Anthrax
Bioterrorism
Antitoxins
Bacterial Toxins
Vaccines
Biological Warfare
Vaccines, Synthetic
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccination
Spores, Bacterial
Viral Vaccines
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Vaccines, DNA
Bacterial Vaccines
Immunoglobulin G
Neutralization Tests
AIDS Vaccines
Injections, Intramuscular
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, Conjugate
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Malaria Vaccines
Rabbits
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Meningococcal Vaccines
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Hepatitis B Vaccines
Measles Vaccine
Hydroxychloroquine
Sulfasalazine
Lactation
Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid
Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States. (1/196)
These recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [AVA], BioPort Corporation, Lansing, MI) in the United States for protection against disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. In addition, information is included regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis against B. anthracis. (+info)The role of antibodies to Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin components in inhibiting the early stages of infection by anthrax spores. (2/196)
Vaccines which are efficacious against anthrax, such as the human vaccine, Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA), contain the protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxins as the major protective immunogen. Although AVA protects against inhalational anthrax, the immune responses to and role in protection of PA and possibly other antigens have yet to be fully elucidated. Sera from animals immunized with a toxin-producing, unencapsulated live vaccine strain of Bacillus anthracis have been reported to have anti-spore activities associated with the antitoxin humoral response. The authors performed studies to determine whether anti-PA antibody (Ab)-containing preparations stimulated spore uptake by phagocytes and suppressed the germination of spores in vitro. AVA- and PA-immune sera from several species enhanced the phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages of spores of the virulent Ames and the Sterne vaccine strains. Antitoxin Abs appeared to contribute significantly, although not solely, to the enhanced uptake. Rabbit antisera to PA purified from either Sterne or a PA-producing pX01-cured recombinant, affinity-purified anti-PA IgG, and monkey antisera to AVA were used to assess the role of anti-PA ABS: Rabbit anti-PA Abs promoted the uptake of spores of the PA-producing strains Sterne, Ames and RP42, a mutant of Sterne producing only PA, but not of the pX01-Sterne-1 strain, Ames strain, or RP4, a mutant of Sterne with deletions in the loci encoding PA and the oedema factor (EF) toxin component and producing only the lethal factor toxin component. Rabbit anti-PA and monkey anti-AVA Abs also significantly inhibited spore germination in vitro compared to preimmune serum or medium. Spore-associated proteins recognized by anti-PA Abs were detected by electron microscopy and confirmed by immunoblotting of spore coat extracts. Thus, the anti-PA Ab-specific immunity induced by AVA has anti-spore activity and might have a role in impeding the early stages of infection with B. anthracis spores. (+info)Protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge by genetic immunization with a plasmid encoding the lethal factor protein. (3/196)
The ability of genetic vaccination to protect against a lethal challenge of anthrax toxin was evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized via gene gun inoculation with eucaryotic expression vector plasmids encoding either a fragment of the protective antigen (PA) or a fragment of lethal factor (LF). Plasmid pCLF4 contains the N-terminal region (amino acids [aa] 10 to 254) of Bacillus anthracis LF cloned into the pCI expression plasmid. Plasmid pCPA contains a biologically active portion (aa 175 to 764) of B. anthracis PA cloned into the pCI expression vector. One-micrometer-diameter gold particles were coated with plasmid pCLF4 or pCPA or a 1:1 mixture of both and injected into mice via gene gun (1 microg of plasmid DNA/injection) three times at 2-week intervals. Sera were collected and analyzed for antibody titer as well as antibody isotype. Significantly, titers of antibody to both PA and LF from mice immunized with the combination of pCPA and pCLF4 were four to five times greater than titers from mice immunized with either gene alone. Two weeks following the third and final plasmid DNA boost, all mice were challenged with 5 50% lethal doses of lethal toxin (PA plus LF) injected intravenously into the tail vein. All mice immunized with pCLF4, pCPA, or the combination of both survived the challenge, whereas all unimmunized mice did not survive. These results demonstrate that DNA-based immunization alone can provide protection against a lethal toxin challenge and that DNA immunization against the LF antigen alone provides complete protection. (+info)Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization. (4/196)
