Anti mullerian hormone. Medical search

A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.

A tumor, basically a carcinoma with a single sarcoma such as leiomyosarcoma or angiosarcoma or multiple sarcomas of uterine origin. The role of estrogen has been postulated as a possible etiological factor in this tumor. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1703)

Hormones produced in the testis.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).

In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.

The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.

The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

In vivo method of screening investigative anticancer drugs and biologic response modifiers for individual cancer patients. Fresh tumor tissue is implanted under the kidney capsule of immunocompetent mice or rats; gross and histological assessments follow several days after tumor treatment in situ.

A malignant tumor composed of more than one type of neoplastic tissue. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An adenocarcinoma in which the tumor elements are arranged as finger-like processes or as a solid spherical nodule projecting from an epithelial surface.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

Slender-bodies diurnal insects having large, broad wings often strikingly colored and patterned.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.

Fushi tarazu transcription factors were originally identified in DROSOPHILA. They are found throughout ARTHROPODS and play important roles in segmentation and CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM development.

The external and internal organs related to reproduction.

A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.

A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (TWIN, DIZYGOTIC) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in CATTLE. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female FETUSES permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, TESTICULAR HORMONES from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile XX/XY chimeric "female"(CHIMERISM).

Blood-filled UTERUS.

A Wnt protein that is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes such as the formation of the KIDNEY; ADRENAL GLANDS; MAMMARY GLANDS; the PITUITARY GLAND; and the female reproductive system. Defects in WNT4 are a cause of ROKITANSKY KUSTER HAUSER SYNDROME.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

Radiography of the uterus and fallopian tubes after the injection of a contrast medium.

A number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak GONADS and dysgenetic testes or ovaries. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,X monosomy (TURNER SYNDROME); 46,XX (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46XX); 46,XY (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY); and sex chromosome MOSAICISM; (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, MIXED). Their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.

The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

One of a pair of excretory organs (mesonephroi) which grows caudally to the first pair (PRONEPHROI) during development. Mesonephroi are the permanent kidneys in adult amphibians and fish. In higher vertebrates, proneprhoi and most of mesonephroi degenerate with the appearance of metanephroi. The remaining ducts become WOLFFIAN DUCTS.

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.

Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

A characteristic symptom complex.

A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

The properties and relationships and biological processes that characterize the nature and function of the SKIN and its appendages.

A subtype of bone morphogenetic protein receptors with high affinity for BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEINS. They can interact with and undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II. They signal primarily through RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.

A plant family of the order Geraniales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

A sac or recess formed by a fold of the peritoneum.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

The anatomical parts that make up an organism in the early stages of development.

Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

A highly malignant subset of neoplasms arising from the endometrial stroma. Tumors in this group infiltrate the stroma with a wide range of atypia cells and numerous mitoses. They are capable of widespread metastases (NEOPLASM METASTASIS).

The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.

Defects in the SEX DETERMINATION PROCESS in 46, XY individuals that result in abnormal gonadal development and deficiencies in TESTOSTERONE and subsequently ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE or other factors required for normal male sex development. This leads to the development of female phenotypes (male to female sex reversal), normal to tall stature, and bilateral streak or dysgenic gonads which are susceptible to GONADAL TISSUE NEOPLASMS. An XY gonadal dysgenesis is associated with structural abnormalities on the Y CHROMOSOME, a mutation in the GENE, SRY, or a mutation in other autosomal genes that are involved in sex determination.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

Painful menstruation.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS and regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Paracrine-mediated apoptosis in reproductive tract development. (1/492)

In mammalian development, the signaling pathways that couple extracellular death signals with the apoptotic machinery are still poorly understood. We chose to examine Mullerian duct regression in the developing reproductive tract as a possible model of apoptosis during morphogenesis. The TGFbeta-like hormone, Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), initiates regression of the Mullerian duct or female reproductive tract anlagen; this event is essential for proper male sexual differentiation and occurs between embryonic days (E) 14 and 17 in the rat. Here, we show that apoptosis occurs during Mullerian duct regression in male embryos beginning at E15. Female Mullerian ducts exposed to MIS also exhibited prominent apoptosis within 13 h, which was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. In both males and females the MIS type-II receptor is expressed exclusively in the mesenchymal cell layer surrounding the duct, whereas apoptotic cells localize to the epithelium. In addition, tissue recombination experiments provide evidence that MIS does not act directly on the epithelium to induce apoptosis. Based on these data, we suggest that MIS triggers cell death by altering mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. (+info)

Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain. (2/492)

Ptx1 (Pitx1) is a bicoid-related homeobox transcription factor expressed from the onset of pituitary development. It was shown to cooperate with cell-restricted factors, such as Pit1, NeuroD1/PanI and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), to establish a combinatorial code conferring lineage- and promoter-specific gene transcription in the pituitary. Transcriptional synergism between Ptx1 and SF-1 on two SF-1 target genes, pituitary luteinizing hormone beta and Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS), requires SF-1 binding to DNA and appears to result from direct physical interaction between these two proteins. The interaction between the C-terminus of Ptx1 and the N-terminal half of SF-1 results in transcriptional enhancement that equals the activity of a constitutively active SF-1 mutant and that may mimic the effect of a still unidentified SF-1 ligand. Thus, the unmasking of SF-1 activity by Ptx1 may represent a developmental mechanism to alleviate the need for SF-1 ligand in transcription and, possibly, at critical times during organogenesis. (+info)

Reversion of the differentiated phenotype and maturation block in Sertoli cells in pathological human testis. (3/492)

To study the relationship between abnormal Sertoli cell differentiation and spermatogenic impairment, we examined the expression of Sertoli cell markers normally lost at puberty, cytokeratin 18 (CK18), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and M2A antigen, in three children (aged 1-2 years), 50 adults (aged 19-45 years) with obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermia or oligozoospermia, and six patients (aged 1-18 years) with 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. There was CK18 and/or AMH expression, but never M2A antigen expression, associated with spermatogonial arrest or Sertoli cell-only (SCO) syndrome in infertile men. Loss of M2A antigen suggests the transition of Sertoli cells to an adult phenotype, while CK18 and/or AMH expression may be a manifestation of de-differentiation of Sertoli cells. In 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, there was a sequential loss of CK18, M2A antigen and AMH around puberty, associated with partial spermatogenesis. The persistence of immature Sertoli cells expressing M2A antigen was associated with prepubertal seminiferous cords and SCO syndrome. Therefore, 5 alpha-reductase deficiency may prevent the maturation of Sertoli cells, resulting in impairment of spermatogenesis, and loss of M2A antigen expression coincides with a critical step in the Sertoli cell maturation. High follicle stimulating hormone concentrations due to failure of normal Sertoli cell differentiation indicate a normal development pattern of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. (+info)

Anti-Mullerian hormone as a seminal marker for spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia. (4/492)

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) also known as Mullerian inhibiting substance or factor, is a Sertoli cell-secreted glycoprotein responsible in male embryos for Mullerian duct regression. However, its role in adults remains unknown. AMH seminal concentrations have been evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunoassay in three groups of young men: group 1, fertile donors (n = 18); group 2, obstructive azoospermia (n = 9) after vasectomy or associated with deferent duct agenesia; and group 3, non-obstructive azoospermia with spermatogenesis deficiency and normal karyotype (n = 23). AMH was present in seminal plasma of most fertile donors at concentrations ranging from undetectable (<3.5 pmol/l) up to 543 pmol/l (geometric mean: 153 pmol/l), higher than the serum level (range <3.5 up to 67 pmol/l, geometric mean: 10.7 pmol/l, n = 13). Seminal AMH concentrations were undetectable in all obstructive azoospermic patients, confirming its testicular origin. In non-obstructive azoospermia (group 3), seminal AMH concentration was lower (range <3. 5-68.5 pmol/l, geometric mean: 17 pmol/l) than in fertile donors (P < 0.003) without correlation with plasma follicle stimulating hormone values. In group 3, comparison of seminal AMH concentration and the results of histological analysis of testicular biopsies revealed that undetectable AMH found in 14 cases was associated in 11 of them with lack of spermatozoa, while detectable concentrations of AMH (10-68.5 pmol/l) found in nine cases were associated in seven of them with persistent spermatogenesis. In the adult, AMH is secreted preferentially towards the seminiferous lumen. Although its relationship with spermatogenesis requires further investigation, our results suggest that seminal AMH may represent a non-invasive marker of persistent hypospermatogenesis in cases of non-obstructive azoospermia which may indicate the likely success of testicular spermatozoa recovery before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (+info)

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes involved in gonadal differentiation in pigs. (5/492)

In mammals, testis development is initiated in the embryo as a response to the expression of the sex-determining gene, SRY. The time course of SRY expression during gonadal differentiation in the male has been described in detail only in mice and sheep. In this study, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis to define the SRY transcription profile in pig genital ridges. SRY transcripts were first detectable from 23 days postcoitum (dpc), then declined sharply after 35 dpc. None were detected at 60 dpc. In addition, we analyzed temporal expression of other genes known to be involved in mammalian sex determination: WT-1, SF-1, SOX9, and AMH. A key stage seems to be 28 dpc, in which SOX9 expression switches between the male and female, and AMH expression begins to attest to Sertoli cell differentiation and to correspond to seminiferous cord formation in the male. Expression of gonadotropin receptors and aromatase was also investigated in porcine gonads, and we showed that their transcripts were detected very early on, especially in the male: 25 dpc for the LH receptor (rLH) and aromatase, and 28 dpc for the FSH receptor (rFSH). In the female, aromatase transcripts were not detected until 70 dpc, and rFSH expression occurred later: at 45 dpc at the onset of meiosis. Moreover, no difference was observed between the sexes for the onset of rLH transcription at 25 dpc. Such a thorough study has never been performed on pigs; developmental analysis will be useful for investigating sex-reversed gonads and determining ontogeny in intersexuality, a common pathology in pigs. (+info)

