Anti dyskinesia agents. Medical search

Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of DEXTROCARDIA; INFERTILITY; and SINUSITIS. The syndrome is caused by mutations of DYNEIN genes encoding motility proteins which are components of sperm tails, and CILIA in the respiratory and the reproductive tracts.

Abnormal involuntary movements which primarily affect the extremities, trunk, or jaw that occur as a manifestation of an underlying disease process. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). Dyskinesias are also a relatively common manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.

The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.

Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.

Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the striatum and basal ganglia or are centrally acting muscarinic antagonists.

Dyneins that are responsible for ciliary and flagellar beating.

Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.

An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.

A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.

Populations of thin, motile processes found covering the surface of ciliates (CILIOPHORA) or the free surface of the cells making up ciliated EPITHELIUM. Each cilium arises from a basic granule in the superficial layer of CYTOPLASM. The movement of cilia propels ciliates through the liquid in which they live. The movement of cilia on a ciliated epithelium serves to propel a surface layer of mucus or fluid. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.

A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)

A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.

A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.

Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)

A condition associated with the use of certain medications and characterized by an internal sense of motor restlessness often described as an inability to resist the urge to move.

A bundle of MICROTUBULES and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS forming the core of each CILIUM or FLAGELLUM. In most eukaryotic cilia or flagella, an axoneme shaft has 20 microtubules arranged in nine doublets and two singlets.

Striped GRAY MATTER and WHITE MATTER consisting of the NEOSTRIATUM and paleostriatum (GLOBUS PALLIDUS). It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS and PUTAMEN). The WHITE MATTER is the INTERNAL CAPSULE.

An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE, preventing conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no antiparkinson actions by itself.

Any drugs that are used for their effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.

A condition marked by recurrent seizures that occur during the first 4-6 weeks of life despite an otherwise benign neonatal course. Autosomal dominant familial and sporadic forms have been identified. Seizures generally consist of brief episodes of tonic posturing and other movements, apnea, eye deviations, and blood pressure fluctuations. These tend to remit after the 6th week of life. The risk of developing epilepsy at an older age is moderately increased in the familial form of this disorder. (Neurologia 1996 Feb;11(2):51-5)

A family of multisubunit cytoskeletal motor proteins that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to power a variety of cellular functions. Dyneins fall into two major classes based upon structural and functional criteria.

A condition caused by the neurotoxin MPTP which causes selective destruction of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical features include irreversible parkinsonian signs including rigidity and bradykinesia (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY). MPTP toxicity is also used as an animal model for the study of PARKINSON DISEASE. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1072; Neurology 1986 Feb;36(2):250-8)

Drugs that bind to and activate dopamine receptors.

A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.

A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS (minor tranquilizers), ANTIMANIC AGENTS, and the ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes.

Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.

A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.

An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)

Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that specifically stimulate SEROTONIN 5-HT1 RECEPTORS. Included under this heading are agonists for one or more of the specific 5-HT1 receptor subtypes.

A non-specific host defense mechanism that removes MUCUS and other material from the LUNGS by ciliary and secretory activity of the tracheobronchial submucosal glands. It is measured in vivo as mucus transfer, ciliary beat frequency, and clearance of radioactive tracers.

Compounds containing dibenzo-1,4-thiazine. Some of them are neuroactive.

The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus.

A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)

Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.

An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake.

Lens-shaped structure on the inner aspect of the INTERNAL CAPSULE. The SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS and pathways traversing this region are concerned with the integration of somatic motor function.

A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.

The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.

A serotonin receptor subtype found distributed through the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM where they are involved in neuroendocrine regulation of ACTH secretion. The fact that this serotonin receptor subtype is particularly sensitive to SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS such as BUSPIRONE suggests its role in the modulation of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION.

Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring.

A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D1-class receptor genes lack INTRONS, and the receptors stimulate ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

A genus of the subfamily CALLITRICHINAE occurring in forests of Brazil and Bolivia and containing seventeen species.

A subtype of dopamine D2 receptors that are highly expressed in the LIMBIC SYSTEM of the brain.

The phylogenetically newer part of the CORPUS STRIATUM consisting of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and PUTAMEN. It is often called simply the striatum.

A plant family of the order Geraniales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida.

A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.

Cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.

A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.

The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.

Drugs used for their effects on serotonergic systems. Among these are drugs that affect serotonin receptors, the life cycle of serotonin, and the survival of serotonergic neurons.

An ethnic group with shared religious beliefs. Originating in Switzerland in the late 1600s, and first migrating to the mid-Atlantic, they now live throughout Eastern and Mid-Western United States and elsewhere. Communities are usually close-knit and marriage is within the community.

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

A complex group of fibers arising from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region, and the septal nuclei, and passing to the lateral hypothalamus. Some fibers continue into the tegmentum.

One of the catecholamine NEUROTRANSMITTERS in the brain. It is derived from TYROSINE and is the precursor to NOREPINEPHRINE and EPINEPHRINE. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of receptors (RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) mediate its action.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.

Endogenous compounds and drugs that bind to and activate SEROTONIN RECEPTORS. Many serotonin receptor agonists are used as ANTIDEPRESSANTS; ANXIOLYTICS; and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

A drug formerly used as an antipsychotic and treatment of various movement disorders. Tetrabenazine blocks neurotransmitter uptake into adrenergic storage vesicles and has been used as a high affinity label for the vesicle transport system.

A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.

A phosphoprotein that was initially identified as a major target of DOPAMINE activated ADENYLYL CYCLASE in the CORPUS STRIATUM. It regulates the activities of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE-1 and PROTEIN KINASE A, and it is a key mediator of the biochemical, electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral effects of DOPAMINE.

Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.

A subfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS that bind the neurotransmitter DOPAMINE and modulate its effects. D2-class receptor genes contain INTRONS, and the receptors inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES.

Abnormal thoracoabdominal VISCERA arrangement (visceral heterotaxy) or malformation that involves additional CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (e.g., heart isomerism; DEXTROCARDIA) and/or abnormal SPLEEN (e.g., asplenia and polysplenia). Irregularities with the central nervous system, the skeleton and urinary tract are often associated with the syndrome.

Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.

Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.

Therapy for MOVEMENT DISORDERS, especially PARKINSON DISEASE, that applies electricity via stereotactic implantation of ELECTRODES in specific areas of the BRAIN such as the THALAMUS. The electrodes are attached to a neurostimulator placed subcutaneously.

A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that are specific for G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. They are regulatory proteins that play a role in G-protein-coupled receptor densensitization.

The posterior filiform portion of the spermatozoon (SPERMATOZOA) that provides sperm motility.

Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The tubular and cavernous organs and structures, by means of which pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange between ambient air and the blood are brought about.

Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Compounds that selectively bind to and block the activation of ADENOSINE A2 RECEPTORS.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

Drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system activity. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate muscarinic receptors and drugs that potentiate cholinergic activity, usually by slowing the breakdown of acetylcholine (CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS). Drugs that stimulate both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS) are not included here.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A portion of the nucleus of ansa lenticularis located medial to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, along the course of the ansa lenticularis and the inferior thalamic peduncle or as a separate nucleus within the internal capsule adjacent to the medial GLOBUS PALLIDUS (NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc. washington.edu/neuronames/ (September 28, 1998)). In non-primates, the entopeduncular nucleus is analogous to both the medial globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus of human.

Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Facilities which administer the delivery of psychologic and psychiatric services to people living in a neighborhood or community.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.

Any tests done on exhaled air.

Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.

Early retreatment of infantile esotropia: comparison of reoperation and botulinum toxin. (1/98)

AIM: To compare the efficacy of reoperation and botulinum toxin injection in treating infantile esotropes early after unsatisfactory surgical alignment. METHODS: 55 strabismic children who had been unsuccessfully operated for infantile esotropia were randomised to reoperation (28 patients) or botulinum toxin injection (27 patients). The motor outcomes (percentage of successful motor outcome and percentage change in deviation) were compared at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years after retreatment, and the sensory outcomes (percentage with fusion ability and stereo perception) at the 3 year follow up visit. RESULTS: The motor and sensory outcomes and the stability of motor results were similar in patients reoperated and treated with botulinum injection. At the 3 year visit 67.8% and 59.2% of children were, respectively, within 8 prism dioptres of orthotropia (p=0.72). The frequency of fusion ability was, respectively, 60.7% and 51.8% (p=0.71), and the frequency of stereo perception (+info)

Early experience with intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in the treatment of achalasia. (2/98)

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have suggested that intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin is effective and long-lasting in the treatment of achalasia. AIM: To report our experience of botulinum toxin injection in a prospective series of consecutive patients with achalasia. METHODS: Eleven consecutive patients with achalasia (eight male, mean age 55 years, range 20-87) were treated with 60 units of botulinum toxin (Dysport; Speywood Pharmaceuticals Ltd, UK) into each of four quadrants at the lower oesophageal sphincter. Patients were assessed pre-treatment and 1 month after treatment using a symptom score and oesophageal manometry. Median follow-up was 12 months (range 6-28). RESULTS: The injection procedure was simple to perform and free of adverse effects. Although treatment had a beneficial effect on dysphagia (median pre-treatment score 3 [interquartile range 3-3]; post-treatment score 2 [0-3]: P=0.03) 1 month following therapy, there was no significant improvement in chest pain or regurgitation scores. Similarly, no significant reduction in median lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was observed (29.5 mmHg [21-42] pre-treatment, 28.5 [17.5-55.5] post-treatment P=0.67). Four patients (36%) required further therapy within 3 months and the overall relapse rate was 73% (eight of 11) within 2 years. CONCLUSION: Although botulinum toxin injection was well tolerated, these results using Dysport at a dose of 240 mouse units question its efficacy as a treatment for achalasia. (+info)