The efficacy of passive immunization as a postexposure prophylactic measure for treatment of guinea pigs intranasally infected with Bacillus anthracis spores was evaluated. Antisera directed either against the lethal toxin components (PA or LF) or against a toxinogenic strain (Sterne) were used for this evaluation. All antisera exhibited high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against the corresponding antigens, high titers of neutralization of cytotoxicity activity in an in vitro mouse macrophages cell line (J774A.1), as well as in vivo neutralization of toxicity when administered either directly to Fisher rats prior to challenge with the lethal toxin or after incubation with the lethal toxin. In these tests, anti-LF antiserum exhibited the highest neutralization efficiency, followed by anti-Sterne and anti-PA. The time dependence and antibody dose necessary for conferring postexposure protection by the various antibodies of guinea pigs infected with 25 50% lethal doses of Vollum spores was examined. Rabbit anti-PA serum was found to be the most effective. Intraperitoneal injections of anti-PA serum given 24 h postinfection protected 90% of the infected animals, whereas anti-Sterne and anti-LF were less effective. These results further emphasizes the importance of anti-PA antibodies in conferring protection against B. anthracis infection and demonstrated the ability of such antibodies to be effectively applied as an efficient postexposure treatment against anthrax disease. (+info)Anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy. (5/196)
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. Currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (PA), one of the anthrax toxin components. However, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS) of B. anthracis to PA elicits total protection against challenge with virulent B. anthracis strains in mice and guinea pigs. The toxin-neutralizing activities of sera from mice immunized with PA alone or PA plus FIS were similar, suggesting that the protection conferred by PA plus FIS was not only a consequence of the humoral response to PA. A PA-deficient challenge strain was constructed, and its virulence was due solely to its multiplication. Immunization with FIS alone was sufficient to protect mice partially, and guinea pigs totally, against infection with this strain. This suggests that spore antigens contribute to protection. Guinea pigs and mice had very different susceptibilities to infection with the nontoxigenic strain, highlighting the importance of verifying the pertinence of animal models for evaluating anthrax vaccines. (+info)A recombinant carboxy-terminal domain of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis protects mice against anthrax infection. (6/196)
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of overlapping regions of the protective antigen (PA) polypeptide, cloned and expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, have been assessed. Results show that protection can be attributed to individual domains and imply that it is domain 4 which contains the dominant protective epitopes of PA. (+info)Mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated Bacillus anthracis protective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice. (7/196)
Existing licensed anthrax vaccines are administered parenterally and require multiple doses to induce protective immunity. This requires trained personnel and is not the optimum route for stimulating a mucosal immune response. Microencapsulation of vaccine antigens offers a number of advantages over traditional vaccine formulations, including stability without refrigeration and the potential for utilizing less invasive routes of administration. Recombinant protective antigen (rPA), the dominant antigen for protection against anthrax infection, was encapsulated in poly-L-lactide 100-kDa microspheres. Alternatively, rPA was loosely attached to the surfaces of microspheres by lyophilization. All of the microspheric formulations were administered to A/J mice with a two-dose schedule by either the intramuscular route, the intranasal route, or a combination of these two routes, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy were assessed. An intramuscular priming immunization followed by either an intramuscular or intranasal boost gave optimum anti-rPA immunoglobulin G titers. Despite differences in rPA-specific antibody titers, all immunized mice survived an injected challenge consisting of 10(3) median lethal doses of Bacillus anthracis STI spores. Immunization with microencapsulated and microsphere-associated formulations of rPA also protected against aerosol challenge with 30 median lethal doses of STI spores. These results show that rPA can be encapsulated and surface bound to polymeric microspheres without impairing its immunogenicity and also that mucosal or parenteral administration of microspheric formulations of rPA efficiently protects mice against both injected and aerosol challenges with B. anthracis spores. Microspheric formulations of rPA could represent the next generation of anthrax vaccines, which could require fewer doses because they are more potent, are less reactogenic than currently available human anthrax vaccines, and could be self-administered without injection. (+info)The Anthrax Vaccine Program: an analysis of the CDC's recommendations for vaccine use. (8/196)
The anthrax vaccine was never proved to be safe and effective. It is one cause of Gulf War illnesses, and recent vaccinees report symptoms resembling Gulf War illnesses. The vaccine's production has been substandard. Without adequate evaluation, the Food and Drug Administration recently approved (retrospectively) significant changes made to the vaccine's composition since 1990. The vaccine's mandatory use for inhalation anthrax is "off-label." A skewed review of the vaccine literature by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) led to remunerative collaborative research with the army, involving civilian volunteers. Despite acknowledging possible fetal harm, the CDC offered the vaccine to children and pregnant women. New trends could weaken prelicensure efficacy and safety review of medical products intended for biodefense and avoid manufacturer liability for their use. (+info)There are three main forms of anthrax:
1. Cutaneous (skin) anthrax: This is the most common form of the disease and causes skin lesions that can progress to severe inflammation and scarring.