Targeted mutagenesis of the endogenous mouse Mis gene promoter: in vivo definition of genetic pathways of vertebrate sexual development. (6/492)

Mutations were introduced into conserved steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1)- and SOX9-binding sites within the endogenous mouse Mullerian inhibiting substance (Mis) promoter. Male mice homozygous for the mutant SF1-binding site correctly initiated Mis transcription in fetal testes, although at significantly reduced levels. Surprisingly, sufficient MIS was produced to eliminate the MUllerian ducts. In contrast, males homozygous for the mutant SOX9-binding site did not initiate Mis transcription, resulting in pseudohermaphrodites. These studies suggest an essential role for SOX9 in the initiation of Mis transcription, whereas SF1 appears to act as a quantitative regulator of Mis transcript levels, perhaps for influencing non-Mullerian duct tissues. Comparative studies of Mis expression in vertebrates indicate that the Mis promoter receives transcriptional inputs that vary between species but result in the same functional readout. (+info)

Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) type II receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. (7/492)

Six human ovarian cancer cell lines and samples of ascites cells isolated from 27 patients with stage III or IV ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma were studied individually to test whether recombinant human Mullerian inhibiting substance (rhMIS) acts via its receptor. To do these experiments, we scaled up production of rhMIS and labeled it successfully with biotin for binding studies, cloned the human MIS type II receptor for mRNA detection, and raised antibodies to an extracellular domain peptide for protein detection. These probes were first tested on the human ovarian cancer cell lines and then applied to primary ovarian ascites cells. rhMIS inhibited colony growth of five of six cell lines that expressed the human MIS type II receptor mRNA by Northern analysis while not inhibiting receptor-negative COS cells. Flow cytometry performed on MIS-sensitive ovarian cancer cell lines demonstrated specific and saturable binding of rhMIS (Kd = 10.2 nM). Ascites cells from 15 of 27 or 56% of patients tested bound biotinylated MIS (MIS-biotin) and, of the 11 that grew in soft agarose, 9 of 11 or 82% showed statistically significant inhibition of colony formation. Of the 15 patients who bound biotinylated MIS, mRNA was available for analysis from 9, and 8 of 9 expressed MIS type II receptor mRNA by reverse transcription-PCR, showing a statistically significant correlation, compared with binding, by chi2 analysis (P = 0.025). Solid ovarian cancers were positive for the MIS type II receptor protein by immunohistochemical staining, which colocalized with staining for antibody to CA-125 (OC-125). Thus, the detection of the MIS type I receptor by flow cytometry may be a useful predictor of therapeutic response to MIS and may be a modality to rapidly choose patients with late-stage ovarian cancer for treatment with MIS. (+info)

Postnatal sex reversal of the ovaries in mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta. (8/492)

Mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta were generated to clarify the roles of each receptor in the physiology of estrogen target tissues. Both sexes of alphabeta estrogen receptor knockout (alphabetaERKO) mutants exhibit normal reproductive tract development but are infertile. Ovaries of adult alphabetaERKO females exhibit follicle transdifferentiation to structures resembling seminiferous tubules of the testis, including Sertoli-like cells and expression of Mullerian inhibiting substance, sulfated glycoprotein-2, and Sox9. Therefore, loss of both receptors leads to an ovarian phenotype that is distinct from that of the individual ERKO mutants, which indicates that both receptors are required for the maintenance of germ and somatic cells in the postnatal ovary. (+info)

The term "mixed tumor" refers to a tumor that contains multiple types of cells or tissue, in this case, both epithelial and stromal components. "Müllerian" refers to the embryonic origins of the tumor, which are derived from the müllerian ducts, which eventually develop into the uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma is the most common type of mixed tumor, müllerian. It is a rare and aggressive cancer that arises in the uterus, typically in the endometrium (the lining of the uterus). It can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and may require surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

Other types of mixed tumors, müllerian include:

* Endometrial carcinoma with stromal overgrowth
* Uterine papillary serous carcinoma with stromal components
* Mucinous adenocarcinoma with stromal components

It is important to note that while these tumors are considered "mixed", they are still classified based on the predominant cell type present. For example, a tumor that contains both epithelial and stromal components would be classified as an endometrial stromal sarcoma, rather than an endometrial adenocarcinoma with stromal overgrowth.

The exact cause of adenosarcoma is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during the development of soft tissue cells. The risk of developing adenosarcoma increases with age, and it is more common in men than women.

Symptoms of adenosarcoma may include:

* Painless lumps or swelling in the affected area
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Limited range of motion in the affected limb
* Night sweats
* Fever

If adenosarcoma is suspected, a doctor may perform a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to visualize the tumor and determine its size and location.
* Biopsy, where a sample of tissue is taken from the affected area and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
* Blood tests to check for certain substances in the blood that are associated with adenosarcoma.

Treatment options for adenosarcoma may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue.
* Radiation therapy to kill cancer cells using high-energy rays.
* Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells using drugs.
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells.

The prognosis for adenosarcoma is generally good if the tumor is small and has not spread to other parts of the body. However, the cancer can be challenging to treat if it has spread to surrounding tissues or organs. The 5-year survival rate for adenosarcoma is approximately 70%.

The term DSD is used to describe a range of conditions that were previously referred to as intersex conditions or hermaphroditism. The use of the term DSD is intended to be more neutral and less stigmatizing than previous terms, as it emphasizes the variability and complexity of these conditions rather than their perceived abnormality.

The most common 46,XX DSDs include:

1. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): A condition in which individuals with male genitalia are born without the ability to respond to androgens (male hormones), resulting in a female physical appearance.
2. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): A condition caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for the production of cortisol and aldosterone, leading to the overproduction of androgens.
3. Turner syndrome: A condition in which individuals are born with only one X chromosome, resulting in short stature, infertility, and other physical and developmental abnormalities.
4. Triple X syndrome: A condition in which individuals are born with three X chromosomes, leading to a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.
5. XX males: A condition in which individuals with female chromosomes (46,XX) are born with male genitalia.

The diagnosis and management of 46,XX DSDs can be complex and require a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, geneticists, pediatricians, and psychosocial experts. Treatment options may include hormone therapy, surgery, and gender confirmation surgeries.

It is important to note that the term DSD is not without controversy, as some advocates argue that it pathologizes and stigmatizes individuals with intersex traits rather than recognizing their diversity and human rights. The use of the term DSD should be carefully considered in clinical practice and education, and language that is respectful and inclusive of all individuals should be used to describe those with intersex traits.

In conclusion, 46,XX DSDs are a group of rare genetic disorders that can result in a range of physical and developmental abnormalities. The diagnosis and management of these disorders require a multidisciplinary approach and sensitivity to the needs and preferences of individuals with intersex traits.

The term "Disorders of Sex Development" was introduced in the early 2000s as a more inclusive and neutral way to describe these conditions, replacing outdated and stigmatizing terms such as "intersex." DSD includes a wide range of conditions, some of which may be genetic in origin, while others may result from hormonal or environmental factors.

The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and require a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, geneticists, urologists, and psychologists. Treatment options may include hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling, and the goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and support the individual's self-identification and gender expression.

It is important to note that DSD is a medical term and does not have any implications for an individual's gender identity or expression. All individuals with DSD have the right to live as their authentic selves, regardless of their gender identity or expression.

Examples of Urogenital Abnormalities:

1. Congenital Anomalies: Conditions that are present at birth and affect the urinary tract or genitalia, such as hypospadias (a condition where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of the tip), undescended testes (testes that fail to descend into the scrotum), or interrupted or absent vas deferens (tubes that carry sperm from the epididymis to the penis).
2. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections that can cause urogenital abnormalities, such as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection) or prostatitis (an inflammation of the prostate gland).
3. Trauma: Injuries to the urinary tract or genitalia, such as those caused by sexual assault or accidents, can lead to urogenital abnormalities.
4. Neurological Conditions: Certain neurological conditions, such as spina bifida (a birth defect that affects the spine and spinal cord), can cause urogenital abnormalities.
5. Cancer: Cancer of the urinary tract or genitalia, such as bladder cancer or prostate cancer, can cause urogenital abnormalities.

Symptoms of Urogenital Abnormalities:

Depending on the specific condition, symptoms of urogenital abnormalities may include:

1. Difficulty urinating or painful urination
2. Blood in the urine or semen
3. Frequent urination or incontinence
4. Pain during sexual activity
5. Abnormalities in the shape or size of the genitalia
6. Testicular atrophy or swelling
7. Discharge from the vagina or penis
8. Foul-smelling urine

Diagnosis and Treatment of Urogenital Abnormalities:

Diagnosis of urogenital abnormalities typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as urinalysis, blood tests, and imaging studies (such as X-rays or ultrasound). Treatment depends on the specific condition causing the abnormality. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications to treat infections or inflammation
2. Surgery to repair or remove damaged tissue
3. Lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise modifications
4. Pelvic floor exercises to strengthen the muscles that control urination and bowel movements
5. Assistive devices, such as catheters or prosthetic limbs
6. Hormone therapy to treat hormonal imbalances or gender identity issues.

