Retroviridae
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Moloney murine leukemia virus
Virus Integration
Endogenous Retroviruses
Leukemia Virus, Murine
Gene Transfer Techniques
The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Base Sequence
Genetic Therapy
Proviruses
Terminal Repeat Sequences
Nucleotide sequences repeated on both the 5' and 3' ends of a sequence under consideration. For example, the hallmarks of a transposon are that it is flanked by inverted repeats on each end and the inverted repeats are flanked by direct repeats. The Delta element of Ty retrotransposons and LTRs (long terminal repeats) are examples of this concept.
Transfection
Integrases
HIV-1
Kanamycin Kinase
Retroviridae Proteins
3T3 Cells
Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.
Gene Products, gag
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Amino Acid Sequence
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Betaretrovirus
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Cells, Cultured
Gene Expression
Genes, gag
Virus Replication
Avian Sarcoma Viruses
Gammaretrovirus
Stereoisomerism
Models, Molecular
Harvey murine sarcoma virus
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Mason-Pfizer monkey virus
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Viral Envelope Proteins
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Genes, pol
Rous sarcoma virus
Avian leukosis virus
Gene Products, env
Helper Viruses
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Friend murine leukemia virus
Spumavirus
Genus of non-oncogenic retroviruses which establish persistent infections in many animal species but are considered non-pathogenic. Its species have been isolated from primates (including humans), cattle, cats, hamsters, horses, and sea lions. Spumaviruses have a foamy or lace-like appearance and are often accompanied by syncytium formation. SIMIAN FOAMY VIRUS is the type species.
Cloning, Molecular
Virion
Virus Assembly
HIV Integrase
Lentivirus
A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.
Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic
Luminescent Proteins
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Receptors, Virus
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Molecular Structure
Transcription, Genetic
Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle
Genes of IAP elements (a family of retrovirus-like genetic elements) which code for virus-like particles (IAPs) found regularly in rodent early embryos. ("Intracisternal" refers to the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum.) Under certain circumstances, such as DNA hypomethylation they are transcribed. Their transcripts are found in a variety of neoplasms, including plasmacytomas, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcomas, teratocarcinomas, and colon carcinomas.
Genes, env
Recombination, Genetic
DNA Primers
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Binding Sites
Leukemia, Experimental
Blotting, Southern
Hydrogen Bonding
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Alpharetrovirus
Mutation
T-Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.
Base Pairing
Neomycin
Antigens, CD34
Oncogenes
Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.
Simian foamy virus
Leukemia Virus, Gibbon Ape
Cell Line, Transformed
Reticuloendotheliosis virus
Flow Cytometry
Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.
Plasmids
Gene Expression Regulation
Hexadimethrine Bromide
Promoter Regions, Genetic
DNA, Complementary
Chick Embryo
Quail
Genetic Engineering
Retroelements
Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.
Heterocyclic Compounds, Bridged-Ring
Antibodies
X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases
Ribonuclease H
Cell Division
Pachyrhizus
Cytosine Deaminase
Cell Differentiation
Tumor Virus Infections
DNA Nucleotidyltransferases
Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (MuLV). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human AIDS and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell Transformation, Viral
Genes, Reporter
Spleen Focus-Forming Viruses
Strains of MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS that are replication-defective and rapidly transforming. The envelope gene plays an essential role in initiating erythroleukemia (LEUKEMIA, ERYTHROBLASTIC, ACUTE), manifested by splenic foci, SPLENOMEGALY, and POLYCYTHEMIA. Spleen focus-forming viruses are generated by recombination with endogenous retroviral sequences.
Structure-Activity Relationship
Moloney murine sarcoma virus
Epsilonretrovirus
Plant Extracts
Cytidine Deaminase
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Crystallography, X-Ray
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Proto-Oncogenes
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine
A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus equine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, EQUINE), causing acute and chronic infection in horses. It is transmitted mechanically by biting flies, mosquitoes, and midges, and iatrogenically through unsterilized equipment. Chronic infection often consists of acute episodes with remissions.
Blotting, Western
Sarcoma Viruses, Murine
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
beta-Galactosidase
Immunoglobulin G
Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
HIV-2
An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.
Oligonucleotides
Gene Products, pol
Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
NIH 3T3 Cells
A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)
Defective Viruses
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
Bone Marrow Cells
HeLa Cells
Fibroblasts
Guanosine
Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses
Strains of MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS discovered in 1976 by Hartley, Wolford, Old, and Rowe and so named because the viruses originally isolated had the capacity to transform cell foci in mink cell cultures. MCF viruses are generated by recombination with ecotropic murine leukemia viruses including AKR, Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher, causing ERYTHROLEUKEMIA and severe anemia in mice.
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Fusion Proteins, gag-pol
Adenosine Deaminase
DNA-Binding Proteins
Reticuloendotheliosis Viruses, Avian
G-Quadruplexes
Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)
B-Lymphocytes
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Proteins, Type III
DNA, Recombinant
Restriction Mapping
gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).
Nucleocapsid
Carrier Proteins
Mice, SCID
Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.
Glucosylceramidase
Lac Operon
Clone Cells
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Inosine
A purine nucleoside that has hypoxanthine linked by the N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid and in pathways of purine salvage. It also occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Transcription Factors
Antigens, CD
Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.
Leukemia Virus, Feline
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide
Zinc Fingers
Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.
Genetic Enhancement
Chickens
Apoptosis
One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.
Immunohistochemistry
Gene Targeting
Dinucleoside Phosphates
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 isolated from mature T4 cells in patients with T-lymphoproliferation malignancies. It causes adult T-cell leukemia (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), T-cell lymphoma (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL), and is involved in mycosis fungoides, SEZARY SYNDROME and tropical spastic paraparesis (PARAPARESIS, TROPICAL SPASTIC).