2. Inhalational (lung) anthrax: This is the most deadly form of the disease and causes serious respiratory problems, including fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
3. Gastrointestinal (GI) anthrax: This form of the disease causes symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
Anthrax can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the timing of treatment.
Prevention of anthrax primarily involves vaccination of animals and control of animal products to prevent the spread of the bacteria. In addition, public health measures such as surveillance and quarantine can help prevent the spread of the disease to humans.
The medical management of anthrax involves a combination of antibiotics, supportive care, and wound management. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to preventing serious complications and death.
It is important for individuals with discoid lupus erythematosus to be aware of their condition and seek medical attention if they experience any changes in their symptoms or if new lesions develop, as the disease can lead to complications such as skin cancer, scarring, and joint pain if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and improve quality of life for those affected by the condition.
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Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- Anthrax Vaccine: What You Need to Know - English
...
Reservists Leave to Avoid Anthrax Vaccine - ABC News
Anthrax vaccine tied to U.S. troop deaths?
Anthrax Medication: Antibiotics, Other, Corticosteroids, Antidotes, Other, Vaccines
Anthrax Vaccine (Intramuscular Route, Subcutaneous Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic
Anthrax Vaccine: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Vaccine protects animals against anthrax and plague | National Institutes of Health (NIH)
NIH Guide: NIAID NAMES SAIC TO COORDINATE ANTHRAX (RPA) VACCINE ACTIVITES
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: October 2014
HEPA/Vaccine Plan for Indoor Anthrax Remediation - Volume 11, Number 1-January 2005 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Anthrax Vaccine - Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) - NCBI Bookshelf
Could a Blood Test Predict Protective Ability of Anthrax Vaccines in Humans? | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and...
4 Safety: Introduction | The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? |The National Academies Press
Texas A&M researchers working on oral anthrax vaccine - Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association
Anthrax Vaccine Stories
Towards a conjugate vaccine based on anthrax protective antigen
Director's Opening Statement on the FY 2003 President's Budget Request for the House Subcommittee on Labor-HHS-Education...
DailyMed - RAXIBACUMAB injection
Subjects: Anthrax Vaccines -- history - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Volume 528 Issue 7580, 3 December 2015
Linear Epitopes of Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen for Development of a Peptide Vaccine | Technology Transfer
NIH VideoCast - Demystifying Medicine - Diseases of Potential Terrorism: Ebola and Anthrax
Volume V Archives - Homeland Security Affairs
Spinach Uses, Benefits & Dosage - Drugs.com Herbal Database
Centers for disease control and prevention expert panel meetings on prevention and treatment of anthrax in adults - PubMed
JCI -
Cancer vaccines: progress reveals new complexities
Vaccination Liberation Information
Bacillus6
- Raxibacumab, a monoclonal antibody directed at the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis , is available from the CDC for treatment of inhalational anthrax in adults and children. (medscape.com)
- The bacterium that causes anthrax ( Bacillus anthracis ) is the one most likely to be used in a bioterror attack. (nih.gov)
- With this in mind, researchers at NIAID, CDC and other institutions examined data from 21 previous U.S. government anthrax vaccine studies in which a particular animal species was vaccinated at various dosages, measured for antibody response and challenged by inhaled Bacillus anthracis spores. (nih.gov)
- Anthrax, a disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis , contaminates surface soil and grasses, where it may be ingested or inhaled by livestock or grazing wildlife. (tscra.org)
- Raxibacumab is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with inhalational anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis in combination with appropriate antibacterial drugs, and for prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax when alternative therapies are not available or are not appropriate. (nih.gov)
- Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria that causes anthrax infection in humans. (nih.gov)
Protective antigen2
- NIAID NAMES SAIC TO COORDINATE ANTHRAX (RPA) VACCINE ACTIVITES Release Date: November 26, 2001 NOTICE: NOT-AI-02-004 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( http://www.niaid.nih.gov/default.htm ) In response to anthrax public health threats, The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH is interested in facilitating and expediting the development of anthrax recombinant protective antigen (rPA) vaccines. (nih.gov)
- CDC inventors have identified epitope sequences of B. anthracis protective antigen (PA) that may be useful for development of peptide-based anthrax vaccines. (nih.gov)
Department of Defe1