Tardive and idiopathic oromandibular dystonia: a clinical comparison. (3/98)

OBJECTIVE: Most patients with tardive dystonia have a focal onset involving the cranial-cervical region. Because of its resemblance to idiopathic cranial dystonia, a common form of dystonia, it often poses a diagnostic problem. To compare clinical features and response to botulinum toxin (BTX) injections between patients with tardive and idiopathic oromandibular dystonia (OMD). METHODS: Patients seen in a movement disorder clinic who satisfied the inclusion criteria for tardive or idiopathic OMD were studied. The clinical variables and responses to BTX between the two groups of patients were compared. In the tardive group, we also compared the clinical variables between those with oro-facial-lingual stereotypies, and those without. RESULTS: Twenty four patients with tardive OMD and 92 with idiopathic OMD were studied. There were no differences in the demographic characteristics. Most were women, with duration of symptoms longer than 8 years. The mean duration of neuroleptic exposure was 7.1 (SD 7.9) years. Jaw closure was the most frequent subtype of OMD (tardive=41.7%, idiopathic=51.1%). Idiopathic patients were more likely to have coexistent cervical dystonia (p<0.05), whereas isolated OMD was significantly higher in tardive patients (p<0.05). Limb stereotypies, akathisia, and respiratory dyskinesia were seen only in the tardive OMD. Frequency of oro-facial-lingual stereotypy was significantly higher in the tardive than the idiopathic group (75.0% v 31.5%, p<0.0001). The peak effect of BTX was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oro-facial-lingual stereotypies were significantly more frequent in the tardive than the idiopathic group. Presence of stereotypic movements in the limbs, akathisia, and respiratory dyskinesias in patients with OMD strongly suggests prior neuroleptic exposure. Dystonia in tardive OMD is more likely to be restricted to the oromandibular region, whereas in patients with idiopathic OMD, there is often coexistent cervical dystonia. BTX is equally effective in both groups of patients. (+info)

Tardive dystonia. (4/98)

This paper provides an overview of the phenomenology, epidemiology, and treatment of tardive dystonia. Tardive dystonia is one of the extrapyramidal syndromes that starts after long-term use of dopamine receptor antagonists. The diagnosis is based on the presence of chronic dystonia, defined as a syndrome of sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. Furthermore, dystonia must develop either during or within 3 months of a course of antipsychotic treatment, and other causes such as Wilson's disease, acute dystonia, or a conversion reaction must be ruled out. Tardive dystonia occurs in about 3 percent of patients on long-term antipsychotic treatment. Some probable risk factors for tardive dystonia are younger age, male, and the presence of tardive dyskinesia. The treatment of tardive dystonia starts with an evaluation of the need for using the causative drug. If antipsychotics must be continued, a switch to an atypical antipsychotic, particularly clozapine, may be helpful. If the dystonia is relatively localized, botulinum toxin is an effective but not well-known treatment possibility. If tardive dystonia is more extensive, either dopamine-depleting drugs or high dosages of anticholinergics can be tried. (+info)

A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. (5/98)

BACKGROUND: Intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin (Botx) has been proposed as treatment for oesophageal achalasia. However, the predictors of response and optimal dose remain unclear. AIMS: To compare the effect of different doses of Botx and to identify predictors of response. PATIENTS/METHODS: A total of 118 achalasic patients were randomised to receive one of three doses of Botx in a single injection: 50 U (n=40), 100 U (n=38), and 200 U (n=40). Of those who received 100 U, responsive patients were reinjected with an identical dose after 30 days. Clinical and manometric assessments were performed at baseline, 30 days after the initial injection of botulinum toxin, and at the end of follow up (mean 12 months; range 7-24 months). RESULTS: Thirty days after the initial injection, 82% of patients were considered responders without a clear dose related effect. At the end of follow up however, relapse of symptoms was evident in 19% of patients who received two injections of 100 U compared with 47% and 43% in the 50 U and 200 U groups, respectively. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, patients in the 100x2 U group were more likely to remain in remission at any time (p<0.04), with 68% (95% CI 59-83) still in remission at 24 months. In a multiple adjusted model, response to Botx was independently predicted by the occurrence of vigorous achalasia (odds ratio 3.3) and the 100x2 U regimen (odds ratio 3.2). CONCLUSIONS: Two injections of 100 U of Botx 30 days apart appeared to be the most effective therapeutic schedule. The presence of vigorous achalasia was the principal determinant of the response to Botx. (+info)

Botulinum toxin injected in the gastric wall reduces body weight and food intake in rats. (6/98)

BACKGROUND: Botulinum toxin is a powerful, long-acting inhibitor of muscular contractions in both voluntary and smooth muscle. It acts by blocking the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In the stomach, propulsive contractions of the antrum are necessary for the gastric contents to pass into the duodenum. AIMS: To investigate whether intramuscular injections of botulinum toxin type A into the gastric antrum of rats would cause a reduction in food intake and hence body weight, by inhibition of gastric emptying. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, 3-way parallel group study in rats. The first group was anaesthetized, laparotomized and given 20 U of botulinum toxin type A by intramuscular injection into the gastric antrum (botulinum toxin type A group, n=14). The second group was anaesthetized, laparotomized and injected with saline (sham group, n=14) and the third group did not have any intervention (control group, n=5). Food intake was measured daily for 7 weeks and body weight was measured daily for 10 weeks. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in loss of body weight between the two treated groups (14.0 +/- 8.2% botulinum toxin type A group, 4.4 +/- 2.7% sham group; P < 0.001). Further, the time to reach the weight nadir was significantly longer in the botulinum toxin type A group (8.7 +/- 3.9 days) compared with the sham group (5.3 +/- 3.8 days; P < 0.04). There were no significant differences between the sham and control groups for any of the body weight parameters. The minimum dietary intake was significantly lower in the botulinum toxin type A group than in the sham group (37.8 +/- 21.8% of the basal value in the botulinum toxin type A group, vs. 65.5 +/- 32.0 in the sham group, P < 0.05). In addition, the time to reach the nadir was significantly prolonged (8.2 +/- 3.5 days, botulinum toxin type A group vs. 4.9 +/- 1.7 days, sham group, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The parallel reduction of body weight and food intake in botulinum toxin type A treated animals is consistent with a long lasting inhibition of the antral pump. This is probably due to slowed gastric emptying leading to early satiety. Patients with morbid obesity might benefit from endoscopic injections of botulinum toxin type A into the stomach wall. (+info)

Two cases of severe non-specific oesophageal dysmotility showing different response to botulinum injection therapy. (7/98)

We report 2 cases where treatment of achalasia type symptoms due to severe non-specific oesophageal dysmotility have shown symptom resolution and manometric improvement to intrasphincteric botulinum injections either by itself or in combination with oesophageal dilatation. (+info)

Serotonin facilitates AMPA-type responses in isolated siphon motor neurons of Aplysia in culture. (8/98)

1. Serotonin (5-HT) facilitates the connections between sensory and motor neurons in Aplysia during behavioural sensitization. The effect of 5-HT on sensorimotor synapses is believed to be primarily presynaptic. Here we tested whether 5-HT can have an exclusively postsynaptic facilitatory effect. 2. Siphon motor neurons were individually dissociated from the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia and placed into cell culture. Brief pulses of glutamate, the putative sensory neuron transmitter, were focally applied (0.1 Hz) to solitary motor neurons in culture, and the glutamate-evoked postsynaptic potentials (Glu-PSPs) were recorded. 3. When 5-HT was perfused over the motor neuron for 10 min, the amplitude of the Glu-PSPs was significantly increased. The 5-HT-induced enhancement of the Glu-PSPs persisted for at least 40 min after washout. 4. Prior injection into the motor neuron of the calcium chelator BAPTA, GDP-beta-S or GTP-gamma-S blocked the 5-HT-induced facilitation of the Glu-PSPs. However, the facilitation was not blocked when APV, an NMDA receptor antagonist, was applied together with the 5-HT. 5. The enhancement of the Glu-PSPs by 5-HT was reversed by the AMPA receptor antagonist DNQX, indicating that 5-HT increased the functional expression of AMPA-type receptors in the motor neuron. 6. The presence of botulinum toxin in the motor neuron blocked the 5-HT-induced enhancement of the Glu-PSPs. As botulinum toxin prevents exocytosis we hypothesize that during sensitization 5-HT causes the insertion of additional AMPA-type receptors into the postsynaptic membrane of sensorimotor synapses via exocytosis. This postsynaptic mechanism may contribute to facilitation of the synapses. (+info)

It is also an anti-asthmatic agent and a demethylized metabolite of caffeine. Small open-label trials suggest that theophylline ... Istradefylline is a A2A receptor antagonist which increases motor activity and decreases dyskinesia caused by a prolonged ... Several xanthines and non-xanthines are under development as potential anti-parkinsonism agents, which are selective for A2A ... Some effects were found to be due to enhanced activity of natural killer cells and also due to enhanced efficacy of anti-PD-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor_antagonist

