AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureHumanitiesInformation ScienceNamed GroupsHealth CareGeographicals
AnthraxAnthrax VaccinesBacillus anthracisBioterrorismBacterial ToxinsAntigens, BacterialSkin Diseases, BacterialBiological WarfareSpores, BacterialReceptors, PeptideAntitoxinsInhalation ExposurePostal ServiceAntibodies, BacterialAntibiotic ProphylaxisDistrict of ColumbiaBiological Warfare AgentsEncyclopedias as TopicIndianaSporesPacific StatesWeapons of Mass DestructionChemical WarfareNight TerrorsKing's EvilSocial MediaTwinsDiseases in TwinsExistentialismViscum albumUzbekistanKazakhstanAsia, CentralRussiaIslandsQuackeryContact TracingCriminalsMeatCriminal LawReduviidaeSiphoviridaeBacteriophagesDeveloping CountriesWoolMiddle East
Anthrax
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.
Anthrax Vaccines
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent ANTHRAX.
Bacillus anthracis
A species of bacteria that causes ANTHRAX in humans and animals.
Bioterrorism
The use of biological agents in TERRORISM. This includes the malevolent use of BACTERIA; VIRUSES; or other BIOLOGICAL TOXINS against people, ANIMALS; or PLANTS.
Bacterial Toxins
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Antigens, Bacterial
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.
Biological Warfare
Warfare involving the use of living organisms or their products as disease etiologic agents against people, animals, or plants.
Spores, Bacterial
Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
Receptors, Peptide
Cell surface receptors that bind peptide messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells.
Antitoxins
Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.
Inhalation Exposure
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents by inhaling them.
Postal Service
The functions and activities carried out by the U.S. Postal Service, foreign postal services, and private postal services such as Federal Express.
Antibodies, Bacterial
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications.
District of Columbia
A federal area located between Maryland and Virginia on the Potomac river; it is coextensive with Washington, D.C., which is the capital of the United States.
Biological Warfare Agents
Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.
Encyclopedias as Topic
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Indiana
Spores
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
Pacific States
The geographic designation for states bordering on or located in the Pacific Ocean. The states so designated are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. (U.S. Geologic Survey telephone communication)
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Weapons that are capable of a high order of destruction and/or of being used to destroy large numbers of people. It includes NUCLEAR WEAPONS, and biological, chemical, and radiation weapons.
Chemical Warfare
Tactical warfare using incendiary mixtures, smokes, or irritant, burning, or asphyxiating gases.
Night Terrors
A disorder characterized by incomplete arousals from sleep associated with behavior suggesting extreme fright. This condition primarily affects children and young adults and the individual generally has no recall of the event. Episodes tend to occur during stage III or IV. SOMNAMBULISM is frequently associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p391)
King's Evil
The historic designation for scrofula (TUBERCULOSIS, LYMPH NODE). The disease is so called from the belief that it could be healed by the touch of a king. This term is used only for historical articles using the name "king's evil", and is to be differentiated from scrofula as lymph node tuberculosis in modern clinical medicine. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Social Media
Platforms that provide the ability and tools to create and publish information accessed via the INTERNET. Generally these platforms have three characteristics with content user generated, high degree of interaction between creator and viewer, and easily integrated with other sites.
Twins
Two individuals derived from two FETUSES that were fertilized at or about the same time, developed in the UTERUS simultaneously, and born to the same mother. Twins are either monozygotic (TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC) or dizygotic (TWINS, DIZYGOTIC).
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
Existentialism
Philosophy based on the analysis of the individual's existence in the world which holds that human existence cannot be completely described in scientific terms. Existentialism also stresses the freedom and responsibility of the individual as well as the uniqueness of religious and ethical experiences and the analysis of subjective phenomena such as anxiety, guilt, and suffering. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Viscum album
A plant species of the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae. This is the traditional mistletoe of literature and Christmas. Members contain viscotoxin (5 kDa basic polypeptides related to thionins), beta-galactoside- and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-specific lectin II (60 kDa), and polysaccharides. Mistletoe lectin I is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Commercial extracts include Plenosol, Eurixor, Helixor Isorel, Iscador, and NSC 635089 (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC).
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Asia, Central
The geographical area of Asia comprising KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; TAJIKISTAN; TURKMENISTAN; and UZBEKISTAN. The desert region of Kara Kum (Qara Qum) is largely in Turkmenistan and the desert region of Kyzyl Kum (Kizil Kum or Qizil Qum), is in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p233, 590, 636)
Russia
Islands
Tracts of land completely surrounded by water.
Quackery
The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Contact Tracing
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
Criminals
Persons who have committed a crime or have been convicted of a crime.
Meat
The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
Criminal Law
A branch of law that defines criminal offenses, regulates the apprehension, charging and trial of suspected persons, and fixes the penalties and modes of treatment applicable to convicted offenders.
Reduviidae
A family of winged insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, called assassin bugs, because most prey on other insects. However one subfamily, TRIATOMINAE, attacks humans and other vertebrates and transmits Chagas disease.
Siphoviridae
A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.
Bacteriophages
Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.
Developing Countries
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
Wool
The hair of SHEEP or other animals that is used for weaving.
Middle East
The region of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

Bioterrorism alleging use of anthrax and interim guidelines for management--United States, 1998. (1/771)

From October 30 through December 23, 1998, CDC received reports of a series of bioterroristic threats of anthrax exposure. Letters alleged to contain anthrax were sent to health clinics on October 30, 1998, in Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During December 17-23 in California, a letter alleged to contain anthrax was sent to a private business, and three telephone threats of anthrax contamination of ventilation systems were made to private and public buildings. All threats were hoaxes and are under investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and local law enforcement officials. The public health implications of these threats were investigated to assist in developing national public health guidelines for responding to bioterrorism. This report summarizes the findings of these investigations and provides interim guidance for public health authorities on bioterrorism related to anthrax.  (+info)

A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA marker specific for the Bacillus cereus group is diagnostic for Bacillus anthracis. (2/771)

Aiming to develop a DNA marker specific for Bacillus anthracis and able to discriminate this species from Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides, we applied the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting technique to a collection of 101 strains of the genus Bacillus, including 61 strains of the B. cereus group. An 838-bp RAPD marker (SG-850) specific for B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, and B. mycoides was identified. This fragment included a putative (366-nucleotide) open reading frame highly homologous to the ypuA gene of Bacillus subtilis. The restriction analysis of the SG-850 fragment with AluI distinguished B. anthracis from the other species of the B. cereus group.  (+info)

The efforts of WHO and Pugwash to eliminate chemical and biological weapons--a memoir. (3/771)

The World Health Organization and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (Nobel Peace Prize 1995) have been involved in questions concerning chemical and biological arms since the early 1950s. This memoir reviews a number of milestones in the efforts of these organizations to achieve the elimination of these weapons through international treaties effectively monitored and enforced for adherence to their provisions. It also highlights a number of outstanding personalities who were involved in the efforts to establish and implement the two major treaties now in effect, the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 and the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993.  (+info)

Genetic diversity in the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis. (4/771)

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to eucaryotic cell surface receptors and mediates the transport of toxins into the cell. In this study, the entire 2,294-nucleotide protective antigen gene (pag) was sequenced from 26 of the most diverse B. anthracis strains to identify potential variation in the toxin and to further our understanding of B. anthracis evolution. Five point mutations, three synonymous and two missense, were identified. These differences correspond to six different haploid types, which translate into three different amino acid sequences. The two amino acid changes were shown to be located in an area near a highly antigenic region critical to lethal factor binding. Nested primers were used to amplify and sequence this same region of pag from necropsy samples taken from victims of the 1979 Sverdlovsk incident. This investigation uncovered five different alleles among the strains present in the tissues, including two not seen in the 26-sample survey. One of these two alleles included a novel missense mutation, again located just adjacent to the highly antigenic region. Phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of the pag corresponded with previous strain grouping based on chromosomal variation, suggesting that plasmid evolution in B. anthracis has occurred with little or no horizontal transfer between the different strains.  (+info)

Role of toxin functional domains in anthrax pathogenesis. (5/771)

We investigated the role of the functional domains of anthrax toxins during infection. Three proteins produced by Bacillus anthracis, the protective antigen (PA), the lethal factor (LF), and the edema factor (EF), combine in pairs to produce the lethal (PA+LF) and edema (PA+EF) toxins. A genetic strategy was developed to introduce by allelic exchange specific point mutations or in-frame deletions into B. anthracis toxin genes, thereby impairing either LF metalloprotease or EF adenylate cyclase activity or PA functional domains. In vivo effects of toxin mutations were analyzed in an experimental infection of mice. A tight correlation was observed between the properties of anthrax toxins delivered in vivo and their in vitro activities. The synergic effects of the lethal and edema toxins resulted purely from their enzymatic activities, suggesting that in vivo these toxins may act together. The PA-dependent antibody response to LF induced by immunization with live B. anthracis was used to follow the in vivo interaction of LF and PA. We found that the binding of LF to PA in vivo was necessary and sufficient for a strong antibody response against LF, whereas neither LF activity nor binding of lethal toxin complex to the cell surface was required. Mutant PA proteins were cleaved in mice sera. Thus, our data provide evidence that, during anthrax infection, PA may interact with LF before binding to the cell receptor. Immunoprotection studies indicated that the strain producing detoxified LF and EF, isogenic to the current live vaccine Sterne strain, is a safe candidate for use as a vaccine against anthrax.  (+info)

Surveillance for adverse events associated with anthrax vaccination--U.S. Department of Defense, 1998-2000. (6/771)

Concerns about the potential use of anthrax as a biologic weapon prompted the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) to announce on December 15, 1997, anthrax vaccination of all U.S. military personnel. This effort is coordinated by the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP). AVIP plans a phased vaccination process to achieve total force protection against anthrax by 2004. The current phase of implementation includes vaccination of all service members and mission-essential DoD civilian employees assigned or deployed to high-threat areas. On the basis of program monitoring, as of April 12, 2000, 425,976 service members had received 1,620,793 doses of anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA) (Bioport, Inc., Lansing, Michigan). Some service members have cited concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy in their decision to refuse vaccination, despite the possibility of administrative or disciplinary actions. To assess anthrax vaccination safety, DoD has conducted surveys of vaccinated personnel. This report describes three completed or ongoing surveys. The findings indicate that rates of local reactions were higher in women than men and that no patterns of unexpected local or systemic adverse events have been identified.  (+info)

Attenuated nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated recombinant Bacillus anthracis spore vaccines protect against anthrax. (7/771)

Several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated Bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rPA) were constructed. Biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and N terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rPA retains the characteristics of native PA. A single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant strains, MASC-10, expressing high levels of rPA (>/=100 microgram/ml) from a constitutive heterologous promoter induced high titers of neutralizing anti-PA antibodies. This immune response was long lasting (at least 12 months) and provided protection against a lethal challenge of virulent (Vollum) anthrax spores. The recombinant B. anthracis spore vaccine appears to be more efficacious than the vegetative cell vaccine. Furthermore, while results clearly suggest a direct correlation between the level of expression of PA and the potency of the vaccine, they also suggest that some B. anthracis spore-associated antigen(s) may contribute in a significant manner to protective immunity.  (+info)

Characterization of the operon encoding the alternative sigma(B) factor from Bacillus anthracis and its role in virulence. (8/771)

The operon encoding the general stress transcription factor sigma(B) and two proteins of its regulatory network, RsbV and RsbW, was cloned from the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis by PCR amplification of chromosomal DNA with degenerate primers, by inverse PCR, and by direct cloning. The gene cluster was very similar to the Bacillus subtilis sigB operon both in the primary sequences of the gene products and in the order of its three genes. However, the deduced products of sequences upstream and downstream from this operon showed no similarity to other proteins encoded by the B. subtilis sigB operon. Therefore, the B. anthracis sigB operon contains three genes rather than eight as in B. subtilis. The B. anthracis operon is preceded by a sigma(B)-like promoter sequence, the expression of which depends on an intact sigma(B) transcription factor in B. subtilis. It is followed by another open reading frame that is also preceded by a promoter sequence similarly dependent on B. subtilis sigma(B). We found that in B. anthracis, both these promoters were induced during the stationary phase and induction required an intact sigB gene. The sigB operon was induced by heat shock. Mutants from which sigB was deleted were constructed in a toxinogenic and a plasmidless strain. These mutants differed from the parental strains in terms of morphology. The toxinogenic sigB mutant strain was also less virulent than the parental strain in the mouse model. B. anthracis sigma(B) may therefore be a minor virulence factor.  (+info)

Diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in resource-poor settings in West Arsi Province, Ethiopia.Diagnosis of cutaneous anthrax in resource-poor settings in West Arsi Province, Ethiopia.
Cutaneous anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which typically presents with ulcers after contact with animals or animal products, and is rarely seen in high-income countries but is common in those with low- and middle-incomes. Objective. The aim of this study is to show the main clinical characteristics of cutaneous anthrax in endemic areas.
http://pubtransformer.com/Pubmed?pmid=29284252
Neutron-based sterilization of anthrax contamination. - Semantic ScholarNeutron-based sterilization of anthrax contamination. - Semantic Scholar
With the anthrax threat becoming a reality, it is very important to have an effective way to sterilize areas contaminated by anthrax. Anthrax spores are the dormant form of the anthrax bacteria. They can germinate in tissues, producing new bacteria that release lethal toxins. Neutrons can be a powerful tool in our defense against anthrax contamination. Neutrons are elementary particles that have no charge, which allows them to be very penetrating, killing the anthrax spores on the surface and inside the containers. So neutrons have an advantage over other forms of radiation if deep penetration is required to kill biological organisms. A Cf neutron source allows for a low cost method of decontamination. It emits most neutrons in the 100 keV to 2 MeV energy regions, and a neutron in this energy region is 20 times more deadly than electrons or gamma rays in killing anthrax spores. If we just consider the first neutron collision with anthrax spores and that all the anthrax spores will not survive at the
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Neutron-based-sterilization-of-anthrax-contaminati-Liu-Wang/8676aa356a9543b42b51e3c32a9faa31550c8482
Table - First Case of Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax, Florida, 2001: North Carolina Investigation - Volume 8, Number...Table - First Case of Bioterrorism-Related Inhalational Anthrax, Florida, 2001: North Carolina Investigation - Volume 8, Number...
The index case of inhalational anthrax in October 2001 was in a man who lived and worked in Florida. However, during the 3 days before illness onset, the patient had traveled through North Carolina, raising the possibility that exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores could have occurred there. The rapid response in North Carolina included surveillance among hospital intensive-care units, microbiology laboratories, medical examiners, and veterinarians, and site investigations at locations visited by the index patient to identify the naturally occurring or bioterrorism-related source of his exposure.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/10/02-0389-t1
FDA Approves Vaccine For Use After Known or Suspected Anthrax Exposure - MichBioFDA Approves Vaccine For Use After Known or Suspected Anthrax Exposure - MichBio
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today approved a new indication for BioThrax (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed) to prevent disease following suspected or confirmed exposure to Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax disease. The vaccines new use is approved for people 18 through 65 years of age in conjunction with recommended antibiotic treatment. BioThrax was initially approved by the FDA in 1970 for the prevention of anthrax disease in persons at high risk of exposure.. Anthrax disease, especially the inhalation form, is often fatal if not promptly treated. Anthrax is considered one of the more likely agents to be used in a biological attack, primarily because its spores are very stable and easy to disperse. Although it is rare, people may contract anthrax disease through natural exposures, such as contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.. With todays approval of BioThrax, we now have a vaccine that can be used, together with antibiotic treatment, to ...
https://www.michbio.org/news/261841/FDA-Approves-Vaccine-For-Use-After-Known-or-Suspected-Anthrax-Exposure.htm
Welcome to CDC stacks | Inhalational Anthrax Outbreak among Postal Workers, Washington, D.C., 2001 - 14046 | Emerging...Welcome to CDC stacks | Inhalational Anthrax Outbreak among Postal Workers, Washington, D.C., 2001 - 14046 | Emerging...
In October 2001, four cases of inhalational anthrax occurred in workers in a Washington, D.C., mail facility that processed envelopes containing Bacillus anthracis spores. We reviewed the envelopes paths and obtained exposure histories and nasal swab cultures from postal workers. Environmental sampling was performed. A sample of employees was assessed for antibody concentrations to B. anthracis protective antigen. Case-patients worked on nonoverlapping shifts throughout the facility, suggesting multiple aerosolization events. Environmental sampling showed diffuse contamination of the facility. Potential workplace exposures were similar for the case-patients and the sample of workers. All nasal swab cultures and serum antibody tests were negative. Available tools could not identify subgroups of employees at higher risk for exposure or disease. Prophylaxis was necessary for all employees. To protect postal workers against bioterrorism, measures to reduce the risk of occupational exposure are ...
https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/14046
Anthrax bacteria, TEM - Stock Image C020/8537 - Science Photo LibraryAnthrax bacteria, TEM - Stock Image C020/8537 - Science Photo Library
Anthrax bacteria. Coloured transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) bacteria (yellow) cultured from a blood sample. Seen here are endospores (pink ovals within bacterial cells) and free spores (pink ovals). The spores are reproductive cells that are able to survive dormant in unfavourable conditions for long periods of time. B. anthracis is the cause of anthrax. It can infect the skin (cutaneous anthrax), causing raised itchy lesions, the lungs (pulmonary anthrax), which is fatal unless treated quickly, and the digestive system (gastrointestinal anthrax), causing vomiting of blood and severe diarrhoea. All forms can be fatal if left untreated. Treatment is with antibiotics. Magnification: x9300, when printed 10 centimetres tall. - Stock Image C020/8537
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/592510/view
Anthrax Q & AAnthrax Q & A
TREATMENT - ANTHRAX from emedicine.com A number of possible therapeutic strategies have yet to be fully explored experimentally or submitted for approval to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The recommendations provided do not represent uses currently approved by the FDA but are a consensus based on best available information of recent studies. Given the fulminant course of inhalation anthrax, early antibiotic administration is essential to maximize patient survival. Given the difficulty in achieving timely microbiologic diagnosis of anthrax, all persons with fever or evidence of systemic disease in an area where anthrax cases are occurring should be treated empirically for anthrax until the disease is excluded. No clinical studies exist of the treatment of inhalation anthrax in humans. Most naturally occurring strains of anthrax are sensitive to penicillin, and penicillin historically has been the preferred therapy for the treatment of anthrax. Penicillin and doxycycline are FDA-approved ...
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/536661/posts?page=36
Anthrax bacteria, SEM - Stock Image C006/3118 - Science Photo LibraryAnthrax bacteria, SEM - Stock Image C006/3118 - Science Photo Library
Anthrax bacteria. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of Bacillus anthracis bacteria, the cause of anthrax. These are rod-shaped, Gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria. The bacteria can infect the skin (cutaneous anthrax), causing raised itchy lesions, the lungs (pulmonary anthrax), which is fatal unless treated quickly, and the digestive system (gastrointestinal anthrax), causing vomiting of blood and severe diarrhoea. All forms can be fatal if left untreated. Treatment is with antibiotics. Magnification: x6550 when printed at 10 centimetres tall. - Stock Image C006/3118
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/126237/view
Russia, Iraq, and Other Potential Sources of Anthrax, Smallpox and Other Bioterrorist WeaponsRussia, Iraq, and Other Potential Sources of Anthrax, Smallpox and Other Bioterrorist Weapons
Inhalational anthrax is the most serious form of anthrax infection, seen in the cases in Florida and Washington DC. The disease begins when aerosolized anthrax spores are inhaled. Once in the lungs, immune systems cells called macrophages, whose normal function is to ingest, kill, and degrade invading pathogens and activate other immune system cells. However, instead of being killed, the spores reactivate and grow into live bacterial cells. The macrophages transport the bacteria to the lymph nodes, where they proliferate and spread, eventually breaking out of the lymph system into the bloodstream. During this period of lymphatic replication, the patient only displays non-specific symptoms much like the flu. Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria proliferate further and begin producing anthrax toxin. Eventually the bacteria spread through the entire circulatory system at high concentrations. Death from inhalational anthrax is associated with shock and multiple organ failure. When untreated, ...
http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa76481.000/hfa76481_0.htm
Anthrax meningoencephalitis, a diagnostic and treatment challenge - a case report | ZenodoAnthrax meningoencephalitis, a diagnostic and treatment challenge - a case report | Zenodo
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) infection is rarely diagnosed in Romania, cases being sporadic, coming especially from the agrarian environment. Anthrax is a zoonotic infection, and humans are incidental hosts. Early nonspecific symptomatology makes detection of anthrax cases difficult, but compete anamnesis related to patient activity or exposure to animal products can raise suspicion of anthrax. A patient with a clinical suspicion of bacillus anthracis infection should receive an effective treatment very quickly to avoid neurological complications that have a high death rate.
https://zenodo.org/record/3376890
Thailand: Suspected anthrax linked to goat meat - Outbreak News TodayThailand: Suspected anthrax linked to goat meat - Outbreak News Today
It was reported that the people had anthrax-like small blisters or bumps on their hands and arms after eating the meat.. It was reported that 30 villagers had consumed the meat in question, but most of them had already taken medicine and they could not be successfully tested for anthrax. Instead, the hospital team collected samples from animal carcasses for lab tests with the results expected soon.. The country has been free of livestock anthrax since 2000 and the last anthrax outbreak in Thailand was 17 years ago.. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is most common in wild and domestic animals but can also be seen in humans exposed to tissue from infected animals, contaminated animal products or directly to B anthracis spores under certain conditions.. LISTEN: Anthrax: An interview with Dr Buddy Faries. Depending on the route of infection, host factors, and potentially strain-specific ...
http://outbreaknewstoday.com/thailand-suspected-anthrax-linked-goat-meat-56474/amp/
Context of Mid-August-October 2001: Future Anthrax Attacks Suspect Ivins Works Extra Hours in Laboratory at Nights and on...Context of Mid-August-October 2001: Future Anthrax Attacks Suspect Ivins Works Extra Hours in Laboratory at Nights and on...
In February 2002, scientist Bruce Ivins submitted a sample of the anthrax he has been using to FBI investigators, but it was destroyed because it was not submitted according to strict protocols. As a result, he is asked to submit a second sample in April 2002, and does. Ivins works at USAMRIID, the US Armys top bioweapons laboratory, and is helping with the anthrax investigation even as the FBI has reason to believe the anthrax could have come from USAMRIID (see Mid-October 2001 and Winter 2001). Ivins is using a variety of the Ames anthrax strain known as RMR-1029. Around early 2004, scientists will discover some unique genetic markers to the anthrax used in the 2001 attacks and will start comparing that anthrax to other anthrax. No match will be found between Ivinss April 2002 sample and the anthrax used in the attacks. As a result of this discrepancy, the FBI will raid Ivinss lab in July 2004 and seize more samples of RMR-1029 (see July 16, 2004). Additionally, Paul Keim, a biologist at ...
http://historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=amid0801ivinssurge&printerfriendly=true
ISDH: Anthrax 2004ISDH: Anthrax 2004
Anthrax is a bacterial disease of man and animals caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax bacteria form spores, which are extremely stable in the environment. There are three clinical presentations of the disease: 1) Cutaneous infections, the mildest form, occur when bacterial spores become embedded in the skin. 2) The gastrointestinal form, which is extremely rare, occurs when animals ill with anthrax are consumed as food. 3) Inhalation anthrax occurs when the spores are inhaled. Both the inhalation and gastrointestinal forms have high mortality rates. The reservoir of the bacteria is soil, where the spores can remain viable for years. The spores can be found worldwide and are found naturally in some western states in the U.S. and Canada. Animals, including livestock, can acquire the bacteria from contaminated soil. However, there have been no reported cases of anthrax in Indiana livestock since before 1960.. Anthrax is a disease of interest because of its high mortality rate, severe ...
http://in.gov/isdh/21977.htm
Rapid Test-TruStrip RDT Anthrax Protective antigen 83 (PA83) Rapid Test cards, 25/pk-Alpha Diagnostic International Inc.Rapid Test-TruStrip RDT Anthrax Protective antigen 83 (PA83) Rapid Test cards, 25/pk-Alpha Diagnostic International Inc.
TruStrip RDT Anthrax Protective antigen 83 (PA83) Rapid Test cards, 25/pk Rapid Test 800-100-RDT-25 TruStrip RDT Anthrax Protective antigen 83 (PA83) Rapid Test cards, 25/pk Rapid Test 800-100-RDT-25
http://4adi.com/ccpc2798-31247-trustrip-rdt-anthrax-protective-antigen-83-28pa8329-rapid-test-800-100-rdt-25.htm
Anthrax bacillus - definition of anthrax bacillus by The Free DictionaryAnthrax bacillus - definition of anthrax bacillus by The Free Dictionary
Define anthrax bacillus. anthrax bacillus synonyms, anthrax bacillus pronunciation, anthrax bacillus translation, English dictionary definition of anthrax bacillus. Noun 1. anthrax bacillus - a species of bacillus that causes anthrax in humans and in animals ; can be used a bioweapon Bacillus anthracis B, bacillus -...
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/anthrax+bacillus
NIH Scientists Describe How Anthrax Toxins Cause Illness, Death - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comNIH Scientists Describe How Anthrax Toxins Cause Illness, Death - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Their findings, which appeared online today in Nature, are based on testing in mice. However, the results may contribute to the development of anthrax treatments for humans, the researchers say.. Anthrax disease is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which produces two deadly toxins: lethal toxin and edema toxin. When B. anthracis infects a human or animal, both toxins seek out and bind to receptors on the surfaces of human and animal cells. Using two types of laboratory mice-those missing the anthrax toxin receptor on a single type of cell or those having the receptor present on a single type of cell-the scientists compared disease progression among the rodents. They concluded that anthrax-induced death is caused primarily by lethal toxin targeting heart cells and muscle cells surrounding blood vessels, and edema toxin targeting liver cells.. These results may help scientists studying anthrax disease in humans. For example, the study authors suggest, knowing the types of cells that ...
https://www.healthcanal.com/medical-breakthroughs/42329-nih-scientists-describe-how-anthrax-toxins-cause-illness-death.html
Basic research producing new anthrax therapiesBasic research producing new anthrax therapies
Until 2001, Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, was an obscure agricultural pathogen, but that fall someone sent letters stuffed with anthrax spores to several politicians and journalists. Nearly half (5/11) of those infected by breathing in the spores died from the disease. The anthrax mailings triggered a run on antibiotics, but these drugs only work in the early stages of anthrax infection, before the bacteria have had time to spread and secrete toxins. These attacks called attention to the need for better therapies for anthrax infection, said Tang ...
http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/report-32648.html
Update: Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation of Persons with Possible...Update: Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax and Interim Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation of Persons with Possible...
Since the last report (1), six new anthrax cases have been reported. Three of these cases have occupational exposures similar to previously reported cases (1). A fourth case occurred in a mail handler at a facility not previously linked to cases but that receives mail from a facility at which cases have occurred previously. Two new cases have no discernable epidemiologic link with anthrax cases previously reported or sites that are associated with known cases. These new cases suggest that anthrax exposure has occurred or is continuing to occur through means that cannot be ascribed to known contaminated letters or the paths these letters took through the mail service. The public health response to these new anthrax cases will evolve based on ongoing epidemiologic and criminal investigations. Because exposures are being intentionally perpetrated, public health authorities must be vigilant for the appearance of new cases in previously unaffected populations. Prompt data sharing between law ...
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5043a1.htm
Molecular determinants for a cardiovascular collapse in anthrax<...Molecular determinants for a cardiovascular collapse in anthrax<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Molecular determinants for a cardiovascular collapse in anthrax. AU - Brojatsch, Jurgen. AU - Casadevall, Arturo. AU - Goldman, David L.. PY - 2014/1/1. Y1 - 2014/1/1. N2 - Bacillus anthracis releases two bipartite proteins, lethal toxin and edema factor, that contribute significantly to the progression of anthrax-associated shock. As blocking the anthrax toxins prevents disease, the toxins are considered the main virulence factors of the bacterium. The anthrax bacterium and the anthrax toxins trigger multiorgan failure associated with enhanced vascular permeability, hemorrhage and cardiac dysfunction in animal challenge models. A recent study using mice that either lacked the anthrax toxin receptor in specific cells and corresponding mice expressing the receptor in specific cell types demonstrated that cardiovascular cells are critical for disease mediated by anthrax lethal toxin. These studies are consistent with involvement of the cardiovascular system, and with an increase of ...
https://einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-determinants-for-a-cardiovascular-collapse-in-anthrax-2
New antibody shows promise as cure for anthrax | EurekAlert! Science NewsNew antibody shows promise as cure for anthrax | EurekAlert! Science News
A new anthrax antibody engineered by scientists at The University of Texas at Austin protects and defends against inhalation anthrax without the use of antibiotics and other more expensive antibodies. The high-affinity antibody, an anthrax antitoxin, successfully eliminated both anthrax bacteria and its deadly toxins in animal tests. If future tests concur, this could be the first successful treatment for late-stage anthrax infection, even for an anthrax strain that has been designed to resist antibiotics.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/uota-nas112905.php
CDC - Anthrax: Past Responses and Investigations - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health TopicCDC - Anthrax: Past Responses and Investigations - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis). B. anthracis spores are highly infective and can cause inhalation, cutaneous, or gastrointestinal anthrax. Inhalation anthrax results from breathing in spores and is of great concern due to its high fatality rate.
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/anthrax/past.html