Examples of mixed tumors, malignant include:

1. Melanoma-squamous cell carcinoma: This type of skin cancer is a mix of melanocytes (the cells that produce pigment) and squamous cells (thin, flat cells that make up the outer layer of skin).
2. Adenoid cystic carcinoma with squamous differentiation: This type of head and neck cancer has features of both adenoid cystic carcinoma (a type of salivary gland cancer) and squamous cell carcinoma.
3. Uterine leiomyosarcoma with endometrial adenocarcinoma: This type of uterine cancer is a mix of leiomyosarcoma (a type of smooth muscle cancer) and endometrial adenocarcinoma (a type of glandular cancer).
4. Metanephric stromal tumor with oncocytic changes: This type of kidney cancer is a mix of metanephric stromal tumor (a type of connective tissue cancer) and oncocytic changes (abnormal cells that resemble normal cells but have lost their ability to regulate growth).
5. Synovial sarcoma with osteoclast-like giant cells: This type of soft tissue cancer is a mix of synovial sarcoma (a type of connective tissue cancer) and osteoclast-like giant cells (large cells that resemble bone-forming cells).

Treatment for mixed tumors, malignant can vary depending on the specific types of cancer present and the extent of the disease. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination to treat the tumor. In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option.

Mixed tumors, malignant are often more aggressive and difficult to treat than single-type tumors because they contain multiple types of cancer cells that can grow and spread differently. However, advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved the outlook for some patients with mixed tumors. The prognosis and treatment options for mixed tumors depend on the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and other individual factors.

A patient's age, overall health, and the presence of any other medical conditions can also affect their prognosis and treatment options. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with a mixed tumor, it is essential to discuss your treatment options with a qualified healthcare professional who specializes in cancer care. They can help you understand the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and the most appropriate treatment plan for your individual situation.

In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are safe and effective. Participating in a clinical trial may give you access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available. However, it is essential to discuss the potential risks and benefits of clinical trials with your healthcare professional before making a decision.

In summary, mixed tumors are complex cancer diagnoses that can be challenging to treat. However, advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved the outlook for some patients. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with a mixed tumor, it is essential to discuss your treatment options with a qualified healthcare professional who specializes in cancer care. They can help you understand the specific types of cancer present, the stage of the disease, and the most appropriate treatment plan for your individual situation.

In some cases, a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials are research studies that evaluate new treatments or combinations of treatments to see if they are safe and effective. Participating in a clinical trial may give you access to innovative therapies that are not yet widely available. However, it is essential to discuss the potential risks and benefits of clinical trials with your healthcare professional before making a decision.

1. Endometrial carcinoma (cancer that starts in the lining of the uterus)
2. Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (cancer that starts in the muscle layer of the uterus)
3. Leiomyosarcoma (cancer that starts in the smooth muscle of the uterus)
4. Adenocarcinoma (cancer that starts in the glands of the endometrium)
5. Clear cell carcinoma (cancer that starts in the cells that resemble the lining of the uterus)
6. Sarcoma (cancer that starts in the connective tissue of the uterus)
7. Mixed tumors (cancers that have features of more than one type of uterine cancer)

These types of cancers can affect women of all ages and are more common in postmenopausal women. Risk factors for developing uterine neoplasms include obesity, tamoxifen use, and a history of endometrial hyperplasia (thickening of the lining of the uterus).

Symptoms of uterine neoplasms can include:

1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, spotting, or postmenopausal bleeding)
2. Postmenopausal bleeding
3. Pelvic pain or discomfort
4. Vaginal discharge
5. Weakness and fatigue
6. Weight loss
7. Pain during sex
8. Increased urination or frequency of urination
9. Abnormal Pap test results (abnormal cells found on the cervix)

If you have any of these symptoms, it is essential to consult your healthcare provider for proper evaluation and treatment. A diagnosis of uterine neoplasms can be made through several methods, including:

1. Endometrial biopsy (a small sample of tissue is removed from the lining of the uterus)
2. Dilation and curettage (D&C; a surgical procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus)
3. Hysteroscopy (a thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus)
4. Imaging tests (such as ultrasound or MRI)

Treatment for uterine neoplasms depends on the type and stage of cancer. Common treatments include:

1. Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus)
2. Radiation therapy (uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Chemotherapy (uses drugs to kill cancer cells)
4. Targeted therapy (uses drugs to target specific cancer cells)
5. Clinical trials (research studies to test new treatments)

It is essential for women to be aware of their bodies and any changes that occur, particularly after menopause. Regular pelvic exams and screenings can help detect uterine neoplasms at an early stage, when they are more treatable. If you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your health, talk to your healthcare provider. They can help determine the cause of your symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment.

Carcinosarcomas are typically slow-growing and can occur in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, and extremities. They can be difficult to diagnose because they often have a mix of cancerous and noncancerous cells, making it challenging to determine the exact type of tumor.

The treatment of carcinosarcoma depends on the location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. In some cases, a combination of all three may be necessary.

Overall, carcinosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that requires careful management and coordinated care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. With proper treatment, many patients with carcinosarcoma can achieve long-term survival and a good quality of life.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer called carcinosarcoma, which is a combination of both carcinoma and sarcoma.
2. The carcinosarcoma had spread to the patient's lymph nodes and required aggressive treatment, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
3. Due to the rarity of carcinosarcoma, the oncologist consulted with a team of specialists to develop a personalized treatment plan for the patient.

Also known as:

* Cystadenocarcinoma, papilliferum
* Papillary adenocarcinoma
* Glandular neoplasm, papillary

Synonyms:

* Adenocarcinoma, papillary
* Carcinoma, papillary
* Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
* Cystic papillary carcinoma

Epithelial tumors of the breast with a glandular or mixed (glandular and ductal) pattern account for approximately 15% of all breast cancers. The most common histologic type is papillary adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 70% of all glandular tumors.

Papillary carcinoma (PC) was first described by Miles in 1932 as a distinct clinical and pathological entity. It typically affects women between the ages of 40 to 60 years, with rare cases occurring in men. The incidence is 1/1,800,000 for invasive PC and 1/3,500,000 for DCIS.

The majority of papillary carcinomas are confined to the breast and regional lymph nodes; however, there have been case reports of distant metastases.

PC is a slow-growing tumor with an average diameter of 15-20 mm, and most patients present with a palpable mass or nipple discharge. The microscopic features include a glandular or acinar pattern, with papillary structures lined by bland-appearing cells.

The malignant potential of PC is less than that of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The 5-year survival rate for PC is approximately 90%, and the risk of recurrence is low.

Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, with a wide local excision being preferred over lumpectomy or simple mastectomy. Radiation therapy may be recommended for patients with positive axillary nodes or large tumors. Hormone therapy may be considered for postmenopausal women with ER-positive tumors.

Despite its relatively low malignant potential, PC should be treated aggressively to prevent local recurrence and possible distant metastases. The prognosis is generally excellent, but long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for any signs of recurrence or new primary cancers.

Cryptorchidism can be classified into two types:

1. Abdomenal cryptorchidism: In this type, the testis is located in the abdominal cavity above the inguinal ring and is not covered by any skin or membrane.
2. Inguinoscrotal cryptorchidism: In this type, the testis is located in the inguinal canal and may be covered by a thin layer of skin or membrane.

Cryptorchidism is usually diagnosed at birth or during childhood, and it can occur as an isolated condition or as part of other congenital anomalies. Treatment options for cryptorchidism include:

1. Watchful waiting: In mild cases, doctors may choose to monitor the child's development and delay any treatment until they are older.
2. Surgical repair: In more severe cases or those that cause discomfort or other complications, surgery may be recommended to move the testes into the scrotum.
3. Hormone therapy: In some cases, hormone therapy may be used to stimulate the descent of the testes.
4. Assisted reproductive technology (ART): In cases where fertility is a concern, ART such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be recommended.

It's important to note that cryptorchidism can increase the risk of complications such as testicular cancer, infertility, and twisting or inflammation of the testes (torsion). Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for monitoring and managing this condition.

Freemartinism is caused by the abnormal development of the reproductive system of the calves. During fetal development, the two female calves may fail to fully separate from each other, leading to a shared uterus and vagina. This can result in a range of physical and reproductive abnormalities, including:

* Unusual genitalia: The shared uterus and vagina can cause the genitalia to appear abnormal or incomplete.
* Reproductive difficulties: Freemartinism can make it difficult or impossible for the calves to breed or conceive.
* Health problems: Freemartinism can increase the risk of health problems, such as urinary tract infections and reproductive tract infections.

Freemartinism is typically diagnosed through ultrasound examination during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment options for freemartinism are limited, and may include surgery to correct physical abnormalities and hormone therapy to stimulate reproductive function. In some cases, euthanasia may be necessary due to the severity of the condition.

Prevention of freemartinism is not possible, as it is a congenital condition that occurs during fetal development. However, careful breeding practices and proper veterinary care can help reduce the risk of complications associated with this condition.

Hematometra can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Uterine fibroids: These are non-cancerous growths in the uterus that can cause bleeding and accumulation of blood.
2. Endometrial polyps: These are growths in the lining of the uterus that can cause bleeding and hematometra.
3. Adenomyosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle wall of the uterus, leading to bleeding and hematometra.
4. Cervical polyps: These are growths on the cervix that can cause bleeding and hematometra.
5. Cervical cancer: This is a rare but serious condition that can cause bleeding and hematometra.
6. Injury or trauma to the uterus: This can cause bleeding and hematometra.
7. Surgical complications: Hematometra can occur as a complication of surgery, such as a hysterectomy or endometrial ablation.

Symptoms of hematometra may include:

1. Severe pain in the abdomen, pelvis, or lower back
2. Heavy bleeding that lasts for more than 7 days
3. Fever and chills
4. Anemia and fatigue
5. Difficulty urinating or constipation

Diagnosis of hematometra is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of hematometra and may include medications to control bleeding, surgery to remove blood clots or fibroids, or other interventions to address underlying conditions.

In conclusion, hematometra is a rare but potentially serious condition that can cause severe pain, anemia, and other complications. It is important to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of hematometra and seek medical attention promptly if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, most cases of hematometra can be effectively managed and resolved.