- Past problems with the Department of Defense anthrax vaccine currently impact Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Health and Human Services policy. (hsaj.org)
Centers for Diseas4
- The reports were provided by the U.S. military to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after the vaccine was administered to nearly 400,000 soldiers. (wnd.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several health professional organizations state that vaccines given to a nursing mother do not affect the safety of breastfeeding for mothers or infants and that breastfeeding is not a contraindication to the anthrax vaccine. (nih.gov)
- A sensitive, blood-based assay for measuring vaccine-induced antibodies to anthrax in animals detected a reliably measured protective response in several species, according to a collaborative study by scientists at NIAID and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (nih.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened panels of anthrax experts to review and update guidelines for anthrax postexposure prophylaxis and treatment. (nih.gov)
Antigen3
- Then they tested whether the immune system of lab animals would interact with the antigen-bearing phage T4 vaccine. (nih.gov)
- Ambirix vaccine contains inactivated (killed) hepatitis A virus and 'surface antigen' (proteins from the surface) parts of the hepatitis B virus as active substances. (precisionvaccinations.com)
- AREXVY RSVPreF3 OA monovalent RSV vaccine contains a recombinant subunit pre-fusion RSV antigen combined with a proprietary AS01 adjuvant. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Inhalational6
- Administration (FDA) approved use of levofloxacin in children as young as 6 months for the treatment of inhalational (and inhalational exposure to) anthrax. (medscape.com)
- It is also approved for prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax when alternative therapies are not available or not appropriate. (medscape.com)
- Human anthrax immune globulin (Anthrasil) is indicated for treatment of inhalational anthrax in adults and children in combination with antibiotic therapy. (medscape.com)
- Treatment for inhalational anthrax (postexposure) must be continued for a total of 60 days. (medscape.com)
- Based on limited but sound evidence, the vaccine protects against both cutaneous (skin) and inhalational anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
- The effectiveness of raxibacumab is based solely on efficacy studies in animal models of inhalational anthrax. (nih.gov)
Spores5
- From inhaling spores of the bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
- In 2001, five of 22 people died after becoming infected by anthrax spores delivered in letters. (nih.gov)
- Two weeks after the booster shot, 10 immunized rabbits received a lethal dose of anthrax spores through a mask covering their nose and mouth. (nih.gov)
- We developed a mathematical model to compare 2 indoor remediation strategies in the aftermath of an outdoor release of 1.5 kg of anthrax spores in lower Manhattan. (cdc.gov)
- Smallpox would be no harder to distribute: Like anthrax spores, smallpox is durable in the external environment and could easily be dried, turned into powder and enclosed in a letter. (latimes.com)
Recombinant1
- CanSinoBio Ad5-EBOV is an adenovirus type 5 recombinant vector-based Ebola virus disease vaccine that protects against Ebola virus disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Vaccination10
- In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone anthrax vaccination to a future visit. (cdc.gov)
- Combined with congressional testimony from former and presentreservists claiming persecution for refusing the vaccine, theGeneral Accounting Office survey adds to congressional pressure onthe Pentagon to give up its beleaguered vaccination program. (go.com)
- Measures to prevent anthrax infection after exposure include vaccination, decontamination, and prophylactic treatment. (medscape.com)
- Vaccination may be recommended for pregnant women who have been exposed to anthrax and are at risk of developing inhalation disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- Independent civilian committees have not found anthrax vaccination to be a factor in unexplained illnesses among Gulf War veterans. (medlineplus.gov)
- In the future, this vaccine platform could provide a convenient way of mass vaccination against several pathogens," Rao says. (nih.gov)
- The 2 strategies are the fumigation approach used after the 2001 postal anthrax attack and a HEPA/vaccine plan, which relies on HEPA vacuuming, HEPA air cleaners, and vaccination of reoccupants. (cdc.gov)
- Six aspects of the 21 experiments changed from study to study: animal species, vaccine, use of saline or an adjuvant to dilute the vaccine, when immune response was measured, when the animals were challenged with anthrax, and vaccination schedule. (nih.gov)
- The assay involves placing toxin produced by anthrax with the antibodies induced by vaccination in plastic dishes that have a single layer of cells growing on the bottom. (nih.gov)
- May require fewer vaccination follow-ups, while present anthrax vaccines require numerous rounds of injections and boosters for full-effectiveness. (nih.gov)
Licensed in 19701
- Anthrax vaccine was licensed in 1970 and relicensed in 2008. (medlineplus.gov)
Hepatitis A Vacci1
- Review Hepatitis A Vaccine. (nih.gov)
Cutaneous anthrax1
- Cases of gastrointestinal and cutaneous anthrax can be treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline for 60 days. (medscape.com)