Mice, Transgenic
Clinical and immunological effects of a 6 week immunotherapy cycle with murabutide in HIV-1 patients with unsuccessful long-term antiretroviral treatment. (1/1722)
In an effort to evaluate the potential of non-specific immunotherapy in restoring global immunity, we have examined the clinical tolerance and biological effects of a 6 week administration of the immunomodulator, murabutide, in chronically infected HIV-1 patients. Forty-two subjects, presenting weak immune reconstitution and ineffective virus suppression following long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), were randomized to receive, or not, murabutide 7 mg/day on five consecutive days/week. Clinical and immunological parameters were monitored before and after the immunotherapy period. Administration of murabutide was generally well tolerated, although some grade III adverse events, reversible on treatment cessation, were observed. Interestingly, in comparison with pre-inclusion levels, at 1 week after the immunotherapy cycle, only murabutide recipients presented a significant increase in CD4 cells, platelet counts, and in the percentage of patients with undetectable viral loads (<50 copies/mL). Statistical significance between the two groups was only evident with the latter parameter. Some of these clinical changes were maintained even up to 12 weeks after murabutide administration, and were accompanied by an increased ability to mount cellular responses to active immunization with a recall antigen, and by a significant increase in the percentage of patients presenting positive lymphoproliferative responses to the viral antigen gp160. These results warrant further evaluation of extended periods or cycles of murabutide immunotherapy as adjunct to HAART. (+info)Self-reported health-related quality of life in persons with HIV infection: results from a multi-site interview project. (2/1722)
BACKGROUND: To examine demographic and behavioral associations with self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among persons with HIV infection or AIDS. METHODS: Analysis of interviews with persons > or = 18 years of age reported through routine disease surveillance with HIV infection or AIDS to nine state and local health departments from January 1995 through December 1996. Scales were constructed from validated measures of HRQOL, and mean scores were calculated (lower scores signified poorer HRQOL). Measures of HRQOL included Overall Health, Pain, Physical Functioning, Role Functioning, Social Functioning, Mental Health, Energy/Fatigue, and Cognitive Functioning. Differences in HRQOL were examined by various demographic and behavioral factors, including taking antiretroviral medication. RESULTS: HRQOL data were available for 3778 persons. Factors associated with lower HRQOL scores included older age, female sex, black or Hispanic race/ethnicity, injection drug use, lower education and income, no private health insurance, and lower CD4 count. In multivariate analysis, lower CD4 count was the factor most consistently associated with lower HRQOL. Taking antiretroviral medication was not associated with differences in HRQOL regardless of CD4 count. CONCLUSIONS: Perception of HRQOL varied in a population with HIV infection or AIDS. On most HRQOL measures, lower CD4 count was associated with lower HRQOL. Measurement of HRQOL can assist in understanding the long-term effects of disease and treatment on persons with HIV. (+info)HIVAN and medication use in chronic dialysis patients in the United States: analysis of the USRDS DMMS Wave 2 study. (3/1722)
BACKGROUND: The use and possible effects of factors known to improve outcomes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (HIVAN), namely of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) and antiretroviral therapy, has not been reported for a national sample of dialysis patients. METHODS: We conducted a historical cohort study of the United States Renal Data System (USRDS) Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study (DMMS) Wave 2 to identify risk factors associated with increased mortality in these patients. Data were available for 3374 patients who started dialysis and were followed until March 2000. Cox Regression analysis was used to model adjusted hazard ratios (AHR) with HIVAN as a cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) and its impact on mortality during the study period, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 3374 patients who started dialysis, 36 (1.1%) had ESRD as a result of HIVAN. Only 22 (61%) of patients with HIVAN received antiretroviral agents, and only nine patients (25%) received combination antiretroviral therapy, and only 14% received ACE inhibitors. Neither the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs (AHR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.10, 3.86, p = 0.60), or ACE inhibitors were associated with a survival advantage. Patients with HIVAN had an increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.74, 95% Confidence Interval, 3.12, 7.32, p < 0.01) compared to patients with other causes of ESRD. CONCLUSIONS: Medications known to improve outcomes in HIV infected patients were underutilized in patients with HIVAN. Adjusted for other factors, a primary diagnosis of HIVAN was associated with increased mortality compared with other causes of ESRD. (+info)Polymyositis masquerading as mitochondrial toxicity. (4/1722)
A 66 year old HIV infected male heavy smoker presented with arthralgia, myalgia, and weight loss which was originally ascribed to nucleoside induced mitochondrial toxicity. Despite withdrawal of antiretroviral therapy a proximal myopathy developed. Further investigation excluded malignancy. Polymyositis was diagnosed on muscle biopsy. The patient recovered completely with oral prednisolone. This case highlights the importance of muscle biopsy in HIV infected patients whose myopathy persists despite withdrawal of antiretroviral therapy and the need for thorough investigation of non-specific symptoms in HIV infected patients who are receiving antiretroviral therapy. (+info)Decline in mortality, AIDS, and hospital admissions in perinatally HIV-1 infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. (5/1722)
OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in demographic factors, disease progression, hospital admissions, and use of antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV. DESIGN: Active surveillance through the national study of HIV in pregnancy and childhood (NSHPC) and additional data from a subset of children in the collaborative HIV paediatric study (CHIPS). SETTING: United Kingdom and Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: 944 children with perinatally acquired HIV-1 under clinical care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes over time in progression to AIDS and death, hospital admission rates, and use of antiretroviral therapy. RESULTS: 944 children with perinatally acquired HIV were reported in the United Kingdom and Ireland by October 2002; 628 (67%) were black African, 205 (22%) were aged > or = 10 years at last follow up, 193 (20%) are known to have died. The proportion of children presenting who were born abroad increased from 20% in 1994-5 to 60% during 2000-2. Mortality was stable before 1997 at 9.3 per 100 child years at risk but fell to 2.0 in 2001-2 (trend P < 0.001). Progression to AIDS also declined (P < 0.001). From 1997 onwards the proportion of children on three or four drug antiretroviral therapy increased. Hospital admission rates declined by 80%, but with more children in follow up the absolute number of admissions fell by only 26%. CONCLUSION: In children with HIV infection, mortality, AIDS, and hospital admission rates have declined substantially since the introduction of three or four drug antiretroviral therapy in 1997. As infected children in the United Kingdom and Ireland are living longer, there is an increasing need to address their medical, social, and psychological needs as they enter adolescence and adult life. (+info)Abnormal contingent negative variation in HIV patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. (6/1722)
The contingent negative variation, an event-related potential related to neural activity in the frontal lobe and basal ganglia, neuropsychological tests and structural MRI were used to examine CNS function and structure in HIV-positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Relative to controls, HIV patients had smaller thalamic volume and reduced late contingent negative variation amplitude that correlated with caudal atrophy. Behaviorally, viremic patients were more impaired than virally suppressed patients and controls on neuropsychological measures of psychomotor speed, selective attention and mental flexibility. These results suggest that antiretroviral therapy may not be effective in protecting cortical and subcortical structures against HIV-related neuropathology, regardless of immune function. However, the benefits of antiretroviral therapy on immune function appear to facilitate neurocognitive performance. (+info)The cardiovascular consequences of HIV and antiretroviral therapy. (7/1722)
Antiretroviral therapy has changed the face of the treatment of HIV throughout the world, converting a fatal into a chronic disease. HIV has reached disastrous levels of infection in southern Africa, and increased use of life-saving therapy is being implemented. The antiretrovirals have a variety of metabolic side effects that have been implicated in cardiovascular disease in other populations. This article discusses the impact of HIV on southern Africa, the metabolic and cardiac complications of both HIV and antiretrovirals, and strategies for dealing with drug side effects. (+info)Use of a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor in macaques to treat simian immunodeficiency virus infection or prevent simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. (8/1722)
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fuses with cells after sequential interactions between its envelope glycoproteins, CD4 and a coreceptor, usually CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) or CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4). CMPD 167 is a CCR5-specific small molecule with potent antiviral activity in vitro. We show that CMPD 167 caused a rapid and substantial (4-200-fold) decrease in plasma viremia in six rhesus macaques chronically infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains SIVmac251 or SIVB670, but not in an animal infected with the X4 simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), SHIV-89.6P. In three of the SIV-infected animals, viremia reduction was sustained. In one, there was a rapid, but partial, rebound and in another, there was a rapid and complete rebound. There was a substantial delay (>21 d) between the end of therapy and the onset of full viremia rebound in two animals. We also evaluated whether vaginal administration of gel-formulated CMPD 167 could prevent vaginal transmission of the R5 virus, SHIV-162P4. Complete protection occurred in only 2 of 11 animals, but early viral replication was significantly less in the 11 CMPD 167-recipients than in 9 controls receiving carrier gel. These findings support the development of small molecule CCR5 inhibitors as antiviral therapies, and possibly as components of a topical microbicide to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. (+info)
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Zinc finger inhibitor
"Anti-HIV Agents That Selectively Target Retroviral Nucleocapsid Protein Zinc Fingers without Affecting Cellular Zinc Finger ... 2-Diamine That Chelates Zinc Ions from Retroviral Nucleocapsid Zinc Fingers". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 54 (4): ... Musah, Rabi Ann (2004). "The HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Zinc Finger Protein as a Target of Antiretroviral Therapy" (PDF). Current ... "Biophysical Characterization of Zinc Ejection from HIV Nucleocapsid Protein by Anti-HIV 2,2'-Dithiobis[benzamides] and ...
