Anthrax
Bioterrorism
Antitoxins
Bacterial Toxins
Vaccines
Biological Warfare
Vaccines, Synthetic
Vaccines, Inactivated
Vaccination
Spores, Bacterial
Viral Vaccines
Antibodies, Neutralizing
Vaccines, DNA
Bacterial Vaccines
Immunoglobulin G
Neutralization Tests
AIDS Vaccines
Injections, Intramuscular
Adjuvants, Immunologic
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccines, Conjugate
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Malaria Vaccines
Rabbits
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Meningococcal Vaccines
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Hepatitis B Vaccines
Measles Vaccine
Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States. (1/196)
These recommendations concern the use of aluminum hydroxide adsorbed cell-free anthrax vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed [AVA], BioPort Corporation, Lansing, MI) in the United States for protection against disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. In addition, information is included regarding the use of chemoprophylaxis against B. anthracis. (+info)The role of antibodies to Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin components in inhibiting the early stages of infection by anthrax spores. (2/196)
Vaccines which are efficacious against anthrax, such as the human vaccine, Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA), contain the protective antigen (PA) component of the anthrax toxins as the major protective immunogen. Although AVA protects against inhalational anthrax, the immune responses to and role in protection of PA and possibly other antigens have yet to be fully elucidated. Sera from animals immunized with a toxin-producing, unencapsulated live vaccine strain of Bacillus anthracis have been reported to have anti-spore activities associated with the antitoxin humoral response. The authors performed studies to determine whether anti-PA antibody (Ab)-containing preparations stimulated spore uptake by phagocytes and suppressed the germination of spores in vitro. AVA- and PA-immune sera from several species enhanced the phagocytosis by murine peritoneal macrophages of spores of the virulent Ames and the Sterne vaccine strains. Antitoxin Abs appeared to contribute significantly, although not solely, to the enhanced uptake. Rabbit antisera to PA purified from either Sterne or a PA-producing pX01-cured recombinant, affinity-purified anti-PA IgG, and monkey antisera to AVA were used to assess the role of anti-PA ABS: Rabbit anti-PA Abs promoted the uptake of spores of the PA-producing strains Sterne, Ames and RP42, a mutant of Sterne producing only PA, but not of the pX01-Sterne-1 strain, Ames strain, or RP4, a mutant of Sterne with deletions in the loci encoding PA and the oedema factor (EF) toxin component and producing only the lethal factor toxin component. Rabbit anti-PA and monkey anti-AVA Abs also significantly inhibited spore germination in vitro compared to preimmune serum or medium. Spore-associated proteins recognized by anti-PA Abs were detected by electron microscopy and confirmed by immunoblotting of spore coat extracts. Thus, the anti-PA Ab-specific immunity induced by AVA has anti-spore activity and might have a role in impeding the early stages of infection with B. anthracis spores. (+info)Protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge by genetic immunization with a plasmid encoding the lethal factor protein. (3/196)
The ability of genetic vaccination to protect against a lethal challenge of anthrax toxin was evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized via gene gun inoculation with eucaryotic expression vector plasmids encoding either a fragment of the protective antigen (PA) or a fragment of lethal factor (LF). Plasmid pCLF4 contains the N-terminal region (amino acids [aa] 10 to 254) of Bacillus anthracis LF cloned into the pCI expression plasmid. Plasmid pCPA contains a biologically active portion (aa 175 to 764) of B. anthracis PA cloned into the pCI expression vector. One-micrometer-diameter gold particles were coated with plasmid pCLF4 or pCPA or a 1:1 mixture of both and injected into mice via gene gun (1 microg of plasmid DNA/injection) three times at 2-week intervals. Sera were collected and analyzed for antibody titer as well as antibody isotype. Significantly, titers of antibody to both PA and LF from mice immunized with the combination of pCPA and pCLF4 were four to five times greater than titers from mice immunized with either gene alone. Two weeks following the third and final plasmid DNA boost, all mice were challenged with 5 50% lethal doses of lethal toxin (PA plus LF) injected intravenously into the tail vein. All mice immunized with pCLF4, pCPA, or the combination of both survived the challenge, whereas all unimmunized mice did not survive. These results demonstrate that DNA-based immunization alone can provide protection against a lethal toxin challenge and that DNA immunization against the LF antigen alone provides complete protection. (+info)Efficiency of protection of guinea pigs against infection with Bacillus anthracis spores by passive immunization. (4/196)
The efficacy of passive immunization as a postexposure prophylactic measure for treatment of guinea pigs intranasally infected with Bacillus anthracis spores was evaluated. Antisera directed either against the lethal toxin components (PA or LF) or against a toxinogenic strain (Sterne) were used for this evaluation. All antisera exhibited high enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers against the corresponding antigens, high titers of neutralization of cytotoxicity activity in an in vitro mouse macrophages cell line (J774A.1), as well as in vivo neutralization of toxicity when administered either directly to Fisher rats prior to challenge with the lethal toxin or after incubation with the lethal toxin. In these tests, anti-LF antiserum exhibited the highest neutralization efficiency, followed by anti-Sterne and anti-PA. The time dependence and antibody dose necessary for conferring postexposure protection by the various antibodies of guinea pigs infected with 25 50% lethal doses of Vollum spores was examined. Rabbit anti-PA serum was found to be the most effective. Intraperitoneal injections of anti-PA serum given 24 h postinfection protected 90% of the infected animals, whereas anti-Sterne and anti-LF were less effective. These results further emphasizes the importance of anti-PA antibodies in conferring protection against B. anthracis infection and demonstrated the ability of such antibodies to be effectively applied as an efficient postexposure treatment against anthrax disease. (+info)Anthrax spores make an essential contribution to vaccine efficacy. (5/196)
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. Septicemia and toxemia rapidly lead to death in infected mammal hosts. Currently used acellular vaccines against anthrax consist of protective antigen (PA), one of the anthrax toxin components. However, in experimental animals such vaccines are less protective than live attenuated strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of formaldehyde-inactivated spores (FIS) of B. anthracis to PA elicits total protection against challenge with virulent B. anthracis strains in mice and guinea pigs. The toxin-neutralizing activities of sera from mice immunized with PA alone or PA plus FIS were similar, suggesting that the protection conferred by PA plus FIS was not only a consequence of the humoral response to PA. A PA-deficient challenge strain was constructed, and its virulence was due solely to its multiplication. Immunization with FIS alone was sufficient to protect mice partially, and guinea pigs totally, against infection with this strain. This suggests that spore antigens contribute to protection. Guinea pigs and mice had very different susceptibilities to infection with the nontoxigenic strain, highlighting the importance of verifying the pertinence of animal models for evaluating anthrax vaccines. (+info)A recombinant carboxy-terminal domain of the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis protects mice against anthrax infection. (6/196)
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of overlapping regions of the protective antigen (PA) polypeptide, cloned and expressed as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, have been assessed. Results show that protection can be attributed to individual domains and imply that it is domain 4 which contains the dominant protective epitopes of PA. (+info)Mucosal or parenteral administration of microsphere-associated Bacillus anthracis protective antigen protects against anthrax infection in mice. (7/196)
Existing licensed anthrax vaccines are administered parenterally and require multiple doses to induce protective immunity. This requires trained personnel and is not the optimum route for stimulating a mucosal immune response. Microencapsulation of vaccine antigens offers a number of advantages over traditional vaccine formulations, including stability without refrigeration and the potential for utilizing less invasive routes of administration. Recombinant protective antigen (rPA), the dominant antigen for protection against anthrax infection, was encapsulated in poly-L-lactide 100-kDa microspheres. Alternatively, rPA was loosely attached to the surfaces of microspheres by lyophilization. All of the microspheric formulations were administered to A/J mice with a two-dose schedule by either the intramuscular route, the intranasal route, or a combination of these two routes, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy were assessed. An intramuscular priming immunization followed by either an intramuscular or intranasal boost gave optimum anti-rPA immunoglobulin G titers. Despite differences in rPA-specific antibody titers, all immunized mice survived an injected challenge consisting of 10(3) median lethal doses of Bacillus anthracis STI spores. Immunization with microencapsulated and microsphere-associated formulations of rPA also protected against aerosol challenge with 30 median lethal doses of STI spores. These results show that rPA can be encapsulated and surface bound to polymeric microspheres without impairing its immunogenicity and also that mucosal or parenteral administration of microspheric formulations of rPA efficiently protects mice against both injected and aerosol challenges with B. anthracis spores. Microspheric formulations of rPA could represent the next generation of anthrax vaccines, which could require fewer doses because they are more potent, are less reactogenic than currently available human anthrax vaccines, and could be self-administered without injection. (+info)The Anthrax Vaccine Program: an analysis of the CDC's recommendations for vaccine use. (8/196)