Protect against anthrax2
- A research team led by Dr. Venigalla B. Rao of Catholic University and Dr. Ashok K. Chopra of the University of Texas Medical Branch set out to develop a subunit vaccine to protect against anthrax and plague. (nih.gov)
- The Pentagon said the vaccine is safe and necessary to protect against anthrax weapons believed to be in the hands of at least a dozen potential enemies. (militaryreporter.org)
Antibodies5
- The immunized rats formed antibodies to anthrax and plague antigens, but the control rats did not. (nih.gov)
- The vaccine works by causing the body to produce its own protection (antibodies) against anthrax. (mayoclinic.org)
- Using the assay, antibodies are shown to be protective when the anthrax toxin is neutralized and the cells live. (nih.gov)
- In contrast, if the antibodies are not protective, the cells are killed by the anthrax toxin. (nih.gov)
- ACI-24.060 anti-Abeta Vaccine is designed to produce antibodies that specifically target misfolded Abeta. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Antibiotics4
- For patients with severe anthrax, therapy with corticosteroids and intravenous antibiotics is recommended. (medscape.com)
- This form of anthrax requires hospitalization and aggressive treatment with antibiotics. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anthrax or plague can cause death within several days if they're not treated right away with antibiotics. (nih.gov)
- It is also used after exposure to anthrax, together with antibiotics, to protect people from getting the disease. (mayoclinic.org)
Therapeutic6
- Expectations for the safety of vaccines are especially high because, in contrast to therapeutic agents, which are given when a disease is known to be present (or at least suspected), vaccines are usually given to healthy people to protect them against a disease that they may not be exposed to in the future. (nationalacademies.org)
- Typically, a royalty-bearing exclusive license agreement with the right to sublicense is given to a company from NIH to use patents, materials, or other assets to bring a therapeutic or vaccine product concept to market. (nih.gov)
- A decade ago, it seemed clear that our burgeoning knowledge of the molecular identities of tumor-associated antigens and a deeper understanding of basic immunology would point the way to an effective therapeutic cancer vaccine. (jci.org)
- The creation of therapeutic cancer vaccines has proven to be an enormous challenge, and many of the strategies learned in the development of highly successful vaccines against infectious agents simply do not apply to cancer vaccines. (jci.org)
- However, one big difference between antiviral and antitumor vaccines is that the former are preventative whereas the latter are generally expected to be therapeutic. (jci.org)
- AADvac1 is a therapeutic vaccine candidate for Alzheimer's disease that targets misfolded tau protein. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Smallpox7
- DeFraites said investigators have found no evidence of anthrax, smallpox or any other biological weapons and are "pretty close" to ruling that out. (wnd.com)
- Lacy received anthrax and smallpox vaccinations but wasn't deployed. (wnd.com)
- Minnesota coroner Eric Pfeifer told the paper the smallpox and anthrax vaccines "may have" contributed to her death. (wnd.com)
- But as a weapon it's far more frightening: Smallpox, unlike anthrax, is wildly contagious as well as lethal. (latimes.com)
- The bioterrorist threat has made the U.S. government ratchet up plans to produce 300 million doses of smallpox vaccine by next year to meet the threat of a smallpox biological weapon. (latimes.com)
- Many in the U.S. biodefense community do not want to combat a possible new threat--vaccine-resistant smallpox--with old weapons: in this case, a smallpox vaccine that might well not work against the smallpox strain released. (latimes.com)
- ACAM2000 is a Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live, to protect people against smallpox disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Influenza vaccine2
- U.S. Postal Service regulations relating to 610.11a Inactivated influenza vaccine, gen the admissibility to the United States mails eral safety test. (nih.gov)
- Afluria Quadrivalent is an inactivated egg-based influenza vaccine indicated for active immunization against influenza disease caused by influenza virus subtypes A and type B. It is approved for people 6 months and older. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Efficacy2
- Since natural human infection with anthrax is very rare and can be lethal, humans cannot ethically be exposed to anthrax to evaluate the efficacy of a vaccine. (nih.gov)
- The researchers examined the data to find relationships among them that could then be used to design tools to predict vaccine efficacy in humans. (nih.gov)
Bioterrorism1
- however, this is not the case for bioterrorism-related cases because of the concern for genetically engineered penicillin-resistant anthrax strains. (medscape.com)
Infection1
- Anthrax vaccine is used to prevent infection caused by anthrax bacteria. (mayoclinic.org)
Toxin2
- The research team then exposed the mice to anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) and plague bacteria. (nih.gov)
- Anthrax toxin is an AB toxin and made up of two components. (wichita.edu)
Gastrointestinal Anthrax3
- Gastrointestinal Anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