PLOS ONE: A FRET-Based High Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Anthrax Protective Antigen Binding to...PLOS ONE: A FRET-Based High Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Anthrax Protective Antigen Binding to...
Anti-angiogenic therapies are effective for the treatment of cancer, a variety of ocular diseases, and have potential benefits in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, and psoriasis. We have previously shown that anthrax protective antigen (PA), a non-pathogenic component of anthrax toxin, is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, apparently as a result of interaction with the cell surface receptors capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2) protein and tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8). Hence, molecules that bind the anthrax toxin receptors may be effective to slow or halt pathological vascular growth. Here we describe development and testing of an effective homogeneous steady-state fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) high throughput screening assay designed to identify molecules that inhibit binding of PA to CMG2. Molecules identified in the screen can serve as potential lead compounds for the development of anti-angiogenic and anti-anthrax therapies. The assay to screen for inhibitors of this protein
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0039911
Anthrax | Cape May County, NJ - Official WebsiteAnthrax | Cape May County, NJ - Official Website
In the United States, incidence of naturally-acquired anthrax is extremely rare (about 1-2 cases of cutaneous disease per year). Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare, but may occur as explosive outbreaks associated with ingestion of infected animals. Worldwide, the incidence is unknown, though B. anthracis is present in most of the world. Unreliable reporting makes it difficult to estimate the true incidence of human anthrax worldwide. However, in fall 2001, 22 cases of anthrax (11 inhalation, 11 cutaneous) were identified in the United States following intentional contamination of the mail. In the United States, the annual occurrences of naturally-occurring human anthrax declined from estimated 130 cases annually in the early 1900s to 2 cases each in 2000, 2001, and 2002 ...
https://www.capemaycountynj.gov/874/Anthrax
In situgastrointestinal protection against anthrax edema toxin by single-chain antibody fragment producing lactobacilli | BMC...In situgastrointestinal protection against anthrax edema toxin by single-chain antibody fragment producing lactobacilli | BMC...
Spores of Bacillus anthracis have for long been regarded as one of the most powerful bioterrorism threats due to their stability and high lethality [1]. The spores can be easily produced and stockpiled in large quantities, using simple microbial techniques by people having access to a virulent strain and incentive to be exposed to the risk connected with its propagation and handling. Previous deliberate spread of anthrax spores as agent of biowarfare has been as aerosol. However, they could also be disseminated through the food or water supply for targeting of the gastrointestinal tract.. Anthrax infections fall into three different categories, reflecting the route of entry; inhalational, gastrointestinal or cutaneous in order of severity of the infection. With regard to bioterrorism, the most realistic mode of mass exposure includes inhalational or gastrointestinal infections. Conceptually, the idea of targeting the food supply is not new [2] and a few records of planned use of anthrax spores ...
https://bmcbiotechnol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6750-11-126
Anthrax toxin - WikipediaAnthrax toxin - Wikipedia
Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis-the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is composed of a cell-binding protein, known as protective antigen (PA), and two enzyme components, called edema factor (EF) and lethal factor (LF). These three protein components act together to impart their physiological effects. Assembled complexes containing the toxin components are endocytosed. In the endosome, the enzymatic components of the toxin translocate into the cytoplasm of a target cell. Once in the cytosol, the enzymatic components of the toxin disrupts various immune cell functions, namely cellular signaling and cell migration. The toxin may even induce cell lysis, as is observed for macrophage cells. Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to evade the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host animal. Research on anthrax toxin also provides insight into the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_toxin
Screening for Inhalational Anthrax Due to Bioterrorism: Evaluating Proposed Screening Protocols : Clinical Infectious Diseases ...Screening for Inhalational Anthrax Due to Bioterrorism: Evaluating Proposed Screening Protocols : Clinical Infectious Diseases ...
Eleven known cases of bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax (IA) were treated in the United States during 2001. We retrospectively compared 2 methods that have been proposed to screen for IA [1, 2]. The 2 screening protocols for IA were applied to the emergency department charts of patients who presented with possible signs or symptoms of IA at Inova Fairfax Hospital (Falls Church, Virginia) from 20 October 2001 through 3 November 2001. The Mayer criteria [1] would have screened 4 patients (0.4%; 95% CI, 0.1%-0.9%) and generated charges of $1900. If 29 patients (2.6%; 95% CI, 1.7%-3.7%) with ⩾5 symptoms (but without fever and tachycardia) were screened, charges were $13,325. The Hupert criteria [2] would have screened 273 patients (24%; 95% CI, 22%-27%) and generated charges of $126,025. In this outbreak of bioterrorism-related IA, applying the Mayer criteria would have identified both patients with IA and would have generated fewer charges than applying the Hupert criteria.. ...
http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1086/426080
MIT Chemists Use Modified Anthrax Toxin to Deliver Cancer DrugsMIT Chemists Use Modified Anthrax Toxin to Deliver Cancer Drugs
In a newly published study, researchers from MIT show that a modified version of the anthrax toxin can be used to deliver antibody drugs to kill cancer cells.. Bacillus anthracis bacteria have very efficient machinery for injecting toxic proteins into cells, leading to the potentially deadly infection known as anthrax. A team of MIT researchers has now hijacked that delivery system for a different purpose: administering cancer drugs.. Anthrax toxin is a professional at delivering large enzymes into cells, says Bradley Pentelute, the Pfizer-Laubauch Career Development Assistant Professor of Chemistry at MIT. We wondered if we could render anthrax toxin nontoxic, and use it as a platform to deliver antibody drugs into cells.. In a paper appearing in the journal ChemBioChem, Pentelute and colleagues showed that they could use this disarmed version of the anthrax toxin to deliver two proteins known as antibody mimics, which can kill cancer cells by disrupting specific proteins inside the cells. ...
https://scitechdaily.com/mit-chemists-use-modified-anthrax-toxin-deliver-cancer-drugs/
Anthrax | CTDAnthrax | CTD
An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics ...
http://ctdbase.org/detail.go?type=disease&acc=MESH%3AD000881
Second D.C. postal worker has inhalation anthrax / LJWorld.comSecond D.C. postal worker has inhalation anthrax / LJWorld.com
Washington Two Washington-area postal workers have been diagnosed with inhalation anthrax and two more employees at the same facility have died of symptoms consistent with the disease, officials said Monday as the nation grappled with an unprecedented bioterrorism threat.. Dr. Ivan Walks, the citys chief health official, also said authorities are investigating as many as nine more cases that have aroused concern. He said he did not know how many of the nine were postal workers or how many were hospitalized.. The disclosures came as postal workers by the dozens lined up for testing, and city authorities urged anyone connected with the affected Brentwood central mail facility to come forward immediately for screening.. This is a different day, the city health official said at a news conference.. He said the unidentified man diagnosed with the disease was hospitalized in suburban Virginia, at the same facility where another postal worker was diagnosed over the weekend.. He said authorities were ...
http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2001/oct/22/second_dc_postal/
WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards (WHO - OMS, 1999, 157 p.): Diseases: A22 AnthraxWHO Recommended Surveillance Standards (WHO - OMS, 1999, 157 p.): Diseases: A22 Anthrax
human) RATIONALE FOR SURVEILLANCE Anthrax is a widespread zoonosis transmitted from domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, pigs and other) to humans by direct contact or through animal products. Human anthrax is a serious problem in several countries and has potential for explosive outbreaks (especially the gastrointestinal form); while pulmonary (inhalation) anthrax is mainly occupational, the threat of biological warfare attacks should not be forgotten. Anthrax has a serious impact on the trade of animal products. The control of anthrax is based on its prevention in livestock: programmes based only on prevention in humans are costly and likely to be ineffective except for those industrially exposed. There is an effective vaccine for those occupationally exposed, and successful vaccines for livestock, particularly for herds with ongoing exposure to contaminated soil. In most countries anthrax is a notifiable disease. Surveillance is important to monitor the control programmes and to ...
http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0who--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-preferences---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL4.15&d=HASH01557374a800bcde34f55b43.9.2&x=1
Matrix metalloproteinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin inhibits endothelial invasion and neovasculature formation during in...Matrix metalloproteinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin inhibits endothelial invasion and neovasculature formation during in...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Matrix metalloproteinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin inhibits endothelial invasion and neovasculature formation during in vitro morphogenesis. AU - Alfano, Randall W.. AU - Leppla, Stephen H.. AU - Liu, Shihui. AU - Bugge, Thomas H.. AU - Meininger, Cynthia J.. AU - Lairmore, Terry C.. AU - Mulne, Arlynn F.. AU - Davis, Samuel H.. AU - Duesbery, Nicholas S.. AU - Frankel, Arthur E.. PY - 2009/4/1. Y1 - 2009/4/1. N2 - Solid tumor growth is dependent on angiogenesis, the formation of neovasculature from existing vessels. Endothelial activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-jun NH 2-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways is central to this process, and thus presents an attractive target for the development of angiogenesis inhibitors. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) has potent catalytic mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition activity. Preclinical studies showed that LeTx induced potent tumor growth inhibition via the inhibition of ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/matrix-metalloproteinase-activated-anthrax-lethal-toxin-inhibits-
Inhalation Anthrax Treatment Approved | Doctors LoungeInhalation Anthrax Treatment Approved | Doctors Lounge
MONDAY, March 21, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Anthim (obiltoxaximab) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat inhalational anthrax, a rare disease stemming from infected animal products. Bacillus anthracis spores also pose a deadly bioterrorism threat if released intentionally.. Anthrax toxins can cause severe tissue damage and death, the FDA said Monday in a news release. Anthim, combined with certain antibacterial drugs, is designed to neutralize the toxins. The medications effectiveness was evaluated in studies conducted on animals, since it wasnt ethical or feasible to conduct such trials with human volunteers, the agency said.. The drugs safety was evaluated in 320 healthy human volunteers. The most common side effects included headache, itching, upper respiratory tract infection, cough, nasal congestion, hives and injection-site reactions including swelling, bruising and pain.. Anthims label includes a boxed warning of a potential severe and possibly fatal ...
https://www.doctorslounge.com/index.php/news/hd/62347
Anthrax Hides Along Cattle Trails of the Old WestAnthrax Hides Along Cattle Trails of the Old West
Weve had anthrax down here for over a hundred years, and Ive been around it all my life, said Randy Hicks, a salesman at the Uvalde Farm and Ranch Supply Company. I can tell you this much, Im sure not scared of it.. State officials said more than 1,600 animals died of anthrax in Texas this summer, the most severe outbreak of the disease since 1987. But no people have died. One man in Del Rio contracted cutaneous anthrax while skinning a buffalo in June, the first confirmed case among humans here since 1988. Another Del Rio man is believed to have contracted the disease but recovered before he could be tested, said Dr. Terry Conger, the states epidemiologist at the Texas Animal Health Commission.. Among Texas ranchers, anthrax is just another occupational hazard among many, like drought, low beef prices or coyotes, that can be managed through care and caution.. There has been anthrax around for as long as there have been people and animals, all the way back to the Bible, Mr. Conger said. ...
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/bioter/anthraxhidescattletrail.html
PLOS ONE: Anthrax Toxin Receptor Drives Protective Antigen Oligomerization and Stabilizes the Heptameric and Octameric Oligomer...PLOS ONE: Anthrax Toxin Receptor Drives Protective Antigen Oligomerization and Stabilizes the Heptameric and Octameric Oligomer...
Background Anthrax toxin is comprised of protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins are individually nontoxic; however, when PA assembles with LF and EF, it produces lethal toxin and edema toxin, respectively. Assembly occurs either on cell surfaces or in plasma. In each milieu, PA assembles into a mixture of heptameric and octameric complexes that bind LF and EF. While octameric PA is the predominant form identified in plasma under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37°C), heptameric PA is more prevalent on cell surfaces. The difference between these two environments is that the anthrax toxin receptor (ANTXR) binds to PA on cell surfaces. It is known that the extracellular ANTXR domain serves to stabilize toxin complexes containing the PA heptamer by preventing premature PA channel formation-a process that inactivates the toxin. The role of ANTXR in PA oligomerization and in the stabilization of toxin complexes containing octameric PA are not understood.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013888
Anthrax infection - Vitamin LifeAnthrax infection - Vitamin Life
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends 60 days of oral antibiotics along with a three-dose regimen of BioThraxT anthrax vaccine (zero, two weeks, four weeks) as an emergency public health intervention for people exposed to anthrax. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro ) and doxycycline are approved in adults and children for post exposure prophylaxis (preventing infection in people exposed to anthrax). Levofloxacin (Levaquin ) is approved for post exposure prophylaxis in adults 18 and older. Common side effects of Cipro include upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, dizziness, or headache. Patients taking doxycycline should be aware of the following side effects: upset stomach, vomiting, and diarrhea. Additionally, doxycycline and ciprofloxacin should not be taken with antacids, calcium supplements, and dairy products. These may bind with the medications, decreasing their effectiveness. Common side effects of Levaquin include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, ...
http://www.livingnaturally.com/ns/DisplayMonograph.asp?StoreID=15F522D98A3A417FBE8D6702F135785A&DocID=condition-anthraxinfection
Context of August 2006: FBI Scientist Claims Anthrax Used in 2001 Attacks Was Not WeaponizedContext of August 2006: FBI Scientist Claims Anthrax Used in 2001 Attacks Was Not Weaponized
Maj. Gen. John Parker. [Source: Public domain]On October 25, 2001, Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge tells reporters that the anthrax used in a letter sent to Sen. Tom Daschle (D-SD) was highly concentrated and pure and that a binding material was used, resulting in small spore clusters that are more easily spread. In contrast, the anthrax in a letter sent to the New York Post was coarser and less concentrated. Both letters used the same Ames strain of anthrax bacterium. (The Post letter was part of a less sophisticated first wave of letters (see September 17-18, 2001) and the Daschle letter was from the second wave (see October 6-9, 2001).) On October 29, Major General John Parker, commanding general of USAMRIID, the US Armys top bioweapons laboratory, makes similar comments at a White House briefing. He says silica was found in the Daschle letter anthrax and the anthrax spore concentration in the Daschle letter was ten times that of the New York Post letter. The presence of a binding ...
http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a0806beecherarticle
Protective antigen antibody augments hemodynamic support in anthrax lethal toxin shock in canines<...Protective antigen antibody augments hemodynamic support in anthrax lethal toxin shock in canines<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Protective antigen antibody augments hemodynamic support in anthrax lethal toxin shock in canines. AU - Barochia, Amisha V.. AU - Cui, Xizhong. AU - Sun, Junfeng. AU - Li, Yan. AU - Solomon, Steven B.. AU - Migone, Thi Sau. AU - Subramanian, G. Mani. AU - Bolmer, Sally D.. AU - Eichacker, Peter Q.. PY - 2012/3/1. Y1 - 2012/3/1. N2 - Background. Anthrax-associated shock is closely linked to lethal toxin (LT) release and is highly lethal despite conventional hemodynamic support. We investigated whether protective antigen-directed monoclonal antibody (PA-mAb) treatment further augments titrated hemodynamic support.Methods and Results.Forty sedated, mechanically ventilated, instrumented canines challenged with anthrax LT were assigned to no treatment (controls), hemodynamic support alone (protocol-titrated fluids and norepinephrine), PA-mAb alone (administered at start of LT infusion [0 hours] or 9 or 12 hours later), or both, and observed for 96 hours. Although all 8 controls died, ...
https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/protective-antigen-antibody-augments-hemodynamic-support-in-anthr-5
Best Anthrax Disease Treatment in Mettupalayam, Chennai, Top 10 Anthrax Disease Treatment Doctors in Mettupalayam, Chennai...Best Anthrax Disease Treatment in Mettupalayam, Chennai, Top 10 Anthrax Disease Treatment Doctors in Mettupalayam, Chennai...
Find Best Anthrax Disease Treatment in Mettupalayam, Chennai. 365Doctor.in are providing Top 10 Anthrax Disease Treatment in Mettupalayam, Chennai. Doctor reviews its helpful for you.
http://www.365doctor.in/chennai/anthrax-disease-treatment-in-mettupalayam
anthraxanthrax
Imagine researchers in hazmat suits moving slowly and deliberately through a lab. One of them holds up a beaker. Its glowing.. This light - or the absence of it - could save millions of dollars for governments and save the lives of anthrax victims.. Scientists at the University of Missouri Laboratory of Infectious Disease Research proved a new method for anthrax detection can identify anthrax quicker than any existing approach.. When the bioluminescent reporter phage - an engineered virus - infects anthrax bacteria, it takes on a sci-fi-movie-type glow.. George Stewart, a medical bacteriologist at MUs Bond Life Sciences Center, and graduate student Krista Spreng, observed the virus against a variety of virulent strains of bacillus anthracis, the bacteria causing anthrax disease.. For this technique, within a few hours, youll have a yes or no answer, Stewart said.. The research, funded by the USDA, was published in the Journal of Microbiological Methods in Aug. 2013. David Schofield at ...
https://decodingscience.missouri.edu/tag/anthrax/
STERIPLEX Ultra Kills Anthrax Spores | MedgadgetSTERIPLEX Ultra Kills Anthrax Spores | Medgadget
It has been a while since the 2001 anthrax attacks but anthrax remains a potent bio-weapon that is notoriously hard to clean up. Anthrax spores can survive
https://www.medgadget.com/2010/04/steriplex_ultra_kills_anthrax_spores_1.html
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: Tower of Babel as Reporters Try to Decipher Bioethics Commission ReportAnthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: Tower of Babel as Reporters Try to Decipher Bioethics Commission Report