The anthrax vaccine was never proved to be safe and effective. It is one cause of Gulf War illnesses, and recent vaccinees report symptoms resembling Gulf War illnesses. The vaccine's production has been substandard. Without adequate evaluation, the Food and Drug Administration recently approved (retrospectively) significant changes made to the vaccine's composition since 1990. The vaccine's mandatory use for inhalation anthrax is "off-label." A skewed review of the vaccine literature by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) led to remunerative collaborative research with the army, involving civilian volunteers. Despite acknowledging possible fetal harm, the CDC offered the vaccine to children and pregnant women. New trends could weaken prelicensure efficacy and safety review of medical products intended for biodefense and avoid manufacturer liability for their use. (+info)Anthrax vaccines are biological preparations designed to protect against anthrax, a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax can affect both humans and animals, and it is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated animal products or, less commonly, through inhalation of spores.
There are two types of anthrax vaccines currently available:
1. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA): This vaccine is licensed for use in the United States and is approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis in high-risk individuals, such as military personnel and laboratory workers who handle the bacterium. AVA contains a cell-free filtrate of cultured B. anthracis cells that have been chemically treated to render them non-infectious. The vaccine works by stimulating the production of antibodies against protective antigens (PA) present in the bacterial culture.
2. Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine (rPA): This vaccine, also known as BioThrax, is a newer generation anthrax vaccine that was approved for use in the United States in 2015. It contains only the recombinant protective antigen (rPA) of B. anthracis, which is produced using genetic engineering techniques. The rPA vaccine has been shown to be as effective as AVA in generating an immune response and offers several advantages, including a more straightforward manufacturing process, fewer side effects, and a longer shelf life.
Both vaccines require multiple doses for initial immunization, followed by periodic booster shots to maintain protection. Anthrax vaccines are generally safe and effective at preventing anthrax infection; however, they may cause mild to moderate side effects, such as soreness at the injection site, fatigue, and muscle aches. Severe allergic reactions are rare but possible.
It is important to note that anthrax vaccines do not provide immediate protection against anthrax infection. They require several weeks to stimulate an immune response, so they should be administered before potential exposure to the bacterium. In cases of known or suspected exposure to anthrax, antibiotics are used as a primary means of preventing and treating the disease.
Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. This bacterium produces spores that can survive in the environment for many years. Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans can get infected with anthrax by handling contaminated animal products or by inhaling or coming into contact with contaminated soil, water, or vegetation.
There are three main forms of anthrax infection:
1. Cutaneous anthrax: This is the most common form and occurs when the spores enter the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin. It starts as a painless bump that eventually develops into a ulcer with a black center.
2. Inhalation anthrax (also known as wool-sorter's disease): This occurs when a person inhales anthrax spores, which can lead to severe respiratory symptoms and potentially fatal illness.
3. Gastrointestinal anthrax: This form is rare and results from consuming contaminated meat. It causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea, which may be bloody.
Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics, but early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a successful outcome. Preventive measures include vaccination and avoiding contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. Anthrax is also considered a potential bioterrorism agent due to its ease of dissemination and high mortality rate if left untreated.
'Bacillus anthracis' is the scientific name for the bacterium that causes anthrax, a serious and potentially fatal infectious disease. This gram-positive, spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium can be found in soil and commonly affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. Anthrax can manifest in several forms, including cutaneous (skin), gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax, depending on the route of infection.
The spores of Bacillus anthracis are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can survive for years, making them a potential agent for bioterrorism or biowarfare. When inhaled, ingested, or introduced through breaks in the skin, these spores can germinate into vegetative bacteria that produce potent exotoxins responsible for anthrax symptoms and complications.
It is essential to distinguish Bacillus anthracis from other Bacillus species due to its public health significance and potential use as a biological weapon. Proper identification, prevention strategies, and medical countermeasures are crucial in mitigating the risks associated with this bacterium.
Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.
The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.
Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.
In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.
Antitoxins are substances, typically antibodies, that neutralize toxins produced by bacteria or other harmful organisms. They work by binding to the toxin molecules and rendering them inactive, preventing them from causing harm to the body. Antitoxins can be produced naturally by the immune system during an infection, or they can be administered artificially through immunization or passive immunotherapy. In a medical context, antitoxins are often used as a treatment for certain types of bacterial infections, such as diphtheria and botulism, to help counteract the effects of the toxins produced by the bacteria.
Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.
Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.
Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.
Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.
When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.
Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.
The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.
Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological agents or toxins with the intent to cause disease or death in humans, animals, or plants. These agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or toxic substances produced by living organisms. The purpose of using these agents is typically to cause widespread illness, fear, and disruption. Biological warfare is considered a weapon of mass destruction and is illegal under international law.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is the medical practice of using antiviral medications to prevent the development of a disease after an exposure to that disease. It is most commonly used in the context of preventing HIV infection, where it involves taking a combination of antiretroviral drugs for 28 days following potential exposure to the virus, such as through sexual assault or accidental needlestick injuries.
The goal of PEP is to reduce the risk of HIV infection by stopping the virus from replicating and establishing itself in the body. However, it is not 100% effective and should be used in conjunction with other preventative measures such as safe sex practices and proper use of personal protective equipment.
It's important to note that PEP must be started as soon as possible after exposure, ideally within 72 hours, but preferably within 24 hours, for it to be most effective. The decision to initiate PEP should be made in consultation with a medical professional and will depend on various factors such as the type of exposure, the risk of transmission, and the individual's medical history.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Bacteria do not produce spores; instead, it is fungi and other types of microorganisms that produce spores for reproduction and survival purposes. Spores are essentially reproductive cells that are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive under harsh conditions.