- Gastrointestinal anthrax can lead to blood poisoning, shock, and death. (medlineplus.gov)
- No attempt is made to estimate the number of cases of cutaneous and gastrointestinal anthrax, which are less apt to be fatal. (cdc.gov)
Form of anthrax3
- This form of anthrax can result from eating raw or undercooked infected meat. (medlineplus.gov)
- This form of anthrax occurs when B. anthracis is inhaled, and is very serious. (medlineplus.gov)
- What method might researchers propose to ensure complete protection against an inhaled form of anthrax? (vaccinealliance.org)
Treatment of anthrax1
- Special considerations for prophylaxis for and treatment of anthrax in pregnant and postpartum women. (nih.gov)
Immune4
- A vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize and neutralize a bacterium or virus. (nih.gov)
- Subunit vaccines" use only a part of the microbe to stimulate the immune system. (nih.gov)
- They requested assistance with the epidemiologic investigation and patient treatment options, such as adjunctive therapy with anthrax immune globulin. (cdc.gov)
- We believed that, given the multicomponent nature of the immune responses to viruses, it would be very difficult to engineer them to evade vaccine-induced immunity without compromising the virus's pathogenicity," says Peter B. Jahrling of the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). (latimes.com)
Exposure5
- Penicillin reduces the incidence or progression of anthrax following exposure to aerosolized B anthracis. (medscape.com)
- These people should get five doses of vaccine (in the muscle): the first dose when risk of a potential exposure is identified, and the remaining doses at 4 weeks and 6, 12, and 18 months after the first dose. (medlineplus.gov)
- These people should get three doses of vaccine (under the skin), with the first dose as soon after exposure as possible, and the second and third doses given 2 and 4 weeks after the first. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is used before exposure to anthrax to protect people at high risk of getting the disease. (mayoclinic.org)
- Until 1990, Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) had been administered primarily to a small population of workers-veterinarians, processors of animal hair and hides, and laboratory personnel-with a high risk of exposure to anthrax. (nationalacademies.org)
Spore1
- HEPA filters are 99.97% effective for 0.3-μm particles ( 3 ), which are 5-10 times smaller than a typical anthrax spore. (cdc.gov)
Intranasal1
- Altimmune Inc.'s AdCOVID COVID-19 vaccine candidate was based on an adenovirus-based intranasal vaccine platform and expresses the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Immunization5
- In the GAO survey, 25 percent of those who left their units,either through requested transfer or resignation, cited themandatory anthrax immunization as the No. 1 factor in theirdecision. (go.com)
- Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. (nih.gov)
- Administration of AVA to U.S. military personnel during the Gulf War and more recently under the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP) substantially increased the numbers of persons vaccinated and produced concerns among some that the vaccine might be responsible for serious adverse health effects. (nationalacademies.org)
- This guidance for industry has been developed to clarify what information should be obtained before an individual case of an adverse experience after immunization should be submitted to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (cdc.gov)
- With 30 million children worldwide lacking access to life-saving vaccines, speakers at the conference will show that, with increased political will and funds, success is within reach-as demonstrated through the work of public-private partnerships such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). (vaccinealliance.org)
Dose4
- If you see signs of a Has had an allergic reaction after a previous severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face dose of anthrax vaccine , or has any severe, life- and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, threatening allergies . (cdc.gov)
- Anyone who has had a serious allergic reaction to a previous dose of anthrax vaccine should not get another dose. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anyone who has a severe allergy to any vaccine component should not get a dose. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mathematical models were used to determine the contribution of vaccine dilution, dose, and TNA on prediction of survival. (nih.gov)
Tetanus1
- Adacel vaccine contains noninfectious tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis proteins. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Drugs2
- These people should get 3 doses part, there is swelling of the neck or neck glands, of anthrax vaccine together with recommended sore throat, and painful swallowing or difficulty antibiotic drugs. (cdc.gov)
- In the medium term, it is hoped that new vaccines and drugs will be available quickly for human clinical trials and in exposed populations. (blogspot.com)
Postexposure1
- This article updates antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis and antimicrobial and antitoxin treatment options and describes potentially beneficial critical care measures for persons with anthrax, including clinical procedures for infected nonpregnant adults. (nih.gov)
Researchers8