Viral load monitoring for HIV
It is now standard of care in the United States to begin anti-retroviral treatment upon discovery of HIV positive status. HIV ... Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents. May 4, 2006. (available for download ... Due to the nature of the virus the drugs used to treat HIV are called antiretroviral medicines, and the course of treatment is ... PMID 22442319.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) DHHS Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents ...
Lamivudine
As a result, lamivudine was identified as a less toxic agent to mitochondria DNA than other retroviral drugs. Lamivudine was ... Lamivudine (Epivir) is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV‑1 infection. ... A better explanation of the data is that lamivudine continues to have a partial anti-viral effect even in the presence of the ... Lamivudine, commonly called 3TC, is an antiretroviral medication used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It is also used to treat ...
CCR5 receptor antagonist
Has Favorable Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Interactions with Other Antiretrovirals In Vitro". Antimicrobial Agents and ... In the pivotal trial of Leronlimab in combination with standard anti-retroviral therapies in HIV-infected treatment-experienced ... "Antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor as anti-HIV-1 agents. Part 1: discovery and initial structure-activity relationships for ... "Neutralizing antibody and anti-retroviral drug sensitivities of HIV-1 isolates resistant to small molecule CCR5 inhibitors". ...
Decoy cells
... immunologic function can be restored by treatment with highly active anti-retroviral therapy. In kidney transplant recipients ... Other agents that have been proposed to target polyomavirus BK, such as cidofovir, fluoroquinolones, leflunomide, and statins ... Also, some of these agents may cause severe long-lasting side effects.[citation needed] Huang, Gang; Chen, Li-Zhong; Qiu, Jiang ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 41 (3): 587-93. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.3.587. PMC 163756. PMID 9055998. Gabardi, S.; Waikar ...
AIDS bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Coovadia, H. (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J ... "Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque nuclear ... 2002). "Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (5 Pt 2): ... "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2006-01-17.. ...
HIV bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
2002) Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med 137, 381-433 PMID ... dapat digunakan terapi anti-retroviral.[27]. Ibu ke anak (transmisi perinatal)[sunting , sunting sumber]. Penularan HIV dari ... yang mendapatkan pengobatan obat antiretroviral (ARV).[3] Indonesia adalah negara ketiga di dunia yang memiliki penderita HIV ...
HIV - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... drugs called anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are available. This treatment is also called high active anti-retroviral therapy ( ... Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. ... The drug 'Truvada' is a combination of two different anti-viral treatments: tenofovir and emtricitabine.[28] Truvada is very ... "Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: recommendations for a public health approach" (PDF). World ...
எயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
53.0 53.1 Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. ... 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque ... 2002). "Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (5 Pt 2): ... "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents" (PDF). Department of Health and Human ...
AIDS, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (2009-12-01). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in ... Ang isang limitadong panahon ng terapiya na nagsasama ng mga anti-retroviral sa mga droga na umaasinta ng latentong reservoir ... "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection" (PDF). The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and ... Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. ...
Discovery and development of HIV-protease inhibitors
... been a key component of anti-retroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS.[5] ... "Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 49 (9): 3825-32. doi:10.1128/AAC.49.9.3825-3832.2005. PMC 1195399. PMID 16127059.. ... a b c d e McCoy, C. (2007) Darunavir: A nonpeptidic antiretroviral protease inhibitor. Clinical Therapeutics. 29(8); 1559-1576. ... a b De Clercq, E. (2009) The history of antiretrovirals: key discoveries over the past 25 years. Reviews in Medical Virology. ...
SIDA, a enciclopedia libre
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents (2009-12-01). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in ... O período inicial que segue ao contaxio do VIH denomínase VIH agudo, VIH primario ou síndrome retroviral aguda.[11][13] Moitos ... "Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection" (PDF). The Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and ... Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. ...
HIV - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... drugs called anti-retroviral therapy (ART) are available. This treatment is also called high active anti-retroviral therapy ( ... 8.0 8.1 Coovadia H (2004). "Antiretroviral agents-how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. ... The drug 'Truvada' is a combination of two different anti-viral treatments: tenofovir and emtricitabine.[28] Truvada is very ... 2010). "When to start antiretroviral therapy". Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 7 (2): 60-68. doi:10.1007/s11904-010-0044-6. ...
Dolutegravir
In the European Union it is indicated, in combination with other anti-retroviral medicinal products, for the treatment of Human ...
Primary central nervous system lymphoma
... perhaps the most important factor with respect to treatment is the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), which ... The most studied chemotheraputic agent in PCNSL is methotrexate (a folate analogue that interferes with DNA repair). ... probably due to poor penetration of the agents through the blood brain barrier.[11] ...
Infection
... of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral ... First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the ... When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs ... The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease ...
Xenotransplantation
Baboons and pigs carry myriad transmittable agents that are harmless in their natural host, but extremely toxic and deadly in ... Takeuchi, Y.; Weiss, R. A. (2000). "Xenotransplantation: Reappraising the risk of retroviral zoonosis". Current Opinion in ... Latemple, D. C.; Galili, U. (1998). "Adult and neonatal anti-Gal response in knock-out mice for alpha1,3galactosyltransferase ... Xenozoonosis, also known as zoonosis or xenosis, is the transmission of infectious agents between species via xenograft. Animal ...
HIV bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
... dapat digunakan terapi anti-retroviral.[28]. Ibu ke anak (transmisi perinatal)Sunting. Penularan HIV dari ibu ke anak dapat ... 2002) Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med 137, 381-433 PMID ...
Sistem imun bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Obat anti-inflamasi sering digunakan untuk mengontrol pengaruh peradangan. Glukokortikoid merupakan obat anti-inflamasi yang ... Taylor A, Watson C, Bradley J (2005). "Immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation: Mechanisms of action and ... "T helper cell activation and human retroviral pathogenesis". Microbiol Rev. 60 (4): 722-42. PMID 8987361 ... Finlay B, McFadden G (2006). "Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens". Cell. 124 ( ...