The most common types of these agents are antipsychotics and anti-nausea agents. The classic form of TD refers to stereotypic ... Tardive dyskinesia or tardive dystonia, both referred to as "TD", refers to a wide variety of involuntary stereotypical ... Quetiapine, sulpiride and olanzapine, the atypical neuroleptic agents, are less likely to yield drug-induced parkinsonism and ... Pharmacological treatments include the typical neuroleptic agents such as fluphenazine, pimozide, haloperidol and perphenazine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkinesia

... the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group in Anti-hypertensive Agents, and the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly ... It was previously used to treat symptoms of dyskinesia in patients suffering from Huntington's disease, but alternative ... ISBN 978-1-59541-101-3. Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (2007). "Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine

These agents are associated with fewer neuromotor side effects and a lower risk of developing tardive dyskinesia. Studies have ... From 2008, there have been reported cases of the anti-psychotic medication aripiprazole, a partial agonist at D2 receptors, ... If tardive dyskinesia is diagnosed, the causative drug should be discontinued. Tardive dyskinesia may persist after withdrawal ... The term "tardive dyskinesia" first came into use in 1964. Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia

... are receptor subtype-specific drugs and other specific agents. An example is the push for better anti-anxiety agents ( ... but cause a variety of dyskinesias by their action on motor cortex. Modern studies are revealing details of mechanisms of ... producing more desirable results than a more selective agent would. An example of this is Vortioxetine, a drug which is not ... and in vitro studies using selective binding agents on live tissue cultures. These allow neural activity to be monitored and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology

Prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone) Anti-cholinergic agents (e.g. orphenadrine) Evidence suggests that opioid-inclusive ... Due to severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, haloperidol is now rarely used. A related drug, prochlorperazine is more ... Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor ... Paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including ibuprofen and naproxen are considered safer alternatives. They ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid

A case report of adrafinil-induced orofacial dyskinesia exists. Reports of this side effect also exist for modafinil. In ... Additionally, "adrafinil is known to a larger nonscientific audience, where it is considered to be a nootropic agent." ... active metabolite modafinil were added to the list of substances prohibited for athletic competition according to World Anti- ... 20-. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. Milgram, Norton (1999). "Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent". CNS Drug Reviews. 5 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrafinil

Bromocriptine is less effective than L-Dopa in reducing symptoms, but provides less dyskinesia. Often, the two drugs are used ... Although aNMDA receptor antagonists and anti-inflammatory drugs were tested in a clinical environment, more promising clinical ... cholinergic agents such as choline and lecithin were hypothesized to augment the progression. However, these attempts were ... can be initiated by inflammatory prostaglandins or leukotrienes and are therefore the targets of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurochemistry

In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War ... due to serious adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia. Patients often opposed psychiatry and refused or stopped taking the ... These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three ... Anti-allergy: mast cell inhibitors. *Anti-glaucoma: adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines

It is not possible to truly know the risks of tardive dyskinesia when taking atypicals, because tardive dyskinesia can take ... but clinical experience with these newer agents is not as developed as that with the older agents. The mechanism of these ... The atypical anti-psychotic paliperidone was approved by the FDA in late 2006.[citation needed] The atypical antipsychotics ... However, tardive dyskinesia typically develops after long-term (possibly decades) use of antipsychotics. It is not clear if ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic

Tardive dyskinesia may be persistent and irreversible in some people. The majority of reports of tardive dyskinesia occur in ... As a perioperative anti-emetic, the effective dose is usually 25 to 50 mg (compared to the usual 10 mg dose). It is also used ... Agents in the benzodiazepine class of drugs may be helpful, but benefits are usually modest and side effects of sedation and ... The FDA required a warning about tardive dyskinesia to be added to the drug label in 1985 stating that: "tardive dyskinesia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoclopramide

Each anti-convulsant agent has a unique side-effect profile. Valproic acid can frequently cause sedation or gastrointestinal ... Taking antipsychotics for long periods or at high doses can also cause tardive dyskinesia - a sometimes incurable neurological ... It is generally considered a second-line agent due to its side effect profile. Lamotrigine is considered a first-line agent for ... as in 2003 the American Psychiatric Press noted that atypical anti-psychotics should be used as adjuncts to other anti-manic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder

In the inter-war period, the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics were developed. The Second World War ... due to serious adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia. Patients often opposed psychiatry and refused or stopped taking the ... Anti-fungal: imidazoles, polyenes. Anti-inflammatory: NSAIDs, corticosteroids. Anti-allergy: mast cell inhibitors. Anti- ... These were drugs that worked chiefly as anti-anxiety agents and muscle relaxants. The first benzodiazepine was Librium. Three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication

Tardive dyskinesia: involuntary muscle movements in the lower face and distal extremities; this can be a chronic condition ... Other anti-dopaminergic drugs, like the antiemetic metoclopramide, can also result in extrapyramidal side effects. Short and ... The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, ... When other measures fail or are not feasible, medications are used to treat tardive dyskinesia. These include the vesicular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_symptoms

... anti-nausea and anti-vertigo drugs. Symptoms of akathisia are often described in vague terms such as feeling nervous, uneasy, ... tardive dyskinesia, or other neurological and medical conditions. The controversial diagnosis of "pseudoakathisia" is sometimes ... and descriptions of akathisia predate the existence of pharmacologic agents. Akathisia can be miscoded in side effect reports ... but was more properly classed as dyskinesia.[medical citation needed] The presence and severity of akathisia can be measured ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia

... finding is in agreement with the pharmaceutical development of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotics as anti-histamine agents ... Rarely tardive dyskinesia can occur when the medication is stopped. Chlorpromazine is a very effective antagonist of D2 ... Posner, Lysa A.; Burns, Patrick (2009). "Chapter 13: Sedative agents: tranquilizers, alpha-2 agonists, and related agents". In ... It is commonly used to decrease nausea in animals that are too young for other common anti-emetics.[citation needed] It is also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorpromazine

This was followed in the inter-war period by the development of the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics ... due to serious adverse effects such as tardive dyskinesia. Patients often opposed psychiatry and refused or stopped taking the ... This was denounced by the anti-psychiatric movement in the 1960s and later. The ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901, ... the use of plants as healing agents, as well as clays and soils is ancient. Over time, through emulation of the behavior of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine

It has serious potential side-effects, e.g., tardive dyskinesia. In a study conducted at the RFC,[clarification needed] 25 out ... Haloperidol is frequently used because of its anti-dopaminergic effect. ... and side effects of certain anticonvulsants or psychotropic agents.[citation needed] ... familial dyskinesia-facial myokymia (Bird-Raskind syndrome) due to an ADCY5 gene mutation, glutaric aciduria, Lesch-Nyhan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham's_chorea

To confirm recent streptococcal infection: Throat culture Anti-DNAse B titre (peaks at 8-12 weeks after infection) Anti- ... Haloperidol used previously but probably more side effects e.g. tardive dyskinesia. Case reports to support carbamazepine and ... phenytoin or psychotropic agents. Although some of these can similarly present in an acute way, there will typically be other ... familial dyskinesia-facial myokymia (Bird-Raskind syndrome) due to an ADCY5 gene mutation, glutaric aciduria, Lesch-Nyhan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham's_chorea

"Metoclopramide & Tardive Dyskinesia". Tardive Dyskinesia Center. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March ... "Can anti-depressants cause sexual dysfunction?". WebMD. May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013. Retrieved ... from vaccines a decade ago the rate of autism has not decreased as would be expected if it had been the causative agent.[40][41 ... Tardive dyskinesia associated with use of metoclopramide and many antipsychotic medications[39] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_

In addition, anti-dopaminergic drugs such as metoclopramide and typical anti-psychotics should be avoided. These interactions ... Amantadine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in October 1968, as a prophylactic agent against Asian (H2N2) ... In 2017, the extended release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Off-label uses ... Amantadine, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amantadine

Elliott was also the project leader of an anti-stroke agent, PS-519, that completed Phase IIa clinical trials. Support for the ... their ability to modulate the tardive dyskinesias elicited by certain neuroleptics. Subsequently, Dr. Elliott took a post- ... Julian Adams, he co-developed a novel, anti-cancer agent, Velcade (PS-341), currently used to treat multiple myeloma. The ... as head of Pharmacology (1993-1996) where he focused on novel drugs to treat stroke, and also on a permeabilizing agent, RMP-7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Elliott_(pharmacologist)

... , by acting as an anti-dopaminergic agent, results in increased prolactin secretion, and thus promotes lactation ( ... tardive dyskinesia, and depression. However, this is not the case with domperidone, because, unlike other D2 receptor ... Furthermore, anti-nausea drugs, such as metoclopramide, which do cross the blood-brain barrier may worsen the extra-pyramidal ... This led to the discovery of domperidone as a strong anti-emetic with minimal central effects. 1978 - On 3 January 1978 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

... another drug that has anti-Parkinson effects. DHEC differs in that it is hydrogenated in C9-C10 and lacks bromine in C2. In ... is a dopamine agonist of the ergoline group that is used as an antiparkinson agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It ... a standardized rating scale of Parkinson's Disease symptoms such as gait parameters and dyskinesia. Another clinical study has ... Peripheral oedema Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that dihydroergocriptine is an effective anti- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine

Galanolactone, a diterpenoid found in ginger, is a 5-HT3 antagonist and is believed to at least partially mediate the anti- ... Zullino DF, Eap CB, Voirol P (2001). "Ondansetron for tardive dyskinesia". Am J Psychiatry. 158 (4): 657-8. doi:10.1176/appi. ... Pasricha, Pankaj J. (2006). "Treatment of Disorders of Bowel Motility and Water Flux; Antiemetics; Agents Used in Biliary and ... 1991). "Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine3 effect of galanolactone, diterpenoid isolated from ginger". Chem Pharm Bull. 39 (2): 397-9. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist

Several anti-tumor agents such as mitosenes, indolequinones, aziridinylbenzoquinones and β-lapachone have been designed be ... Mutations in this gene have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD), an increased risk of hematotoxicity after exposure to ... rats and humans indicates their importance in detoxifying agent, since their location facilitates exposure to compounds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAD(P)H_dehydrogenase_(quinone_1)

Agents. 35 (6): 524-6. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.12.019. PMID 20188526. Amaral, L; Viveiros, M (May 2012). "Why ... As with all antipsychotics thioridazine has been linked to cases of tardive dyskinesia (an often permanent neurological ... but chronic use of thioridazine and other anti-psychotics in people with dementia is not recommended. For further information ... Thanacoody, HKR (November 2007). "Thioridazine: resurrection as an antimicrobial agent?". British Journal of Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioridazine

Manufacture and Marketing of the Anti-Epileptic Agent Zonisamide in Asia". Dainippon Pharmaceutical News Releases for 2005. ... In an open-label trial zonisamide attenuated the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. It has also been studied for obesity with ... Zonisamide is an antiseizure drug chemically classified as a sulfonamide and unrelated to other antiseizure agents. The precise ... Stiff DD, Robicheau JT, Zemaitis MA (January 1992). "Reductive metabolism of the anticonvulsant agent zonisamide, a 1,2- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonisamide

... other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy) or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen ... Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by primary ciliary dyskinesia. The sperm must provide the ... adrenal disease Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is ... Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

Anti-MAG peripheral neuropathy. *Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its counterpart Hereditary neuropathy with liability to ... Demyelinating diseases can be caused by genetics, infectious agents, autoimmune reactions, and other unknown factors. Proposed ... "Development of oral agent in the treatment of multiple sclerosis- how the first available oral therapy, fingolimod will change ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease

Agents currently under investigation include anti-apoptotics (omigapil, CEP-1347), antiglutamatergics, monoamine oxidase ... Apomorphine, a non-orally administered dopamine agonist, may be used to reduce off periods and dyskinesia in late PD.[74] It is ... In such cases it may be helpful to use thickening agents for liquid intake and an upright posture when eating, both measures ... Hornykiewicz O (2002). "L-DOPA: from a biologically inactive amino acid to a successful therapeutic agent". Amino Acids. 23 (1- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

Atenolol and pindolol are not effective for tremor.[5] The anti-epileptic primidone is also effective for ET.[5] ... allergy to MR contrast agents, cerebrovascular disease, abnormal bleeding, hemorrhage and/or blood clotting disorders, advanced ... Second-line medications are the anti-epileptics topiramate, gabapentin (as monotherapy) and levetiracetam, or do in ... Beta blockers; propranolol, nadolol, timolol, primidone, anti-epileptics; topiramate, gabapentin, levetiracetam; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_tremor

... may also be caused by drugs (commonly levodopa, anti-convulsants and anti-psychotics).[2] ... one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias. The term chorea is derived from the Ancient Greek: χορεία ("dance ... and other chelating agents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea

Other 5-HT2A agonists like LSD also have potent anti-inflammatory effects against TNF-alpha-induced inflammation.[35][36] ... as these agents are also non-hallucinogenic in humans despite being active 5-HT2A agonists.[78][79] One known example of ... "A 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist, ACP-103, reduces tremor in a rat model and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a monkey model" ... Activation of the 5-HT2A receptor with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor

Infectious agents. Many microbes have been proposed as triggers of MS, but none have been confirmed.[8] Moving at an early age ... Anti-MOG autoantibodies were found to be also present in ADEM, and now a second spectrum of separated diseases is being ... Their cost effectiveness as of 2012 is unclear.[75] In March 2017 the FDA approved ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 ... After that, a whole spectrum of diseases named NMOSD (NMO spectrum diseases) or anti-AQP4 diseases has been accepted.[137] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_schlerosis

... or the presence of IgA anti-TG2[13][7] and/or anti-endomysial[7] intestinal deposits, might be specific markers for celiac ... "Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10: 130. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00130. ISSN ... dyskinesia, myorhythmia, myokymia).[1][33][2][3][4][5][6][7][34][35][36] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten_sensitivity

Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines.[22] ... making them superior anxiolytic agents). Modulation of the α1 subunit is associated with sedation, motor impairment, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_aids

For those who were on double antiplatelet agents for indwelling stent in blood vessels, both antiplatelet agents should not be ... Common causes include the bacteria Helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).[1] Other, less ... Taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin can increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease by four times ... Prokinetic agents such as erythromycin and metoclopramide can be given before endoscopy to improve endoscopic view. Either high ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer_disease

Various agents have been explored for possible benefits in this area.[215] There have been trials on drugs with anti- ... unclear whether the newer antipsychotics reduce the chances of developing neuroleptic malignant syndrome or tardive dyskinesia ... "A review of anti-inflammatory agents for symptoms of schizophrenia". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 27 (4): 337-42. doi:10.1177 ... with elevated levels of certain serum biomarkers of gluten sensitivity such as anti-gliadin IgG or anti-gliadin IgA antibodies. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_symptoms

... is often present in beer and soy sauce, and can be used as a stabilizing agent in more unexpected food products, such as ... anti-tissue transglutaminase [TG2]) are not always present[42] and many people may have minor mucosal lesions, without atrophy ... dyskinesia, myorhythmia, myokymia).[11][69] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten

Eckardt AJ, Baumgart DC (January 2011). "Viral gastroenteritis in adults". Recent Patents on Anti-infective Drug Discovery. 6 ( ... Many of the same agents cause gastroenteritis in cats and dogs as in humans. The most common organisms are Campylobacter, ... Some agents are more specific to a certain species. Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) occurs in pigs resulting ... Antimotility agents. Antimotility medication has a theoretical risk of causing complications, and although clinical experience ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

"Infectious Agents and Cancer. 13: 1. doi:10.1186/s13027-017-0172-3. PMC 5753485. PMID 29308085.. ... Elson CO, Cong Y, Weaver CT, Schoeb TR, McClanahan TK, Fick RB, Kastelein RA (2007). "Monoclonal anti-interleukin 23 reverses ... Sulfasalazine has been a major agent in the therapy of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis for over 50 years. In 1977, it was ... Immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine and biological agents such as infliximab and adalimumab are given only if ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis

Effect of sigma ligands and other agents". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 251 (1): 207-15. PMID ... Beyond an anti-vertigo treatment, cinnarizine could be also viewed as a nootropic drug because of its vasorelaxating abilities ... tardive dyskinesia, and akathisia, which are characterized as Drug-Induced Parkinson's disease and is the second leading cause ... Arieli R, Shupak A, Shachal B, Shenedrey A, Ertracht O, Rashkovan G (1999). "Effect of the anti-motion-sickness medication ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnarizine

... or the presence of IgA anti-TG2 and/or anti-endomysial intestinal deposits, might be specific markers for celiac disease. ... Bressan, Paola; Kramer, Peter (2016). "Bread and Other Edible Agents of Mental Disease". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 10: ... dyskinesia, myorhythmia, myokymia). Above 20% of people with NCGS have IgE-mediated allergy to one or more inhalants, foods, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity

Hanrieder, J.; Ljungdahl, A.; Falth, M.; Mammo, S. E.; Bergquist, J.; Andersson, M. (6 July 2011). "L-DOPA-induced Dyskinesia ... "Reagent Precoated Targets for Rapid In-Tissue Derivatization of the Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Isoniazid Followed by MALDI Imaging ... "Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry Detection of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MALDI_imaging

... anti-dyskinesia agents MeSH D27.505.954.427.090.050 - antiparkinson agents MeSH D27.505.954.427.095 - antiemetics MeSH D27.505. ... anti-allergic agents MeSH D27.505.954.122 - anti-infective agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.085 - anti-bacterial agents MeSH D27.505 ... antiviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077 - anti-retroviral agents MeSH D27.505.954.122.388.077.088 - anti-hiv agents MeSH ... tranquilizing agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.015 - anti-anxiety agents MeSH D27.505.696.277.950.025 - antimanic agents MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D27)

Mucolytic agents such as dornase alfa are not recommended for individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis. Mannitol is a ... Another genetic cause is primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare disorder that leads to immotility of cilia and can lead to situs ... The two most commonly used classes of anti-inflammatory therapies are macrolides and corticosteroids. Despite also being ... Flude, Lizzie J.; Agent, Penny; Bilton, Diana (June 2012). "Chest physiotherapy techniques in bronchiectasis". Clinics in Chest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiectasis

Anti-Parkinsons Agents. Parkinsons patients are especially prone to develop tardive dyskinesia and should use caution when ... Anti-cholinergics. Anti-cholinergics (anti-spasmodics) are class of medications prescribed for respiratory problems such as ... Other medications not included here can also cause tardive dyskinesia.. Neuroleptics. Neuroleptics (anti-psychotics) are ... The anti-malarial drug Chlorquine (brand name: Aralen) can cause tardive dyskinesia. ...

https://www.brainandspinalcord.org/medications-cause-tardive-dyskinesia/

Antiparkinson Agents. Anti-Dyskinesia Agents. Dopamine Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological ... diphasic dyskinesias or end of dose dyskinesias could be included if peak dose dyskinesias were also present. ... The UDysRS is administered to assess dyskinesia. The scoring range is 0-104, where higher score means more dyskinesia. ... A Clinical Study of IRL790 in Patients With Parkinsons Disease Experiencing Levodopa Induced Dyskinesia. The safety and ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show?term=irl790&rank=2

Antiparkinson Agents. Anti-Dyskinesia Agents. Dopamine Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological ... Anti-Infective Agents. Analgesics, Non-Narcotic. Analgesics. Sensory System Agents. Peripheral Nervous System Agents. ... without dyskinesia, ON with non-troublesome dyskinesia, and ON with troublesome dyskinesia. The results were based on 2 ... Dyskinesia Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia (LID) Parkinsons Disease (PD) Drug: ADS-5102 Other: Placebo Phase 3 ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02274766?term=NCT02274766&rank=1

Anti-dyskinesia Agents. Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or ... and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ... If you are a legal copyright holder or a designated agent for such and you believe a post on this website falls outside the ... Tardive Dyskinesia. Drug-related movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable movements in certain muscles. It is ...

https://www.bioportfolio.com/resources/trial/204919/Effect-of-tDCS-on-Cognition-Symptoms-in-Chronic-Schizophrenia-Patients-With-Tardive.html

Drug reaction to anti-platelet / anticoagulation agents / contrast media; Dyskinesia; Dyspnea; Edema; Emboli (air, thrombus, ... Do not expose instruments to cleaning or rinse agents that are not compatible with polysulfone or polyphenylsulfone. ... Patients who cannot tolerate procedural anticoagulation or post procedural anti-platelet regimen ...

https://www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/strategy-and-strength/defining-what-possible-in-heart-health.html

Antiparkinson Agents. Anti-Dyskinesia Agents. Dopamine Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03247218?term=NCT02615847&rank=2

Antiparkinson Agents. Anti-Dyskinesia Agents. Dopamine Agents. Neurotransmitter Agents. Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological ... Their parkinsonian symptoms and dyskinesias are evaluated and videotaped every 30 minutes for about 6 hours. Blood is drawn and ... Patients between 21 and 80 years of age with Parkinsons disease and dyskinesias may be eligible for this study. ... This study will evaluate the effects of the experimental drug talampanel on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop in ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00108667?term=glutamate+antagonist&cond=Parkinson+Disease&rank=4

antidyskinesia agent Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia. ... procyclidine (CHEBI:8448) has role antidyskinesia agent (CHEBI:66956) procyclidine (CHEBI:8448) has role antiparkinson drug ( ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:8448

antidyskinesia agent Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia. ... L-dopa (CHEBI:15765) has role antidyskinesia agent (CHEBI:66956) L-dopa (CHEBI:15765) has role antiparkinson drug (CHEBI:48407 ... L-dopa (CHEBI:15765) has role dopaminergic agent (CHEBI:48560) L-dopa (CHEBI:15765) has role hapten (CHEBI:59174) L-dopa (CHEBI ... dopaminergic agent A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of ...

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15765

There is no known effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia; anti-parkinsonism agents do not alleviate the symptoms of this ... these symptoms are readily controlled when an anti-parkinsonism agent is administered concomitantly. Anti-parkinsonism agents ... Tardive Dyskinesia. As with all antipsychotic agents, tardive dyskinesia may appear in some patients on long-term therapy or ... Tardive Dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia, a syndrome consisting of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements, ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ae43c10e-cfa9-4298-8af5-7a3e6524bbda

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / administration & dosage * Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / pharmacology* * Botulinum Toxins / administration ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517998/?dopt=Abstract

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / administration & dosage * Anti-Dyskinesia Agents / therapeutic use* * Botulinum Toxins / ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11926552/?dopt=Abstract

There is no known effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia; anti-parkinsonism agents do not alleviate the symptoms of this ... Tardive Dyskinesia: As with all antipsychotic agents, tardive dyskinesia may appear in some patients on long-term therapy or ... these symptoms are readily controlled when an anti-parkinsonism agent is administered concomitantly. Anti-parkinsonism agents ... Treatment with anti-parkinsonian agents, benzodiazepines or propranolol may be helpful.. Pseudo-parkinsonism: Symptoms may ...

https://www.rxlist.com/thorazine-drug.htm

There is no known effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia; anti-parkinsonism agents do not alleviate the symptoms of this ... Tardive Dyskinesia: As with all antipsychotic agents, tardive dyskinesia may appear in some patients on long-term therapy or ... In most cases these symptoms are readily controlled when an anti-parkinsonism agent is administered concomitantly. Anti- ... Treatment with anti-parkinsonian agents, benzodiazepines or propranolol may be helpful.. Pseudo-Parkinsonism: Symptoms may ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b05bc20e-cd19-ab40-1ad0-84a115d6d69e

Theoretically, anti-apoptotic agents would slow this process in neurons. Currently, these types of therapies are being used in ... Amantadine may help reduce Parkinsons-triggered dyskinesia, or involuntary movements.. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) ... Anti-inflammatory agents. These have painkilling properties, but can they also affect the inflammatory processes involved in ... Anti-excitotoxic agents. In theory, blocking the glutamate receptors will prevent excitotoxicity and degeneration. However, ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/53700.php

0 (Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors); 0 (Anti-Dyskinesia Agents); 0 (Antipsychotic Agents); 0 (Dopamine Antagonists); 56LH93261Y ( ... Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia. Celiprolol/farmacologia. Citocinas/sangue. [Mh] Termos MeSH secund rio:. Animais. Press o ... Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terap utico. Barorreflexo/efeitos dos f rmacos. Bisoprolol/uso terap utico. Press o Sangu nea/efeitos ... Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia. Celiprolol/farmacologia. S ndrome de Ehlers-Danlos/tratamento farmacol gico. S ndrome de ...

http://bases.bireme.br/cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE&lang=p&format=detailed.pft&indexSearch=EX&exprSearch=D02.033.100.624.698.268

PD patients develop daily fluctuations in mobility and troublesome involuntary movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesias ... Future Scenarios for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinsons Disease ... MPTP-lesioned primates are very useful to test potential antidyskinetic and/or anti-parkinsonian pharmacological agents. ... Maladaptive plasticity in levodopa-induced dyskinesias and tardive dyskinesias: old and new insights on the effects of dopamine ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2015.00076/full

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia

Central Nervous System Agents [D27.505.954.427]. *Anti-Dyskinesia Agents [D27.505.954.427.090] ... Agents used in the treatment of Parkinsons disease. The most commonly used drugs act on the dopaminergic system in the ... "Antiparkinson Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Antiparkinson Agents" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Antiparkinson%20Agents

Compare risks and benefits of common medications used for Tardive Dyskinesia. Find the most popular drugs, view ratings, user ... On occasion, if the anti-psychotics are stopped after the tardive dyskinesia has been present for a long period, the condition ... The condition may be reversible, if recognized in the earliest stages, by stopping the causative agent, but may be permanent. ... About Tardive Dyskinesia: Tardive dyskinesia are involuntary movements, especially of the lower face, that develop after ...

https://www.drugs.com/condition/tardive-dyskinesia.html

Study Anti-Psychotics -- Segars flashcards from Andrew Herrmann ... Typical agent(s) -- dystonia, akathisia, dyskinesia, parkinson- ... Which agents are more likely to block D1 and D4 receptors also?. Which agents are more likely to block 5-HT receptors also? ... Long-acting injectable agents. Typicals = Haloperidol, Fluphenazine. Atypicals = Risperidone, Olanzapine, Aripiprazole, ...

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/anti-psychotics-segars-5031092/packs/7455133

... useful as therapeutic agents in conjunction with classic anti-psychotic agents to prevent the formation of tardive dyskinesia. ... Indeed, it is likely that these compounds will be useful in treating the tardive dyskinesia that classic anti-psychotics may ... they are unlikely to produce the up-regulation of dopamine receptors that is produced by classical anti-psychotic agents. ... tardive dyskinesia, certain forms of schizophrenia and other dystonias and dyskinesias. Dysfunctions of the dopamine-responsive ...

http://www.google.com/patents/US6025193?dq=7143430

Tardive dyskinesia can be precipitated or aggravated by anti-parkinsonian drugs. Short lived dyskinesias may occur after abrupt ... The concomitant use of chlorpromazine with lithium, other QT prolonging agents, and dopaminergic anti-parkinsonism agents is ... The serum concentration of chlorpromazine is increased by anti-malarial agents.. Cimetidine has been reported to both increase ... with fairly marked anti-cholinergic and anti-emetic activity and a moderate tendency to cause extrapyramidal reactions. ...