- Researchers engineered a vaccine that protects animals from both anthrax and plague. (nih.gov)
- The researchers also tested the vaccine with rats. (nih.gov)
- Next, the researchers tested the vaccine with rabbits. (nih.gov)
- Because the way anthrax attacks cells is the same in animals and humans, the researchers say, the assay could be used in animals to predict vaccine-induced protection in humans. (nih.gov)
- Going forward, the researchers explain, promising anthrax vaccine candidates can be tested in animals, and based on the findings in animals, scientists may be able to predict how well the vaccines work in humans. (nih.gov)
- This kind of approach could also be used to develop, test, and optimize the use of vaccines against other infectious diseases, according to the researchers. (nih.gov)
- With that in mind researchers went to work to attempt to create a formulation to deliver the vaccine orally, which would allow for potential distribution to wildlife. (tscra.org)
- How close are researchers to developing vaccines for treating melanoma, colon and breast cancers? (vaccinealliance.org)
Allergic reaction1
- Like any medicine, a vaccine could cause a serious problem, such as a severe allergic reaction. (medlineplus.gov)
Inhalation2
- Inhalation anthrax can cause shortness of Drug (IND) program and requires informed consent breath, cough, chest discomfort, confusion, nausea from a parent or legal guardian. (cdc.gov)
- Inhalation Anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
Meningitis2
- Changes from previous guidelines include an expanded discussion of critical care and clinical procedures and additional antimicrobial choices, including preferred antimicrobial drug treatment for possible anthrax meningitis. (nih.gov)
- Research from scientists who are working on vaccines to address HIV, influenza, meningitis, anthrax, and melanoma and other cancers will also be presented. (vaccinealliance.org)
Protects1
- Anthrax vaccine protects against anthrax disease. (medlineplus.gov)
20011
- In addition to killing 5 of its 11 victims, the 2001 anthrax attack on the U.S. Postal Service and federal facilities also contaminated a number of buildings. (cdc.gov)
Ebola1
- Diseases of potential terrorism : ebola and anthrax / Barney S. Graham and John Robbins. (nih.gov)
Refusals1
- W A S H I N G T O N, Oct. 11, 2000 -- Countering military assertions that refusals to take the anthrax vaccine are having little impact, a congressional study finds it is the leading cause cited by pilotsand aircrew members for leaving National Guard and reserve units. (go.com)
Adverse4
- As with any pharmaceutical product or medical procedure, however, the use of vaccines carries a risk of adverse health effects that must be weighed against the expected health benefit. (nationalacademies.org)
- This chapter reviews the concerns about the safety of AVA that have been raised and discusses issues related to the identification of vaccine-related adverse events. (nationalacademies.org)
- Licensed manufacturers2 of approved vaccines are required to report adverse experiences to the FDA under 21 CFR 600.80. (cdc.gov)
- This guidance represents the Agency's current thinking on reporting of certain postmarketing adverse experiences for licensed vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Doses1
- These people should get 3 doses of anthrax vaccine, followed by booster doses for ongoing protection. (cdc.gov)
Plague1
- The scientists fused anthrax and plague antigens to the head, or capsid, of particles of a virus called phage T4. (nih.gov)
Severe3
- Anthrax can spread throughout the body and cause severe illness, including brain infections and even death, if left untreated. (cdc.gov)
- If you have a moderate or severe illness your provider might ask you to wait until you recover to get the vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
- As with any vaccine, other severe problems have been reported. (medlineplus.gov)
Gulf War2
- More widespread use of the vaccine during the Gulf War and as part of AVIP, however, has resulted in new concerns about its possible association with serious acute and chronic health problems. (nationalacademies.org)
- Some Gulf War veterans believe the vaccine may be responsible for the mysterious illnesses they have. (militaryreporter.org)
Livestock2
- The good news is that there is already a vaccine for anthrax, which many livestock owners administer annually. (tscra.org)
- Anthrax is a livestock disease that Pentagon experts believe is one of the most likely biological weapons to be used against American troops. (militaryreporter.org)
Humans5
- Anthrax is a serious disease that can affect both animals and humans. (medlineplus.gov)
- Could a Blood Test Predict Protective Ability of Anthrax Vaccines in Humans? (nih.gov)
- The findings, published in the Sept. 12, 2012, issue of Science Translational Medicine , suggest that the assay could potentially be used to predict how vaccines for anthrax might work in humans when studies in people are not ethical or safe to conduct, according to the authors. (nih.gov)
- The Animal Rule allows vaccines to be studied and approved in cases where they cannot be ethically or feasibly tested in humans, such as when the disease in question is rare or potentially dangerous. (nih.gov)
- Based on these findings, the authors assert that it may be feasible to use TNA as an immunological bridge between species and to extrapolate from animal data to predict anthrax vaccine effectiveness in humans. (nih.gov)
Lethal1