As Vera and I pointed out to the Commission, and confirmed by CDCs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, after the anthrax letters between 10 and 30 thousand people potentially exposed to anthrax spores took antibiotics. Not a single one developed anthrax. One hundred ninety-eight also took vaccine. They failed to get anthrax. Does vaccine improve the effect of antibiotics? It is impossible to improve on 100% protection, though the Commission would like us to forget this human efficacy experiment. If you give the vaccine with something that is highly (100%) protective, the vaccine will naturally appear to be most effective under those circumstances. ...
http://anthraxvaccine.blogspot.com/2013/03/tower-of-babel-as-reporters-try-to.html
Unready for AnthraxUnready for Anthrax
Source: Washington Post, July 28, 2003. OPINION. Unready for Anthrax By Lawrence M. Wein and Edward H. Kaplan. In any attempted terrorist attack against this country, smallpox and anthrax would be the only two biological agents capable of causing mass casualties. And while the government has invested considerable effort in planning for a potential smallpox attack, no equivalent plan exists for anthrax.. In a recently completed study, we looked into various emergency responses to an airborne anthrax attack and concluded that the United States is woefully unprepared. Two pounds of weapons-grade anthrax dropped on a large American city could result in more than 100,000 deaths, even if early cases were successfully diagnosed, antibiotics were distributed broadly and drug adherence was high. The reason for the catastrophic death toll: Not enough people would receive antibiotics quickly enough to prevent symptoms from developing, and those who developed symptoms would overwhelm the medical ...
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/EPI/bioter/unreadyanthrax.html
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: CDC scientists lack of understanding of anthrax is shocking and terrifyingAnthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: CDC scientists lack of understanding of anthrax is shocking and terrifying
The litany of mistakes that were made, detailed in the reports Findings, is breathtaking. Lack of understanding of anthrax. Lack of SOPs. Lack of appropriate experimental design. Failure to follow CDCs own protocols, where they existed. Lack of supervision. Lack of timely communication when the incident was discovered, including identifying employees who may have been exposed so they could receive prophylaxis. (See page 16 of the Report.) However, I disagree that it was highly unlikely that staff were exposed to anthrax: they were, more likely, simply not exposed to enough anthrax spores, along with receiving prophylactic antibiotics, to induce disease. ...
http://anthraxvaccine.blogspot.com/2014/07/cdc-scientists-lack-of-understanding-of_14.html
Anthrax kills goat in South Texas - San Antonio Express-NewsAnthrax kills goat in South Texas - San Antonio Express-News
This undated file electronmicrograph from the official U.S. Department of Defense anthrax information Web Site shows Bacillus anthracis vegetative cells in a monkey spleen. Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Thursday, June 19, 2014, that some of its staff in Atlanta may have been accidentally exposed to dangerous anthrax bacteria because of a safety problem at some of its labs. less ...
https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/First-case-of-Anthrax-in-years-kills-goat-in-5609146.php
Estimation of Time Period for Effective Human Inhalational Anthrax Treatment Including Antitoxin Therapy - PLOS Currents...Estimation of Time Period for Effective Human Inhalational Anthrax Treatment Including Antitoxin Therapy - PLOS Currents...
B. anthracis remains a bioterrorism threat, with the potential for thousands or tens of thousands to be exposed after spore release in a densely populated setting5,6,30,31. Such numbers of casualties would likely strain and possibly overwhelm the public health and medical care system and it is highly plausible that some patients may not receive immediate prophylaxis or treatment when symptoms are just beginning to manifest. With large numbers of patients presenting to emergency departments seeking care, it is crucial that emergency physicians, intensivists and other clinicians understand the importance of therapeutic options and timing available to them. For patients with inhalational anthrax who progress to severe disease, morbidity and mortality are largely due to the detrimental effects of toxemia, so the timing for effective treatment of toxin-mediated disease must be understood in order to effectively plan for and respond to such a public health emergency. The United States Strategic ...
http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/obk-17-0003-estimation-of-time-period-for-effective-human-inhalational-anthrax-treatment-including-antitoxin-therapy/
ThraxVac kills anthrax spores | The Engineer The...ThraxVac kills anthrax spores | The Engineer The...
Researchers at the US Department of Energys Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a device, dubbed ThraxVac, that can collect and kill anthrax and other bacterial spores. The patent-pending device has been licensed to Circle Group Holdings, Inc, a public company based in Mundeen, Illinois.. ThraxVac vacuums up anthrax and other bacterial spores, then tricks the spores into germinating through heat and moisture, making them vulnerable to injury. The newly activated spores are then bombarded with alpha particles, which kill the spores, rendering them non-toxic.. Carl Czajkowski, a Brookhaven Lab scientist, and Barbara Panessa-Warren, a biology consultant for Brookhaven, thought of the idea for the invention together in 2001 shortly after several anthrax incidents in the US were widely reported.. We thought there must be a better way to clean up anthrax, other than using harsh chemicals that are dangerous to humans and to the environment. Also, chemicals often cant do the job ...
https://www.theengineer.co.uk/thraxvac-kills-anthrax-spores/
Genetic make-up determines whether we die from anthrax exposure | Daily Mail OnlineGenetic make-up determines whether we die from anthrax exposure | Daily Mail Online
The findings came after Stanford University research into anthrax found susceptibility to the acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis varied from person to person.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2097313/Genetic-make-determines-die-anthrax-exposure.html
Harpocrates Speaks: Anthrax - Not Just a Thrash Metal BandHarpocrates Speaks: Anthrax - Not Just a Thrash Metal Band
With my admittedly limited resources (time/access to journals), I tried to do as extensive a search on safety studies of the anthrax vaccine as possible. Report after report stated that the most common reactions to the vaccine tended to be local and of mild to moderate severity, being limited mainly to erythema, edema and pruritis. Severe reactions of these types were rare, and none of the studies found any connection between the vaccine and long-term health issues, like autoimmune disorders or chronic fatigue. My best guess is that chronic issues are most likely unrelated to the vaccine and may be due to other factors (e.g., other environmental causes, stress and/or psychogenic illness, etc.). If they are connected to the vaccine, they seem to be so exceedingly rare that, for individuals at risk of anthrax exposure, the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the remote risks of a serious AE. Of course, research on the anthrax vaccine should continue. For one thing, we should have more than one ...
http://www.harpocratesspeaks.com/2012/07/anthrax-not-just-thrash-metal-band.html?showComment=1344056170265
Gastrointestinal anthrax | definition of gastrointestinal anthrax by Medical dictionaryGastrointestinal anthrax | definition of gastrointestinal anthrax by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of gastrointestinal anthrax in the Medical Dictionary? gastrointestinal anthrax explanation free. What is gastrointestinal anthrax? Meaning of gastrointestinal anthrax medical term. What does gastrointestinal anthrax mean?
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gastrointestinal+anthrax
Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine Compared With Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed - Full Text View ...Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Anthrax Vaccine Compared With Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed - Full Text View ...
Anthrax is a zoonotic disease, occurring in wild and domestic mammals, caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis). Anthrax occurs in humans when they are exposed to infected animals, tissue from infected animals or when they are directly exposed to B. anthracis or its spores. Depending on the route of infection, anthrax disease can occur in three forms: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation. In the United States of America (USA), the annual incidence of human anthrax has declined from approximately 130 cases annually in the early 1900s to no cases during 1999 to 2000. However, in the USA, shortly after September 11th, 2001, there were 22 cases (18 confirmed) of inhaled and cutaneous anthrax infection that were related to contaminated mail. The development of a new anthrax vaccine is necessary because the current AVA vaccine requires the growth of B. anthracis in its manufacturing process and has a complex administration regimen of six administrators of vaccine ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00170469
Anthrax VaccineAnthrax Vaccine
The only known effective pre-exposure prevention against anthrax is the anthrax vaccine. The vaccine was developed from an attenuated strain of B. anthracis. The vaccine derives from the cell-free culture filtrate of this strain and, in its final formulation, is adsorbed onto an aluminum salt. A well controlled clinical trial using an anthrax vaccine similar to the licensed anthrax vaccine was conducted in U.S. mill workers processing imported animal hair. During the trial, 26 cases of anthrax were reported at the mills - five inhalation and 21 cutaneous cases. Of the five inhalation cases, two individuals had received the placebo, while three individuals were in the observational group. Four of the five people who developed inhalation anthrax died. No cases of inhalation anthrax occurred in anthrax vaccine recipients. Based upon a comparison between the anthrax vaccine and placebo recipients, the authors calculated a vaccine efficacy level of 92.5 percent ...
http://cancernewsnetwork.org/vaccines/Anthrax_Vaccine.html
Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis
Jupiter Images / iStockphoto. The bacterium Bacillus anthracis occurs worldwide, its natural habitat is the soil. The pathogen causes the often fatal ending anthrax (Anthrax) in humans and in herbivorous animals such as cows or sheep. 95 percent by a Bacillus anthracis infection lead to all cutaneous anthrax, initially manifested by a painless, itchy papules on the hands, forearms or face, the black turns later from the center. but the bacterium can other forms of anthrax as Inhalation anthrax or Gastrointestinal anthrax trigger. All three forms can include one anthrax sepsis entail that ends in a few hours fatal. The bacteria form resistant survival structures (spores), which can remain viable for decades in nature. In the body, Bacillus anthracis is a special capsule of D-glutamic acid, which protects the pathogen from the scavenger cells of the immune system.. Especially in southern Europe and South America there are often anthrax disease caused by Bacillus anthracis in farm animals. The ...
http://consequencesbynoor.com/1915
Role of Food Insecurity in Outbreak of Anthrax Infections among Humans and Hippopotamuses Living in a Game Reserve Area, Rural...Role of Food Insecurity in Outbreak of Anthrax Infections among Humans and Hippopotamuses Living in a Game Reserve Area, Rural...
In September 2011, a total of 511 human cases of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) infection and 5 deaths were reported in a game management area in the district of Chama, Zambia, near where 85 hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibious) had recently died of suspected anthrax. The human infections generally responded to antibiotics. To clarify transmission, we conducted a cross-sectional, interviewer-administered household survey in villages where human anthrax cases and hippopotamus deaths were reported. Among 284 respondents, 84% ate hippopotamus meat before the outbreak. Eating, carrying, and preparing meat were associated with anthrax infection. Despite the risk, 23% of respondents reported they would eat meat from hippopotamuses found dead again because of food shortage (73%), lack of meat (12%), hunger (7%), and protein shortage (5%). Chronic food insecurity can lead to consumption of unsafe foods, leaving communities susceptible to zoonotic infection. Interagency cooperation is necessary to prevent
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/9/16-1597_article
Anthrax disease | definition of Anthrax disease by Medical dictionaryAnthrax disease | definition of Anthrax disease by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of Anthrax disease in the Medical Dictionary? Anthrax disease explanation free. What is Anthrax disease? Meaning of Anthrax disease medical term. What does Anthrax disease mean?
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Anthrax+disease
Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases | BMC...Genotyping and phylogenetic placement of Bacillus anthracis isolates from Finland, a country with rare anthrax cases | BMC...
Anthrax, the zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is nowadays rare in northern parts of Europe including Finland and Scandinavia. Only two minor outbreaks of anthrax in 1988 and in 2004 and one sporadic infection in 2008 have been detected in animals in Finland since the 1970s. Here, we report on two Finnish B. anthracis strains that were isolated from spleen and liver of a diseased calf related to the outbreak in 1988 (strain HKI4363/88) and from a local scrotum and testicle infection of a bull in 2008 (strain BA2968). These infections occurred in two rural Finnish regions, i.e., Ostrobothnia in western Finland and Päijänne Tavastia in southern Finland, respectively. The isolates were genetically characterized by PCR-based methods such as multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and whole genome-sequence analysis (WGS). Phylogenetic comparison of the two strains HKI4363/88 and BA2968 by chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12866-018-1250-4/metrics
3 Anthrax Vaccine Efficacy | The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? | The National Academies Press3 Anthrax Vaccine Efficacy | The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? | The National Academies Press
Read chapter 3 Anthrax Vaccine Efficacy: The vaccine used to protect humans against the anthrax disease, called Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA), was licens...
https://www.nap.edu/read/10310/chapter/5
Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits growth of and vascular endothelial growth factor release from endothelial cells expressing the...Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits growth of and vascular endothelial growth factor release from endothelial cells expressing the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits growth of and vascular endothelial growth factor release from endothelial cells expressing the human herpes virus 8 viral G protein-coupled receptor. AU - Depeille, Philippe. AU - Young, John J.. AU - Boguslawski, Elissa A.. AU - Berghuis, Bree D.. AU - Kort, Eric J.. AU - Resau, James H.. AU - Frankel, Arthur E.. AU - Duesbery, Nicholas S.. PY - 2007/10/1. Y1 - 2007/10/1. N2 - Purpose: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKK) inhibits tumor growth by acting on angiogenic signaling and by extension may form the basis of an effective strategy for treatment of Kaposis sarcoma. Experimental Design: Murine endothelial cells expressing the human herpes virus 8 G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR-SVEC) were treated with anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). LeTx is a binary toxin ordinarily secreted by Bacillus anthracis and is composed of two proteins: protective antigen (the binding moiety) and ...
https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/anthrax-lethal-toxin-inhibits-growth-of-and-vascular-endothelial-
Identification and characterization of bacillus anthracis spores by multiparameter flow cytometry on Environmental XPRTIdentification and characterization of bacillus anthracis spores by multiparameter flow cytometry on Environmental XPRT
Article Identification and characterization of bacillus anthracis spores by multiparameter flow cytometry. In response to the need for methods that can rapidly detect potentially virulent Bacillus anthracis spores, we developed a two-color flow cytom...
https://www.environmental-expert.com/articles/identification-and-characterization-of-bacillus-anthracis-spores-by-multiparameter-flow-cytometry-36432
AID 329453 - Inhibition of cytopathic effect in Bacillus anthracis Sterne infected mouse RAW264.7 macrophage after 6 hrs by...AID 329453 - Inhibition of cytopathic effect in Bacillus anthracis Sterne infected mouse RAW264.7 macrophage after 6 hrs by...
BioAssay record AID 329453 submitted by ChEMBL: Inhibition of cytopathic effect in Bacillus anthracis Sterne infected mouse RAW264.7 macrophage after 6 hrs by propidium iodide exclusion assay.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/329453
Anthrax toxins cooperatively inhibit endocytic recycling by the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst | NatureAnthrax toxins cooperatively inhibit endocytic recycling by the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst | Nature
The pathogen Bacillus anthracis secretes two potent toxins during anthrax infection, known as lethal factor (LF) and oedema factor (EF). Using transgenic Drosophila as a model system for the identification of pathways that might be involved in anthrax pathogenesis, Ethan Bier and colleagues show that these two toxins interact synergistically to block Rab11/Sec15 exocyst-dependent endocytic recycling, resulting in reduced Notch signalling and cadherin-dependent adhesion at the adherens junction. Tests in human endothelial cells indicate that the toxins have a similar effect on Rab11/Sec15 activity and Notch signalling. During infection, Bacillus anthracis secretes two potent toxins called lethal factor and oedema factor. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, these authors show that these toxins interact with the Rab11/Sec15 exocyst, which is involved in endocytic recycling. This interaction may explain vascular leakage during infection. Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax in
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09446?error=cookies_not_supported&code=c424ff21-d0bc-4e89-b105-0d9e0214c5bb
Virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of Bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 MDa and 60 MDa...Virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of Bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 MDa and 60 MDa...
Uchida, I.; Hashimoto, K.; Terakado, N., 1986: Virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of Bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 MDa and 60 MDa plasmids
https://eurekamag.com/research/001/507/001507702.php
Vaccine Awakening: Pentagon Wont Stop Forcing Anthrax VaccineVaccine Awakening: Pentagon Wont Stop Forcing Anthrax Vaccine
But as recently as this spring, the Government Accountability Office, the investigative arm of Congress, said questions remain about the vaccine. The long term safety of the licensed vaccine has not been studied, the agency said in a May 9 report. . . . Also, there is some evidence that the current anthrax vaccine may have diminished efficacy against certain virulent strains of anthrax. Barbara Loe Fisher, president of the National Vaccine Information Center, said her nonprofit advocacy group is adding more information to its Web site about the research and development of biological defense vaccines. The DOD has a moral duty to fully disclose anthrax vaccine risks, as well as benefits, to soldiers and allow them to make an informed, voluntary decision, she said in a statement - Christopher Lee, Washington Post, October 17, 2006 Mandatory Anthrax Shots to Return ...
http://vaccineawakening.blogspot.com/2006/11/pentagon-wont-stop-forcing-anthrax.html
Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: May 2007Anthrax Vaccine -- posts by Meryl Nass, M.D.: May 2007