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6696/smpc

Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS. ... Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING ... AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). ... Neuromuscular Agents: Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. ...

http://www.curehunter.com/public/keywordSummaryD009465-Neuromuscular-Agents-Skeletal-Muscle-Relaxants.do

Anticholinergic agents have been used with mixed results in patients with essential tremor, dystonias and certain dyskinesias. ... Either of these anti-cholinergic drugs may be helpful in managing significant tremor early in the course of Parkinsons disease ... dyskinesias have not been observed in patients who have never been exposed to levodopa. The association of dyskinesias with ... This agent is meant to be used as an adjunct to levodopa therapy. Theoretically, it allows levodopa to be administered less ...

https://www.aafp.org/afp/1999/0415/p2155.html

... and so people using this agent must take an antiemetic agent. In addition, apomorphine can provoke dyskinesias and other side ... Consult a doctor before taking any of the following to avoid possible interactions: alcohol, anti-psychotics, medications that ... With training provided by the PD specialist, people with PD, spouses and family members can be taught to administer the agent, ... In general, dopamine agonists are not as potent as carbidopa/levodopa and may be less likely to cause dyskinesias. ...

http://www.parkinson.org/Understanding-Parkinsons/Treatment/Prescription-Medications/Dopamine-Agonists

It took over fifteen years to recognize the problem of tardive dyskinesia following the introduction of long-term anti- ... Hypnotic agents are administered to many different types of patients, under widely different co~ditio~s, and for varying ... No hypnotic agent has yet been comprehensively studied according to the criteria suggested earlier in this Appendix, which is ... 21/ This may have been related to an anti-anxiety effect upon the untrained subjects. In the same study, however, the diazepam ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/9934/chapter/9

Dopa Induced Dyskinesia. Investigator: Andreas H. Kottmann, PhD Dr. Kottmann is an Associate Professor at the CUNY School of ... Results from the proposed project might possibly open the door for testing Smoothened agonists as anti-dyskinetic agents in ... Interestingly, this mouse line exhibits dyskinesia upon chronic L-Dopa dosing. Conversely, we found that compounds that act as ... Validation of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor Smoothened as a Target for Ameliorating L- Dopa Induced Dyskinesia. ...

https://www.apdaparkinson.org/research/investigators/andreas-h-kottmann/

This new anti-psychotic agent appears to cause fewer side effects (most importantly with respect to tardive dyskinesia) ... Appendix I: Common Anti-Psychotic Medications. Five different chemical families of anti-psychotic drugs are used in most ... Anti-psychotic drugs stay in the system for six weeks to three months. This "grace" period gives you some time to deal with the ... Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect that may appear after a long period of medication. It consists of involuntary facial ...

https://athealth.com/topics/schizophrenia-a-handbook-for-families-2/

... dopamine depleting agents such as tetrabenazine, anti-seizure medications such as valproic acid, or benzodiazepines may help. ... side effects such as tardive dyskinesia are extremely unlikely. As is the case for any neurological medications, however, a ... These medications, also known as anti-psychotics or neuroleptics, are prescribed for conditions such as bipolar disorder, ... When chorea symptoms are disabling, low doses of potent dopamine receptor blocking agents such as haloperidol, ...

https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sydenham-chorea/

A PD home diary was used to score 5 different conditions in 30-minute intervals: ASLEEP, OFF, ON (ie, had adequate control of PD symptoms) without dyskinesia, ON with non-troublesome dyskinesia, and ON with troublesome dyskinesia. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Their parkinsonian symptoms and dyskinesias are evaluated and videotaped every 30 minutes for about 6 hours. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia. (ebi.ac.uk)
The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) examination is a test used to identify the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD). (wikipedia.org)
While anti-cholinergic agents do not cause or control this syndrome, when given in combination with neuroleptics they may exacerbate the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia or reduce the threshold at which dyskinesias appear in patients predisposed to this abnormality. (medicines.ie)
Valdecoxib is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), prescribed for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and painful menstruation and menstrual symptoms. (medindia.net)
The presence of these symptoms, which are clinical manifestation of dyskinesia and mucositis respectively [ 3 ], suggests that radiation-induced acute oesophagitis might be associated with altered organ motility. (biomedcentral.com)
also went on wellbutrin, to reduce depressive symptoms and to quit smoking, managed to quit smoking but have been having some involuntary tics and I'm worried that it may be permanent or tardive dyskinesia from sero. (medhelp.org)
Preliminary results indicate that it may hold even more promise than the drugs currently used for this disorder, many of which (ironically) have serious neurotoxic side effects, including dyskinesia - a movement disorder identical to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (mercola.com)

Anti-cholinergics (anti-spasmodics) are class of medications prescribed for respiratory problems such as COPD, bladder control problems, Parkinson's disease, and other reasons. (brainandspinalcord.org)
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase Ib Study Evaluating the Safety and Tolerability of IRL790 in Patients With Parkinson's Disease (PD) Experiencing Levodopa (L-Dopa) Induced Dyskinesia (LID). (clinicaltrials.gov)
This is a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-arm, parallel group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ADS-5102 extended release (ER) capsules, an investigational formulation of amantadine, dosed once nightly at bedtime for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD). (clinicaltrials.gov)
This study will evaluate the effects of the experimental drug talampanel on dyskinesias (involuntary movements) that develop in patients with Parkinson's disease as a result of long-term treatment with levodopa (Sinemet). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Patients between 21 and 80 years of age with Parkinson's disease and dyskinesias may be eligible for this study. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. (harvard.edu)
People with Parkinson's have difficulty moving, whereas people with tardive dyskinesia have difficulty not moving. (wikipedia.org)
Dopamine replacement therapy in the form of levodopa results in a significant proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease developing debilitating dyskinesia. (frontiersin.org)
Despite the therapies targeting dopamine being effective on Parkinson's-related motor disturbances, they produce undesirable side effects, such as dyskinesia and hallucinations. (wikipedia.org)
Long term treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa may result in the emergence of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. (bmj.com)
Cheshire, PA & Williams, D 2012, ' Serotonergic involvement in levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease ', Journal of Clinical Neuroscience , vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 343 - 348. (monash.edu)
Scanning changes in functional brain activity associated with dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats, Parkinson's Disease Society Innovations grant. (cardiff.ac.uk)

Beyond the multiple phenomenology of LIDs in PD patients, further insights on the pathophysiology of hyperkinetic movement disorders derive from studies conducted in patients with idiopathic dystonia, tardive dyskinesia (TD), and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS). (frontiersin.org)
After advocating for treatment for them, a variety of helpful treatments were found and so far the anti-convulsant Vimpat (remember this is its first usage on tardive dystonia alone outside of the animal model so the question as to whether it wil help others is still tentative but quite promising) has shown the best results. (medhelp.org)
14. (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine for use according to any one of claim 7 to 13 wherein the movement disorder is a hyperkinetic movement disorder such as Huntington's disease, hemiballismus, senile chorea, tic disorders, tardive dyskinesia, dystonia, myoclonus and Tourette's syndrome. (sumobrain.com)

The following overview of drugs which can cause tardive dyskinesia is by no means exhaustive. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Other medications not included here can also cause tardive dyskinesia. (brainandspinalcord.org)
they can cause tardive dyskinesia. (brainandspinalcord.org)
This may be published in a case study and I have conducted testimony in person and through letter writing and email (which I have recieved correspondence back from many noted provider agencies in support) that new schizophrenia research be prioritized into new classes of antipsychotics such as the NMDA receptor modulates of which glycine is one(which will not cause tardive dyskinesia) be prioritized. (medhelp.org)
Are caused by potent dopamine-blocking drugs, which are used for their anti-emetic side effects (Metoclopramide, lesser degree promethazine) and for their antipsychotic properties (typicals like haloperidol, thorazine but also atypicals like risperidone, olanzapine - the only antipsychotics that are not described to cause tardive dyskinesia are quetiapine and clozapine). (clinicaladvisor.com)

The longer a person is on a tardive dyskinesia inducing-drug the more likely he or she is to develop tardive dyskinesia. (brainandspinalcord.org)
people age sixty and older are especially vulnerable and may develop tardive dyskinesia after only a month on metoclopramide. (brainandspinalcord.org)
AIMS Examination": This test is used when psychotropic medications have been prescribed because people sometimes develop tardive dyskinesia due to prolonged use of antipsychotic medications. (wikipedia.org)
Approximately 20 per cent of the patients treated with neuroleptics for long periods develop tardive dyskinesia, a syndrome of choreoathetoid movements of the tongue, mouth, face, neck, limbs, and trunk, which may continue after the drug is stopped. (thefreedictionary.com)

Tardive dyskinesia, a syndrome consisting of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements, may develop in patients treated with neuroleptic (antipsychotic) drugs. (nih.gov)
Although the vast majority respond positively to treatment, a significant proportion of PD patients develop daily fluctuations in mobility and troublesome involuntary movements known as levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). (frontiersin.org)
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disorder that results in involuntary, repetitive body movements, which may include grimacing, sticking out the tongue, or smacking the lips. (wikipedia.org)
Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements. (wikipedia.org)
Tardive dyskinesia are involuntary movements, especially of the lower face, that develop after exposure to a group of medications known as neuroleptics. (drugs.com)
This phenomenon, termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), is characterized by involuntary dystonic and/or choreic movements of the trunk, limbs, and face, most commonly when the plasma concentration of DA is high ("peak dose" dyskinesia) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (bioportfolio.com)
The term TD referred to abnormal movements produced by the chronic exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents. (frontiersin.org)