If you meant to ask about endospores, those are produced by some bacteria as a protective mechanism during times of stress or nutrient deprivation. Endospores are highly resistant structures containing bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes. They can survive for long periods in extreme environments and germinate into vegetative cells when conditions improve.
Here's the medical definition of endospores:
Endospores (also called bacterial spores) are highly resistant, dormant structures produced by certain bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. They contain a core of bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes surrounded by a protective layer called the spore coat. Endospores can survive under harsh conditions for extended periods and germinate into vegetative cells when favorable conditions return. Common examples of endospore-forming bacteria include Bacillus species (such as B. anthracis, which causes anthrax) and Clostridium species (such as C. difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea).
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
Neutralizing antibodies are a type of antibody that defends against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria by neutralizing their ability to infect cells. They do this by binding to specific regions on the surface proteins of the pathogen, preventing it from attaching to and entering host cells. This renders the pathogen ineffective and helps to prevent or reduce the severity of infection. Neutralizing antibodies can be produced naturally in response to an infection or vaccination, or they can be generated artificially for therapeutic purposes.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.
DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.
DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
Intranasal administration refers to the delivery of medication or other substances through the nasal passages and into the nasal cavity. This route of administration can be used for systemic absorption of drugs or for localized effects in the nasal area.
When a medication is administered intranasally, it is typically sprayed or dropped into the nostril, where it is absorbed by the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavity. The medication can then pass into the bloodstream and be distributed throughout the body for systemic effects. Intranasal administration can also result in direct absorption of the medication into the local tissues of the nasal cavity, which can be useful for treating conditions such as allergies, migraines, or pain in the nasal area.
Intranasal administration has several advantages over other routes of administration. It is non-invasive and does not require needles or injections, making it a more comfortable option for many people. Additionally, intranasal administration can result in faster onset of action than oral administration, as the medication bypasses the digestive system and is absorbed directly into the bloodstream. However, there are also some limitations to this route of administration, including potential issues with dosing accuracy and patient tolerance.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
IgG has several important functions:
1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.
IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.
Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.
"Intramuscular injections" refer to a medical procedure where a medication or vaccine is administered directly into the muscle tissue. This is typically done using a hypodermic needle and syringe, and the injection is usually given into one of the large muscles in the body, such as the deltoid (shoulder), vastus lateralis (thigh), or ventrogluteal (buttock) muscles.
Intramuscular injections are used for a variety of reasons, including to deliver medications that need to be absorbed slowly over time, to bypass stomach acid and improve absorption, or to ensure that the medication reaches the bloodstream quickly and directly. Common examples of medications delivered via intramuscular injection include certain vaccines, antibiotics, and pain relievers.
It is important to follow proper technique when administering intramuscular injections to minimize pain and reduce the risk of complications such as infection or injury to surrounding tissues. Proper site selection, needle length and gauge, and injection technique are all critical factors in ensuring a safe and effective intramuscular injection.
Immunologic adjuvants are substances that are added to a vaccine to enhance the body's immune response to the antigens contained in the vaccine. They work by stimulating the immune system and promoting the production of antibodies and activating immune cells, such as T-cells and macrophages, which help to provide a stronger and more sustained immune response to the vaccine.
Immunologic adjuvants can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals. Some common examples include aluminum salts (alum), oil-in-water emulsions (such as MF59), and bacterial components (such as lipopolysaccharide or LPS).
The use of immunologic adjuvants in vaccines can help to improve the efficacy of the vaccine, particularly for vaccines that contain weak or poorly immunogenic antigens. They can also help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in a vaccine, which can be beneficial for vaccines that are difficult or expensive to produce.
It's important to note that while adjuvants can enhance the immune response to a vaccine, they can also increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as inflammation and pain at the injection site. Therefore, the use of immunologic adjuvants must be carefully balanced against their potential benefits and risks.
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.
Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.
Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Military Personnel" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who serve in the military forces of a country, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. Medical terms typically refer to specific conditions, diagnoses, treatments, or anatomical features related to healthcare. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify!
Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of antibiotics to prevent infection from occurring in the first place, rather than treating an existing infection. This practice is commonly used before certain medical procedures or surgeries that have a high risk of infection, such as joint replacements, heart valve surgery, or organ transplants. The goal of antibiotic prophylaxis is to reduce the risk of infection by introducing antibiotics into the body before bacteria have a chance to multiply and cause an infection.
The choice of antibiotic for prophylaxis depends on several factors, including the type of procedure being performed, the patient's medical history and allergies, and the most common types of bacteria that can cause infection in that particular situation. The antibiotic is typically given within one hour before the start of the procedure, and may be continued for up to 24 hours afterward, depending on the specific guidelines for that procedure.
It's important to note that antibiotic prophylaxis should only be used when it is truly necessary, as overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the decision to use antibiotic prophylaxis should be made carefully and in consultation with a healthcare provider.
Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.
The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.
However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.
Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).
Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.
It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.
Meningococcal vaccines are vaccines that protect against Neisseria meningitidis, a type of bacteria that can cause serious infections such as meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord) and septicemia (bloodstream infection). There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, including conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. These vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against the different serogroups of N. meningitidis, including A, B, C, Y, and W-135. The specific type of vaccine used and the number of doses required may depend on a person's age, health status, and other factors. Meningococcal vaccines are recommended for certain high-risk populations, such as infants, young children, adolescents, and people with certain medical conditions, as well as for travelers to areas where meningococcal disease is common.
BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.
BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.
One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.
BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.
In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.
ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.
"Hepatitis B vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. They work by introducing a small and harmless piece of the virus to your body, which triggers your immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. These antibodies remain in your body and provide protection if you are exposed to the real hepatitis B virus in the future.
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as a series of three shots over a six-month period. It is recommended for all infants, children and adolescents who have not previously been vaccinated, as well as for adults who are at increased risk of infection, such as healthcare workers, people who inject drugs, and those with certain medical conditions.
It's important to note that hepatitis B vaccine does not provide protection against other types of viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis A or C."
A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.
The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.
Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.
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Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- Anthrax Vaccine: What You Need to Know - English ...
Anthrax vaccine - Wikipedia
BioThrax Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed - BioPort - Sample for Display | Smithsonian Institution
Anthrax Vaccine The Killer | Veterans for Common Sense
anthrax vaccine
What COVID Vaccine Policymakers Can Learn From Botched Military Anthrax Vaccine Program - David Icke
Idaho Observer: Pentagon to continue with anthrax vaccine program regardless
Anthrax Vaccine - Animal Health Express
Adventures in Autism: HHS Declares Emergency, Limits Anthrax Vaccine Legal Liability
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: 2012
WLF Calls on OCBQ to Withdraw Warning Letter on Anthrax Vaccine | Washington Legal Foundation
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: July 2015
Veterinarians urge cattle producers to add anthrax vaccine this spring
Cyfendus (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a non-living anthrax vaccine versus a live spore vaccine with simultaneous penicillin...