Gap junction
It was discovered that gap junction communication could be disrupted by adding anti-connexin antibodies into embryonic cells.[ ... "In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSV tk retroviral gene ... Agents. Receptor ligands. *Hormones. *Neurotransmitters/Neuropeptides/Neurohormones. *Cytokines. *Growth factors. *Signaling ...
Imunski sistem - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
"Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens". Cell. Vol. 124 no. 4. Feb 2006. str. 767- ... "Immunosuppressive agents in solid organ transplantation: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy". Critical Reviews in ... "T helper cell activation and human retroviral pathogenesis". Microbiological Reviews. 60 (4): 722-42. PMC 239461. PMID 8987361 ... antibody generators, "tvorci protiteles"), ki so definirani kot snovi, ki po vezavi na specifične imunske receptorje ...
Nitazoxanide
Controlled trials began shortly after the advent of effective anti-retroviral therapies. The trials were abandoned due to poor ... a new broad spectrum antiparasitic agent". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2 (1): 43-9. doi:10.1586/14787210.2.1.43. PMID 15482170 ... The anti-protozoal activity of nitazoxanide is believed to be due to interference with the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase ( ... Agents Chemother. 46 (7): 2116-23. doi:10.1128/aac.46.7.2116-2123.2002. PMC 127316 . PMID 12069963. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a ...
HIV
Viral recombination produces genetic variation that likely contributes to the evolution of resistance to anti-retroviral ... A survival strategy for any infectious agent is not to kill its host, but ultimately become a commensal organism. Having ... and anti-retroviral drugs.[116] Other medical research areas include the topics of pre-exposure prophylaxis, post-exposure ... due to anti-retroviral treatment. Previously it was said the chance of transmission was 'very low' or 'negligible' (The 'Swiss ...
Syndemic
"Helminthic Infections Rates and Malaria in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women on Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Rwanda". PLoS Neglected ... For example, if gene splicing unites two pathogenic agents and the resulting novel organism infects a population. One study ... In coinfected cells, the retroviral DNA of the avian leukosis virus can integrate into the MDV genome, producing altered ... CD8+ cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV response, and the cytokines IL-10 and IL-16. median plasma levels of RANTES, a chemokine that ...
Opportunistic infection
Kong C, Neoh HM, Nathan S (March 2016). "Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: A Potential form of Anti-Virulence Therapy". ... They can be caused by a variety of factors, including: Malnutrition Fatigue Recurrent infections Immunosuppressing agents for ... Opportunistic infections caused by feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus retroviral infections can be treated ... February 2011). "Clinical practice guideline for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer: 2010 ...
David Ho
He championed the combination anti-retroviral therapy which had earlier been developed by scientists at NIAID and Merck. This ... The most promising neutralizing agent is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that entered a first-in-human clinical trial in 2019 ... In fact, one such agent, cabotegravir, has been advanced into Phase-3 efficacy trials in high-risk populations, in ...
Integrase
"Non-Enzymatic Functions of Retroviral Integrase: The Next Target for Novel Anti-HIV Drug Development". Frontiers in ... an agent harmless to humans, has an integrase similar to HIV IN and is therefore a model of HIV IN function; a 2010 crystal ... IN is a key component in this and the retroviral pre-integration complex.[clarification needed] All retroviral IN proteins ... Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates-forms covalent links between-its ...
Paul S. Berry
"Anti-CD3+ Stimulation of Lymphoproliferation in Persons Seropositive for HIV-1. 1993. Pacific Oaks Medical Group, Los Angeles, ... 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, September 1995, LB6 "Mellors, J., ... 3rd Annual Conference of Retroviral and Opportunistic Infections. Stony Brook, N.Y. " "Jon Cohen AIDS Research Collection." [ ... "A 24 Week Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating Anti-Viral Activity and Safety of ...
Chronic condition
In the treatment of HIV, the success of anti-retroviral therapies means that many patients will experience this infection as a ... counseling and immunizations against infectious agents. Despite their effectiveness, the utilization of preventive services is ...
List of MeSH codes (D27)
... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.085 - anti-bacterial agents MeSH D27.505 ... tranquilizing agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.015 - anti-anxiety agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.025 - antimanic agents MeSH ... renal agents MeSH D27.505.954.613.056 - anti-infective agents, urinary MeSH D27.505.954.613.860 - uricosuric agents MeSH ...
Bovine leukemia virus
March 2007). "Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in ... Johnson ES (2005). "Assessing the role of transmissible agents in human disease by studying meat workers". Cellscience Reviews ... February 2013). "Deep sequencing reveals abundant noncanonical retroviral microRNAs in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma". Proceedings ... This vaccine would be able to induce a persistent anti-BLV immune response through maintaining a low level of infectivity, ...
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
... (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus which is the causative agent of a contagious lung cancer in sheep, ... These observations support the theory that an ancient retroviral infection had important consequences for mammalian evolution. ... anti-self' and selectively removed. Another hypothesis is that tumor cells downregulate their major histocompatibility class-I ...
Model organism
Agents Chemother. 50 (5): 1731-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006. PMC 1472199. PMID 16641443. Frischknecht F, Martin B, ... In 1876, under pressure from the National Anti-Vivisection Society, the Cruelty to Animals Act was amended to include ... modulating effects of developmental stage and retroviral dose". Acta Neuropathologica. 86 (5): 456-465. doi:10.1007/bf00228580 ...
Animal disease model
In 1876, under pressure from the National Anti-Vivisection Society, the Cruelty to Animals Act was amended to include ... December 2018). "Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction in Animal Studies With Biohazardous Agents". ILAR Journal. 59 (2): 177- ... modulating effects of developmental stage and retroviral dose". Acta Neuropathologica. 86 (5): 456-65. doi:10.1007/bf00228580. ... Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 50 (5): 1731-7. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.5.1731-1737.2006. PMC 1472199. PMID 16641443. ...
Social history of viruses
Debates on the ethics of provision and cost of anti-retroviral drugs, particularly in poorer countries, have highlighted ... Viruses are the main agents responsible for the rapid destruction of harmful algal blooms, which often kill other marine life, ... the Anti-Vaccination League and the Anti-Compulsory Vaccination League were formed in 1866. Following the anti-vaccination ... Blikstad V, Benachenhou F, Sperber GO, Blomberg J (2008). "Evolution of human endogenous retroviral sequences: a conceptual ...
Guidelines for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among
HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Early initiation of combination anti-retroviral therapy: does it affect long-term outcome [Abstract LbPeB7051]? Presented at ... The availability of an increasing number of antiretroviral agents and the rapid evolution of new information has introduced ... Guidelines for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents. Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical ... Considerations for Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Antiretroviral treatment recommendations for HIV- ...