Alternate approaches to dopamine replacement in parkinsonism generally (and to wearing-off and dyskinesia, specifically) are therefore urgently needed. (aspetjournals.org)
Several xanthines and non-xanthines are under development as potential anti-parkinsonism agents, which are selective for A2A receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Duvoisin, R. C.: The mutual antagonism of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents in Parkinsonism. (springer.com)
Drug-induced parkinsonism may result from the use of anti-dopaminergic agents. (capriles-urgencias.com)
The term 'tardive' differentiates these dyskinesias from acute dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and akathisia, which appear very soon after exposure to antipsychotic drugs. (uptodate.com)
Trihexyphenidyl is an anticholinergic used in the symptomatic treatment of all etiologic groups of parkinsonism and drug induced extrapyramidal reactions (except tardive dyskinesia). (drugbank.ca)

Parkinsonian monkeys with prior levodopa-induced dyskinesias followed by fetal dopamine precursor grafts do not display graft-induced dyskinesias. (harvard.edu)
The aim of this review is to enumerate and highlight developments that occurred in last few decades and also review the advantages and disadvantages of those anti-parkinsonian therapies in the years to come. (mdpi.com)
As with other similar agents, the anti-muscarinic effects of orphenadrine may be enhanced by the concomitant administration of other medications with anti-muscarinic properties, such as antihistamines, antispasmodics, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, dopaminergic anti parkinsonian drugs including amantadine, and anti-arrhythmics such as disopyramide. (medicines.org.uk)
Cns : Anaesthetics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, anti-parkinsonian agents, hyperthyroidism choreiform tardive dyskinesia dystonic reactions syndrome of fatigue tiredness you have a poorer outcome than adult-onset schizophrenia. (norfolkspca.com)
2) do not interfere with the anti-parkinsonian activity of levodopa nor produce general motor-suppression, making them particularly for clinical studies in PD patients. (parkinsonalliance.net)
In rodent and primate models, KW6002 provides symptomatic relief from parkinsonian motor deficits without provoking dyskinesia or exacerbating existing dyskinesias. (neurology.org)
I had a BBSRC CASE award studentship with Prof Peter Jenner and Dr Sharon Cheetham (then Knoll Pharmaceuticals) on the potential of BTS 74398, a monoamine uptake inhibitor, as a possible anti-parkinsonian medication. (cardiff.ac.uk)

Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias. (bioportfolio.com)
Antiparkinson Agents" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Antiparkinson Agents" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Antiparkinson Agents" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Antiparkinson Agents" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)

Tardive dyskinesias. (medicines.ie)
In a proportion of patients undergoing neuroleptic treatment, tardive dyskinesias will occur. (medicines.ie)

BACKGROUND: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a disabling movement disorder associated with the prolonged use of antipsychotic medication. (bireme.br)

Raw and boiled pumpkin pulp restores liver function after acute hepatitis, acts as a choleretic agent. (health5.ru)

Tardive dyskinesia was first described in the 1950s shortly after the introduction of chlorpromazine and other antipsychotic drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Since then a large number of agents similar to chlorpromazine have been developed and were used until the mid-1990s, when the 'atypical' antipsychotic agents were introduced. (ddw-online.com)
There are other causes such as exposure to heavy metals, such as prolonged exposure to copper and manganese or exposure to pesticides and exposure to antipsychotic drugs like phenothiazines, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and anti-vomiting agent metoclopramide. (news-medical.net)
2. Denoting the actions of such an agent (for example, chlorpromazine). (thefreedictionary.com)

While tardive dyskinesia has been associated primarily with neuroleptic drugs, other medications can cause this condition, including some medications given for digestive troubles and nasal allergies. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Non-antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. (bireme.br)
Tardive dyskinesia is often misdiagnosed as a mental illness rather than a neurological disorder, and as a result, people are prescribed neuroleptic drugs, which increase the probability that the person will develop a severe and disabling case, and shortening the typical survival period. (wikipedia.org)
Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). (curehunter.com)
Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS. (curehunter.com)
In addition, apomorphine can provoke dyskinesias and other side effects associated with dopamine drugs. (parkinson.org)
Tardive dyskinesia occurs due to downregulations of dopamine (D2) receptors after long-term exposure to D2-blocking agents such as antipsychotic drugs and metoclopramide. (prsync.com)
New approaches to enhance and restore the activity of glutamatergic neurotransmission may lead to the next generation of anti-psychotic drugs. (ddw-online.com)
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the main form of treatment for people with epilepsy. (psychiatricdrugs.net)
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that appears with a delayed onset after prolonged use of dopamine receptor blocking agents, mainly the antipsychotic drugs (also called neuroleptics) and the antiemetic drug, metoclopramide [ 1,2 ]. (uptodate.com)
these drugs are administered orally as anti-emetics and appetite stimulants for patients with AIDS or on chemotherapy. (bmj.com)
Depakote belongs to a group of drugs called anticonvulsants or anti-epileptic drugs. (faintpower.tk)

medications made the news, when the FDA announced that metoclopramide would be required to carry a "black box" label warning of the risk of tardive dyskinesia with long term use. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Tardive dyskinesia occurs in some people as a result of long-term use of dopamine-receptor-blocking medications such as antipsychotics and metoclopramide. (wikipedia.org)
Antipsychotic medications taken for psychiatric conditions like Schizophrenia or anti-nausea agents like Metoclopramide may lead to these movement disorders. (news-medical.net)

In some cases, people taking atypical neuroleptics have developed tardive dyskinesia. (brainandspinalcord.org)
Neuroleptics act primarily on this dopamine system, and older neuroleptics, which have greater affinity for the D2 binding site, are associated with high risk for tardive dyskinesia. (wikipedia.org)

L-DOPA and graft-induced dyskinesia : different treatment, same story? (lu.se)

On the basis of the results from the NIMH-funded Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE), this article reviews the principles of antipsychotic therapy selection based on individual patient profiles as it pertains to perphenazine (the representative typical anti-psychotic in the CATIE study), olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and clozapine. (psychiatrictimes.com)

Therefore, these findings suggest that the DAT is an important pharmacological target in the study and treatment of L-dopa induced dyskinesia. (ubc.ca)

A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. (drugcentral.org)
Effect of active tannoid principles of E. officinalis, comprising of emblicanin A (37%), emblicanin B (33%), punigluconin (12%) and pedunculagin (14%), was investigated on a rat model of tardive dyskinesia (TD) induced by once daily administration of haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg, ip) for 28 days. (bvsalud.org)
Pimozide also has less potential for inducing sedation and hypotension as it has more specific dopamine receptor blocking activity than other neuroleptic agents (and is therefore a suitable alternative to haloperidol). (drugbank.ca)

The most compelling line of evidence suggests that tardive dyskinesia may result primarily from neuroleptic-induced dopamine supersensitivity in the nigrostriatal pathway, with the D2 dopamine receptor being most affected. (wikipedia.org)

The severity of dyskinesias is inversely correlated to the glutamate levels in the denervated striatum. (parkinsonalliance.net)

The drug will be tested alone and in combination with amantadine-a drug commonly used to alleviate dyskinesias. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Catechol- O -methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors are currently used to alleviate wearing-off, but they do not increase "on-time" without exacerbating dyskinesia. (aspetjournals.org)

In general, typical antipsychotics have a greater propensity to cause extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and prolactin elevations than do atypical anti-psychotics. (psychiatrictimes.com)
The atypical agents led to a breakthrough in managing patients as they have significantly improved efficacy and side-effect profiles. (ddw-online.com)
Schizophrenia is currently the second largest CNS market behind depression and has surpassed epilepsy during the late 1990s based on the success of the atypical type agents. (ddw-online.com)

Delusions and hallucinations are often modified and may be eliminated by such an agent, but once the drug is discontinued, the delusions and hallucinations often return within a short while. (thefreedictionary.com)

The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. (bioportfolio.com)
They found that PD patients with dyskinesias display an immediate hypersensitivity of the SMA and putamen to levodopa. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, abnormal resting-state functional connectivity between the IFC and the putamen was demonstrated in PD patients with LID at 60 min after levodopa intake, consistent with the expected time peaks of dyskinesia ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Although most patients respond positively to l -DOPA treatment, after ~4-6 years of l -DOPA therapy, a significant proportion of patients (~40%) exhibit a decline in the therapeutic efficacy of l -DOPA and develop debilitating dyskinesias ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Kemadrin may be combined with levodopa or amantadine in patients who are inadequately controlled on a single agent. (medicines.ie)
Valbenazine is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor, prescribed to treat a nervous system disorder symptom called tardive dyskinesia in adult patients. (medindia.net)
In patients with prostatic hypertrophy, tardive dyskinesia, porphyria, urinary retention and must also be used with caution in elderly men. (medicines.org.uk)
Anti-muscarinic agents, such as orphenadrine, should be used with caution in patients with pre-existing tachycardia (e.g. in heart failure, thyrotoxicosis) as they may cause further acceleration of the heart rate. (medicines.org.uk)
Anti-muscarinic agents such as orphenadrine are not effective in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia which may be made worse and should not be used in patients with this condition. (medicines.org.uk)
receptors) for the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, which are complications experienced by the majority of PD patients as consequence of their long-term use of levodopa. (parkinsonalliance.net)
Because it works to relieve anxiety and depression so rapidly and is so safe, GHB has been recommended by healthcare professionals as the anti-anxiety/antidepressant agent of choice for potentially suicidal patients. (life-enhancement.com)

Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of dyskinesia as a primary manifestation of disease may be referred to as dyskinesia syndromes (see MOVEMENT DISORDERS). (fpnotebook.com)

or = 14 days, and, aside from the prescribed study medications, discontinued treatment with all analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, and skeletal muscle relaxants during the study period. (curehunter.com)
Vildagliptin is an oral antidiabetic agent, prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus along with other medications. (medindia.net)
convincing cases have not occurred after the chronic use of antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications [ 1,2 ]. (uptodate.com)

The most successful agent to date, Zyprexa™ (Olanzapine) developed and marketed by Lilly, rapidly became a blockbuster in the management of schizophrenia and has created a global market that reached $4.8 billion annually in the past year. (ddw-online.com)

The change from baseline to day 28 of treatment (Visit 4) in the sum of the items comprising the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS). (clinicaltrials.gov)
We compared the use of catecholaminergic interventions versus placebo, no intervention, or any other intervention for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. (bireme.br)
The global tardive dyskinesia treatment market 2019-2023 is expected to post a CAGR of more than 4% during the forecast period, according to the latest market research report by Technavio. (prsync.com)
Selective A2A receptor antagonists have shown to be beneficial for enhancing the therapeutic effects of L-DOPA and reducing dyskinesia from long-term L-DOPA treatment. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent used for the treatment of a variety of neurologic and medical conditions. (nih.gov)
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) represent a substantial barrier to effective symptomatic management of Parkinson s disease, but current treatment options for this debilitating side effect are limited, despite an increasing understanding of their pathophysiology from animal models. (monash.edu)
Dyskinesia treatment. (health5.ru)
See 'Tardive dyskinesia: Clinical features and diagnosis' and 'Tardive dyskinesia: Prevention and treatment' . (uptodate.com)
However, following long-term chronic treatment, the therapeutic effects of L-dopa are often accompanied by debilitating peak-dose dyskinesia. (ubc.ca)
The results from these experiments lend support to our hypothesis that reversal of the DAT through chronic L-dopa treatment contributes to the pathogenesis of L-dopa induced dyskinesia. (ubc.ca)

Prochlorperazine Maleate is classified as an anti-emetic and antipsychotic agent. (nih.gov)
I can say for myself that after having made a full recovery from schizoaffective disorder with glycine a novel antipsychotic agent in Phase II FDA study (the antipsychotic agent was tried because I have advanced tardive dyskinesia and could not tolerate Clozaril) it was found that I had a secondary series of psychosis and dysmentia that were neurological. (medhelp.org)

Specialising in neuropharmacology options and spending an industrial year at Knoll Pharmaceuticals working on the pharmacology of the anti-obesity agent sibutramine. (cardiff.ac.uk)

In general, dopamine agonists are not as potent as carbidopa/levodopa and may be less likely to cause dyskinesias. (parkinson.org)
Conversely, we found that compounds that act as agonists of the Shh co- receptor Smoothened can ameliorate the formation and display of L-Dopa induced dyskinesia (LID) in mice. (apdaparkinson.org)
Results from the proposed project might possibly open the door for testing Smoothened agonists as anti-dyskinetic agents in clinical trials. (apdaparkinson.org)
To identify the PPAR receptor subtypes responsible for the anti-dyskinetic effects of FAAH inhibitors and evaluate the efficacy of selective PPAR agonists as anti-dyskinetic agents. (parkinsonalliance.net)
Here, we review the evidence for serotonergic involvement in dyskinesias from animal and human data, and highlight some of the translational gaps which may explain why the success of serotonin autoreceptor agonists as anti-dyskinetic agents in experimental models has failed to be replicated in clinical trials. (monash.edu)

The UDysRS is administered to assess dyskinesia. (clinicaltrials.gov)

People over age sixty-five are more likely to develop drug-induced tardive dyskinesia than younger people are. (brainandspinalcord.org)
the wide-spread use of this medication means that more people are now at risk for drug-induced tardive dyskinesia. (brainandspinalcord.org)

6-Thioguanosine shows potential as an anti-anthrax therapeutic agent. (faintpower.tk)

In this article, we review the literature on selective and nonselective DAT inhibitors, their antiparkinsonian effect as monotherapy, and their effects on on-time and dyskinesia as adjunct therapy. (aspetjournals.org)

Catalase remained a negligible source of Lactobacillus reuteri as the movement, disorder tardive dyskinesia. (layspeakingministries.org)

Which agents are more likely to block D1 and D4 receptors also? (brainscape.com)
Broad reviews from 2006 have been focusing on adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets, adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutics, antagonist for A2A-receptors, adenosine receptor ligands as anti-inflammatories and many more. (wikipedia.org)
WIN exerts its anti-dyskinetic effects not only via activation of CB1 receptors, but also by desensitizing TRPV1 receptors and reversing levodopa-induced PKA over-activity in the striatum of dyskinetic rats. (parkinsonalliance.net)
Experiments with dopamine D 2 receptor knockout mice showed that A 2A receptors can function and anti-PD activities of A 2A antagonists can occur independent of the dopaminergic system. (neurology.org)

6 ) investigated brain functional activity of LIDs during a motor task, continuously for 45 min after levodopa intake before the beginning of peak-dose dyskinesias. (frontiersin.org)

Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for the major antipsychotic, antiemetic effects of these agents as well as neurologic side effects. (thefreedictionary.com)

SELECTION CRITERIA: We selected studies if they were randomised controlled trials focusing on people with schizophrenia or other chronic mental illnesses and antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. (bireme.br)
Interestingly, this mouse line exhibits dyskinesia upon chronic L-Dopa dosing. (apdaparkinson.org)
Unfortunately, chronic l -DOPA administration is marred by the emergence of dyskinesia and wearing-off. (aspetjournals.org)
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) can be modeled via chronic administration of levodopa to rats with unilateral denervation of the nigrostriatal pathway produced by the neurotoxin 6-OHDA. (parkinsonalliance.net)

Apomorphine may cause severe nausea, and so people using this agent must take an antiemetic agent. (parkinson.org)

Other closely related neurological disorders have been recognized as variants of tardive dyskinesia. (wikipedia.org)
Curcumin is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, which is one reason why it holds promise as a neuroprotective agent in a wide range of neurological disorders. (mercola.com)

Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias are common. (capriles-urgencias.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms4

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes10

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Early retreatment of infantile esotropia: comparison of reoperation and botulinum toxin. (1/98)

Early experience with intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in the treatment of achalasia. (2/98)

Tardive and idiopathic oromandibular dystonia: a clinical comparison. (3/98)

Tardive dystonia. (4/98)

A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with oesophageal achalasia. GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. (5/98)

Botulinum toxin injected in the gastric wall reduces body weight and food intake in rats. (6/98)

Two cases of severe non-specific oesophageal dysmotility showing different response to botulinum injection therapy. (7/98)

Serotonin facilitates AMPA-type responses in isolated siphon motor neurons of Aplysia in culture. (8/98)

Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced

Kartagener Syndrome

Dyskinesias

Biliary Dyskinesia

Levodopa

Ciliary Motility Disorders

Antiparkinson Agents

Axonemal Dyneins

Chorea

Benserazide

Movement Disorders

Parkinsonian Disorders

Cilia

Antipsychotic Agents

Parkinson Disease

Oxidopamine

Situs Inversus

Parkinson Disease, Secondary

Akathisia, Drug-Induced

Axoneme

Corpus Striatum

Carbidopa

Dopamine Agents

Epilepsy, Benign Neonatal

Dyneins

MPTP Poisoning

Dopamine Agonists

Schizophrenia

Tranquilizing Agents

Adrenergic Agents

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

Dystonia

Basal Ganglia Diseases

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists

Mucociliary Clearance

Phenothiazines

Globus Pallidus

Haloperidol

Bronchiectasis

Amantadine

Subthalamic Nucleus

Dynorphins

Nasal Cavity

Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A

Benzothiazoles

Apomorphine

Receptors, Dopamine D1

Callithrix

Receptors, Dopamine D3

Neostriatum

Tropaeolaceae

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin

Receptors, Dopamine

Tiapamil Hydrochloride

Basal Ganglia

Metoclopramide

Substantia Nigra

Serotonin Agents

Amish

Neurologic Examination

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Nortropanes

Dopamine

Stereoisomerism

Sphincter of Oddi

Motor Activity

Exome

Serotonin Receptor Agonists

Disease Models, Animal

Pedigree

Tetrabenazine

Piribedil

Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32

Stereotyped Behavior

Receptors, Dopamine D2

Heterotaxy Syndrome

Aphakia

Common Bile Duct Diseases

Deep Brain Stimulation

Risperidone

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