Anthrax Spore Vaccine
March 2007 - No Anthrax Vaccine
Anthrax Capsule Vaccine Shows Promise
Anthrax vaccine | Johns Hopkins HIV Guide
Use of anthrax vaccine in response to terrorism : supplemental recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization...
Anthrax Vaccine (Absorbed) - BioThrax | Davis's Drug Guide
Anthrax: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis
Anthrax: FMARD Donates 50,000 Free Vaccines To LASG | Science Nigeria
List of Drugs that may cause 'Migraine'
Upper East takes delivery of anthrax vaccines from Zipline - Ashantibiz
Anthrax: MedlinePlus
Anthrax: FG Donates Free 50,000 Doses Of Vaccines To Lagos - | Newsbreak Nigeria
Bacillus9
- Anthrax vaccines are vaccines to prevent the livestock and human disease anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. (wikipedia.org)
- Bacillus anthracis , the bacterium that causes anthrax, produces three main components that allow it to cause disease-lethal toxin, edema toxin, and capsule. (globalbiodefense.com)
- Anthrax is caused by a type of bacteria called Bacillus anthracis . (webmd.com)
- Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a germ that lives in soil. (medlineplus.gov)
- Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. (wyo.gov)
- Anthrax is a serious infectious illness caused by the microbe Bacillus anthracis . (healthline.com)
- Experts believe that today, the most likely organism to be used in a bioterrorism attack would be Bacillus anthracis , the bacteria that causes anthrax. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- For persons not at risk for repeated exposures to aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores through their occupation, preexposure vaccination with anthrax vaccine is not recommended. (medscape.com)
- Anthrax is caused by the gram-positive Bacillus anthracis , which are toxin-producing, encapsulated, facultative anaerobic organisms. (msdmanuals.com)
Bacteria13
- From inhaling spores of the bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
- Thirty days after the first injection, both groups were injected with a culture of live anthrax bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Anthrax is caused by bacteria that take an environmentally resistant, or spore, form in the soil. (beefmagazine.com)
- Anthrax vaccine (AVA, BioThrax), killed vaccine made from the cell-free filtrate of the nonencapsulated, attenuated strain of B. anthracis culture that contains no live bacteria (note: a live attenuated vaccine was manufactured in the former USSR, but no longer available). (hopkinsguides.com)
- Anthrax is an infectious disease that's caused by bacteria. (webmd.com)
- You can get anthrax if spores get into your body, break open and release the bacteria, which make toxins (poison) that harm you. (webmd.com)
- And a stool test can look for signs of anthrax bacteria in order to diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax. (webmd.com)
- You'll get a blood test to check for antibodies to anthrax or toxin made by the anthrax bacteria in your blood . (webmd.com)
- If they think you may have breathed in the spores that yield anthrax bacteria, you may get a chest X-ray or CT scan . (webmd.com)
- Anthrax is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by bacteria that can affect domestic and wild animals, including humans in close contact with infected animals. (sciencenigeria.com)
- He said that anthrax was an infectious zoonosis disease, caused by bacteria affects both domestic and wild animals and could also affect human especially, those working closely with infected animals. (newsbreak.ng)
- Inhalation - Some anthrax infections occur when people breathe in the spores of the bacteria. (wyo.gov)
- Once anthrax spores get inside your body and activate, the bacteria multiply, spread, and produce toxins. (healthline.com)
20019
- 2001 postal anthrax attack and a HEPA/vaccine plan, HEPA filters are 99.97% effective for 0.3-µm particles (3), which relies on HEPA vacuuming, HEPA air cleaners, and vaccination of reoccupants. (cdc.gov)
- Using a hypothetical release in lower Manhattan, we compare the HEPA/vaccine and I chlorine dioxide fumigation remedial options, in terms of n addition to killing 5 of its 11 victims, the 2001 anthrax anthrax cases among reoccupants, cost, and recovery time. (cdc.gov)
- Dear FBI Director Robert Mueller, I don't know whether you have seen Sunday's Washington Post(Dec. 16, 2001) article by authors Rick Weiss and Susan Schmidt entitled "Capitol Hill Anthrax Matches Army's Stocks: 5 Labs Can Trace Spores to Ft. Detrick," in which a short list of your chief suspects is. (tetrahedron.org)
- The Department of Homeland Security, created shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, has been authorized by Congress to purchase and stockpile billions of dollars of experimental vaccines that are not approved by the FDA, to use on American citizens during a time of a "national emergency" as defined by the U.S. Government. (healthimpactnews.com)
- Following the terrorist attacks of 2001, both the Administration and Congress determined that the federal government needed new medical countermeasures (such as diagnostic tests, drugs, vaccines, and other treatments) to respond to an attack using chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) agents. (healthimpactnews.com)
- Anthrax became widely known in 2001 when it was used as a biological weapon . (healthline.com)
- There hasn't been an anthrax attack in the United States since 2001. (healthline.com)
- Despite the 2001 attack, anthrax is uncommon in the United States. (healthline.com)
- in anthrax bioattacks of 2001, spores were spread in envelopes delivered via the United States Postal Service. (msdmanuals.com)
BioThrax4
- NuThrax combines the company's older anthrax shot, BioThrax, with the immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotide compound CPG 7909, and it requires two doses rather than the BioThrax's three to confer immunity. (fiercepharma.com)
- The new vaccine also yields a rapid immune response, making it desirable for use during an anthrax event, whereas BioThrax was developed as a preventative. (fiercepharma.com)
- Emergent has said the new option will help the company phase out SNS stores of BioThrax (anthrax vaccine absorbed), developed by parent company Emergent BioDefense Corporation, in favor of its vaccine with adjuvant. (fiercepharma.com)
- Back in 2011, the company signed a deal worth up to $1.3 billion to supply five years' worth of its current FDA-approved anthrax vaccine, BioThrax, to the national stockpile. (fiercepharma.com)
Inhalation anthrax5
- Inhalation anthrax can cause shortness of Drug (IND) program and requires informed consent breath, cough, chest discomfort, confusion, nausea from a parent or legal guardian. (cdc.gov)
- You might get an X-ray of your chest or CT scan if your doctor thinks you might have inhalation anthrax. (webmd.com)
- The legality of using AVA against inhalation anthrax was thrown into question after Sullivan ruled FDA had not gone through all the necessary licensing steps. (nvic.org)
- Pulmonary infection (inhalation anthrax), caused by inhaling spores, is almost always due to occupational exposure to contaminated animal products (eg, hides) and is often fatal. (msdmanuals.com)
- Gastrointestinal anthrax and inhalation anthrax are not transmitted from person to person. (msdmanuals.com)
Spore3
- Currently administered human anthrax vaccines include acellular (USA, UK) and live spore (Russia) varieties. (wikipedia.org)
- The HEPA/vaccine approach which are 5-10 times smaller than a typical anthrax spore. (cdc.gov)
- Anthrax Vaccine contains anthrax spore vaccine nonencapsulated live culture. (animalhealthexpress.com)
Inhalational anthrax6
- Penicillin is the preferred agent to treat inhalational anthrax and anthrax meningitis. (medscape.com)
- Use meningeal doses for inhalational anthrax because meningitis is often also present. (medscape.com)
- Use doxycycline or any quinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent inhalational anthrax. (medscape.com)
- PEP to prevent inhalational anthrax should be continued for 60 days. (medscape.com)