- As we have learned in recent weeks, terrorists have already used biological weapons on our soil: highly refined anthrax delivered in a simple but lethal way. (latimes.com)
Strains1
- What new technology holds the key to scaling up production of flu vaccine, at a time of growing demand and fear of new and dangerous strains? (vaccinealliance.org)
Reliably1
- Notwithstanding this progress, we do not yet have a cancer vaccine in hand that can reliably increase patient survival or induce tumor destruction. (jci.org)
Biological1
- Gen. Randall West, the Pentagon's special advisor for anthrax and biological defense affairs, wrote U.S. Rep. George Nethercutt, R-Wash., that 351 service members had refused the vaccine while 400,000 others had accepted it. (militaryreporter.org)
Cervical2
- A vaccine being developed in conjunction with U.S. firm Celldex Therapeutics, claims to kill off the most deadly cancers including breast, bowel and cervical tumours. (vaclib.org)
- Health chiefs have been accused of failing to properly publicise the side-effects of the cervical cancer vaccine. (vaclib.org)
Civilian1
- The panels included civilian and military anthrax experts and clinicians with experience treating anthrax patients. (nih.gov)
Immunity2
- But what if those evolved defenses--and vaccine-induced immunity, as well--could be shut down by a gene incorporated into the pathogen itself? (latimes.com)
- Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccine elicit immunity to adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7 which are most often associated with acute respiratory disease. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Committee3
- Gen. Randall West, Pentagon senior adviser on anthrax, toldthe committee that four of six reserve units show increasedreadiness over past years. (go.com)
- As part of the Anthrax Vaccine Expert Committee convened by the Department of Health and Human Services last year, Sever studied 602 reports of possible reactions to the vaccine. (wnd.com)
- Last month, a special committee of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences that is looking into the anthrax vaccine wrote West that there is no way to tell whether the vaccine has long-term side effects because no one has done the necessary studies. (militaryreporter.org)
20021
- Sever was one of six authors of a government-sponsored study published in May 2002 that found the vaccine was the "possible or probable" cause of pneumonia in two soldiers. (wnd.com)
Heroin1
- On December 17th, Health Protection Scotland contacted the Bacterial Zoonosis Branch (BZB) to discuss 3 cases of anthrax in heroin users. (cdc.gov)
Anthracis1
- The vaccine used in the United States does not contain B. anthracis cells and it does not cause anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
Disease8
- People can get anthrax disease from contact with Administration (FDA) and recommended for infected animals or contaminated animal products adults 18 through 65 years of age who are at risk of such as wool, meat, or hides. (cdc.gov)
- Has a history of anthrax disease . (cdc.gov)
- For people who have been exposed to anthrax but do not have symptoms, 60 days of ciprofloxacin, a tetracycline (including doxycycline), or penicillin is given to reduce the risk or progression of disease due to inhaled anthrax. (medscape.com)
- In its most common form, anthrax is a skin disease that causes skin ulcers and usually fever and fatigue. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anthrax is a very serious disease, and the risk of serious harm from the vaccine is extremely small. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anthrax is a serious disease that may cause death. (mayoclinic.org)
- Over the years, vaccines have prevented countless cases of disease and saved millions of lives. (cdc.gov)
- Alzheimer's disease vaccines prevent degenerative brain diseases caused by complex brain changes following cell damage. (precisionvaccinations.com)
Scientists1
- NIH-supported scientists are developing vaccines to help prepare for bioterror attacks. (nih.gov)
Proprietary1
- NIAID is aware that some organizations may have concerns about expressions of interest in development of an rPA anthrax vaccine or sharing their proprietary data. (nih.gov)
Evaluate1
- A mathematical model ( Figure 6 ) was used to evaluate the HEPA/vaccine ( Figure 1 ) and fumigation modalities. (cdc.gov)
People6
- Anthrax vaccine is also recommended for of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the lower part unvaccinated people of all ages who have been of the GI tract, or both. (cdc.gov)
- West said the GAO survey focused exclusively on anthrax, whilethe military feels surveys of why people leave are more reliable ifthey do not mention anthrax and simply asked for reasons. (go.com)
- Anthrax vaccine is also recommended for unvaccinated people who have been exposed to anthrax in certain situations. (medlineplus.gov)
- But these don't appear to occur any more often among anthrax vaccine recipients than among unvaccinated people. (medlineplus.gov)
- But opponents point to Food and Drug Administration inspections that show repeated quality and production problems at the vaccine manufacturing plant, hundreds of people with unexplained illnesses that arose after receiving the vaccine and no proof it is safe or effective against anthrax weapons. (militaryreporter.org)
- Vaccines are important to helping people stay healthy and protected from serious and sometimes deadly diseases. (cdc.gov)