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents
in Pediatric HIV Infection
... anti-retroviral therapy was indicated for any child with a definitive diagnosis of HIV infection who had evidence of ... Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection Members of the Working Group on Antiretroviral ... all antiretroviral agents should be stopped simultaneously rather than continuing one or two agents alone because of potential ... available alternative antiretroviral agents. Although the efficacy of different combination antiretroviral regimens in children ...
Kaletra in Combination With Antiretroviral Agents - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Anti-Retroviral Agents. HIV Protease Inhibitors. Protease Inhibitors. Enzyme Inhibitors. Molecular Mechanisms of ... Anti-HIV Agents. Antiviral Agents. Anti-Infective Agents. Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors. Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ... Kaletra in Combination With Antiretroviral Agents (PROTEKT). This study has been completed. ... which may result in a change from the daily clinical routine and lead to the use of a newly approved antiretroviral agent in ...
Browsing Publications by Subject "Anti-Retroviral Agents"
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection
... the Working Group concluded that anti-retroviral therapy was indicated for any child with a definitive diagnosis of HIV ... all antiretroviral agents should be stopped simultaneously rather than continuing one or two agents alone because of potential ... aggressive antiretroviral therapy with three or four antiretroviral agents. The theoretical problems with early therapy include ... Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection MMWR 47(RR-4);1-31 Publication date: 04/17/1998. ...
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
Possible regimens for patients who have failed antiretroviral therapy: a work in progress* Table 15 TABLE 15. Acute retroviral ... Indications for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in .... Recommended antiretroviral agents for treatment of established ... what regimen of antiretroviral agents to use, when to change the antiretroviral regimen, treatment of the acutely HIV-infected ... Use of antiretroviral agents as monotherapy is contraindicated (DI), except when no other options exist or during pregnancy to ...
The Effects of Fetal and Childhood Exposure to Antiretroviral Agents | OMICS International
The compliant use of combination antiretroviral therapy has virtually eliminated perinatal HIV transmission. Although ... Poirier MC, Olivero OA, Walker DM, Walker VE (2004) Perinatal genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of anti-retroviral nucleoside ... Antiretroviral agents and cardiac end points. The long-term cardiac effects of in utero exposure to HAART have not been well ... a single-agent regimen is widely used because access to multi-agent ART is limited. For example, single-agent nevirapine is a ...
ASMscience | Antiretroviral Agents
This chapter describes the major characteristics of antiretroviral agents that are currently approved, or at a promising stage ... In vitro, maraviroc demonstrates no antagonism with existing antiretroviral agents and additive or synergistic activity in ... Stavudine enjoys relatively few drug-drug interactions compared to other antiretroviral agents. The major mechanism of ... It demonstrates additive or synergistic activity in combination with other approved antiretroviral agents. Additive or ...
JCDR -
Activated partial thromboplastin time, Anti-retroviral agents, Blood coagulation, Prothrombin time
Browsing Information products by Subject "Anti-Retroviral Agents"
Human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral therapy-associated metabolic disorders and risk factors for...
Anti-Retroviral Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 17% * Cardiovascular Abnormalities Medicine & Life Sciences 17% ... N2 - The successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of potent antiretroviral agents ... AB - The successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of potent antiretroviral agents ... The successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a combination of potent antiretroviral agents, ...
The quest for WHO prequalification by pharmaceutical firms - NextBillion
Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: IAPAC consensus statement on treatment as prevention and preexposure...
Anti-Retroviral Agents. * Attitude of Health Personnel. * Clinical Protocols. * Drug Administration Schedule ... Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: IAPAC consensus statement on treatment as prevention and preexposure ... Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: IAPAC consensus statement on treatment as prevention and preexposure ... Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: IAPAC consensus statement on treatment as prevention and preexposure ...
MedicineFullArticle
Titles list | Archive ouverte UNIGE
antiretroviral drugs cost in nigeria
Where to get antiretroviral drugs in Lagos, Anti-retroviral drugs cost, Antiretroviral drugs cost in Nigeria, cost of treating ... Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents - Appendix B: Drug characteristics ... Antiretroviral drugs must be sold under strict medical supervision. ART Antiretroviral Therapy ARV Antiretroviral CIF Cost, ... The strategy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) employed in Nigeria is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) as recommended ...
NCBC Company Directory Search | North Carolina Biotech Center
Manuscripts and Publications | Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (ATN)
Low bone mass in behaviorally HIV-infected young men on antiretroviral therapy: Adolescent Trials Network Study 021B.. Clin ... Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 52(2):631-7.*PubMed. Rudy BJ, Murphy DA, D Harris R, Muenz L, Ellen J. 2009. Patient-related risks ... Safety and Feasibility of Antiretroviral Preexposure Prophylaxis for Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men Aged 15 to 17 Years ... Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and atazanavir-ritonavir in adolescents ...
Bio | Li Laboratory
Li is dedicated to a career of clinical and translation HIV research and continues his research in the Section of Retroviral ... and Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. He has served as a member of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) HIV Reservoirs ... including the A5308 trial of antiretroviral treatment for HIV Controllers and the A5345/A5347s study of biomarker predictors of ... HIV rebound timing during an intensively monitored antiretroviral pause. In the spring of 2014, Dr. Li was awarded the John ...
Infections and systemic lupus erythematosus</em>...
Furthermore, the accumulation of endogenous retroviral products might trigger the production of interferon and anti-DNA ... N2 - Extensive works on experimental animal models demonstrate that infectious agents can break immunological tolerance to self ... Furthermore, the accumulation of endogenous retroviral products might trigger the production of interferon and anti-DNA ... Furthermore, the accumulation of endogenous retroviral products might trigger the production of interferon and anti-DNA ...
HPV Cervical Neoplasia in a Long-Term HIV+ Cohort | Global Research Projects
Lawrence Long | Profiles RNS
Anti-Retroviral Agents. See all (212) concept(s). _. ×. Media Mentions. This section shows at most 5 media mentions. Click the ... Long L, Fox M, Sanne I, Rosen S. The high cost of second-line antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa. AIDS. 2010 ... Long LC, Maskew M, Brennan AT, Mongwenyana C, Nyoni C, Malete G, Sanne I, Fox MP, Rosen S. Initiating antiretroviral therapy ... Mortality in the First 3 Months on Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV-Positive Adults in Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Meta ...
Health Guide: Viruses | GreenMedInfo | Health Guide | Natural
Anti-Retroviral Agents : CK(49) : AC(18). *HIV Protease Inhibitors : CK(31) : AC(19) ... Anti Therapeutic Actions. *Vaccination: Measles : CK(631) : AC(73). *Vaccination: Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) : CK(832) : AC( ... Plant products have historically been consumed and utilized for their anti-microbial and holistic benefits. Here are 38 natural ...
MakCHS Publications | Makerere University College Of Health Sciences | MakCHS
Anti-HIV Agents. R. H. Gray, Li, X., Wawer, M. J., Gange, S. J., Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N. K., Moore, R., Wabwire-Mangen, F. ... PhD Defence , ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PLANTS USED IN UGANDA. ... Vitamin-D deficiency impairs CD4+T-cell count recovery rate in HIV-positive adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy: A ... Lutalo, T., and Quinn, T. C., "Stochastic simulation of the impact of antiretroviral therapy and HIV vaccines on HIV ...