- This agent was approved by the FDA in December 2012 for treatment of inhalational anthrax or for prevention when alternative therapies are not available or appropriate. (medscape.com)
- Human anthrax immune globulin (Anthrasil) is indicated for treatment of inhalational anthrax in adults and children in combination with antibiotic therapy. (medscape.com)
Department of Defe3
- It's time to re-evaluate how the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) make recommendations related to the approval, mandating and monitoring of vaccines. (davidicke.com)
- Past problems with the Department of Defense anthrax vaccine currently impact Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Health and Human Services policy. (hsaj.org)
- In the last days of the Clinton Presidency, thanks to media exposure and a near-rebellion in the ranks, the Department of Defense all but suspended its draconian forced Anthrax-shot program, which had destroyed the lives and careers of thousands of men and women in the military. (tetrahedron.org)
Antibiotics7
- As Sterne's vaccine is a live vaccine, vaccination during use of antibiotics produces much reduced results and should be avoided. (wikipedia.org)
- The emergency declarations cover a host of antibiotics to fight anthrax infection, anthrax and smallpox vaccines, and a drug to stimulate white blood cell production in people harmed by radiation. (blogspot.com)
- Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. (medlineplus.gov)
- Antibiotics are used to treat anthrax. (wyo.gov)
- Of ten confirmed anthrax cases in the United States by Monday, four have been of the severe, inhaled form against which antibiotics often fail. (innovations-report.com)
- Preventive treatment consists of antibiotics and the anthrax vaccine. (healthline.com)
- If you've been exposed to anthrax and have symptoms, your doctor will treat you with antibiotics for 60 to 100 days . (healthline.com)
Smallpox3
- The difference between smallpox vaccination and anthrax or chicken cholera vaccination was that the weakened form of the latter two disease organisms had been "generated artificially", so a naturally weak form of the disease organism did not need to be found. (wikipedia.org)
- Folliculitis has also been reported following smallpox or anthrax vaccine. (medscape.com)
- It appropriated $5.6 billion to the Department of Homeland Security "for the purchase of next generation countermeasures against anthrax and smallpox as well as other CBRN agents. (healthimpactnews.com)
Causes anthrax1
- What Causes Anthrax? (webmd.com)
Gastrointestinal anthrax2
- The U.S. gov- cutaneous and gastrointestinal anthrax, which are less apt ernment spent several hundred million dollars recovering to be fatal. (cdc.gov)
- The symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax usually develop within a week of exposure. (healthline.com)
Toxins4
- We believe the admission that squalene was found to be present in the anthrax vaccine is a red herring to cover an entire menu of much more serious toxins contained in the vaccine and which have contributed to hundreds of thousands of military personnel contracting what we now call Gulf War Illness, said vaccine researcher Dr. Len Horowitz. (proliberty.com)
- Current human vaccines for anthrax are based on the protective antigen component of the anthrax toxins. (globalbiodefense.com)
- If your doctor thinks you have anthrax, you'll get a test to check to see if you have anthrax antibodies or toxins in your blood . (webmd.com)
- Ultimately, we need a whole new arsenal to fight anthrax, says Collier - a new antibiotic, a safe, efficient vaccine, and drugs against toxins. (innovations-report.com)
Doses of anthrax vaccine2
- These people should get 3 doses of anthrax vaccine, followed by booster doses for ongoing protection. (cdc.gov)
- On September 25, 2000, it was announced that a man employed at Bioport, the sole-source contractor that manufactures the millions of doses of anthrax vaccine, died from the disease. (proliberty.com)
Infection8
- During anthrax infection, the bacterium invades and grows to high concentrations in the host. (globalbiodefense.com)
- The capsule surrounds the bacterium and prevents it from being ingested and destroyed by the white blood cells, thus allowing anthrax infection to progress. (globalbiodefense.com)
- Currently, live attenuated vaccines are extensively used to prevent Brucella infection. (morulaivf.com)
- A diagnosis of Anthrax is based on a combination of clinical signs and symptoms and specialized confirmatory laboratory tests depending on the type of infection (cutaneous, inhalation, etc. (wyo.gov)
- Anthrax spores, the persistent, dormant form of the bacterium, can cause infection through the skin and intestine, but inhalation is the most dangerous - around 90% of cases result in death. (innovations-report.com)
- Turning anthrax into an effective bioweapon is technically difficult - spores must be milled down into a very fine powder (less than 5 micrometres in diameter) for them to reach the depths of the lungs in sufficient quantities to cause infection. (innovations-report.com)
- Patients with septic and hemorrhagic shock, which is the final common pathway for end-stage anthrax infection, should be admitted to the intensive care unit for hemodynamic monitoring and management. (medscape.com)
- Cutaneous anthrax is typically not contagious, but in very rare instances skin infection may be transmitted from person to person by direct contact or fomites. (msdmanuals.com)
Efficacy2
- This film, "THE GREATER GOOD," may be the appropriate medium through which physicians can begin to open up the next phase of dialogue about their growing concerns of vaccine safety & efficacy. (greatergoodmovie.org)
- In addition, it could be combined with protective antigen to create a multi-component vaccine that may enhance the efficacy of protective antigen- based vaccines. (globalbiodefense.com)
Vaccination program8
- The report also did not specify whether or not the squalene-containing vaccine has been used to inoculate troops since the Pentagon began its mandatory anthrax vaccination program in 1998. (proliberty.com)
- Congress became publicly concerned over several aspects of the mandatory anthrax vaccination program last fall. (proliberty.com)
- Congress was also presented with compelling evidence that the mandatory anthrax vaccination program is tantamount to medical experimentation using service personnel as guinea pigs. (proliberty.com)
- Yet the (mandatory) anthrax vaccination program continues until it can be proven that the vaccine is dangerous or ineffective. (proliberty.com)
- South Dakota State University Extension and South Dakota Animal Industry Board veterinarians are encouraging South Dakota cattle producers to include the anthrax vaccine in their vaccination program when they turn out cattle to summer pastures this spring. (beefmagazine.com)
- On Oct. 27, 2004, Sullivan placed an injunction on the department's mandatory vaccination program, blocking service personnel from having to take shots of Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed, a controversial vaccine that critics said is unsafe. (nvic.org)
- Accordingly, the involuntary anthrax vaccination program, as applied to all persons, is rendered illegal, absent informed consent or a Presidential waiver,' Sullivan said in his injunction. (nvic.org)
- On the face of it, the EUA allows them to proceed with the anthrax vaccination program they began in 1997. (nvic.org)
Strain5
- The Austrian-South African immunologist Max Sterne (1905-1997) developed an attenuated live animal vaccine in 1935 that is still employed and derivatives of his strain account for almost all veterinary anthrax vaccines used in the world today. (wikipedia.org)
- With little help from colleagues, Sterne performed small-scale experiments which isolated the "Sterne strain" (34F2) of anthrax which became, and remains today, the basis of most of the improved livestock anthrax vaccines throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
- The CDC also noted that H3N2 strains of influenza were becoming more active in the Southeast portions of the U.S. This H3N2 activity delayed strain identification of next season's influenza vaccine and may impact future influenza vaccine supply. (nvic.org)