The causes of virilism can be due to various factors including:

1. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): A genetic disorder that affects the production of hormones by the adrenal glands, leading to excessive levels of androgens such as testosterone.
2. Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): A condition where the body is unable to respond to androgens, leading to virilization.
3. 5-alpha-reductase deficiency: A rare genetic disorder that affects the production of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, which is important for the development of male characteristics.
4. Genetic mutations: Some individuals may have genetic mutations that lead to the overproduction of androgens or the underproduction of anti-androgens.
5. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormone levels, such as high testosterone and low estrogen, can also cause virilism.

Virilism can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as hormone level measurements. Treatment options for virilism depend on the underlying cause and may include hormone replacement therapy, surgery, or psychological counseling.

In summary, virilism is a condition characterized by the excessive development of male characteristics in individuals who are not biologically male, and it can be caused by various genetic or hormonal factors. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

Benign ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Serous cystadenoma: A fluid-filled sac that develops on the surface of the ovary.
2. Mucinous cystadenoma: A tumor that is filled with mucin, a type of protein.
3. Endometrioid tumors: Tumors that are similar to endometrial tissue (the lining of the uterus).
4. Theca cell tumors: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary called theca cells.

Malignant ovarian neoplasms include:

1. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC): The most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the surface epithelium of the ovary.
2. Germ cell tumors: Tumors that develop from germ cells, which are the cells that give rise to eggs.
3. Stromal sarcomas: Tumors that develop in the supportive tissue of the ovary.

Ovarian neoplasms can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal bleeding, and abdominal swelling. They can also be detected through pelvic examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scan, and biopsy. Treatment options for ovarian neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

The term "gonadal dysgenesis" is used to describe a wide spectrum of abnormalities that affect the development of the gonads, including:

1. Turner Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome, which can result in short stature, infertility, and characteristic physical features such as a small head, ears, and hands.
2. Klinefelter Syndrome: A condition in which an individual has an extra X chromosome, leading to infertility, hypogonadism, and a range of physical characteristics such as breast enlargement and small testes.
3. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS): A condition in which the body is unable to respond to androgens (male hormones), resulting in female physical characteristics despite the presence of XY chromosomes.
4. Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome (PMDS): A rare condition in which the müllerian ducts (the precursors of the uterus and fallopian tubes) do not properly develop, leading to a range of physical and reproductive abnormalities.
5. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH): An inherited disorder that affects the production of hormones by the adrenal glands, which can lead to ambiguous genitalia and other physical symptoms.

The exact cause of gonadal dysgenesis is not always known, but it can be due to genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or environmental factors. Diagnosis is typically made based on a combination of clinical features, hormone levels, and genetic testing. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include hormone therapy, surgery, and/or psychological support.

The term 'disorders of sex development' (DSD) is used to encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the development of the reproductive and sexual systems in individuals with chromosomes XY. The term 'intersex' is sometimes used interchangeably with DSD, but some intersex advocates argue that this term can be problematic, as it has been historically used to pathologize and stigmatize individuals with these conditions.

The 46, XY disorders of sex development can be broadly classified into two categories: (1) genetic and hormonal, and (2) anatomical. Examples of genetic and hormonal DSDs include Klinefelter syndrome (47, XXY), Turner syndrome (45, X), and androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). Anatomical DSDs can include a range of physical characteristics, such as ambiguous genitalia, hypospadias, or undescended testes.

The management of 46, XY disorders of sex development is often complex and multidisciplinary, involving specialists from fields such as endocrinology, urology, gynecology, psychology, and social work. Treatment may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support the individual's physical and emotional well-being, as well as their gender identity and expression.

It is important to note that the term 'disorder' in '46, XY disorders of sex development' can be problematic, as it can imply that there is something inherently wrong or abnormal about these conditions. Some advocates argue that a more neutral term, such as ' variations of sex development,' would be more appropriate and respectful of individuals with these conditions.

Congenital Abnormalities are relatively common, and they affect approximately 1 in every 30 children born worldwide. Some of the most common types of Congenital Abnormalities include:

Heart Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the structure or function of the heart. They can range from mild to severe and can be caused by genetics, viral infections, or other factors. Examples include holes in the heart, narrowed valves, and enlarged heart chambers.

Neural Tube Defects: These are abnormalities that affect the brain and spine. They occur when the neural tube, which forms the brain and spine, does not close properly during fetal development. Examples include anencephaly (absence of a major portion of the brain), spina bifida (incomplete closure of the spine), and encephalocele (protrusion of the brain or meninges through a skull defect).

Chromosomal Abnormalities: These are changes in the number or structure of chromosomes that can affect physical and mental development. Examples include Down syndrome (an extra copy of chromosome 21), Turner syndrome (a missing or partially deleted X chromosome), and Klinefelter syndrome (an extra X chromosome).

Other types of Congenital Abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, clubfoot, and polydactyly (extra fingers or toes).

Congenital Abnormalities can be diagnosed before birth through prenatal testing such as ultrasound, blood tests, and amniocentesis. After birth, they can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment for Congenital Abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, and may include surgery, medication, and other forms of therapy. In some cases, the abnormality may be minor and may not require any treatment, while in other cases, it may be more severe and may require ongoing medical care throughout the person's life.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

The term "serous" refers to the fact that the tumor produces a fluid-filled cyst, which typically contains a clear, serous (watery) liquid. The cancer cells are typically found in the outer layer of the ovary, near the surface of the organ.

Cystadenocarcinoma, serous is the most common type of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 50-60% of all cases. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, as it can be difficult to detect in its early stages. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits.

Treatment for cystadenocarcinoma, serous usually involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. Surgery may involve removing the uterus, ovaries, and other affected tissues, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be used.

Prognosis for cystadenocarcinoma, serous varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis. Women with early-stage disease have a good prognosis, while those with advanced-stage disease have a poorer outlook. However, overall survival rates have improved in recent years due to advances in treatment and screening.

In summary, cystadenocarcinoma, serous is a type of ovarian cancer that originates in the lining of the ovary and grows slowly over time. It can be difficult to detect in its early stages, but treatment typically involves surgery and chemotherapy. Prognosis varies depending on the stage of the cancer at diagnosis.

Peritoneal neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can be aggressive and difficult to treat. The most common types of peritoneal neoplasms include:

1. Peritoneal mesothelioma: This is the most common type of peritoneal neoplasm and arises from the mesothelial cells that line the abdominal cavity. It is often associated with asbestos exposure.
2. Ovarian cancer: This type of cancer originates in the ovaries and can spread to the peritoneum.
3. Appendiceal cancer: This type of cancer arises in the appendix and can spread to the peritoneum.
4. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the abdominal cavity and resembles a mucin-secreting tumor.
5. Primary peritoneal cancer: This type of cancer originates in the peritoneum itself and can be of various types, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.

The symptoms of peritoneal neoplasms vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include abdominal pain, distension, and difficulty eating or passing stool. Treatment options for peritoneal neoplasms depend on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Prognosis for peritoneal neoplasms is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of around 20-30%.

Some examples of multiple abnormalities include:

1. Multiple chronic conditions: An individual may have multiple chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and heart disease, which can affect their quality of life and increase their risk of complications.
2. Congenital anomalies: Some individuals may be born with multiple physical abnormalities or birth defects, such as heart defects, limb abnormalities, or facial deformities.
3. Mental health disorders: Individuals may experience multiple mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder, which can impact their cognitive functioning and daily life.
4. Neurological conditions: Some individuals may have multiple neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, which can affect their cognitive and physical functioning.
5. Genetic disorders: Individuals with genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Turner syndrome, may experience a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

The term "multiple abnormalities" is often used in medical research and clinical practice to describe individuals who have complex health needs and require comprehensive care. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize and address the multiple needs of these individuals to improve their overall health outcomes.

Benign vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Vaginal papilloma: A small, finger-like growth on the wall of the vagina.
2. Vaginal polyps: Growths that protrude from the wall of the vagina.
3. Vaginal cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the vaginal wall.

Malignant vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that develops in the thin, flat cells that line the vagina.
2. Adenocarcinoma of the vagina: Cancer that develops in the glandular cells that line the vagina.
3. Melanoma of the vagina: Rare cancer that develops in the pigment-producing cells of the vagina.
4. Sarcoma of the vagina: Cancer that develops in the connective tissue of the vagina.

Causes and risk factors:
The exact cause of vaginal neoplasms is not known, but certain factors can increase the risk of developing them, such as:

1. HPV (human papillomavirus) infection: A common sexually transmitted virus that can lead to cancer.
2. Smoking: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Weakened immune system: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.
4. Family history of cancer: Can increase the risk of developing cancer.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of vaginal neoplasms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include:

1. Abnormal bleeding or discharge
2. Pain during sex
3. Itching or burning sensation in the vagina
4. A lump or mass in the vagina
5. Difficulty urinating
6. Painful urination
7. Vaginal wall thickening

Diagnosis:
A diagnosis of vaginal neoplasm is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:
The treatment of vaginal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:

1. Surgery: Removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue.
2. Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
4. Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and/or vagina.
5. Pelvic exenteration: Removal of the pelvic organs, including the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for vaginal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis.

Complications:
Some possible complications of vaginal neoplasms include:

1. Recurrence of the cancer
2. Infection
3. Incontinence or other urinary problems
4. Sexual dysfunction
5. Emotional distress

Prevention:
There is no sure way to prevent vaginal neoplasms, but some risk factors can be reduced by:

1. Practicing safe sex to reduce the risk of HPV infection
2. Getting regular Pap smears to detect and treat precancerous changes early
3. Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption
4. Maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly
5. Getting vaccinated against HPV if you are under 26 years old

Note: This information is intended for educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. If you have any concerns or questions about vaginal neoplasms, you should consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment.