PURPOSE: In the 1960s, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) held the investigational new drug (IND) application for the anthrax vaccine and collected short-term safety data from approximately 16,000 doses administered to almost 7000 individuals. While some recent anthrax vaccine safety studies have suggested that women experience more injection site reactions (ISRs), to our knowledge the IND safety data were not previously examined for a gender-specific difference. METHODS: We identified and analyzed a subset of the IND study data representing a total of 1749 persons who received 3592 doses from 1967 to 1972. Original data collection forms were located and information extracted, including: vaccine recipients name, age at vaccination, gender, dose number, date of vaccination, lot number, grading of ISR, presence and type of systemic reactions. Overall and gender-specific rates for adverse reactions to anthrax vaccine were calculated and we performed a multivariable analysis. ...
http://anthraxvaccine.blogspot.com.es/2007/05/
Anthrax - The Black VaultAnthrax - The Black Vault
Anthrax was first tested as a biological warfare agent by Unit 731 of the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria during the 1930s; some of this testing involved intentional infection of prisoners of war, thousands of whom died. Anthrax, designated at the time as Agent N, was also investigated by the allies in the 1940s. The British army tested experimental anthrax weapons on Gruinard Island, off the northwest coast of Scotland, in 1943. Gruinard was burned over at least once, yet as of the late 1980s, it was still too heavily contaminated with spores to allow unprotected human access, indicating the hardiness of anthrax spores. Weaponized anthrax was part of the U.S. stockpile prior to its destruction in 1972.. ...
https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/anthrax/
CodeLucid Research: Pathogenic Bacterium - Bacillus anthracisCodeLucid Research: Pathogenic Bacterium - Bacillus anthracis
In 1855, Aloys Pollender - a German Physician - published his findings on anthrax in which he described a group of stick-shaped bacteria that were present in the blood of infected animals. He is credited with recognizing the pathogen Bacillus anthracis. In 1864, Casimir Davaine - a French physician - studied the bacteria found in the blood of people infected with anthrax, and found that they physically resembled the bacteria described by Dr. Pellender, and thus concluded that the symptoms of anthrax occurred when these bacteria were present in the blood. Later in 1876, Robert Koch provided conclusive evidence that Bacillus anthracis was the cause of anthrax (Théodoridès 159 ...
http://codelucid.blogspot.co.ke/2016/08/pathogenic-bacterium-Bacillus-anthracis-anthrax-bacteria-virulence.html
The Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? : Health and Medicine DivisionThe Anthrax Vaccine: Is It Safe? Does It Work? : Health and Medicine Division
Use of the Anthrax Vaccine Absorbed (AVA) expanded in 1991, when the U.S. military, concerned that Iraq possessed anthrax bioweapons, administered the vaccine. As more service members were vaccinated, however, some of them raised concerns about the safety and efficacy of AVA, and some also suggested a possible link between AVA vaccination and the illnesses experienced by some veterans. In October 2000, the IOM convened the Committee to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Anthrax Vaccine to evaluate these difficult issues.
http://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/reports/2002/The-Anthrax-Vaccine-Is-It-Safe-Does-It-Work.aspx
Statement on anthrax vaccine safetyStatement on anthrax vaccine safety
Dr. Kwai Chan testified on 29 April 1999, Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee:. We are pleased to be here today to discuss the results of our ongoing examination of the safety and efficacy of the anthrax vaccine, which is being done at your request. My testimony presents preliminary findings on (1) the short- and long-term safety of the vaccine, (2) the efficacy of the vaccine, and (3) problems the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found in the vaccine production facility in Michigan that could compromise the safety, efficacy, and quality of the vaccine. We plan to issue the final report on our review this fall.. As you know, concerns have been raised about the Department of Defense s (DOD) anthrax immunization program since the Department began vaccinating the first of 2.4 million active duty and reserve members. For example, some Gulf War veterans are suffering from unexplained illnesses that they believe might have been caused by anthrax vaccines that they received during the war. ...
http://www.whale.to/vaccines/anthrax2.html
More on anthraxMore on anthrax
Anthrax toxin. Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores caused by gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming Bacillus anthracis. Humans are accidental hosts through the food of animal origin and animal products. Anthrax is prevelant in most parts of the globe, and cases of anthrax have been reported from almost every country. Three forms of the disease have been recognized: cutaneous (through skin), gastrointestinal (through alimentary tract), and pulmonary (by inhalation of spores). The major virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis are a poly-D glutamic acid capsule and a three-component protein exotoxin. The genes coding for the toxin and the enzymes responsible for capsule production are carried on plasmid pXO1 and pXO2, respectively. The three proteins of the exotoxin are protective antigen (PA, 83 kDa), lethal factor (LF, 90 kDa), and edema factor (EF, 89 kDa). The toxins follow the A-B model with PA being the B moeity and LF/EF, the alternative A moeities. LF and EF are individually ...
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/10_01/Bio_weapons_lit.shtml
Bioinspired detoxification of blood: The efficient removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen using an extracorporeal...Bioinspired detoxification of blood: The efficient removal of anthrax toxin protective antigen using an extracorporeal...
Whilst various remedial human monoclonal antibodies have been developed to treat the potentially life-threatening systemic complications associated with anthrax infection, an optimal and universally effective administration route has yet to be established. In the later stages of infection when antibody administration by injection is more likely to fail one possible route to improve outcome is via the use of an antibody-bound, adsorbent haemoperfusion device. We report here the development of an adsorbent macroporous polymer column containing immobilised B. anthracis exotoxin-specific antibodies, PANG (a non-glycosylated, version of a plant-produced human monoclonal antibody) and Valortim (a fully human monoclonal N-linked glycosylated antibody), for removal of anthrax protective antigen (PA) from freshly frozen human plasma and human whole blood. In addition, we have demonstrated that continuous extracorporeal blood recirculation through a Valortim-bound haemoperfusion column significantly ...
http://orca.cf.ac.uk/111803/
Michael Karin: A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection...Michael Karin: A NOD2-NALP1 complex mediates caspase-1-dependent IL-1beta secretion in response to Bacillus anthracis infection...
I really enjoyed reading your article. I found this as an informative and interesting post, so i think it is very useful and knowledgeable. I would like to thank you for the effort you have made in writing this article ...
http://karinlab-et-al.blogspot.com/2012/02/nod2-nalp1-complex-mediates-caspase-1.html
The role of HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes in variable antibody responses to Anthrax Vaccine AdsorbedThe role of HLA-DR-DQ haplotypes in variable antibody responses to Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed
Host genetic variation, particularly within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci, reportedly mediates heterogeneity in immune response to certain vaccines; however, no large study of genetic determinants of anthrax vaccine response has been described. We searched for associations between the immunoglobulin G antibody to protective antigen (AbPA) response to Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) in humans, and polymorphisms at HLA class I (HLA-A,-B, and-C) and class II (HLA-DRB1,-DQA1,-DQB1,-DPB1) loci. The study included 794 European-Americans and 200 African-Americans participating in a 43-month, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial of AVA (clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00119067). Among European-Americans, genes from tightly linked HLA-DRB1,-DQA1,-DQB1 haplotypes displayed significant overall associations with longitudinal variation in AbPA levels at 4, 8, 26 and 30 weeks from baseline in response to vaccination with three or four doses of AVA (global P6.53 × 10 4). In particular, ...
http://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub724073
Stock Photography of a Man with Cutaneous Bacillus Anthracis On His Face | #4992 by JVPD | Royalty-Free Stock PhotosStock Photography of a Man with Cutaneous Bacillus Anthracis On His Face | #4992 by JVPD | Royalty-Free Stock Photos
Staged health picture showing the symptoms of cutaneous anthrax due to B. anthracis. This slide was created to help a person suspect an illness, not diagnose the illness, in this case anthrax was the etiologic pathogen. Anthrax infection can occur in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. Photographed in 1963. This image was provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stock Photography of a Man with Cutaneous Bacillus Anthracis On His Face.
http://imageenvision.com/photo/4992-stock-photography-of-a-man-with-cutaneous-bacillus-anthracis-on-his-face-by-jvpd
Transcriptional Profiling of Bacillus anthracis Sterne (34F2) during Iron Starvation - omicXTranscriptional Profiling of Bacillus anthracis Sterne (34F2) during Iron Starvation - omicX
Lack of available iron is one of many environmental challenges that a bacterium encounters during infection and adaptation to iron starvation is important for the pathogen to efficiently replicate within the host. Here we define the transcriptional response of B. anthracis Sterne (34F2) to iron depleted conditions. Genome-wide transcript analysis showed that B. anthracis undergoes considerable changes in gene expression during growth in iron-depleted media, including the regulation of known and candidate virulence factors. Two genes encoding putative internalin proteins were chosen for further study. Deletion of either gene (GBAA0552 or GBAA1340) resulted in attenuation in a murine model of infection. This attenuation was amplified in a double mutant strain. These data define the transcriptional changes induced during growth in low iron conditions and illustrate the potential of this dataset in the identification of putative virulence determinants for future study.
https://omictools.com/55c561eafe228d36421f37cc6d231164-protocol
Mitochondrial proteins Bnip3 and Bnip3L are involved in anthrax lethal toxin-induced macrophage cell death<...Mitochondrial proteins Bnip3 and Bnip3L are involved in anthrax lethal toxin-induced macrophage cell death<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Mitochondrial proteins Bnip3 and Bnip3L are involved in anthrax lethal toxin-induced macrophage cell death. AU - Ha, Soon-Duck. AU - Ng, Dennis. AU - Lamothe, Julie. AU - Valvano, Miguel A. AU - Han, Jiahuai. AU - Kim, Sung Ouk. PY - 2007/9/7. Y1 - 2007/9/7. N2 - Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) induces rapid cell death of RAW246.7 macrophages. We recently found that a small population of these macrophages is spontaneously and temporally refractory to LeTx-induced cytotoxicity. Analysis of genome-wide transcripts of a resistant clone before and after regaining LeTx sensitivity revealed that a reduction of two closely related mitochondrial proteins, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (Bnip3) and Bnip3-like (Bnip3L), correlates with LeTx resistance. Down-regulation of Bnip3 and Bnip3L was also found in toxin-induced resistance whereby sublethal doses of LeTx induce resistance to subsequent exposure to cytolytic toxin doses. The role of Bnip3 and Bnip3L in LeTx-induced ...
https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/mitochondrial-proteins-bnip3-and-bnip3l-are-involved-in-anthrax-l
Obama Administration Seeks to Test Anthrax Vaccine in Children - SaneVax, Inc.Obama Administration Seeks to Test Anthrax Vaccine in Children - SaneVax, Inc.
AHRP) Whose children will be sacrificed in an illegal and unethical experiment in the name of Biodefense Preparedness? According to BioPrepWatch.com , the Obama administration is seeking to obtain a green light to conduct an anthrax vaccine safety experiment on US children. The stated rationale for such a trial, articulated by Dr. Nicole Lurie, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, is that there are no data about the safety of exposing children to the anthrax vaccine. And if an emergency arises, a trial would present an array of logistical, clinical and communication challenges during a public health crisis.. No child would benefit from exposure to a vaccine that has generated thousands of adverse event reports-including deaths-in adults.. Current law allows the FDA to issue an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for protections against biological, chemical, radiological, and nuclear agents that may be used to attack the American people. The FDA Commissioner may allow countermeasures to be ...
http://sanevax.org/obama-administration-seeks-to-test-anthrax-vaccine-in-children/
Pox AmericanaPox Americana
The book describes weeks of anxious discussions about the possibility that Iraq would unleash its presumably limited inventory of anthrax spores and botulinum toxin against coalition forces. U.S. military planners guessed that the Iraqis would target frontline troops with botulinum and would direct anthrax against the rear. The logic arose from the fact that the toxin disables its victims in minutes or hours, whereas the incubation period for anthrax is a day or more. The planners figured that by the time untreated rear-guard troops were moved forward, anthrax infections would have incapacitated them. These presumptions appeared critical in the face of inadequate vaccine supplies. To the chagrin of the commanders, although a half-million American troops would be sent to the Gulf area, there was enough anthrax vaccine only for 150,000 and botulinum vaccine for 10,000. Layered onto the scarcity problem were uncertainties about the safety and effectiveness of the anthrax vaccine. The uncertainties ...
http://prospect.org/article/pox-americana
USE OF LYMPHOCYTES TO MEASURE ANTHRAX LETHAL TOXIN ACTIVITY - Patent applicationUSE OF LYMPHOCYTES TO MEASURE ANTHRAX LETHAL TOXIN ACTIVITY - Patent application
0109]An example of a positive control is one that contains an amount of lymphocyte-associated LT activity present (such as the functional activity, for example an amount of cell proliferation or amount of secreted MAPKK-dependent cytokine) when cells are infected with LT and contacted with an agent known to decrease anthrax pathogenicity (such as a neutralizing antibody to anthrax LT). For example, the control can include an amount of cell proliferation or an amount of MAPKK-dependent cytokine (such as an amount of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, or IFN-γ). When comparing the lymphocyte-associated LT activity present in the experimental to the positive control, similar or even reduced lymphocyte-associated LT activity relative to the positive control indicates the test agent decreases pathogenicity of anthrax. For example, when comparing the lymphocyte-associated LT activity present in the experimental to the positive control, similar or increased cell proliferation or MAPKK-dependent cytokine activity (such ...
http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20100227349
2002] Anthrax: A Deadly Shot in the Dark---LT. COL. THOMAS S. HEEMSTRA (Ret. U.S.A.F.)2002] Anthrax: A Deadly Shot in the Dark---LT. COL. THOMAS S. HEEMSTRA (Ret. U.S.A.F.)
Crystal Communications. 2009 Family Circle, #3 Lexington, KY 40505. PH: (859) 255-0076 FAX: (859) 255-0938. FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: MAY 20, 2002. CONTACT: ED PUTERBAUGH, (859) 255-0076 or [email protected] or LT. COL. THOMAS S. HEEMSTRA (Ret. U.S.A.F.) (859) 621-8982.. AS MILITARY DECIDES ABOUT CIVILIAN NEEDS FOR ANTHRAX VACCINE, NEW BOOK DETAILS ITS HISTORY, HIGH REACTION RATE, DANGERS. Lexington, KY: Even as the Defense Department is in discussions with other agencies to assess civilian vaccination needs - particularly for emergency first responders - in the event of a bioterrorist attack (Washington Post, May 20, 2002), a new book written by a former F-16 squadron commander, Anthrax: A Deadly Shot in the Dark aims to educate the civilians and the public health community about the hazards of the anthrax vaccine, its flawed manufacturing history, and its devastating effects on the military. (See www.anthraxadeadlyshotinthedark.com ) You may have to face the same decision, whether to ...
http://whale.to/a/heemstra.html
Anthrax Article - Microbiology@MorningsideAnthrax Article - [email protected]
Anthrax is caused by spore exposure of the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. Its a disease that can come from grazing animals, and under certain conditions the anthrax can thrive for decades as spores germinate and multiply.. Treaments:penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxicin functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, which is an enzyme necessary to separate replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division. It is effective against Bacillus Anthracis.. *Penicillin G not just penicillin i believe they are different from each other ...
http://morningsidemicro.wikidot.com/anthrax-article
Vaccine Awakening: Forced Anthrax Vaccine Crippling SoldiersVaccine Awakening: Forced Anthrax Vaccine Crippling Soldiers
The Pentagon is reviving its mandatory anthrax vaccinations despite allegations that the shots have contributed to as many as 23 deaths and sickened hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of soldiers....The Pentagon has been rocked by criticism that it has failed to adequately track whether the shots have caused diseases. Indeed, as occurred with Francis, many soldiers are injected with several vaccines on the same day, making it harder to identify the cause of illnesses....Col. Randall Anderson, who runs the Military Vaccine Agency, said the Pentagon believes health risks from the anthrax vaccine are equal to those of other vaccines that cause illnesses in only a tiny percentage of those vaccinated.....Numerous public health experts believe BioThrax causes a range of problems, particularly among women and people prone to autoimmune diseases. They list Guillain-Barre, which can kill or paralyze; other neurological disorders; diabetes; arthritis; chronic fatigue syndrome; chronic muscle and joint ...
http://vaccineawakening.blogspot.com/2006/12/pentagon-is-reviving-its-mandatory.html
Information on ANTHRAXInformation on ANTHRAX
Excellent results in the treatment of infected livestock by penicillin therapy have been reported from different parts of the United States and France. In cattle, intramuscular administration of 1 to 3 million units or more of penicillin during the early stages of the disease resulted in marked improvement in 36 hours or less, with complete recovery in 1 to 5 days. Large doses of penicillin (9 to 12 million units) in combination with injections of anthrax antiserum have given good results in the treatment of animals affected with postvaccination anthrax. Postvaccination anthrax in cattle and horses showing advanced symptoms has been successfully treated with a combination of penicillin intramuscular and oxytetracycline intravenously, or oxytetracycline alone intravenously. The administration of anthrax antiserum or penicillin, singly or in combination, to infected swine also hastens recovery. In the past, veterinary officials in some States recommended prophylactic treatment of exposed cattle in ...
http://international-food-safety.com/docs/anthrax1.htm
Anthrax Disease - National Vaccine Information CenterAnthrax Disease - National Vaccine Information Center
Anthtrax is a highly lethal acute disease in humans caused by bacterium Bacillus Anthracis. Read the NVIC special report to learn more about anthrax vaccine.
https://www.nvic.org/Vaccines-and-Diseases/Anthrax.aspx
BIOTHRAX (Anthrax vaccine) dosage, indication, interactions, side effects | EMPR - ONABIOTHRAX (Anthrax vaccine) dosage, indication, interactions, side effects | EMPR - ONA
BIOTHRAX (Anthrax vaccine) drug information & product resources from MPR including dosage information, educational materials, & patient assistance.
https://www.oncologynurseadvisor.com/biothrax/drug/34781/
Anthrax Vaccine: What You Need to KnowAnthrax Vaccine: What You Need to Know