- Furthermore, challenging the vaccinated guinea pigs with the homologous vaccine strain of FMDV Asia1 conferred complete protection. (morulaivf.com)
- On May 7, 2002, the New York Times contradicted dozens of earlier reports and expert testimonies that the strain of the mailed anthrax had been hyperweaponized. (tetrahedron.org)
Component of the anthrax1
- Though the Pentagon has repeatedly asserted that squalene is not a component of the anthrax vaccine, the entire squalene controversy may just be a diversion from the real toxic components of the vaccine. (proliberty.com)
Cattle14
- They have had a prominent place in the history of medicine, from Pasteur's pioneering 19th-century work with cattle (the first effective bacterial vaccine and the second effective vaccine ever) to the controversial late 20th century use of a modern product to protect American troops against the use of anthrax in biological warfare. (wikipedia.org)
- In the 1870s, the French chemist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) applied his previous method of immunising chickens against chicken cholera to anthrax, which affected cattle, and thereby aroused widespread interest in combating other diseases with the same approach. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the environmental factors that may aid in making the anthrax spores available to cattle is drought. (beefmagazine.com)
- Anthrax is a disease of cattle and other ruminants that results in sudden death in affected animals. (beefmagazine.com)
- While the anthrax risk is well-documented in many parts of South Dakota, and anthrax vaccination of cattle is routine in those areas, it is not always possible to predict where cases may occur,' says Russ Daly, professor, SDSU Extension veterinarian and state public health veterinarian. (beefmagazine.com)
- Cattle going onto pastures that may become heavily grazed, have experienced flooding, or in areas where anthrax has been documented in the past, should especially be candidates for vaccine. (beefmagazine.com)
- Other environmental factors that may increase cattle exposure to anthrax spores are pasture flooding, which washes up spores from lower soil levels, and recent excavation in cattle grazing areas. (beefmagazine.com)
- Anthrax vaccine for cattle is widely available, inexpensive and very effective. (beefmagazine.com)
- For use in healthy cattle, sheep, goats, swine and horses as an aid in the prevention of anthrax. (animalhealthusa.com)
- Chairman of Miyetti Allah Cattle Association, Alhaji Abdullahi Lalega affirmed the commitment of cattle merchants and butchers to the fight against Anthrax disease. (sciencenigeria.com)
- He acknowledged the high level of awareness among local authorities, butchers, cattle merchants, and the public about the Anthrax outbreak. (sciencenigeria.com)
- The Upper East Regional Public Health Emergency Management Committee (PHEMC) has taken delivery of 100,000 anthrax vaccines from Zipline Ghana Limited to vaccinate cattle and ruminants across the Region. (ashantibiz.com)
- The vaccines, expected to boost the ongoing vaccination exercise across the Region, would check the spread of the anthrax virus recently recorded in some Districts of the Region, which led to a ban on the slaughtering and movement of cattle and ruminants. (ashantibiz.com)
- Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or to tissue from infected animals or when anthrax spores are used as a bioterrorist weapon. (wyo.gov)
Bacterial4
- Bacterial capsules are commonly used in licensed vaccines for other diseases, including certain types of pneumonia and meningitis. (globalbiodefense.com)
- The bacterial ghost (BG) is a new form of vaccine with great prospects. (morulaivf.com)
- However, bacterial cells cannot be completely inactivated by biological lysis https://www.joplink.net/guinea-pig-antibodies/ , conferring a safety risk associated with the vaccine. (morulaivf.com)
- On December 17th, Health Protection Scotland contacted the Bacterial Zoonosis Branch (BZB) to discuss 3 cases of anthrax in heroin users. (cdc.gov)
MRNA1
- Inactivated or mRNA vaccines are not recommended within 2 weeks before teplizumab treatment, during treatment, or 6 weeks after completion of treatment. (medscape.com)
Cutaneous anthrax4
- People with cutaneous anthrax may experience a group of small blisters or bumps that may itch, a painless sore (ulcer) with a black center that appears after the small blisters or bumps, swelling around the sore. (wyo.gov)
- Cutaneous anthrax is anthrax contracted through contact with the skin. (healthline.com)
- Treat patients with cutaneous anthrax as outpatients, using oral doxycycline. (medscape.com)
- The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) published 2014 guidelines for the treatment of both naturally acquired and bioterrorism-related cases of cutaneous anthrax (see Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America). (medscape.com)
Effects of anthrax2
- teplizumab decreases effects of anthrax vaccine adsorbed, adjuvanted by Other (see comment). (medscape.com)
- Antimicrobial therapy renders lesions culture-negative within hours, but the lethal effects of anthrax are related to the effects of the organism's toxin. (medscape.com)
Infectious Diseases2
- This discovery revolutionized work in infectious diseases and Pasteur gave these artificially weakened diseases the generic name "vaccines", in honor of Jenner's groundbreaking discovery. (wikipedia.org)
- A new study from researchers at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) shows that anthrax capsule-a naturally occurring component of the bacterium that causes the disease-is a highly effective vaccine component that should be considered for incorporation in future generation anthrax vaccines. (globalbiodefense.com)
Spread of the anthrax1
- He said that this was to mitigate the spread of the anthrax disease to animals and human as well as to ensure the safety of the livestock sub-sector. (newsbreak.ng)
Bioterrorism5
- Health and Human Services Secretary Michael Leavitt established legal immunity for public and private officials who oversee the production or distribution of the anthrax vaccine by declaring a "public health emergency" due to the risk of a bioterrorism attack. (blogspot.com)
- Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax in a lab or those exposed to it because of bioterrorism. (webmd.com)
- The Obama administration is wrestling with the thorny question of whether scientists should inject healthy children with the anthrax vaccine to see whether the shots would safely protect them against a bioterrorism attack. (robertmijas.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classifies agents with recognized bioterrorism potential into three priority areas (A, B and C). Anthrax is classified as a Category A agent. (wyo.gov)
- As fears over bioterrorism attacks spiral, researchers are making progress towards better anthrax drugs - but these are unlikely to reach the drugstore soon. (innovations-report.com)
Recombinant2
- New third-generation vaccines being researched include recombinant live vaccines and recombinant sub-unit vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
- In this paper, we demonstrate that a Syrian hamster biological model can be applied to the study of recombinant anthrax vaccines. (morulaivf.com)
Cyfendus1
- As reported by Fierce Pharma, Emergent BioSolutions has secured a full approval from the FDA for use of anthrax vaccine Cyfendus after supplying the shot for years. (naturalnews.com)
Symptoms of Anthrax2
- What Are the Symptoms of Anthrax? (webmd.com)
- The symptoms of anthrax exposure depend on the mode of contact. (healthline.com)
Experimental Vaccines3
- Project "Bioshield" allows the U.S. Government to stockpile billions of dollars worth of experimental vaccines that have never been approved by the FDA to be used on American Citizens when the government declares a state of emergency. (healthimpactnews.com)
- The Congressional Report prepared by the Congressional Research Service reveals some very troubling facts about Project Bioshield that the general public may not be aware of in regards to taxpayer funded vaccine development and purchases, and the use of such experimental vaccines. (healthimpactnews.com)