MakCHS Publications | Makerere University College Of Health Sciences | MakCHS
PhD Defense , Communication Practices of Children on Antiretroviral Therapy and the Role of Family Situations, Jinja District, ... "Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 734-7, 2015. ... Quantifying retention during pre-antiretroviral treatment in a ... Efficacy and safety of lopinavir/ritonavir versus efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected pregnant Ugandan women ...
History And Meaning Of HIV/AIDs (Civic Education) - TIPSINFLUENCER
... but there are Anti-retroviral drugs that can help the victim stay healthy and live longer. AIDS is acquired, because it is ... 4. Physiological Agents oF HIV/AIdS Spread.. 5. Attitudinal Agents Of HIV/AIDS Spread.. 6. Symptoms Of HIV/AIDS. 7. Preventive ... This can be categorized into two viz physiological Agents of HIV/AIDS spread and Attitudinal Agents of HIV/AIDS spread.. ... Physiological Agents Of HIV/AIDS Spread. These Include:. a. Saliva.. b. Tears( Incrymal gland). c. Break milk ( Mammary gland) ...
Download Нейронные Сети И Нейроконтроллеры 2013
inhabiting beyond a anti-retroviral place employment, which were the central control of General artifacts actors, is involved a ... starting impact; EU agents in governments of the expectations and principles of currency onewonders they surface, this ... The random patients have anti-retroviral and own, and Putting National and free urbanization on the operations of people, ... s weapons should initiate their able book use to present psychological work agents including, efficient countries. morbidity ...
Overflowing with Antibodies and Optimism - minicircle
To make matters worse, anti-retroviral drugs like efavirenz are toxic to the central nervous system. This may be behind the ... "When it comes to getting a good clinical agent, were going to need a combination." ... Even if all HIV particles can be removed from the blood using traditional anti-retroviral therapy or broadly neutralizing ...
Download Communication In Humans And Other Animals 2013
As a download, anti-retrovirals of physical illuminations, volumes and horizontally free proxies sent to Ireland, where they ... Jovi cesado; el técnico albaceteño ya no dirigirá el entrenamiento del miércoles ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR agents; FRANCIS LTD ... for retroviral este of cytochrome. From September 1 to October 5, 2017, a future aspect on service of 150 legal independence ...
MakCHS Publications | Makerere University College Of Health Sciences | MakCHS
Major health stories in the news last week | Premium Times Nigeria
... is why it is important to get as much people as possible tested and to know their status and also place them on anti-retroviral ... called on faith and traditional leaders in the country to act as change agents because the act is unhealthy and violates the ... The minister while receiving the Amethyst HIV 1 and 2 self-test kits, and 10 Anti-body based HIV rapid Test Kits 2016 ...
stockpiling antivirals
45 avian strains 45 diphtheria tetanus pertussis whooping 45 immunization registries 45 Jeffrey Taubenberger 45 anti retroviral ... n# flu 47 vector borne infectious 47 OR HER AGENT 47 pertusis 47 containing LABAs 47 Briggs discusses NCCAM 47 Marc Lipsitch 47 ... anti viral . anti virals . Antiviral : potent antiviral . antiviral drugs Tamiflu . smallpox antiviral * stockpiled antiviral ... 47 WHO UNAIDS 47 diarrheal dehydration 47 injectable influenza 47 CIDRAP 47 bio similars 47 im peramivir 47 anti retroviral ...
Collaboration reducing stunting and addressing nutritional challenges in Mutasa | Spiked.co.zw | Best Zimbabwe News Online
HIV: Types, Symptoms, Stages, Origin, Causes, Prevention, And Treatment
Antiretroviral Therapy is the mainstay of treatment, which effectively delays and prevents people from developing AIDS. Pre- ... The human body has defense mechanisms to safeguard the body from different kinds of infectious agents. Skin is the most ... This phase of infection is also known as Acute retroviral syndrome. These symptoms may resolve spontaneously, and the patient ...
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) - 2008 Nobel Prize Medicine
However, an antiretroviral treatment given immediately after exposure to the virus, which is known as post-exposure prophylaxis ... Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV, is the causative agent of AIDS. HIV infects vital cells in the immune system like CD4 T ... She has a PhD in virology and served as a professor and director of Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology ... The treatment available today is the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy or HAART. The only reliable means to escape infection ...
Wild Alaska Chaga | The Winking Moose
The prime phytonutrient found in Chaga is betulinic acid which has been shown to have potential anti-retroviral, anti-malarial ... potential anti-cancer agent) by the Chaga Mushroom. After the Chaga is died to eliminate excess water, it is then stored in a ... and anti-inflammatory properties as well as recently discovered anti-cancer properties. Other useful phytonutients present in ...
Success Stories | Burnet Institute
Before HIV infected patients are treated with anti-retroviral drugs their CD4 T cells must be below 350 cells per microlitre ( ... The Antiviral Screening Facility has the capacity to test chemical agents that will inhibit the replication of HIV and herpes ... It was designed as a diagnostic tool for the detection of anti-HEV IgM in patients presenting with symptoms of acute viral ...
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Anti-HIV Agents. J. Kagaayi, Dreyfuss, M. L., Kigozi, G., Chen, M. Z., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Serwadda, D., Wawer, M. J., ... PhD Defence , Examining the sustainability of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) Programs in health facilities in Uganda. ... PhD Defence , Correlating anti-tuberculosis drug concentrations with clinical outcomes in TB-HIV co-infected patients. ... Quantifying retention during pre-antiretroviral treatment in a large urban clinic in Uganda. ...
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... has embarked on a family test and treat HIV and Aids campaign aimed at increasing the number of men and children accessing anti ... on a family test and treat HIV and Aids campaign aimed at increasing the number of men and children accessing anti-retroviral ... Half-naked passengers mystery as horror crash kills CIO agent and CID detective 08/03/2021 0 ... 08/03/2021 ] Half-naked passengers mystery as horror crash kills CIO agent and CID detective Crime & Courts ...
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PhD Defence , Examining the sustainability of Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) Programs in health facilities in Uganda. ... Contraceptive Agents, Female. M. Kiddugavu, Makumbi, F., Wawer, M. J., Serwadda, D., Sewankambo, N. K., Wabwire-Mangen, F., ... PhD Defence , Correlating anti-tuberculosis drug concentrations with clinical outcomes in TB-HIV co-infected patients. ... Vitamin-D deficiency impairs CD4+T-cell count recovery rate in HIV-positive adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy: A ...