The symptoms of sarcoma, endometrial stromal can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, and a mass in the pelvis. The tumor can be small or large, and it may or may not have spread to other parts of the body (metastasized) at the time of diagnosis.

The exact cause of sarcoma, endometrial stromal is not known, but there are several risk factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing this type of cancer. These include:

* Previous radiation therapy to the pelvis
* Family history of uterine cancer
* Early onset of menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55)
* Never being pregnant or having few or no full-term pregnancies
* Obesity
* Use of tamoxifen, a medication used to treat certain types of breast cancer

To diagnose sarcoma, endometrial stromal, a doctor may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and use one or more of the following tests:

* Pelvic exam: The doctor will insert a speculum into the vagina to examine the cervix and uterus for any abnormalities.
* Imaging tests: Such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to look for any tumors in the pelvis.
* Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the suspected tumor and examined under a microscope for cancer cells.
* Endometrial biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the lining of the uterus to check for any abnormalities.

Treatment for sarcoma, endometrial stromal usually involves a combination of surgery and hormone therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

* Surgery: To remove the tumor and any affected tissues.
* Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus is often necessary to treat sarcoma, endometrial stromal.
* Radiation therapy: Use of high-energy beams to kill cancer cells.
* Chemotherapy: Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.

It's important for women to talk to their doctor about their risk factors and any symptoms they may be experiencing, so that they can be monitored closely and receive appropriate treatment if necessary.

Individuals with this condition may have a range of symptoms, including:

* Undescended testes (cryptorchidism) or absent testes
* Infertility or lack of secondary sexual characteristics (such as beard growth or deepened voice)
* Variations in the shape and structure of the testes
* Chromosomal abnormalities, such as an extra X or Y chromosome

The cause of gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to genetic mutations that affect the development of the testes during fetal development. Treatment options for this condition may include hormone replacement therapy, surgery to correct undescended testes, and assisted reproductive technology (such as in vitro fertilization) to achieve pregnancy.

It is important to note that gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is a rare condition and may not be the sole cause of infertility or other reproductive issues. A thorough medical evaluation and genetic testing may be necessary to determine the underlying cause of these issues.

Endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common type of endometrial neoplasm is endometrial hyperplasia, which is a condition where the endometrium grows too thick and can become cancerous if left untreated. Other types of endometrial neoplasms include endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is the most common type of uterine cancer, and endometrial sarcoma, which is a rare type of uterine cancer that develops in the muscle or connective tissue of the uterus.

Endometrial neoplasms can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic mutations, and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Risk factors for developing endometrial neoplasms include obesity, early onset of menstruation, late onset of menopause, never being pregnant or having few or no full-term pregnancies, and taking hormone replacement therapy or other medications that can increase estrogen levels.

Symptoms of endometrial neoplasms can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain or discomfort. Treatment for endometrial neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be necessary.

In summary, endometrial neoplasms are abnormal growths that can develop in the lining of the uterus and can be either benign or malignant. They can be caused by a variety of factors and can cause symptoms such as abnormal bleeding and pelvic pain. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the condition, and may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Some common types of uterine diseases include:

1. Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and infertility.
2. Fibroids: Noncancerous growths that develop in the uterus, often causing heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Adenomyosis: A condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle wall of the uterus, leading to heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and infertility.
4. Uterine polyps: Growths that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, often causing abnormal bleeding or spots on the uterine lining.
5. Uterine cancer: Cancer that develops in the cells of the uterus, often caused by factors such as obesity, hormonal imbalances, or family history of cancer.
6. Endometrial hyperplasia: A condition where the lining of the uterus becomes thicker than normal, often due to hormonal imbalances or excessive estrogen exposure.
7. Asherman's syndrome: Scar tissue that develops inside the uterus, often after a D&C procedure, leading to infertility and irregular menstrual bleeding.
8. Uterine septum: A congenital condition where a wall of tissue divides the uterus into two compartments, often causing irregular menstrual bleeding and fertility problems.
9. Endometrial cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, often causing abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain.
10. Uterine tuberculosis: A rare condition where the uterus becomes infected with tuberculosis bacteria, often caused by poor sanitation and hygiene.

These are just a few of the many conditions that can affect the uterus and cause abnormal bleeding. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience any unusual or persistent vaginal bleeding to determine the underlying cause and receive proper treatment.

There are two main types of dysmenorrhea: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by uterine muscle contractions that occur during menstruation, while secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by an underlying medical condition such as endometriosis, fibroids, or pelvic inflammatory disease.

Symptoms of dysmenorrhea may include:

* Cramping pain in the lower abdomen, usually beginning before or at the onset of menstruation and lasting for 1-3 days
* Pain that can be sharp, dull, or throbbing
* Pelvic discomfort or heaviness
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Mild fever

While dysmenorrhea is not a life-threatening condition, it can significantly impact a woman's quality of life, particularly during her reproductive years. The exact cause of primary dysmenorrhea is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to the production of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that cause uterine muscle contractions and increased blood flow to the pelvis.

Treatment for dysmenorrhea may include over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or naproxen, as well as home remedies such as heat application, exercise, and relaxation techniques. In some cases, prescription medications or surgery may be necessary to address underlying conditions that are contributing to the dysmenorrhea.

It's important for women who experience severe or persistent dysmenorrhea to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may need treatment. With proper diagnosis and management, most women with dysmenorrhea can find relief from their symptoms and lead normal, active lives.

... is a receptor for anti-Müllerian hormone. Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2 is a protein ... Anti-Mullerian+hormone+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology v t e v ... "Anti-Müllerian hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor polymorphisms are associated with follicular phase estradiol ... "Anti-Müllerian hormone and anti-Müllerian hormone type II receptor polymorphisms are associated with follicular phase estradiol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Müllerian_hormone_receptor

Ball B, Conley A, Grundy S, Sabeur K, Liu I (27 July 2011). "Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in the equine testis". ... ", "MIH" for "Müllerian-inhibiting hormone", or "APH" for anti-paramesonephric hormone). AMH is a glycoprotein hormone that is ... The development of the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts is controlled by the presence or absence of anti-Müllerian hormone ( ... of Anti-Müllerian hormone. During the formation of the reproductive system, the paramesonephric ducts are formed just lateral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct

Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014). "Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve ... Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014). "Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve ... Notably, a higher level of anti-Müllerian hormone when tested in women in the general population has been found to have a ... alternatively a blood test to measure the serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) level can give similar information. Transvaginal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_and_female_fertility

Verma AK, Rajbhar S, Mishra J, Gupta M, Sharma M, Deshmukh G, Ali W (December 2016). "Anti-Mullerian Hormone: A Marker of ... Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH), is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related ... "Insensitivity to anti-müllerian hormone due to a mutation in the human anti-müllerian hormone receptor". Nature Genetics. 11 (4 ... discoverer Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor Freemartin - involvement of anti-Müllerian hormone in cattle twins of mixed sex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Müllerian_hormone

Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014). "Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve ... Many women with a BRCA take hormone replacement therapy to reduce these effects: estrogen-progesterone combinations for women ... with the risk of uterine cancer and to use fewer hormones to manage the adverse effects of a prophylactic oophorectomy. Whether ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation

Broer, S. L.; Broekmans, F. J. M.; Laven, J. S. E.; Fauser, B. C. J. M. (2014). "Anti-Mullerian hormone: ovarian reserve ... Anti-Müllerian hormone to estimate ovarian reserve. Examination and imaging An endometrial biopsy, to verify ovulation and ... Other hormonal changes in chemotherapy include decrease in inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Women may choose ... Karasu, T.; Marczylo, T. H.; MacCarrone, M.; Konje, J. C. (2011). "The role of sex steroid hormones, cytokines and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_infertility

2014). "The physiology and clinical utility of anti-Mullerian hormone in women". Human Reproduction Update (Review). 20 (3): ... There is some evidence that exposure to higher than typical levels of androgens and the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in utero ... There are often low levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, in particular among obese or overweight women.Anti-Müllerian ... Dumont A, Robin G, Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D (December 2015). "Role of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in pathophysiology, diagnosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

The Mullerian ducts only develop in the absence of anti-Mullerian hormone, where the Wolffian ducts regress.[citation needed] ... Mullerian anomalies occur as a congenital malformation of the mullerian ducts during embryogenesis. The mullerian ducts are ... by initiating the production of anti-Mullerian hormone by the Sertoli cells of the testis. ... An array of Mullerian anomalies can occur if any of these processes are arrested or impaired. The first stage of Mullerian duct ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullerian_anomalies

Sertoli cells secrete anti-mullerian hormone, which causes the paramesonephric duct to regress. The development and maintenance ... luteinizing hormone. The inner lining of the seminal vesicles (the epithelium) is made of a lining of interspersed column- ... The seminal vesicles have also been found to contain luteinizing hormone receptors, and hence may also be regulated by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminal_vesicles

FSH, Inhibin-B, and Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) are used as the biomarkers for the ovarian aging. Various genetic and ... Hypothalamic GnRH pulse influences the pulsatile secretion of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) ... Chemicals and hormones found in the environment and plastics such as Bisphenol A (BPA) have been thought to affect sexual ... During the menstrual cycle, due to a decreased level of inhibin-A and steroid hormones, the level of FSH increases. Due to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_reproductive_ecology

Many of these tests measure levels of hormones FSH, and GnrH. Methods such as measuring AMH (anti-mullerian) hormone levels, ... Usta, Taner; Oral, Engin (June 2012). "Is the measurement of anti-Müllerian hormone essential?". Current Opinion in Obstetrics ... In turn, the pituitary gland releases hormones to the ovaries. From this signaling, the ovaries release their own hormones. The ... It is also an endocrine gland because of the various hormones that it secretes. The ovaries are considered the female gonads. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary

Paramu, Sobhana (2016). "Impact of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in patients with ... Circulating and intrafollicular levels of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), which can help quantify recruitable ovarian follicle ... The procedure results in a decrease in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and in pulsations as well as a periodic drop in inhibin ... The most plausible theory states that the reduction of these hormone concentrations leads to an increase in the secretion of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_drilling

... may act as anti-apoptotic factors. Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been studied to be a key regulator in the ovaries in humans ... Guidelines suggest possible oral contraceptives in combination with metformin (anti-diabetic medication), and/or anti-androgen ... Matsuda-Minehata F, Goto Y, Inoue N, Manabe N (October 2005). "Changes in expression of anti-apoptotic protein, cFLIP, in ... It has been observed that certain genes related to steroid and androgenic hormone production may contribute to development of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_atresia

PMDS is primarily caused by a mutation in the Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) gene (PMDS Type 1) or AMHR2 gene (PMDS Type 2). In ... Persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a congenital disorder of male sexual development and is a form of ... Hannema, SE; Hughes, IA (2007). "Regulation of Wolffian duct development". Hormone Research. 67 (3): 142-151. doi:10.1159/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm

"Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta- ... Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein ... Hormones of the ovary, Peptide hormones, TGFβ domain, Human female endocrine system). ... It was shown to promote tumorigenesis by hampering the adaptive anti-tumor immune response in melanoma. Quantification of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin

"Inhibin B and anti-Mullerian hormone as markers of persistent spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a meta- ... Typically, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels are low (hypogonadotropic) commensurate with inadequate stimulation of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoospermia

AMH (Anti-mullerian Hormone) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b), that has a very important role in ... January 2007). "Serum anti-Müllerian hormone expression in women with premature ovarian failure". Human Reproduction. 22 (1): ... Chang HM, Klausen C, Leung PC (August 2013). "Antimüllerian hormone inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone-induced adenylyl ... a key hormone produced by the ovary, and a decrease in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were detected. The variation in time ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_follicle_activation

... it is now well established that Anti-Mullerian Hormone or AMH is more useful biochemical test.[citation needed] In particular, ... April 1989). "Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome". Fertility ... Also see poor ovarian reserve and Follicle-stimulating hormone for treatment options. DNA damage (naturally occurring) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_reserve

Inside the pelvis, the ovaries are normal and since they have not been exposed to testicular antimullerian hormone (AMH), the ... uterus, fallopian tubes, upper vagina, and other mullerian structures are normally formed as well. However, the high levels of ... Continued monitoring of hormone balance and careful readjustment of glucocorticoid dose can usually restore fertility, but as a ... If this has begun, it may be advantageous to suppress puberty with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist such as leuprolide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency

This condition is usually caused by deficiency of fetal anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) effect due to mutations of the gene for ... Da Aw L, Zain MM, Esteves SC, Humaidan P (2016). "Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome: a rare entity with a rare presentation in ... In PMDS, an abnormality in the anti-Müllerian hormone signalling pathway causes the in-males-redundant Müllerian duct to ... The AMH molecules bind to AMHRII (anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type II) regressing the Müllerian duct. The Leydig cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_Müllerian_duct_syndrome

... and several hormone producing glands. The WNT4 protein is important in regulating the formation of the Mullerian ducts, also ... WNT4 increases follistatin expression which ultimately inhibits the formation of anti-testis action and supports ovarian germ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNT4_deficiency

... of the tibia with polydactyly Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Hypoplastic right heart microcephaly Hypoplastic thumb mullerian ... synthetase in the liver Hypoglycemia Hypogonadism cardiomyopathy Hypogonadism hypogonadotropic due to mutations in GR hormone ... cerebral ataxia Hereditary peripheral nervous disorder Hereditary primary Fanconi disease Hereditary resistance to anti-vitamin ... Hypolipoproteinemia Hypomagnesemia primary Hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis Hypomelanotic disorder Hypomelia mullerian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(H)

Testicular function can also be assessed by measuring serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels, which in turn can further ... Mullerian structures are not present in the individual. PAIS is one of three types of androgen insensitivity syndrome, which is ... Hormone replacement therapy is required after gonadectomy, and should be modulated over time to replicate the hormone levels ... luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) and spermatogenic defect. These effects may not manifest at all in men ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_androgen_insensitivity_syndrome

Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences. Harlow, Essex and New York, Longman. ISBN 0-582-44132-3. Evans, M. A. ( ... ISBN 0-582-44132-3. Marek, P. E.; Bond, J. E. (2009). "A Mullerian mimicry ring in Appalachian millipedes". Proceedings of the ... Hormones and Behavior. 38 (4): 222-233. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622. PMID 11104640. S2CID 5759575. Muller, M. N.; Wrangham, R. ( ... Often, mimicry functions to protect a species from predators, making it an anti-predator adaptation. Mimicry evolves if a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimicry

... typically regresses due to the presence of anti-Müllerian hormone originating from the Sertoli cells of the testes. These women ... "Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome with persistent Mullerian derivatives: a case report". J Obstet Gynaecol. 25 (4): 403- ... However, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels are elevated while sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels are more consistent with ... Hormone levels have been reported in gonadally intact CAIS women in a number of studies. Hormone levels are similar to those of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_androgen_insensitivity_syndrome

Anti-Müllerian Hormone Test (AMH) is a marker that is used to evaluate an ovarian reserve and predict the outcome of In-vitro ... ANTI MULLERIAN HORMONE. ₹1,000.00. ₹900.00. Anti-Müllerian Hormone Test (AMH) is a marker that is used to evaluate an ovarian ... Be the first to review "ANTI MULLERIAN HORMONE" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Required fields are ... Anti-Müllerian Hormone Test (AMH) is a marker that is used to evaluate an ovarian reserve and predict the outcome of In-vitro ...

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ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE, Female laboratory test. Providing comprehensive, state-of-the-art, clinical laboratory services at the ...

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Anti-Mullerian Hormone (ng/ml). Variable Name: SSAMH. SAS Label: Anti-Mullerian Hormone (ng/ml). English Text: Anti-Mullerian ... Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) & Inhibin-B (Surplus) (SSAMH_B). Data File: SSAMH_B.xpt. First Published: January 2015. Last ... 2011) A multicentre evaluation of the new Beckman Coulter anti-Mullerian hormone immunoassay (AMH Gen II). Ann Clin Biochem 48 ... Within the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and inhibin B ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2001-2002/SSAMH_B.htm

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) & Inhibin-B. Released: January, 2015. Telomere Mean and Standard Deviation. Released: November, ... Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) & Inhibin-B. Released: January, 2015. Telomere Mean and Standard Deviation. Released: November, ... Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) & Inhibin-B. Released: January, 2015. Limited Access Data: Electrolytes - Urine. Released: ... Autoantibodies - Anti-DFS70 Autoantibody Analyses. Released: July, 2022. Autoantibodies - Immunofluorescence Analyses. Released ...

https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/biospecimens/serum_plasma_urine.htm

One-year impact of bariatric surgery on serum anti-Mullerian-hormone levels in severely obese women.. Vincentelli, Clara; ... To evaluate changes in serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in reproductive-age severely obese women after bariatric ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/es/mdl-29754264

AMH: anti-Mullerian hormone. *AMHR2: anti-Mullerian hormone receptor type 2. *AMN: amnion associated transmembrane protein ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene

Can anti-Mullerian hormone predict the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome? A systematic review and meta-analysis of ... Increased anti-Mullerian hormone levels and ovarian size in a subgroup of women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: ... Inactivating mutations of luteinizing hormone beta-subunit or luteinizing hormone receptor cause oligo-amenorrhea and ... XY karyotype but with mutations of the SRY gene such that the testes never form and anti-müllerian hormone is not produced, ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252928-overview

Combined Anti-Mullerian Hormone and Progesterone Testing for the Diagnosis of Canine Ovarian Remnant Syndrome. ...

https://www.akcchf.org/research/research-portfolio/program-area/repro-active-grants.html

Anti-Mullerian Hormone:blood, Antibodies:blood, Biomarkers:blood, Female, Humans, Infertility, Female:blood, Insulin:blood, ... In addition, anti-thyroid antibodies (anti-TG and/or anti-TPO) positivity and insulin concentration were correlated with AMH ... Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a biomarker of pregnancy success or failure.. ... Szafarowska O, Molinska-Glura A, Jerzak A, Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a biomarker of pregnancy success or failure ...

https://www.nel.edu/anti-mullerian-hormone-concentration-as-a-biomarker-of-pregnancy-success-or-failure-400/

... except for the part affected by anti-Mullerian hormone). Levels of hormone (internally produced or environmental) also affect ... The developing testis first produces anti-Mullerian hormone, that suppresses the development of upper female reproductive tract ... It might help, if they actually get proper treatment instead of anti-trans propaganda, but its not going to stop them being ... As a side note, I find it very amusing that anti-feminists love her so much when you consider that, assuming its an accurate ...

https://freethoughtblogs.com/pharyngula/2016/06/12/please-please-do-try-to-stump-me-with-this-question/

Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels reflect the size of the primordial follicle pool in mice. Endocrinology. 2006;147(7):3228- ... Anti-Müllerian hormone: a new marker for ovarian function. Reproduction. 2006;131(1):1-9. ... Thyroid hormones act directly on the testes and ovaries and indirectly by influencing GnRH, prolactin, and sex hormone-binding ... and anti-Müllerian hormone (to prevent Müllerian duct development), among others, are secreted by Sertoli cells. ...