- Using the authority of the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Government can now create a lucrative vaccine market for unapproved experimental vaccines using taxpayer funds, with no conditions of market demand, no competition to keep prices lower, no safety requirements, and no legal risks for faulty products. (healthimpactnews.com)
Treatment for Anthrax3
- What's the Treatment for Anthrax? (webmd.com)
- What is the treatment for anthrax? (wyo.gov)
- Treatment for anthrax depends if you've developed symptoms or not. (healthline.com)
Vaccinations2
- Congress was presented with evidence that conflicts of interest between Bioport and the high ranking military brass existed and there was no evidence to indicate that the expensive series of six vaccinations would protect soldiers from air borne anthrax exposure. (proliberty.com)
- This new study contradicts previous studies funded by the CDC that evaluated miscarriages among pregnant women given influenza vaccinations during the 2010-11 and 2011-12 flu seasons, which found an increased risk of miscarriage within 28 days of vaccine administration and a significant association with miscarriage in women who had received a flu shot in the previous flu season. (nvic.org)
Emergency preparedness2
- Prior to this, Emergent has provided the Department of Health and Human Services with its AV7909 anthrax vaccine for emergency preparedness since 2019. (naturalnews.com)
- See also the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emergency Preparedness regarding anthrax. (msdmanuals.com)
Rabies1
- In 1885, Pasteur produced his celebrated first vaccine for rabies by growing the virus in rabbits and then weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Pasteur's4
- Pasteur's oxygen method did eventually produce a vaccine but only after he had been awarded a patent on the production of an anthrax vaccine. (wikipedia.org)
- After having thoroughly read Pasteur's lab notes, the science historian Gerald L. Geison declared Pasteur had given a misleading account of the preparation of the anthrax vaccine used in the experiment at Pouilly-le-Fort. (wikipedia.org)
- A persistent problem with Pasteur's vaccine was achieving the correct balance between virulence and immunogenicity during preparation. (wikipedia.org)
- Perutz focuses on outcomes when he reviews Geison's analysis of Pasteur's famous anthrax vaccine trials. (nybooks.com)
Toxin1
- John Young, of the University of Wisconsin in Madison, and his colleagues have pinpointed the protein, on the surface of human cells, which the anthrax toxin latches onto 1 . (innovations-report.com)
Stockpile3
- This week, CDC's Division of Strategic National Stockpile is practicing how it would respond to the release of anthrax in multiple locations across the nation. (cdc.gov)
- Pentagon Shifts Anthrax Vaccine to Civilian Uses By JAMES DAO with JUDITH MILLER NEW YORK TIMES WASHINGTON, June 28 - The Bush administration announced a new anthrax vaccination policy today, including plans to continue vaccinating some military personnel and to stockpile for civilian use a large part of all the anthrax vaccine being produced for the Pentagon. (tetrahedron.org)
- The federal government maintains the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), a supply of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical supplies, and medical equipment to respond to terrorist attacks and other emergencies. (healthimpactnews.com)
Bioterrorist3
- On one hand, understanding appropriate usage and dosage of such a vaccine in children is critical for an effective response in the face of a bioterrorist threat. (the-scientist.com)
- Anthrax is now a bioterrorist agent that has targeted postal workers, television personnel, and government officials in the form of powder in mail envelopes. (wyo.gov)
- For bioterrorist anthrax, use any quinolone or doxycycline for 1-2 weeks. (medscape.com)
Diseases3
- With anthrax, and many other diseases, treatments and preventive measures are available, and prompt action can help prevent excessive losses. (beefmagazine.com)
- Nasal mucosal immunity is not stimulated by the vast majority of vaccines but is likely to play an important role in the body's defense against respiratory diseases. (biohealthcapital.com)
- Vaccines are important to helping people stay healthy and protected from serious and sometimes deadly diseases. (cdc.gov)
Risk for anthrax1
- Who's at risk for anthrax? (healthline.com)
50,0002
- The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) has made a significant contribution to the fight against Anthrax disease by donating 50,000 free doses of Anthrax vaccines to the Lagos State Government (LASG). (sciencenigeria.com)
- The Federal Government has donated free 50,000 doses of Anthrax vaccines to the Lagos State Government to curtail the spread of anthrax disease. (newsbreak.ng)
Influenza8
- CDC interim estimates on the overall effectiveness of this season's influenza vaccine is approximately 44 percent for all age groups. (nvic.org)
- 2 This means that, for the estimated 20 percent 3 of Americans likely to become infected by type A or B influenza, the vaccine is only 44 percent effective. (nvic.org)
- The CDC reported that the 2018-2019 influenza vaccine appears to have a higher protective rate of 61 percent for children aged 6 months to 17 years of age. (nvic.org)
- Seqirus, the maker of Afluria Quadrivalent (QIV) influenza vaccine, presented Phase 3 trial data on Afluria for children six months to 59 months old. (nvic.org)
- In an attempt to reassure pregnant women that it is safe for a flu shot to be given during every pregnancy in any trimester, a new study was presented to ACIP that found influenza vaccine did not cause miscarriages in the women evaluated in the study. (nvic.org)
- These new findings are likely to result in increased pressure being placed on pregnant women by doctors to receive a flu shot during any trimester of every pregnancy, despite data from the federal vaccine injury compensation program (VICP) showing that vaccine injuries from influenza vaccines are now the leading compensated claim. (nvic.org)
- Additionally, a 2018 Cochrane review of influenza vaccination in healthy adults found that the flu vaccine may have only a modest impact on reducing the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness. (nvic.org)
- We were uncertain of the protection provided to pregnant women against ILI and influenza by the inactivated influenza vaccine, or this was at least very limited. (nvic.org)
Advisory Committee1
- Use of anthrax vaccine in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. (cdc.gov)
Disease14
- People can get anthrax disease from contact with Administration (FDA) and recommended for infected animals or contaminated animal products adults 18 through 65 years of age who are at risk of such as wool, meat, or hides. (cdc.gov)
- Has a history of anthrax disease . (cdc.gov)
- All the animals receiving the capsule vaccine survived while all non-vaccinated animals succumbed to the disease. (globalbiodefense.com)
- This proactive step aims to curb the spread of Anthrax, a disease that affects both animals and humans, and ensure the safety of the livestock sub-sector. (sciencenigeria.com)
- He emphasised that the vaccines would expedite the vaccination of animals against Anthrax disease, guaranteeing healthy meat for consumers and safeguarding the livestock industry. (sciencenigeria.com)
- The permanent secretary of Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture, Mrs. Ibironke Emokpae expressed gratitude to FMARD for its support in containing the spread of Anthrax disease in the state. (sciencenigeria.com)
- This crucial step by FMARD, in collaboration with FAO and LASG, underscored the commitment to safeguarding public health, securing the livestock industry, and raising awareness about Anthrax disease prevention and control. (sciencenigeria.com)
- Ikemefuna said that the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry, Dr Ernest Umakhihe, who spoke at the event, said that the donation of the vaccines would fast track vaccination of animals against anthrax disease. (newsbreak.ng)