Infections4
- While antiretroviral drug regimens are not commonly used to treat other types of retroviral infections, there are instances where there is a perceived need for re-evaluation of the benefits of antiretroviral therapy. (dovepress.com)
- Several recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy of various antiretroviral agents in preventing retroviral infections in animals. (cdc.gov)
- Early antiretroviral therapy reduces AIDS progression/death in individuals with acute opportunistic infections: a multicenter randomized strategy trial. (actgnetwork.org)
- Early antiretroviral therapy for patients with acute aids-related opportunistic infections: a cost-effectiveness analysis of ACTG A5164. (actgnetwork.org)
Lamivudine2
- The purpose of this study is to compare GW433908 and nelfinavir when each is given with abacavir and lamivudine to HIV patients who have not taken antiretroviral drugs. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Some case reports have suggested that antiretrovirals, including lamivudine, might cause hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in some patients,[14] although this has been disputed. (drugs.com)
Therapeutic1
- Although the pathogenesis of HIV infection and the general virologic and immunologic principles underlying the use of antiretroviral therapy are similar for all HIV-infected persons, unique therapeutic and management considerations apply to HIV-infected children. (cdc.gov)
Infection20
- Report of the NIH Panel To Define Principles of Therapy of HIV Infection and Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. (cdc.gov)
- Prunella vulgaris has potent anti-Ebola virus activity and may be developed as a novel antiviral approach against EBOV infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Guidance for the use of antiretroviral treatment in pediatric HIV infection is not contained in this report. (cdc.gov)
- In 1987, zidovudine became the first approved agent in the United States for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. (asmscience.org)
- With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection is now considered a treatable chronic infectious disease. (cmaj.ca)
- 1 , 5 , 6 The premature onset of age-associated medical comorbidities is a phenomenon sometimes called "accelerated aging in HIV-infection" and may be due to effects of chronic viral infection, cumulative toxicity of long-term antiretroviral therapy and/or higher frequency of tobacco and other substance use. (cmaj.ca)
- HIV-1 integrase inhibitor is useful for anti-HIV, with IC50 value of 0.33 µM, which can target HIV-1 integrase and depress the activity in the treatment of HIV infection, AIDS, and other similar diseases characterized by integration of a retroviral genome into a host chromosome. (apexbt.com)
- Background: The use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly decreased the morbidity and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (elsevier.com)
- Results: A total of 276 subjects with HIV infection were included, 90 (33%) received lipid-lowering agents, and 31 (34%) had SRD. (elsevier.com)
- Here, we discuss FeLV biology and current treatment options, and propose that there is a need for antiretroviral treatment options for FeLV infection. (dovepress.com)
- which demonstrated that infection of susceptible T cells by HIV-bearing dendritic cells could be blocked in vitro by the addition of antiretroviral agents to the culture system ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- were among the first to demonstrate efficacy of antiretroviral PEP in an animal system (a mouse model of retroviral infection). (cdc.gov)
- last reviewed May 1, 2014) HIV drug-resistance testing is recommended in persons with HIV infection at entry into care regardless of whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) will be initiated immediately or deferred (AII). (docplayer.net)
- Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. (drugs.com)
- Raltegravir is an antiretroviral drug produced by Merck & Co., used to treat HIV infection. (rcsb.org)
- For the treatment of HIV-1 infection in conjunction with other antiretrovirals. (rcsb.org)
- Three- vs four-drug antiretroviral regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: a randomized controlled trial. (actgnetwork.org)
- Racial differences in response to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: an AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) study analysis. (actgnetwork.org)
- Transient antiretroviral treatment with tenofovir, ( R )-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine, begun shortly after inoculation of rhesus macaques with the highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolate SIVsmE660, facilitated the development of SIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses and sustained effective control of the infection following drug discontinuation. (asm.org)
- To evaluate the hypothesis that the dynamics of the virus-host interaction during the early stages of initial infection exert a profound influence on the subsequent immunologic, virologic, and clinical course of infection, we recently conducted a study using transient postinoculation antiretroviral treatment of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques to modulate viral replication during the immediate postinoculation period ( 15 ). (asm.org)
Abstracts1
- Methods: We searched the Pub Med database, reviewed publications, and selected abstracts on the use of antiretroviral agents to prevent HIV transmission and their effects on growth and cardiac endpoints in fetal and postnatal life. (omicsonline.org)
Zidovudine1
- Additive or synergistic in vitro inhibition has been reported with double or triple combinations of numerous antiretroviral agents, except for zidovudine-stavudine, which is an antagonistic combination. (asmscience.org)
Mechanism1
- The comparative use and analysis of antiretroviral therapy can provide new insights into the mechanism of antiretroviral drug action. (dovepress.com)
Lipid-loweri2
- 7 Relative to HIV-infected patients under 50 years of age, older HIV patients are substantially more likely to be receiving additional medications, including cardiovascular drugs, antacids or acid-suppressing agents, lipid-lowering agents, antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants, oral hypoglycemic agents and erectile dysfunction drugs. (cmaj.ca)
- The primary outcome was the use of lipid-lowering agents including statins, fibrates and fish oil. (elsevier.com)
Integrase1
- The major classes of anti-HIV drugs include reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, and entry/fusion inhibitors. (dovepress.com)
Combination7
- Purpose: The compliant use of combination antiretroviral therapy has virtually eliminated perinatal HIV transmission. (omicsonline.org)
- In vitro, maraviroc demonstrates no antagonism with existing antiretroviral agents and additive or synergistic activity in combination with enfuvirtide. (asmscience.org)
- It demonstrates additive or synergistic activity in combination with other approved antiretroviral agents. (asmscience.org)
- Modern combination antiretroviral therapy consists of at least three antiretroviral agents and leads to virologic suppression in most patients who are able to take their medication regularly. (cmaj.ca)
- Combination antiretroviral therapy and th. (mendeley.com)
- BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether exposure to combination antiretroviral treatment increases the risk of myocardial infarction. (mendeley.com)
- Combination antiretroviral therapy was defined as any combination regimen of antiretroviral drugs that included a protease inhibitor or a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. (mendeley.com)
Potent3
- Maraviroc is a potent and selective inhibitor of CCR5 with potent anti-HIV-1 activity. (apexbt.com)
- Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 activity. (apexbt.com)
- BDM2 is a very potent ARV, equivalent to the best anti-HIV drugs currently on the market, with full activity against viruses resistant to all current drugs. (europa.eu)
AIDS1
- However the AIDS pandemic remains a major public-health threat and with transmission of drug-resistant viruses that is increasing, it is essential that new antiretroviral (ARV) agents become available. (europa.eu)
Adults and adolescents3
- The guidelines contain recommendations for the clinical use of antiretroviral agents in the treatment of adults and adolescents (defined in Considerations for Antiretroviral Therapy in the HIV-Infected Adolescent) who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
- These guidelines are intended for use by physicians and other health-care providers who use antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV-infected adults and adolescents. (cdc.gov)
- 1 Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents Visit the AIDSinfo website to access the most up-to-date guideline. (docplayer.net)
Search1
- WHO HQ Library catalog › Results of search for 'su:{Anti-retroviral agents. (who.int)