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Infectious Diseases (CDC OID). Published: 3/21/2018. This two-page fact sheet provides basic information on anthrax, the anthrax vaccine, who should get the vaccine, and the risks of the vaccine. (PDF)...
https://medworm.com/659358820/anthrax-vaccine-what-you-need-to-know/
Is Anthrax Vaccine SafeIs Anthrax Vaccine Safe
Is Anthrax Vaccine Safe Anthrax is a bacterial infection that is contracted by humans from the livestock like cattle and sheep. The bacteria
http://rocketswag.com/health/disease/a/anthrax/Is-Anthrax-Vaccine-Safe.html
Bacillus anthracis. Causes, symptoms, treatment Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis. Causes, symptoms, treatment Bacillus anthracis
Description of disease Bacillus anthracis. Treatment Bacillus anthracis. Symptoms and causes Bacillus anthracis Prophylaxis Bacillus anthracis
http://drugster.info/ail/pathography/2281/
Pfenex Inc. Awards Paragon Bioservices a Contract for cGMP Manufacturing of its Recombinant Protective Antigen (rPA), for Phase...Pfenex Inc. Awards Paragon Bioservices a Contract for cGMP Manufacturing of its Recombinant Protective Antigen (rPA), for Phase...
... SAN DIEGO Nov. 5 2013 /- Pfen... We are pleased to award this contract to Paragon Bioservices stated... Marco A. Chacon Ph.D. CEO of Paragon st... About Pfenex Inc. ...,Pfenex,Inc.,Awards,Paragon,Bioservices,a,Contract,for,cGMP,Manufacturing,of,its,Recombinant,Protective,Antigen,(rPA),,for,Phase,1,Clinical,Trial,of,its,Anthrax,Vaccine,biological,advanced biology technology,biology laboratory technology,biology device technology,latest biology technology
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology-1/Pfenex-Inc--Awards-Paragon-Bioservices-a-Contract-for-cGMP-Manufacturing-of-its-Recombinant-Protective-Antigen--28rPA-29--for-Phase-1-Clinical-Trial-o-28416-1/
Single host gene may hold key to treating both ebola and anthrax infections | EurekAlert! Science NewsSingle host gene may hold key to treating both ebola and anthrax infections | EurekAlert! Science News
Research published by Army scientists indicates that a minor reduction in levels of one particular gene, known as CD45, can provide protection against two divergent microbes: the virus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever and the bacterium that causes anthrax. Taken together, the results suggest a common host restriction factor and a promising approach to drug development for treating two completely different infections.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/uamr-shg082009.php
Genetic variability of Bacillus anthracis and related species. | Journal of Clinical MicrobiologyGenetic variability of Bacillus anthracis and related species. | Journal of Clinical Microbiology
We evaluated the abilities of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequences of intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) between two highly conserved genes, 16S-23S rDNA and gyrB-gyrA ISRs, to detect variation in strains of Bacillus anthracis as well as two closely related species, B. cereus ATCC 14579 and B. mycoides ATCC 6462. For each restriction enzyme, (NotI, SfiI, and SmaI), the PFGE banding patterns for three B. anthracis strains (Ames, Vollum, and Sterne) were identical. However, closely related species could be differentiated from B. anthracis and from each other. PCR amplification of the 16S-23S rDNA ISR yielded a 143- to 144-bp fragment, showing identical sequences for B. anthracis strains, one nucleotide deletion between B. cerus and B. anthracis, and 13 nucleotide differences between B. mycoides and B. anthracis. The gyrase ISR sequences (121 bp) in B. anthracis strains were also identical, but those in B. cereus and B. mycoides differed from that in B. anthracis by 1 and 2 ...
https://jcm.asm.org/content/33/7/1847?ijkey=e8ac8d1fb22ba86aeb2853db437ae42cf3f534b3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
IDF secretly uses soldiers as anthrax vaccine guinea pigsIDF secretly uses soldiers as anthrax vaccine guinea pigs
TV documentary reveals army tested experimental anthrax vaccines on elite combat soldiers, but refused to treat them after adverse symptoms appeared
https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3401245,00.html
Dihydrofolate reductaseDihydrofolate reductase
Potential anthrax treatment[edit]. Structural alignment of dihydrofolate reductase from Bacillus anthracis (BaDHFR), ... anthrax. BaDHFR is less sensitive to trimethoprim analogs than is dihydrofolate reductase from other species such as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase
The Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livreThe Big 4 Live from Sofia, Bulgaria - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Anthrax. Scott Ian · Charlie Benante · Frank Bello · Joey Belladonna · Jonathan Donais. Dan Lilker · Greg D'Angelo · Neil ... Attack of the Killer B's · Return of the Killer A's · Madhouse: The Very Best of Anthrax · The Greater of Two Evils · ... O The Big 4 Live From Sofia, Bulgária é um DVD/Blu-ray com performances ao vivo do Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth e Anthrax, que ... Metallica / Slayer / Megadeth / Anthrax - The Big 4 - Live From Sofia, Bulgaria». ultratop.be. Consultado em 29 de janeiro de ...
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_4_Live_from_Sofia,_Bulgaria
Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur
Anthrax. In the 1870s, he applied this immunization method to anthrax, which affected cattle, and aroused interest in combating ... Anthrax vaccine. Pasteur publicly claimed his success in developing the anthrax vaccine in 1881.[93] However, his admirer- ... Jones, Susan D. (2010). Death in a Small Package: A Short History of Anthrax. JHU Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4214-0252-9.. ... Many cattle were dying of anthrax in "cursed fields".[59] Pasteur was told that sheep that died from anthrax were buried in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Louis_Pasteur
Robert KochRobert Koch
... "anthrax never occurs without viable anthrax bacilli or spores. In my opinion no more conclusive proof can be given that anthrax ... Anthrax[edit]. Robert Koch is widely known for his work with anthrax, discovering the causative agent of the fatal disease to ... Koch, R. (2010) [1881]. "Zur Ätiologie des Milzbrandes" [On the etiology of anthrax]. Mittheilungen aus dem Kaiserlichen ... As the discoverer of the specific causative agents of deadly infectious diseases including tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_koch
Environmental hazardEnvironmental hazard
Anthrax. *Antibiotic agents in animals destined for human consumption. *Arsenic - a contaminant of fresh water sources (water ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_hazard
Tales from the Crypt (TV series)Tales from the Crypt (TV series)
Anthrax 4:12 16 The Bell Witch Mercyful Fate 4:34 17 The Cryptkeeper Intro #5 John Kassir 0:21 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_
Watchtower (band)Watchtower (band)
The album saw Watchtower tour with bands like Slayer, Anthrax, Helstar, Celtic Frost, Voivod and Armored Saint. In the fall of ... "Anthrax". Metallipromo.com. Retrieved November 22, 2017. "Celtic Frost". Metallipromo.com. Retrieved November 22, 2017. " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower_(band)
Black and White LodgesBlack and White Lodges
Anthrax John Bush - lead vocals Dan Spitz - lead guitar Scott Ian - rhythm guitar, backing vocals Frank Bello - bass Charlie ... Ramos, Jr., Octavio (January 31, 2018). "Song of the Month Anthrax's "Block Lodge" From the full-length studio release, Sound ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Black Lodge , Anthrax , Music Video". MTV Music. Viacom Media Networks. May 2, 2005. ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Anthrax Full Official Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 28, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_White_Lodges
Animal testingAnimal testing
In the 1880s, Robert Koch infected mice and guinea pigs with anthrax and tuberculosis. In the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov famously used ... In World War I, German agents infected sheep bound for Russia with anthrax, and inoculated mules and horses of the French ... In the 1880s, Louis Pasteur convincingly demonstrated the germ theory of medicine by inducing anthrax in sheep. ... Mock M, Fouet A (2001). "Anthrax". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 55: 647-71. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.647. PMID 11544370. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing
Seventh Tour of a Seventh TourSeventh Tour of a Seventh Tour
Opening bands for this tour were: Vinnie Vincent Invasion; David Lee Roth; Anthrax; Megadeth; Guns N' Roses; Hurricane; W.A.S.P ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Tour_of_a_Seventh_Tour
MetallicaMetallica
"Anthrax;". Metallipromo.com. December 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013. "Dave ... Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax performed on the same bill for the first time on June 16, 2010, at Warsaw Babice ... The term "thrash metal" was coined in February 1984 by Kerrang! journalist Malcolm Dome in reference to Anthrax's song "Metal ... Big Four' at Yankee Stadium: Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax thrash for the masses". September 15, 2011. Retrieved ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica
2008 US Open (tennis)2008 US Open (tennis)
Anthrax? SARS? Common cough and cold?"). The American, renowned for his serve, struggled with this aspect of his game in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_US_Open_(tennis)
Metal EvolutionMetal Evolution
Anthrax; Megadeth; Pantera; Exodus; Overkill; Kreator; Destruction; Sodom; Sepultura; Testament; Death Angel First Wave of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Evolution
Metal: A Headbangers JourneyMetal: A Headbanger's Journey
Anthrax; Megadeth; Exodus; Overkill; Kreator; Destruction; Sodom; Testament; Nuclear Assault; Death Angel; Pantera; Sepultura; ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal:_A_Headbanger's_Journey
Clash of the Titans (tour)Clash of the Titans (tour)
Ling, Dave (March 2017). "Live! Anthrax". Classic Rock #233. p. 104. "Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax: The Oral ... Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian stated in an interview with Guitar World that they wanted Pantera as the opening act of the Clash ... "Anthrax Average Setlists of tour: Clash of the Titans , setlist.fm". www.setlist.fm. Clash of the Titans article from Spin ... A second leg in 1991 in the United States and Canada had a slightly different lineup: Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax headlined, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_the_Titans_(tour)
CB military symbolCB military symbol
TR - anthrax. *LE - plague. *UL - tularemia (schu S4). *TT - wet-type UL ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon_designation
ZoonosisZoonosis
Close contact with cattle can lead to cutaneous anthrax infection, whereas inhalation anthrax infection is more common for ... Examples include rabies, anthrax, tularemia and West Nile virus. Thus, much of human exposure to infectious disease has been ... "Inhalation Anthrax". cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. "Avian flu: Poultry to be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonosis
Hagar the WombHagar the Womb
... anthrax (uk)". Anthraxuk.bandcamp.com. Retrieved 1 June 2020. "Hagar The Womb - We Are Going To Eat You (1985, Cassette)". ... split with Anthrax (UK), Grow Your Own Records, GYOEP3, UK, 2016) Hagiography (CD, One Bright Spark Records 001, 2016) [ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar_the_Womb
Biological warfareBiological warfare
ISBN 978-0-275-97295-0. "Jamie Bisher, "Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission," 2014". Baron von Rosen's 1916 Anthrax Mission ... For example, anthrax can easily be controlled and even created in a garden shed; the FBI suspects it can be done for as little ... "Loner Likely Sent Anthrax, FBI Says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2008. " ... "Anthrax Facts , UPMC Center for Health Security". Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 5 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare
New wave of British heavy metalNew wave of British heavy metal
"Anthrax Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Curtis Knight Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 ... Bands such as Helloween, Savatage, Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, and Anthrax captured much of the market share of those ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal
Jon Snow (journalist)Jon Snow (journalist)
Ed Vulliamy (25 March 1998). "Anthrax follies; 'Planted' intelligence is a war correspondent's nightmare". The Guardian. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Snow_(journalist)
Armed and Dangerous (EP)Armed and Dangerous (EP)
This is the first Anthrax release to feature Joey Belladonna on vocals, and the first Anthrax release to feature Frank Bello on ... The song "Raise Hell" was an original Anthrax recording exclusive to the EP, and "God Save the Queen" was originally recorded ... "Anthrax: Armed and Dangerous". AllMusic. Retrieved March 14, 2013. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) Popoff, Martin ( ... Armed and Dangerous is the first EP by American heavy metal band Anthrax, released in February 1985 through Megaforce Records. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_and_Dangerous_(EP)
Back-FusionBack-Fusion
However, pathogens also exploit this mechanism to efficiently enter the cytosol of the cell (e.g. VSV, anthrax). Unlike regular ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-Fusion
List of 2013 albumsList of 2013 albums
Ayers, Chris (March 19, 2013). "Anthrax - Anthems". Exclaim!. Retrieved June 22, 2019. "Draco Rosa Nuevo Disco "Vida" 2013". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2013_albums
Among the LivingAmong the Living
All tracks are written by Anthrax, except "I Am the Law" and "Imitation of Life" by Anthrax and Danny Lilker. Anthrax Joey ... It is often cited by Anthrax fans as the favorite of the band's albums. The original members of Anthrax grew up in New York ... "Anthrax - I Am the Law". Dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Media Control Charts. Retrieved June 20, 2020. "Anthrax - Among the Living ... Anthrax composed the songs "I Am the Law", "Indians" and "I'm the Man" during the tour of 1986, rehearsed the first two and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Among_the_Living
PanzooticPanzootic
rabies, anthrax). Typically an enzootic or an epizootic, or their cause, may act as a potential preparatory factor . Contagion ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzootic
The Raven AgeThe Raven Age
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Anthrax Among The Kings - EU Tour Dates Announced". anthrax.com. Archived from the ... The band supported Anthrax on the Among The Kings European Tour in 2017. They followed by supporting Killswitch Engage and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raven_Age
Gang of Four (band)Gang of Four (band)
"Anthrax" (DLL). AllMusic. Retrieved 26 August 2008. "The Jam, Gang of Four: Music Machine, London" Paul Morley, New Musical ... Critic Stewart Mason has called "Anthrax" not only the group's "most notorious song" but also "one of the most unique and ... "a case of anthrax, and that's some thing I don't want to catch." Meanwhile, in the other stereo channel (and slightly less ... Anthrax" and "Armalite Rifle", was recorded in June 1978 and released on 10 December 1978, on Edinburgh's Fast Product label. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)
Biphasic diseaseBiphasic disease
"Anthrax Infection". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 184 (12): 1333-1341. doi:10.1164/rccm.201102- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biphasic_disease
Rush (band)Rush (band)
"Anthrax Guitarist Calls Rock Hall Lame For KISS and Deep Purple Snubs ::Anthrax News". antiMusic.com. March 21, 2013. Archived ... Anthrax, Dream Theater, Fishbone, Foo Fighters, Iron Maiden, Jane's Addiction, Manic Street Preachers, Meshuggah, Metallica, No ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)
Anthrax Infection Diagnosis & Testing | CDCAnthrax Infection Diagnosis & Testing | CDC
Learn how anthrax is diagnosed and the role of laboratory testing in anthrax diagnosis. ... How anthrax is diagnosed. Doctors in the United States rarely see a patient with anthrax. CDC guidance and case definitions are ... These labs are vital to the early identification of anthrax, especially in the case of a bioterrorism attack using anthrax. ... Laboratory testing for anthrax. Laboratory systems are set up in the United States to quickly confirm or rule out whether a ...
https://www.cdc.gov/anthrax/labs/labtestingfaq.html
Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- Anthrax Vaccine: What You Need to Know - English ...Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- Anthrax Vaccine: What You Need to Know - English ...
2 Anthrax vaccine. Anthrax vaccine can prevent anthrax.. Anthrax vaccine is approved by the Food and Drug People can get ... Visit CDCs anthrax website at of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other www.cdc.gov/anthrax. serious injury, or ... exposed to anthrax. These people should get 3 doses part, there is swelling of the neck or neck glands, of anthrax vaccine ... The anthrax bacteria exposure to anthrax bacteria, including:. could also be used as a biological weapon.. Certain laboratory ...
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/anthrax.pdf
Anthrax toxin - WikipediaAnthrax toxin - Wikipedia
... called anthrax toxin. Anthrax toxin is a mixture of three protein components: (i) protective antigen (PA), (ii) edema factor ( ... Bacillus anthracis-the causative agent of anthrax. The toxin was first discovered by Harry Smith in 1954. Anthrax toxin is ... Anthrax toxin is of the form A2B, where the two enzymes, EF and LF, are the A components and PA is the B component. Thus, PA ... The mechanism of anthrax toxin action is the result of the molecular structures of the three toxin proteins in combination with ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax_toxin
anthrax | Infopleaseanthrax | Infoplease
anthrax ăn´thrăks [key], acute infectious disease of animals that can be secondarily transmitted to humans. It is caused by a ... Anthrax is a well-known, ancient disease; the fifth plague visited upon the Egyptians in Genesis (see plagues of Egypt) ... Because anthrax has been tested as a biological weapon, the United States has developed a vaccine for military use, but it ... Anthrax spores, which can survive for decades, are found in the soil, and animals typically contract the disease while grazing ...
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/medicine/diseases/pathology/anthrax
Anthrax: MedlinePlusAnthrax: MedlinePlus
We offer information about anthrax symptoms, causes, vaccine, and treatment. ... You probably wont have to worry about getting anthrax disease. ... Anthrax (Medical Encyclopedia) Also in Spanish * Anthrax blood ... Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people dont know they have anthrax until it is too late to ... Anthrax is rare. It affects animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats more often than people. People can get anthrax from ...
https://medlineplus.gov/anthrax.html
Anthrax Lab Deal | WIREDAnthrax Lab Deal | WIRED
to benefit from Clintons $130 million expansion of the Pentagons anthrax vaccination program. The lab opened in 1926 and is ... Michigan regulators have approved the sale of the nations only licensed maker of anthrax and rabies vaccine. The US$25 million ... Anthrax Lab Deal. Michigan regulators have approved the sale of the nations only licensed maker of anthrax and rabies vaccine ... Michigan regulators have approved the sale of the nations only licensed maker of anthrax and rabies vaccine. The US$25 million ...
https://www.wired.com/1998/07/anthrax-lab-deal/
Anthrax | Summary | NNDSSAnthrax | Summary | NNDSS
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 2018 Case Definition (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/case-definition/2018/) ... Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 2010 Case Definition (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/case-definition/2010/) ... Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 1996 Case Definition (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/case-definition/1996/) ... Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) , 1990 Case Definition (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/case-definition/1990/) ...
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/
What Is Anthrax?What Is Anthrax?