- The development of a negative marker vaccine against the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) will enhance the capabilities to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals and move forward in the progressive control pathway for the control of FMD. (morulaivf.com)
- Altimmune is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing treatments for liver disease, immune modulating therapies and intranasal vaccines. (biohealthcapital.com)
- Over the years, vaccines have prevented countless cases of disease and saved millions of lives. (cdc.gov)
- As we have previously reported , the CDC (U.S. Government Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) is the largest purchaser of vaccines in the U.S., spending over $4 billion annually to purchase vaccines that are approved by the FDA. (healthimpactnews.com)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that anthrax is one of the most likely agents to be used in a biological attack. (healthline.com)
- Anthrax, an often fatal disease of animals, is transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products. (msdmanuals.com)
Pertussis1
- Pertussis vaccines. (whatdotheyknow.com)
Adverse6
- All currently used anthrax vaccines show considerable local and general reactogenicity (erythema, induration, soreness, fever) and serious adverse reactions occur in about 1% of recipients. (wikipedia.org)
- The 55-page report detailed a litany of adverse reactions to the anthrax vaccine, and the subsequent mass exodus of military pilots and other highly valuable military personnel who refused the mandated vaccine. (davidicke.com)
- According to our survey results, the reported rate and severity of adverse events experienced by personnel who had received the anthrax shots were considerably higher than those published in the vaccine manufacturer's product insert in use at the time of the survey or reported by DOD. (davidicke.com)
- This guidance for industry has been developed to clarify what information should be obtained before an individual case of an adverse experience after immunization should be submitted to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). (cdc.gov)
- Licensed manufacturers2 of approved vaccines are required to report adverse experiences to the FDA under 21 CFR 600.80. (cdc.gov)
- This guidance represents the Agency's current thinking on reporting of certain postmarketing adverse experiences for licensed vaccines. (cdc.gov)
AV79091
- In the development field, the company has completed enrollment for a phase 3 trial of NuThrax, also called AV7909, ahead of schedule, Abbey Jenkins, SVP and vaccines business unit head at Emergent, said. (fiercepharma.com)
Rubella1
- Duck, dog, and rabbit viruses in the rubella vaccine. (vaccineliberationarmy.com)
Measles1
- In the Rimavex measles vaccine, we found various chicken viruses. (vaccineliberationarmy.com)
Current vaccine2
- The current vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was formulated in the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
- There are severe consequences due to our current vaccine policy and schedule, many of which are simply dismissed as coincidence or diagnosed improperly. (greatergoodmovie.org)
Injection anthrax2
- Injection anthrax can result in swelling at the injection site, nausea and vomiting, and sweats. (cdc.gov)
- People with injection anthrax may experience fever and chills, a group of small blisters or bumps that may itch at the injection site, a painless sore with a black center that appears after the blisters or bumps, swelling around the sore, and abscesses deep under the skin or in the muscle at the site of injection. (wyo.gov)
Meat2
- The permanent secretary said that humans could also get infected when they eat contaminated meat, or come in contact with the skin through wounds or cuts while handling a sick or dead anthrax infected animal. (newsbreak.ng)
- Gastrointestinal - Some people may contract anthrax through infected meat. (wyo.gov)
Dose6
- If you see signs of a Has had an allergic reaction after a previous severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face dose of anthrax vaccine , or has any severe, life- and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, threatening allergies . (cdc.gov)
- In their current work, the team describes testing a higher dose of the capsule vaccine in monkeys against a lethal aerosol challenge with anthrax spores. (globalbiodefense.com)
- GAITHERSBURG, Md., June 30, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) - Altimmune, Inc . (Nasdaq: ALT), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company, today announced dosing of the first patient in the Company's Phase 1b clinical trial of NasoShield, a single dose intranasal anthrax vaccine candidate. (biohealthcapital.com)
- NasoShield is the only single dose anthrax vaccine in development that is supported by BARDA, and has the potential to provide a significant improvement over the available two- and three-dose injectable anthrax vaccine regimens", said Vipin K. Garg, Ph.D., President and CEO of Altimmune. (biohealthcapital.com)
- Because NasoShield is intended to protect against anthrax after a single intranasal dose, it has the potential to be a convenient and simple alternative to the only approved vaccine, which must be given as a series of three injections over 1 month. (biohealthcapital.com)
- Also, detection of HPV types covered by the quadrivalent vaccine was significantly lower in those who had received one vaccine dose at study enrollment compared with those who were unvaccinated. (umn.edu)
20023
- In 2002, the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a report to Congress on the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP), a mandatory program created by the military in the late 1990s. (davidicke.com)
- Barbara Hatch Rosenberg, Federation of American Scientists 5 February 2002 For more than three months now the FBI has known that the perpetrator of the anthrax attacks is American. (tetrahedron.org)
- More Anthrax Shenanigans: Don�t Believe Everything You Read An Opinion/Editorial by Dr. Len Horowitz May 10, 2002 Anthrax is in the news again. (tetrahedron.org)
Intranasal1
- We are excited to begin enrollment in this important clinical trial as this is an opportunity to further validate our vaccine platform and its broadly-applicable intranasal approach, and we look forward to reviewing the results later this year. (biohealthcapital.com)
Ingestion1
- Ingestion anthrax can cause fever and chil s. (cdc.gov)
Immune2
- As with Altimmune's other vaccine programs, stimulation of a mucosal IgA immune response in the nasal cavity will also be assessed as a potential additional benefit to serum antibody responses. (biohealthcapital.com)
- They requested assistance with the epidemiologic investigation and patient treatment options, such as adjunctive therapy with anthrax immune globulin. (cdc.gov)
Adjuvant1
- Emergent's anthrax vaccine absorbed with adjuvant first scored a procurement contract from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) back in late 2016. (fiercepharma.com)
19981
- For example, an estimated 84 percent of the personnel who had had anthrax vaccine shots between September 1998 and September 2000 reported having side effects or reactions. (davidicke.com)
Antibodies1
- The levels of antibodies , interferon-γ, interleukin-4, and CD4 + T cells in guinea pigs inoculated with the A19BG vaccine were similar to those inoculated with the existing A19 vaccine. (morulaivf.com)
Pentagon2
- Pentagon concealed 20,000 hospitalizations related to anthrax vaccine I have devoted my life to exposing the truth because I care about the troops. (noanthraxvaccine.net)
- WASHINGTON, DC, Mar. 30 (UPI) -- The fate of the Defense Department's anthrax vaccine program appears to hinge on whether Judge Emmet Sullivan will allow the Pentagon to avoid the notification rules that normally accompany an informed-consent requirement and the off-label use of a drug. (nvic.org)
Immunity1
- in reference to immunity to any injury that their vaccines may cause in the Gulf War 1991. (whatdotheyknow.com)
Biological weapon2
- Anthrax can be used as a biological weapon, but this is very rare. (healthline.com)
- However, the potential use of anthrax as a biological weapon has increased fear of this pathogen. (msdmanuals.com)