Hydroxyurea1
- Have taken drugs that affect the immune system (such as corticosteroids, interleukins, interferons) or that have anti-HIV activity (such as hydroxyurea or foscarnet) within 28 days before the study drug will be taken. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Results2
- Results: The link between nucleoside analogs and mitochondrial dysfunction is controversial, and the association between in utero antiretroviral exposure and mitochondrial dysfunction in children is unclear. (omicsonline.org)
- Preterm delivery and impaired somatic growth have been reported in infants exposed to antiretrovirals, but results are inconsistent. (omicsonline.org)
Activity1
- Antiretroviral activity of two polyisoprenylated acylphloroglucinols, 7-epi-nemorosone and plukenetione A, isolated from Caribbean propolis. (greenmedinfo.com)
Integration1
- Elucidation of the first crystallographic 3D structure of the Transportin-SR2 protein and of the structural basis for retroviral integration into nucleosomes by Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. (europa.eu)
Ritonavir1
- Low-dose ritonavir and cobicistat are not prescribed as active antiretroviral agents but are used to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of other antiretrovirals. (cmaj.ca)
Patients10
- Recommendations for offering antiretroviral therapy among asymptomatic patients require analysis of real and potential risks and benefits. (cdc.gov)
- All patients who have advanced or symptomatic HIV disease should receive aggressive antiretroviral therapy. (cdc.gov)
- As the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV becomes a reality, more patients are becoming exposed to antiretrovirals in utero , while long-term effects of these exposures remain unknown. (omicsonline.org)
- 4 It is also now increasingly recognized that despite effective antiretroviral treatment, the incidence of cardiovascular disease, non-HIV-related cancer, and renal and hepatic impairment is greater among HIV-infected patients 50 years of age and older than among uninfected individuals of the same age. (cmaj.ca)
- Patients 18 years of age and older who are infected with HIV, have CD4+ cell counts of greater than 500 cells/mm3, and who have never had antiretroviral therapy to treat HIV. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Adverse drug reactions are a significant problem in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). (scielo.br)
- One fifth of patients experienced mild hepatotoxicity, attributed to antituberculous agents and sulfonamides. (scielo.br)
- 1 However, hepatotoxicity is a significant problem in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (scielo.br)
- Genotypic testing is recommended as the preferred resistance testing to guide therapy in antiretroviral (ARV)-naive patients (AIII). (docplayer.net)
- Cost-effectiveness of adding an agent that improves immune responses to initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected patients: guidance for drug development. (actgnetwork.org)
Regimen3
- Antiretroviral regimens are complex, have serious side effects, pose difficulty with adherence, and carry serious potential consequences from the development of viral resistance because of nonadherence to the drug regimen or suboptimal levels of antiretroviral agents. (cdc.gov)
- This report includes the guidelines developed by the Panel regarding the use of laboratory testing in initiating and managing antiretroviral therapy, considerations for initiating therapy, whom to treat, what regimen of antiretroviral agents to use, when to change the antiretroviral regimen, treatment of the acutely HIV-infected person, special considerations in adolescents, and special considerations in pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
- Viral load and CD4+ T cell testing should ideally be performed twice before initiating or changing an antiretroviral treatment regimen. (cdc.gov)
Host1
- Prior studies had established that certain regimens of short-term postinoculation (p.i.) antiretroviral treatment could prevent the emergence of measurable plasma viremia following cessation of drug administration ( 39 , 40 ), but the detailed viral dynamics and host immune responses, particularly cellular immune responses, underlying this protection remained unexplored. (asm.org)
Drug4
- Although antiretroviral drug toxicities in adults have been well documented, the effects of fetal and early childhood exposure to antiretroviral drugs on children of HIV-positive mothers are not well known. (omicsonline.org)
- Two decades later, 24 additional agents in six drug classes had been approved. (asmscience.org)
- Stavudine enjoys relatively few drug-drug interactions compared to other antiretroviral agents. (asmscience.org)
- Pre-existing minority drug-resistant HIV-1 variants, adherence, and risk of antiretroviral treatment failure. (actgnetwork.org)
Treatment5
- The availability of an increasing number of antiretroviral agents and the rapid evolution of new information has introduced substantial complexity into treatment regimens for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (cdc.gov)
- Once the decision to initiate antiretroviral therapy has been made, treatment should be aggressive with the goal of maximal viral suppression. (cdc.gov)
- Burden of tuberculosis in an antiretroviral treatment programme in sub-Saharan Africa: impact on treatment outcomes and implications for tuberculos. (nih.gov)
- To determine burden and risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) in an antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme and its impact on ART outcomes. (nih.gov)
- Antiretroviral naive, defined as 7 days or less of ARV treatment at any time prior to study entry. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Drugs4
- Failure of therapy at 4--6 months might be ascribed to nonadherence, inadequate potency of drugs or suboptimal levels of antiretroviral agents, viral resistance, and other factors that are poorly understood. (cdc.gov)
- Currently, more than 20 approved antiretroviral drugs are available in Canada, belonging to six medication classes ( Box 1 ). (cmaj.ca)
- As primary care physicians and other specialists become increasingly involved in the care of HIV-infected individuals, it is essential for them to recognize, prevent and manage clinically important interactions between commonly prescribed drugs and antiretroviral therapy. (cmaj.ca)
- Antiretroviral drugs have saved and extended the lives of millions of individuals infected with HIV. (dovepress.com)
Guidelines2
- These guidelines were developed by the Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children convened by the National Pediatric and Family HIV Resource Center (NPHRC), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (cdc.gov)
- In recognition of these differences, a separate set of guidelines will address pediatric-specific issues related to antiretroviral therapy. (cdc.gov)
Therapy9
- In utero exposure to antiretroviral therapy has effects on the heart, regardless of HIV status, including improved cardiac function but also reduced cardiac mass of unclear future clinical significance. (omicsonline.org)
- Conclusion: Antiretroviral therapy is effective in preventing perinatal HIV transmission but may be associated with adverse long-term side effects in exposed infants. (omicsonline.org)
- With the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the incidence of perinatal HIV-1 transmission has decreased from 20-25% to less than 2% [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Replication cycle of HIV-1 with current targets for antiretroviral therapy. (asmscience.org)
- The HIV Prevention Trial Network (HPTN) 052 Study is a Phase III, two-arm, controlled, open-labeled, randomized clinical trial designed to determine whether early antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). (nih.gov)
- For FeLV-infected felines and their human companions, antiretroviral therapy would be desirable and of practical importance if good options were available. (dovepress.com)
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had an effect on the lives of HIV-infected children and adults. (scielo.br)
- Highly active antiretroviral therapy has reduced HIV-associated mortality and morbidity. (europa.eu)
- last reviewed May 1, 2014) Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all HIV-infected individuals to reduce the risk of disease progression. (docplayer.net)
Major1
- This chapter describes the major characteristics of antiretroviral agents that are currently approved, or at a promising stage of development, and is organized according to the virus replication cycle. (asmscience.org)
Studies2
- However, recent studies suggest that exposure to antiretroviral medications may have marked adverse effects, independent of HIV status [ 3 , 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)
- Another important piece of evidence underscoring both the role of the dendritic cell and the potential benefit of antiretroviral PEP comes from the studies of Pope et al. (cdc.gov)