But what exactly is anthrax, and should you be concerned about it? Find out all you need to know. ... You may have heard about anthrax in the news. ... What is anthrax?. Anthrax is an infection caused by bacteria (a ... Should I worry about anthrax?. Anthrax is very rare. In the fall of 2001, a few people became infected with anthrax after ... Is anthrax contagious?. Anthrax is not contagious, which means it does not spread from person to person the way the flu can ...
http://kidshealth.org/Inova/en/kids/anthrax.html
Anthrax. - PubMed - NCBIAnthrax. - PubMed - NCBI
Anthrax.. Mock M1, Fouet A.. Author information. 1. Toxines et Pathogénie Bactérienne, (CNRS URA 2172), Institut Pasteur, Paris ... Bacillus anthracis was shown to be the etiological agent of anthrax by R. Koch and L. Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544370?dopt=Abstract
ISDH: Anthrax 2004ISDH: Anthrax 2004
Current: Anthrax 2004. Anthrax 2004. Anthrax is a bacterial disease of man and animals caused by the bacteria Bacillus ... There were no reported human or animal cases of anthrax in Indiana in 2004.. You can learn more about anthrax by visiting the ... Anthrax is a disease of interest because of its high mortality rate, severe illness, and potential for use as a Category A ... Anthrax bacteria form spores, which are extremely stable in the environment. There are three clinical presentations of the ...
http://in.gov/isdh/21977.htm
Anthrax in Scotts Antarctica? | WIREDAnthrax in Scott's Antarctica? | WIRED
Scotts huts in Antarctica contained anthrax may actually be true, new research shows. Kim Griggs reports from Wellington, New ... There have been no confirmed reports of anthrax, Watson said.. In the United States, anthrax-tainted letters killed several ... Anthrax in Scotts Antarctica?. WELLINGTON, New Zealand - For years its been rumored that Captain Robert Falcon Scotts last ... Anthrax could have been brought by the animals or it may have been introduced in the animal feed imported from Australia and ...
https://www.wired.com/2002/08/anthrax-in-scotts-antarctica/
Anthrax: Cause, Symptoms, DiagnosisAnthrax: Cause, Symptoms, Diagnosis
Learn about the different kinds of anthrax infections and how to get diagnosed if you think youve been exposed to the bacteria ... Anthrax is a very rare disease, but it can be serious. ... Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax ... If your doctor thinks you have anthrax, youll get a tests to check to see if you have anthrax antibodies or toxins in your ... And a stool test can look for signs of anthrax bacteria in order to diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax. ...
https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-is-anthrax
Three-Minute Anthrax SensorThree-Minute Anthrax Sensor
... A new detector uses living cells that light up in the presence of airborne bioterror agents, such ... Bacteria like anthrax are infective within two to three minutes of exposure, so the faster a building can be evacuated and the ... The Lincoln Lab system can detect anthrax and other agents at concentrations as low as 10 individual particles per 30 liters of ... A sensor system that can rapidly detect six potential airborne bioterror agents, including anthrax, is now on the market. The ...
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/409759/three-minute-anthrax-sensor/amp/
Anthrax Symptoms, Signs & CausesAnthrax Symptoms, Signs & Causes
Learn about anthrax symptoms and signs. Symptoms and signs include a blistering, hard, or reddened skin sore, a black scar ... Main Article on Anthrax Symptoms and Signs. * Anthrax. Anthrax is a deadly infectious disease that may be transmitted to humans ... injection anthrax.. Signs and symptoms of anthrax depend on the type and can include a skin sore that is blistering, reddened, ... Cause of anthrax. Infection with Bacillus anthracis bacteria causes anthrax. The infection spreads to humans by contact with ...
https://www.medicinenet.com/anthrax_symptoms_and_signs/symptoms.htm
Anthrax | 2018 Case DefinitionAnthrax | 2018 Case Definition
Access the 2018 case definition for Anthrax, a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. ... One or more of these signs are usually present in patients with ingestion anthrax, inhalation anthrax, and injection anthrax ... Ingestion anthrax: presents as two sub-types:. Oropharyngeal: When anthrax spores germinate in the oropharynx, a mucosal lesion ... Anthrax meningitis: may complicate any form of anthrax, and may also be a primary manifestation. Primary symptoms include fever ...
https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/anthrax/case-definition/2018
Tracking Anthrax | PBS NewsHourTracking Anthrax | PBS NewsHour
Ray Suarez examines the medical implications of anthrax with Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy ... Fauci, a lot of attention is being paid to the people who contracted, not contracted, who came in contact with anthrax at the ... Ray Suarez examines the medical implications of anthrax with Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy ... except under the circumstance when you talk about the number of spores that would be required to give you inhalation anthrax. ...
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/tracking-anthrax-2
Anthrax: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaAnthrax: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Infection in humans most often involves the ... Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when someone eats anthrax-tainted meat.. Injection anthrax can occur in someone who injects ... Symptoms of injection anthrax are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax. In addition, the skin or muscle beneath the injection ... Inhalation anthrax develops when anthrax spores enter the lungs through the airways. It is most commonly contracted when ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001325.htm
Anthrax Detection | Encyclopedia.comAnthrax Detection | Encyclopedia.com
Anthrax DetectionAnthrax Contaminated Letters Sent to U.S. CapitolGovernment document By: The United States Government ... Accountability OfficeDate: April 5, 2005 Source for information on Anthrax Detection: Terrorism: Essential Primary Sources ... While anthrax can be treated, victims can die if medical treatment is not sought in a timely manner. Anthrax is considered a ... The 2001 anthrax letter attacks killed five people.. PRIMARY SOURCE. ANTHRAX DETECTION: AGENCIES NEED TO VALIDATE SAMPLING ...
https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/energy-government-and-defense-magazines/anthrax-detection
anthrax - Postsanthrax - Posts
Treatments and Tools for anthrax. Find anthrax information, treatments for anthrax and anthrax symptoms. ... anthrax - MedHelps anthrax Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, ... How many of you and your partners had to get anthrax immunization? At least anyone in the m... ... I wrote alot under Anthrax. Check my message or comment there too. Thanks. I have been re... ...
https://www.medhelp.org/tags/show/740/anthrax?section=subjects
ANTHRAX TARGETS AUTHOR-HER BOOK SURVIVESANTHRAX TARGETS AUTHOR-HER BOOK SURVIVES
... herself a target of the Anthrax virus when a scheduled appearance on the Rosie O Donnell Show was cancelled due to Anthrax ... s Cancer-tankerous Mommy has appeared on The Rosie O Donnell Show she can add the Anthrax virus to her list.. ...
http://www.prweb.com/releases/2001/11/prweb29710.htm
The anthrax threat | Unknown | The EconomistThe anthrax threat | Unknown | The Economist
Three people have now died from pulmonary anthrax since October 5th. This has renewed fears about biological weapons, which may ... Americas outbreak of anthrax contamination continues to widen, sowing alarm and confusion. ... The anthrax threat. Americas outbreak of anthrax contamination continues to widen, sowing alarm and confusion. Three people ... and most of them have the cutaneous form of anthrax, which is easily treatable with antibiotics. Pulmonary anthrax can also be ...
https://www.economist.com/unknown/2001/10/26/the-anthrax-threat
ANTHRAX - Evil Twin (Lyric video) - YouTubeANTHRAX - Evil Twin (Lyric video) - YouTube
The Brand New Single from ANTHRAX - EVIL TWIN. Evil Twin is now available digitally, and can be purchased NOW - USA: https:// ... ANTHRAX - Blood Eagle Wings OFFICIAL - Brian Posehn, Brendon Small - Duration: 8:15. Anthrax 1,102,688 views ... ANTHRAX - The Devil You Know (OFFICIAL VIDEO) - Duration: 4:49. Anthrax 4,206,007 views ... Website: http://www.Anthrax.com. Like: https://www.facebook.com/anthrax. Follow: https://twitter.com/anthrax ...
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPmLkF3e6Fc
Anthrax Island - The New York TimesAnthrax Island - The New York Times
We developed an anthrax vaccine that was given to the whole army, and its considered to be the best in the world. Same with ... He recalls the case of a woman who dropped a petri dish full of anthrax on the floor, then tried to cover up her mistake. The ... He says he was not on the island when the anthrax was buried, and no one was told about it at the time. ... About one-third of our work was on weapons, like anthrax, plague and other bacteria, he recalls, and two-thirds on matters ...
https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/magazine/anthrax-island.html
Anthrax Suspect Commits Suicide - WSJAnthrax Suspect Commits Suicide - WSJ
Army scientist Bruce Ivins emerged as the prime suspect in the anthrax plot that killed five people in 2001. But his apparent ... Anthrax Suspect Commits Suicide Dramatic Turn in 2001 Case: Weapons Scientist Faced Charges; Lawyer Denies Guilt. ... The apparent suicide this week of an Army biological-weapons scientist opens a new and perhaps final chapter in the anthrax ...
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121757737139604131
The Anthrax Epidemiologic Tool KitThe Anthrax Epidemiologic Tool Kit
Concurrent epidemiological investigation of anthrax cases in five geographic regions required rapid development of field ... The Anthrax Epidemiologic Tool Kit: An Instrument for Public Health Preparedness Dori B. Reissman, Ellen B. Steinberg, Julie M ... Cite this: The Anthrax Epidemiologic Tool Kit: An Instrument for Public Health Preparedness - Medscape - Apr 01, 2003. ... Table 2. Data Elements Used to Describe Case-Finding Strategies for the Anthrax Investigation Tool Kit ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/458655_4
Anthrax: Causes, treatments, and risksAnthrax: Causes, treatments, and risks
While focus is often on the use of anthrax for criminal purposes, the bacteria is more likely to spread through contact with or ... Anthrax is a deadly infection that is rare in the United States but common in animals globally. There are different forms, but ... Anthrax remains rare in the U.S. If a person has symptoms that resemble anthrax, it is most likely a more common illness. ... The most common form of anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, mostly spreads through contact with contaminated animal products such as ...
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/37557
Microbial warfare - Anthrax assassin | Babbage | The EconomistMicrobial warfare - Anthrax assassin | Babbage | The Economist
The zebra met its demise at the hands of Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. Grazing animals that ingest ... But they also revealed a pleasant surprise: a novel virus infecting the anthrax bacterium. The researchers reported their ...
https://www.economist.com/babbage/2014/02/04/anthrax-assassin
The Anthrax Files - The New York TimesThe Anthrax Files - The New York Times
... in investigating anthrax attacks, re-examine package mislabeled anthrax and sent to Bnai Brith headquarters in Washington ... also reports similarities between writing of last falls letters and 1999 anthrax hoax in Columbus, Ga (M) ... In contrast to the 1997 package with fake anthrax gelatin, the 1999 letters each contained a teaspoon of fake anthrax powder ( ... The Anthrax Files. By NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF. JULY 12, 2002. Continue reading the main story Share This Page Continue reading the ...
https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/12/opinion/the-anthrax-files.html
AnthraxAnthrax
Inhalation anthrax. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;353:83-93. 5. Elkina AV. The epidemiology of a pulmonary form of anthrax. Zh ... The Epidemiology of Anthrax. Anthrax occurs worldwide. The organism exists in the soil as a spore. Animals, domestic or wild, ... epidemics of anthrax. The largest reported epidemic of human anthrax occurred in Zimbabwe from 1978 through 1980, with an ... In the United States, the annual incidence of human anthrax has steadily declined-from about 127 cases in the early years of ...
http://www.iaff.org/hs/Resi/Anthrax/Epidemiology.htm
AnthraxAnthrax
History of Anthrax. Anthrax, is an animal disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that occurs in domesticated and wild animals- ... Anthrax has a long association with human history. The fifth and sixth plagues described in Exodus may have been anthrax in ... Owing to the infectiousness of anthrax spores by the respiratory route and the high mortality of inhalational anthrax, the ... inhalational anthrax4. This occurred among wool sorters in England, due to the generation of infectious aerosols of anthrax ...
http://www.iaff.org/HS/Resi/Anthrax/History.htm
InhalationCutaneous anthraxBacteriaInhalational anthraxVaccineInfectionForm of anthraxBacillus anthracisDepartment of DefeAntibioticsHumansBioterrorismInfectiousBruce IvinsExposure to anthraxIvinsVaccinationDeadly anthraxContagiousOutbreakToxinsVaccinesCattle2002Centers for DiseasAnthracisCasesInvestigationBioterrorGastrointestinal anthraxMailed an anthrax-laced letterMeatOfficialsLarge epidemics of anthraxThreat of anthraxScareDaschleMailingsBiological weaponFloridaAttacks in 2001Live anthrax spores2001 anthrax letterDiseaseFatalFeverSpreadsCase of anthraxForms of anthraxRelease of anthraxSymptoms of anthraxContact with anthraxLivestock are vaccinatedInjectionAntibodiesAffectsAnimalsLesion caused by anthrax
Inhalation37
  • If inhalation anthrax is suspected, chest X-rays or CT scans can confirm if the patient has mediastinal widening or pleural effusion, which are X-ray findings typically seen in patients with inhalation anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation anthrax can cause shortness of Drug (IND) program and requires informed consent breath, cough, chest discomfort, confusion, nausea from a parent or legal guardian. (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary, or inhalation, anthrax begins with flulike symptoms and ultimately causes lesions in the lungs and brain. (infoplease.com)
  • 3) Inhalation anthrax occurs when the spores are inhaled. (in.gov)
  • You might get an X-ray of your chest or CT scan if your doctor thinks you might have inhalation anthrax. (webmd.com)
  • Early nonspecific symptoms of inhalation anthrax include fever and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • One or more of these signs are usually present in patients with ingestion anthrax, inhalation anthrax, and injection anthrax and may be present in up to a third of patients with cutaneous anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Well, that's not necessarily so, except under the circumstance when you talk about the number of spores that would be required to give you inhalation anthrax. (pbs.org)
  • There are three main routes of anthrax infection: skin (cutaneous), lung (inhalation), and mouth (gastrointestinal). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inhalation anthrax develops when anthrax spores enter the lungs through the airways. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inhalation anthrax is treated with a combination of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin plus another medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People with second-stage inhalation anthrax have a poor outlook, even with antibiotic therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • On October 28th, a postal worker in New Jersey was confirmed as suffering from the pulmonary form of anthrax, bringing to eight the number of such cases, caused by inhalation of the bacteria. (economist.com)
  • For most forms, the symptoms appear within a week of exposure to B. anthracis , but the symptoms of inhalation anthrax can take over a month to develop. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Inhalation of a sufficient quantity of spores, usually seen only during generation of aerosols in an enclosed space associated with processing contaminated wool or hair, gives rise to inhalational anthrax. (iaff.org)
  • Inhalation anthrax leads to severe pneumonia that is usually fatal. (dictionary.com)
  • Today two workers at the postal facility where congressional mail is first delivered died, two more workers from that facility have confirmed cases of inhalation anthrax, and nine others may have contracted it. (cbsnews.com)
  • We have multiple postal workers where we have suspicions and two confirmed cases of inhalation anthrax," says Ivan Walks, Washington, DC's chief medical officer. (cbsnews.com)
  • The pulmonary form, called inhalation anthrax (woolsorters' disease), affects principally the lungs and pleura and results from inhaling anthrax spores (e.g., in areas where hair and wool are processed). (britannica.com)
  • Inhalation anthrax is occasionally transmitted to humans by spore-contaminated brushes or by wearing apparel such as furs and leather goods. (britannica.com)
  • Seven or eight Internet medicine-peddling sites have even added ciprofloxacin -- the antibiotic of choice for inhalation anthrax -- to their wares. (salon.com)
  • Influenza, with its pounding headache, cough and high fever, is nearly identical to the early symptoms of inhalation anthrax. (salon.com)
  • NEW YORK A hospital worker with a mysterious case of inhalation anthrax died early today, the nation's fourth fatality in a month of bioterrorism. (washingtontimes.com)
  • The president expresses his condolences and sympathy to the family of the woman who died as a result of inhalation anthrax. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Health officials awaited the results of lab tests on an unidentified woman in a suburban Washington hospital, disclosed last night to be suffering from possible inhalation anthrax. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Bioterrorism has claimed four lives since October 4, when a Florida man died of inhalation anthrax. (pbs.org)
  • Wallace's release came as another victim of inhalation anthrax was remembered in New York City. (pbs.org)
  • Robert Stevens, a 63-year-old photo editor for The Sun tabloid, died last week from inhalation anthrax, contracted from breathing the deadly bacteria. (cnn.com)
  • It is considered less dangerous and more easily treatable than inhalation anthrax. (cnn.com)
  • After an incubation period of 1-7 days, the onset of inhalation anthrax is gradual. (wave3.com)
  • The inhaled form of anthrax is contracted by inhalation of the spores, occurs mainly among workers handling infected animal hides, wool and furs. (wave3.com)
  • Endemic inhalational anthrax, known as woolsorter's disease , is also a rare infection, contracted by inhalation of the spores. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Inhalation - transmitted by breathing in anthrax spores. (smore.com)
  • with proper antibiotics, Anthrax can be cured depending on how soon treatment ad on whether the disease is the type contagious, gastrointestinal, inhalation or injection. (smore.com)
  • Inhalation Anthrax is the most dangerous. (smore.com)
  • Inhalation anthrax usually develops within a week after exposure, but may take up to 2 months. (wikipedia.org)
  • These symptoms may be accompanied by cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, and nausea or vomiting, making inhalation anthrax difficult to distinguish from influenza and community-acquired pneumonia. (wikipedia.org)
Cutaneous anthrax33
  • Cutaneous anthrax occurs when anthrax spores enter the body through a cut or scrape on the skin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People most at risk for cutaneous anthrax include farm workers, veterinarians, tanners, and wool workers. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms of injection anthrax are similar to those of cutaneous anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cutaneous anthrax is treated with antibiotics taken by mouth, usually for 7 to 10 days. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When treated with antibiotics, cutaneous anthrax is likely to get better. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is no known way to spread cutaneous anthrax from person to person. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who live with someone who has cutaneous anthrax do not need antibiotics unless they have also been exposed to the same source of anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The most common form of anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, mostly spreads through contact with contaminated animal products such as hides and hair. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The most common form of anthrax is cutaneous anthrax. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The fifth and sixth plagues described in Exodus may have been anthrax in domesticated animals followed by cutaneous anthrax in humans. (iaff.org)