https://www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=2047&productid=11087&scrollTo=chap.10

... 主要為抑制雌性生殖組織Mullerian duct。近來amh及其主要受器 (Anti-Mullerian hormone type II receptor, amhrII) 從不具該構造之硬骨魚類中選殖出來，並發現具有促進生殖細 ... Anti-Mullerian hormone, AMH) 在哺乳類動物雄性發育過程中扮演重要的角色， ... 抗穆勒氏管荷爾蒙 (Anti-Mullerian hormone, AMH)

https://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22096NTOU5086013%22.&searchmode=basic

Detection of anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, and testosterone. Name. Equine Granulosa Cell Tumor Panel II [Referral]. ...

https://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests/equine-granulosa-cell-tumor-panel-ii-referral/

HN - 2008 (1975); for MULLERIAN-INHIBITING HORMONE use ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (NM) 1975-2007 BX - Mullerian-Inhibiting Hormone ... Anti-Mullerian Hormone UI - D054304 MN - D06.472.334.984.500 MS - A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It ... In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects ... This is a target mechanism in humans of some ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS and ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS and of some ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/dcsnew2008.txt

The assessment involves checking various hormones involved in the ovulation process, including your AMH, aka anti-mullerian ... Thanks, genetics and hormones.) A bit of pandemic weight gain mixed with the fact that Im 411" meant my BMI had crept up to a ... From your AMH to your baseline hormone levels to your age to the observed follicle number and ultimately, the final number of ... an 11-ish day process in which you take hormone injections to spur the growth of, ideally, mature eggs that can be retrieved ...

https://www.instyle.com/egg-freezing-6824497

... anti-mullerian hormone) which is a hormone found in the blood which is released by the eggs being developed in the ovaries. ... All women have a different level of AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) which is a hormone found in the blood which is released by the ... Category Archives: Anti Mullerian Hormone. What is the relation between AMH and Endometriosis condition?. ... Posted inAnti Mullerian Hormone, endometriosis, infertility. Leave a comment on What is the relation between AMH and ...

https://gemivf.com/Blog/category/anti-mullerian-hormone

Order the same womens fertility hormone test offered at top fertility clinics to test your fertility at home, at a fraction of ... Anti-Mullerian Hormone. AMH is released by cells around your follicles and is the most important hormone for testing ovarian ... The Modern guide to AMH: Everything you ever wanted to know about anti-Mullerian hormone. Read ... Modern Fertility Hormone Test. The most comprehensive fertility hormone test you can take at home to be proactive about your ...

https://ro.co/testing/fertility-hormone-test/?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=audio&utm_campaign=3in30&c=29daf5c4257b42424f6b4c27ff87b87a

AMH: Anti-Mullerian Hormone Boobs and Tubes: The data gap - Why medicine just loves women ...

https://www.hormona.io/me-myself-and-i-your-guide-to-self-love/

Low levels of Anti-Mullerian Hormone can cause reduced fertility and difficulty conceiving, typically caused by age, genetics, ... Check your levels of the HCG hormone to identify pregnancy from 10 days after a missed period. Also used to check for ... Check your levels of common female hormones which can impact your mood, fertility, energy levels, weight, skin and hair ... Check your levels of common male hormones which can impact your mood, energy levels, libido and erectile function, fertility, ...

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Determining anti-Müllerian hormone levels in a womans blood helps us to evaluate ovarian reserve and, along with a ... A more reliable means of detecting anti-Müllerian hormone and evaluating ovarian reserve. ... assisted reproduction treatments following anti-Müllerian hormone evaluation. Monitoring of this kind means we will be able to ... Up until a few months ago, the technique available for evaluating this hormone was not very precise and we were faced with ...

https://www.institutobernabeu.com/en/blog/a-more-reliable-means-of-detecting-anti-mullerian-hormone-and-evaluating-ovarian-reserve/

Anti Mullerian Factor Anti Mullerian Hormone Anti-Muellerian Hormone Anti-Mullerian Factor Antimullerian Hormone Hormone, Anti- ... Anti Mullerian Factor. Anti Mullerian Hormone. Anti-Muellerian Hormone. Anti-Mullerian Factor. Antimullerian Hormone. Hormone, ... Mullerian Inhibitory Substance Mullerian Regression Factor Mullerian-Inhibiting Factor Mullerian-Inhibiting Hormone Mullerian- ... TESTICULAR HORMONES 1975-2007. History Note:. 2008 (1975); for MULLERIAN-INHIBITING HORMONE use ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (NM) ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=52656&filter=ths_exact_term&q=HORMONA+ANTIM%C3%9CLLERIANA

Energy Fluids May Affect the Ovarian Reserve and Serum Anti-Mullerian Hormone Level Ismatova Malika Mukhiddinovna ... Morphological and Morphometric Characteristics of the Thyroid Gland Polypharmacy Anti-inflammatory Sensors Ochilov Komil ...

https://univerpubl.com/index.php/scholastic

... follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol (E2), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), and ... such as the sex hormone levels, including progesterone (P4), prolactin (PRL), testosterone(T), luteinizing hormone (LH), ... Prevotella is a bacterium that produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), regulates the uptake of nutrients and hormone levels in ... Correlations between gut microbiota and metabolic parameters or sex hormones. At the genera level, Enterococcus was positively ...

https://ovarianresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13048-021-00799-9

Hormones. *. Anti-mullerian hormone. *. Hair loss check. *. Hormone mini check male. *. Infertility check female. ...

https://www.atruchecks.com/test/a-z/elastase

Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Biological Markers; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Menopause; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Time ... Predicting menopausal age with anti-Müllerian hormone A cross-validation study of two existing models.pdf Download (10MB) , ... Predicting menopausal age with anti-Müllerian hormone: A cross-validation study of two existing models ... Predicting menopausal age with anti-Müllerian hormone: A cross-validation study of two existing models. Climacteric, 17 (5). pp ...

https://eprints.iums.ac.ir/11781/

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Anti Mullerian Hormone Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) or Mullerian growth-inhibiting hormone is a glycoprotein hormone. Its ... Estrogen and Progesterone are the two main female sex hormones. They are steroid in nature, hence named Sex steroids. Both ...

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Infertility Profile checks for hormones LH-FSH-Prolactin, Steroid, Anti Mullerian Hormone AMH, Cortisol, E2, Aldosterone, ... Men/Women Skin Care Checkup package includes Autoimmunity test Anti-DsDNA, Allergy test Total IGE, Anti Nuclear Antibodies ANA ... Hormone Imbalance profile. Hormonal Profile covers Insulin Fasting, LH-FSH-PRL, Thyroid TSH, Testosterone, Diabetes, DHEAS, CBC ... Tax Saver Basic profile includes Elements, Electrolytes, Hormone, Homocysteine, Lipid, Vitamin D, B12, Cardiac Risk Markers, ...

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ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH). 8. TSH. 9. RUBELLA IGG. 10. HCV. 11. URINE ROUTINE. ...

https://www.ammagenomics.com/tag/ringworms/

Within the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) and inhibin B concentrations among men were measured to evaluate variation by age and race/ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
As levels of progesterone, estradiol, and inhibin decline 2-3 days before menses, the pituitary begins to release higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which recruits oocytes for the next menstrual cycle. (medscape.com)
18. Comparison of anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin immunolabeling in canine and equine granulosa cell tumors. (nih.gov)
Detection of anti-mullerian hormone, inhibin, and testosterone. (tamu.edu)

1 , 2 , 3 , 4 This test measures the amount of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH)-hormones made by the pituitary gland-in your blood to determine if your ovaries are working properly. (nih.gov)

Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (unicoupi.com)
Description: This is Competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (unicoupi.com)
One-year impact of bariatric surgery on serum anti-Mullerian-hormone levels in severely obese women. (bvsalud.org)
To evaluate changes in serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in reproductive-age severely obese women after bariatric surgery (BS). (bvsalud.org)
2. Biological and clinical significance of anti-Müllerian hormone determination in blood serum of the mare. (nih.gov)
This study was conducted to determine serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration influence on pregnancy outcome. (nel.edu)
Moreover, it cannot be excluded that presence of anti-thyroid antibodies and increased insulin serum concentration may be connected to diminished ovarian reserve measured by AMH concentration. (nel.edu)
6. Anti-Mullerian hormone is a sensitive serum marker for gonadal function in women treated for Hodgkin's lymphoma during childhood. (nih.gov)

Here we show that in mouse XY embryos, Sertoli cell-derived anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and activin B together maintain Sertoli cell identity. (nih.gov)
6. Anti-Müllerian hormone is a specific marker of sertoli- and granulosa-cell origin in gonadal tumors. (nih.gov)

Immediately prior to ovulation, the combination of E 2 and FSH leads to the production of luteinizing-hormone (LH) receptors on the granulosa cells surrounding the lead follicle. (medscape.com)
15. Vitamin D regulates anti-Mullerian hormone expression in granulosa cells of the hen. (nih.gov)
16. Concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone in fluid from small human antral follicles show a negative correlation with CYP19 mRNA expression in the corresponding granulosa cells. (nih.gov)

Gonadotropin therapy or the use of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy may be required to induce ovulation in patients with infertility whose underlying pathology cannot be reversed. (medscape.com)
The hypothalamus is the initiator of the follicular phase via gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). (medscape.com)

7. Anti-müllerian hormone and anti-müllerian hormone type II receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat ovaries during postnatal development, the estrous cycle, and gonadotropin-induced follicle growth. (nih.gov)
Aecently, amh and its type II receptor, amhrII have been cloned from teleosts, which do not contain the tissue of Mullerian duct. (ncl.edu.tw)

