

Antigens, Neoplasm

Base Sequence

Immunosorbent Techniques

Haptens

Antibody Diversity

Cattle

Peptide Library

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Isoantibodies

Immunoglobulin Isotypes