Consideration of the target organs of these reproductive hormones (hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, uterus) is helpful for identifying the disease process responsible for a patient's amenorrhea. (medscape.com)

Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations are negatively associated with follicular fluid anti-müllerian hormone concentrations in women undergoing fertility treatment. (nih.gov)
Our objective was to investigate whether urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations were associated with pre-ovulatory follicular fluid (FF) anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in women undergoing fertility treatment. (nih.gov)
13. Molecular changes in the equine follicle in relation to variations in antral follicle count and anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations. (nih.gov)
Sex hormone concentrations differ, on average, in different individuals. (freethoughtblogs.com)

1 , 2 , 3 This test measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood, which can help determine if your thyroid is working properly. (nih.gov)

Your health care provider may also evaluate the level of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), which is produced by the ovarian follicles. (nih.gov)
The assessment involves checking various hormones involved in the ovulation process, including your AMH, aka anti-mullerian hormone , which is produced by your ovarian follicles that release eggs, and can therefore give your doctors a sense of your ovarian reserve, or full bank of eggs. (instyle.com)

10. Anti-Mullerian hormone is increased in follicular fluid from unstimulated ovaries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (nih.gov)
11. Intrafollicular steroids and anti-mullerian hormone during normal and cystic ovarian follicular development in the cow. (nih.gov)

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) plays an important role in the process of mammalian male development, which major function is inhibition of Mullerian duct activity of female reproduction tissue. (ncl.edu.tw)
In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM . (nih.gov)

EMPROGEST EV 200MG TABLET contains Progesterone which belongs to the group of medicines called Steroid hormones. (netmeds.com)
EMPROGEST EV 200MG TABLET is a steroid hormone used to treat progesterone deficiency in the body. (netmeds.com)

4. Early postnatal methoxychlor exposure inhibits folliculogenesis and stimulates anti-Mullerian hormone production in the rat ovary. (nih.gov)
8. [Study on the anti-müllerian hormone served as a marker for granulosa cell tumor of ovary]. (nih.gov)
High levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) have traditionally been thought of as merely a passive byproduct of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but a new preclinical study by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers suggests that the hormone plays an active role in the disorder and may contribute to problems with ovulation and fertility. (news-medical.net)

In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. (nih.gov)
The same hormone test typically offered by reproductive endocrinologists for a fraction of the price. (ro.co)

When she remarked that males and females have hormonal differences, her colleagues told her that hormones are not real, they were only made up by a conspiracy of male scientists. (freethoughtblogs.com)

Daoud A, Bataineh H, Otoom S, Abdul-Zahra E. The effect of Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine and Gabapentin on the fertility, weights, sex hormones and biochemical profiles of male rats. (nel.edu)
An easy and affordable fertility hormone test you can use to be proactive about your fertility. (ro.co)
I've been using Modern Fertility's Hormone Test since 2020 to help me better understand my body and where I'm at fertility-wise based upon my age and lifestyle. (ro.co)
Modern Fertility gives you insight into your ovarian reserve, thyroid health, and other hormone factors. (ro.co)
We'll test between two and seven hormones based on your birth control method, and deliver custom reports to help you learn about your fertility. (ro.co)
The same fertility hormone test typically offered in clinics. (ro.co)
Information garnered from a fertility hormone panel can help people understand how their fertility changes over time so that they can take action and be proactive about their fertility planning. (ro.co)
Low levels of Anti-Mullerian Hormone can cause reduced fertility and difficulty conceiving, typically caused by age, genetics, illness or cancer treatment. (goodbodyclinic.com)
Check your levels of common female hormones which can impact your mood, fertility, energy levels, weight, skin and hair condition, sex drive and fitness levels. (goodbodyclinic.com)
Check your levels of common male hormones which can impact your mood, energy levels, libido and erectile function, fertility, weight, fitness and sports performance. (goodbodyclinic.com)

We also evaluate correlations with previously measured sex-steroid hormone measurements. (cdc.gov)

1. Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in equine granulosa-cell tumors and in normal equine ovaries. (nih.gov)
All women have a different level of AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) which is a hormone found in the blood which is released by the eggs being developed in the ovaries. (gemivf.com)
A sex hormone produced by the ovaries. (ro.co)

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone well known for its role in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization. (vitamindwiki.com)

AMH levels were measured retrospectively in 39 women (mean age 34.6 ± 1.1 years, range 18-45) that underwent a sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at baseline, and 6 and 12 months after BS. (bvsalud.org)
1 , 2 , 3 Androgens are sometimes called "male hormones" because men need higher levels of these hormones than woman do for overall health. (nih.gov)
MF gave me a ground to stand on when I had to stand up to doctors who said I was too young to have hormone levels that low. (ro.co)
Check your levels of the HCG hormone to identify pregnancy from 10 days after a missed period. (goodbodyclinic.com)

In conditions leading to estrogen deficiency, hormone replacement therapy is required to maintain bone density, and it may have other possible health benefits in patients whose underlying pathology cannot be reversed to restore normal endocrine function. (medscape.com)

The use of stimulation (gonadotropins) and targeted pre- and posttreatment hormone monitoring during this clinical trial aims to characterize more fully the transition from PRP dosing, embryogenesis, IVF and conception. (clinicaltrials.gov)

9. Expression and regulation of anti-mullerian hormone in an oviparous species, the hen. (nih.gov)
Sex determination, as an early embryological event, can help us address basic questions of the regulation of gene expression, cell-fate determination, and hormone signaling. (nih.gov)

A newly discovered hormone named fabkin helps regulate metabolism and may play an important role in the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, according to research led by the Sabri Ülker Center for Metabolic Research at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (news-medical.net)

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone mainly produced in the skin after sunlight exposure and is primarily known for its role in bone health and mineralization.1 In the last few years, the extraskeletal actions of vitamin D have emerged as a significant area of intensive scientific interest. (vitamindwiki.com)

Anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a biomarker of pregnancy success or failure. (nel.edu)
In addition, anti-thyroid antibodies (anti-TG and/or anti-TPO) positivity and insulin concentration were correlated with AMH level and pregnancy outcome in the study groups. (nel.edu)

Hormone replacement therapy is required to achieve peak bone density in patients whose underlying pathology cannot be reversed to restore normal endocrine function. (medscape.com)

Which hormones will I test? (ro.co)
Since high E2 can mask a high FSH, we test these hormones together. (ro.co)

This research extends earlier work conducted by Inovium associates in Athens, Greece who demonstrated efficacy of intraovarian injection of autologous PRP for resumption of menses, hormone stabilization, and conception after IVF in multiple women following PRP+natural cycle IVF (i.e., without gonadotropin stimulation). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Increased androgen, anti-Müllerian hormone, and sporadic anovulation in healthy, eumenorrheic women: a mild PCOS-like phenotype? (nih.gov)
9. Anti-Müllerian hormone follow-up in young women treated by chemotherapy for lymphoma: preliminary results. (nih.gov)

Turns out, when I came up with the idea of contending with my conundrum by undergoing egg freezing - an 11-ish day process in which you take hormone injections to spur the growth of, ideally, mature eggs that can be retrieved under anesthesia and then cryopreserved (aka frozen) with the hope that they could be fertilized down the road - I was also in good company. (instyle.com)

The current study seeks to describe how PRP works to rejuvenate immune system and ovarian stem cells, restore menses, provide hormone stability, and generate successful IVF sequences and conceptions. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Anatomy18

Organisms2

Diseases27

Chemicals and Drugs53

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes9

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Paracrine-mediated apoptosis in reproductive tract development. (1/492)

Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain. (2/492)

Reversion of the differentiated phenotype and maturation block in Sertoli cells in pathological human testis. (3/492)

Anti-Mullerian hormone as a seminal marker for spermatogenesis in non-obstructive azoospermia. (4/492)

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes involved in gonadal differentiation in pigs. (5/492)

Targeted mutagenesis of the endogenous mouse Mis gene promoter: in vivo definition of genetic pathways of vertebrate sexual development. (6/492)

Human ovarian cancer, cell lines, and primary ascites cells express the human Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) type II receptor, bind, and are responsive to MIS. (7/492)

Postnatal sex reversal of the ovaries in mice lacking estrogen receptors alpha and beta. (8/492)

Mullerian Ducts

Mixed Tumor, Mullerian

Testicular Hormones

Anti-Mullerian Hormone

Adenosarcoma

Wolffian Ducts

Hormones

46, XX Disorders of Sex Development

Thyroid Hormones

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone

Receptors, Peptide

Parathyroid Hormone

Growth Inhibitors

Disorders of Sex Development

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Urogenital Abnormalities

Genitalia, Female

Sex Differentiation

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

Vagina

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Uterus

Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta

Testis

Pituitary Hormones

Glycoproteins

Subrenal Capsule Assay

Mixed Tumor, Malignant

Uterine Neoplasms

Estradiol

Ovary

Urogenital System

Testosterone

Diethylstilbestrol

Triiodothyronine

Carcinosarcoma

Cystadenocarcinoma, Papillary

Juvenile Hormones

Butterflies

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Cryptorchidism

Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors

Genitalia

Steroidogenic Factor 1

Freemartinism

Hematometra

Wnt4 Protein

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Virilism

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Ovarian Neoplasms

Hysterosalpingography

Gonadal Dysgenesis

Gonads

Hypothalamic Hormones

Peptide Hormones

Pituitary Gland

Thyroxine

Mesonephros

Predatory Behavior

Pregnancy

Gonadal Hormones

Molecular Sequence Data

Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta

Prolactin

Sertoli Cells

46, XY Disorders of Sex Development

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Base Sequence

Congenital Abnormalities

RNA, Messenger

Thyrotropin

Syndrome

Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous

Immunohistochemistry

Peritoneal Neoplasms

Progesterone