  • Cutaneous anthrax is marked by the formation of a necrotic skin ulcer, high fever, and toxemia. (dictionary.com)
  • The most common type, cutaneous anthrax, occurs as a primary localized infection of the skin in the form of a carbuncle . (britannica.com)
  • The assistant who opened the letter was diagnosed with "cutaneous anthrax" - infection through the skin - on Friday. (newscientist.com)
  • In October 2001, after a series of mysterious anthrax attacks in the US became front-page news (see October 5-November 21, 2001 ), the treating doctor told the FBI he recognized the two hijackers and thought the wound was consistent with cutaneous anthrax exposure. (historycommons.org)
  • With cutaneous anthrax , symptoms usually appear 5 to 7 days after exposure to spores, though it may take longer. (cigna.com)
  • As many as 19 more cases of suspected cutaneous anthrax were reported from the Visakha Agency even as 12 out of the 16 Girijans admitted during the last one week have been discharged from the King George Hospital here on Monday and Tuesday. (thehindu.com)
  • However, clinical tests showed that the problem was cutaneous anthrax and treatment done accordingly has showed result, he said. (thehindu.com)
  • Suspected cutaneous anthrax cases have been reported in a large number after a gap of several years. (thehindu.com)
  • However, cutaneous anthrax is not a life-threatening disease. (thehindu.com)
  • People who work with susceptible animals (herbivores such as cattle, sheep and goats) or their products (such as wool and hides) are at risk of the disease, particularly cutaneous anthrax. (health.gov.au)
  • In cutaneous anthrax, infection is believed to occur by penetration of spores through a skin lesion, although in some cases the patient will not be aware of the lesion. (health.gov.au)
  • Following the 2001 deliberate release of anthrax spores in the United States of America (USA), seven confirmed and four suspected cases of cutaneous anthrax were diagnosed. (health.gov.au)
  • Symptoms of cutaneous anthrax begin with the appearance of a small papule at the infection site. (health.gov.au)
  • There are no data on the infectious dose for cutaneous anthrax. (health.gov.au)
  • The incubation period for cutaneous anthrax is usually 2 to 5 days [2], with a range of 12 hours to 14 days. (health.gov.au)
  • Of 11 cases of cutaneous anthrax associated with the deliberate release of anthrax spores in the USA in 2001, the incubation periods ranged up to 10 days [3]. (health.gov.au)
  • The case fatality rate of untreated cutaneous anthrax is variable but low, unless complications arise. (health.gov.au)
  • The Chronicle said that 95% of the Umzingwane cases were cutaneous anthrax, meaning the disease had likely been contracted when villagers touched infected cattle. (news24.com)
  • Cutaneous anthrax, also known as hide-porter's disease, is when anthrax occurs on the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cutaneous anthrax presents as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center (eschar). (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike bruises or most other lesions, cutaneous anthrax infections normally do not cause pain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cutaneous anthrax is typically caused when B. anthracis spores enter through cuts on the skin. (wikipedia.org)
  • It may have symptoms similar to cutaneous anthrax, but it may also have infection deep into the muscle and spread faster. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteria47
  • Laboratory systems are set up in the United States to quickly confirm or rule out whether a patient has anthrax or whether the environment is contaminated with Bacillus anthracis , the type of bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Laboratories that are a part of the LRN can test patient specimens for Bacillus anthracis , the type of bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • From inhaling spores of the bacteria that causes anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax toxin allows the bacteria to evade the immune system, proliferate, and ultimately kill the host animal. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax is an infection caused by bacteria (a type of germ) called Bacillus anthracis (say: buh-SIL-us an-THRAY-sus). (kidshealth.org)
  • Anthrax can often be successfully treated with antibiotics (medicine that kills bacteria). (kidshealth.org)
  • Anthrax is a bacterial disease of man and animals caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis. (in.gov)
  • Anthrax bacteria form spores, which are extremely stable in the environment. (in.gov)
  • WELLINGTON, New Zealand - For years it's been rumored that Captain Robert Falcon Scott's last Antarctic shelter harbored the deadly anthrax bacteria. (wired.com)
  • Anthrax is an infectious disease that's caused by bacteria. (webmd.com)
  • Anthrax is caused by a type of bacteria called Bacillus anthracis . (webmd.com)
  • You can get anthrax if spores get into your body, break open and release the bacteria, which make toxins (poison) that harm you. (webmd.com)
  • And a stool test can look for signs of anthrax bacteria in order to diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax. (webmd.com)
  • Bacteria like anthrax are infective within two to three minutes of exposure, so the faster a building can be evacuated and the agent contained, the better. (technologyreview.com)
  • But the six agents that Innovative Biosensors is initially targeting are the smallpox virus, the toxins botulinum and ricin, anthrax, and two other bacteria. (technologyreview.com)
  • Infection with Bacillus anthracis bacteria causes anthrax. (medicinenet.com)
  • Signs of systemic involvement from the dissemination of either the bacteria and / or its toxins can occur with all types of anthrax and include fever or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, and leukocytosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, a person can acquire anthrax by eating undercooked contaminated meat, having the bacteria enter the body through an open wound, or by inhaling airborne spores. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The first victims of anthrax were magazine publishers and postal workers, but this quickly changed when employees of the television network NBC New York tested positive for the bacteria. (encyclopedia.com)
  • About one-third of our work was on weapons, like anthrax, plague and other bacteria,'' he recalls, ''and two-thirds on matters like testing vaccines or clothing or how long micro-organisms would survive in the soil. (nytimes.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), if a biological attack were to occur, the anthrax bacteria is " one of the most likely agents . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anthrax is a bacteria that could be used as a biological weapon. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Anthrax is a disease caused not by a virus, but rather by bacteria . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Instead, the report blames the shipments of deadly bacteria to 21 states and seven nations over the last decade on the lack of a common scientific standard for killing anthrax, also known as bacillus anthracis . (thedailybeast.com)
  • In other words, Dugway didn't know exactly how much anthrax it was blasting with gamma rays-or how long the bacteria should sit before scientists examined it. (thedailybeast.com)
  • The anthrax blood test is used to measure substances (proteins) called antibodies , which are produced by the body in reaction to the bacteria that cause anthrax . (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The bacteria that cause anthrax is called Bacillus anthracis . (ucsfhealth.org)
  • A normal result means no antibodies to the anthrax bacteria were seen in your blood sample. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • An abnormal result means antibodies to the bacteria have been detected and you may have anthrax disease. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Mr. Ridge said additional testing had confirmed that the anthrax bacteria found in letters to Mr. Daschle, New York and Florida were from the same strain, and had not been altered genetically. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Investigators have not found new cases of anthrax infection, but more office buildings tested positive for the bacteria. (pbs.org)
  • When inhaled, the anthrax bacteria replicate in the body and produce toxins that can cause massive and irreversible tissue injury and death. (fda.gov)
  • The technology amplifies any anthrax DNA present in the sample and can reveal the presence of just 40 microscopic cells of the deadly bacteria Bacillus anthracis. (eurekalert.org)
  • Unlike an increasing number of school mailroom workers in the weeks since mail-borne anthrax bacteria seized the nation's attention, Mr. Mignano shuns the use of latex gloves and dust masks to protect himself from possible contamination. (edweek.org)
  • Skin anthrax is a milder, treatable form of the bacteria that was found in American Media employees in Florida. (crainsnewyork.com)
  • Anthrax bacteria can spread when wells become contaminated either after floods or prolonged drought. (reuters.com)
  • Authorities said it appeared that the same strain of anthrax is responsible for all three human exposures to the bacteria, as well as the spore discovered in the building. (cnn.com)
  • Anthrax is a serious, sometimes deadly disease caused by infection with anthrax bacteria. (cigna.com)
  • Presently, there has been only one confirmed incident of anthrax bacteria being sent through the mail. (wave3.com)
  • Anthrax bacteria are easy to cultivate and spore production is readily induced. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus Anthracis. (smore.com)
  • Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacteria Bacillus anthracis. (mysanantonio.com)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Thursday, June 19, 2014, that some of its staff in Atlanta may have been accidentally exposed to dangerous anthrax bacteria because of a safety problem at some of its labs. (mysanantonio.com)
  • One of the latest confirmations is anthrax, the first case of the bacteria this year in Texas. (mysanantonio.com)
  • The anthrax information webpage for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states the bacteria can live in the environment for a long time, even decades. (mysanantonio.com)
  • A: Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, bacteria whose spores lie dormant in soil and become active under extreme weather conditions such as drought or flooding, according to South Dakota's state veterinarian, Dustin Oedekoven. (deseretnews.com)
  • Anthrax culled from the letters was quickly discovered to be the so-called Ames strain of bacteria, but with genetic mutations that made it distinct. (foxnews.com)
Inhalational anthrax24
  • Under natural conditions, inhalational anthrax is exceedingly rare, with only 18 cases having been reported in the United States in the 20th century 4 . (iaff.org)
  • In the early years of this century, cases of inhalational anthrax were reported in rural villagers in Russia who worked with contaminated sheep wool inside their homes 5 . (iaff.org)
  • Five cases of inhalational anthrax occurred in woolen mill workers in New Hampshire in the 1950s 6 . (iaff.org)
  • Essentially all were cutaneous, with very rare cases of gastrointestinal disease and eight cases of inhalational anthrax, although no autopsy confirmation was reported 7 . (iaff.org)
  • During the latter half of the 19th century, a previously unrecognized form of anthrax appeared for the first time, namely, inhalational anthrax 4 . (iaff.org)
  • Owing to the infectiousness of anthrax spores by the respiratory route and the high mortality of inhalational anthrax, the military's concern with anthrax is with its potential use as a biological weapon. (iaff.org)
  • This concern was heightened by the revelation that the largest epidemic of inhalational anthrax in recent history occurred in Sverdlovsk, Russia, in 1979. (iaff.org)
  • Pathology of inhalational anthrax in 42 cases from the Sverdlovsk outbreak of 1979. (iaff.org)
  • In October 2001, the first inhalational anthrax case in the United States since 1976 was identified in a media company worker in Florida. (cdc.gov)
  • the cials, leading to the first bioterrorism-related cases of anthrax last reported case of inhalational anthrax in the United States in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of conducted through coordinated efforts of medical and labora- inhalational anthrax among humans were linked to occupa- tory communities and local, state, and federal public health tional exposures at a goat-hair-processing plant in New and law enforcement agencies. (cdc.gov)
  • The classic radiographic finding in inhalational anthrax is a widened mediastinum on plain chest radiograph or chest CT scan. (drugs.com)
  • Early diagnosis of inhalational anthrax is difficult because initial symptoms are nonspecific chills, fever, muscle aches, cough. (drugs.com)
  • Mortality for inhalational anthrax approaches 100%, even with treatment. (drugs.com)
  • On Friday, March 18, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Anthim (obiltoxaximab) injection to treat inhalational anthrax in combination with appropriate antibacterial drugs. (fda.gov)
  • Anthim is also approved to prevent inhalational anthrax when alternative therapies are not available or not appropriate. (fda.gov)
  • Inhalational anthrax is a rare disease that can occur after exposure to infected animals or contaminated animal products, or as a result of an intentional release of anthrax spores. (fda.gov)
  • Anthim's effectiveness for treatment and prophylaxis of inhalational anthrax was demonstrated in studies conducted in animals based on survival at the end of the studies. (fda.gov)
  • Advancing the development of both IV and IM administration of our antitoxin could provide two important options in the prevention and treatment of inhalational anthrax following a biowarfare attack. (genengnews.com)
  • With inhalational anthrax , symptoms usually appear 1 to 7 days after exposure. (cigna.com)
  • Symptoms of inhalational anthrax begin insidiously, and mortality rates are high, even with vigorous antibiotic therapy. (health.gov.au)
  • Inhalational anthrax usually has an incubation period of 1-6 days, although in an outbreak in Sverdlovsk in the Soviet Union, one patient had a six-week interval between exposure and onset. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Because the number of spores needed to kill an animal from inhalational anthrax is much smaller than for a human, animals will be the first to shows symptoms of the disease and die. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • After an incubation period of 1-6 days, presumably dependent upon the strain and number of organisms inhaled, the onset of inhalational anthrax is gradual and nonspecific. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Vaccine34
  • Anthrax vaccine can prevent anthrax . (cdc.gov)
  • These people should get 3 doses of anthrax vaccine, followed by booster doses for ongoing protection. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax vaccine is also recommended for of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the lower part unvaccinated people of all ages who have been of the GI tract, or both. (cdc.gov)
  • These people should get 3 doses part, there is swelling of the neck or neck glands, of anthrax vaccine together with recommended sore throat, and painful swallowing or difficulty antibiotic drugs. (cdc.gov)
  • When it affects the lower GI tract, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain and swelling, Anthrax vaccine has not been studied or used in and diarrhea may be present. (cdc.gov)
  • If you see signs of a Has had an allergic reaction after a previous severe allergic reaction (hives, swelling of the face dose of anthrax vaccine , or has any severe, life- and throat, difficulty breathing, a fast heartbeat, threatening allergies . (cdc.gov)
  • Because of this, individuals without symptoms who have been exposed to inhaled anthrax are treated with antibiotics for 60 days, anthrax vaccine, and other measures. (infoplease.com)
  • Because anthrax has been tested as a biological weapon, the United States has developed a vaccine for military use, but it requires several injections and annual boosters. (infoplease.com)
  • A vaccine to prevent anthrax is available for people in the military and others at high risk. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Michigan regulators have approved the sale of the nation's only licensed maker of anthrax and rabies vaccine. (wired.com)
  • An anthrax vaccine is available to military personnel and some members of the general public. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The report also found that Ivins allegedly carried out the attacks for revenge and redemption for questions about his work with the anthrax vaccine. (go.com)
  • The Obama administration has asked a federal advisory committee, the National Biodefense Science Board, to make recommendations about testing the anthrax vaccine in children. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Parents offered a slot in the anthrax vaccine trial for their children would have to rely on the same experts who believed there were biological weapon stockpiles in Iraq. (scienceblogs.com)
  • You want to find the right children to receive experimental injections of the anthrax vaccine? (scienceblogs.com)
  • The anthrax vaccine does not appear to harm women's fertility, according to a study of Army soldiers. (menstuff.org)
  • Did the military secretly doctor the anthrax vaccine? (slate.com)
  • Matsumoto's contention, as he first reported in a 1999 Vanity Fair article that triggered a congressional hearing, is that the U.S. military's anthrax vaccine causes a constellation of autoimmune diseases and symptoms such as lupus, rashes, hair loss, and aching joints that fall under the rubric known as Gulf War Syndrome. (slate.com)
  • To be sure, a myriad of real problems have stained the reputation of the military's anthrax vaccine, and Matsumoto thoroughly documents them. (slate.com)
  • To read more about the anthrax vaccine, click here . (slate.com)
  • Yet in his strained attempt to expose what the jacket calls the "worst friendly fire incident in military history," Masumoto never satisfyingly answers the vexing question that might make his case at least plausible: What motive did the U.S. military have to secretly doctor the anthrax vaccine with squalene? (slate.com)
  • Developed in the 1950s and approved by the FDA in 1970, the anthrax vaccine requires an extraordinary six doses-most vaccines work with three or fewer-and contains what's called "protective antigen," a toxin made by the anthrax bacterium. (slate.com)
  • To help rev up the antibody response against the protective antigen, the anthrax vaccine also contains a chemical called an adjuvant, which essentially serves as an irritant to command the immune system's full attention. (slate.com)
  • The adjuvant used in the FDA-licensed anthrax vaccine is aluminum hydroxide, or alum , which has a long safety record in other vaccines. (slate.com)
  • In the late 1980s, military researchers demonstrated that a single dose of a vaccine made from protective antigens and squalene prevented a particularly nasty anthrax strain from harming guinea pigs and mice. (slate.com)
  • On the eve of the Persian Gulf War in October 1990, the Department of Defense did not have enough anthrax vaccine for its troops, and the DoD's pressing deployment plans created a time crunch-ideally, the vaccine requires six shots over 18 months to develop a full antibody response. (slate.com)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration first approved the vaccine in 1970 to protect veterinarians against infection through exposure to animals with the anthrax virus. (courant.com)
  • Apparent problems with the use of the anthrax vaccine first began surfacing among some veterans of the Persian Gulf War. (courant.com)
  • With the possibility of an anthrax terrorist incident in Florida, the anthrax vaccine has regained prominence in the news. (educate-yourself.org)
  • The original vaccine produced by the State of Michigan was primarily used to immunize animals against anthrax as well as veterinarians and others coming into close contact with animals or animal products. (educate-yourself.org)
  • It was explained that the experiment they would undergo constituted the final phase prior to anthrax vaccine production in Israel, which would cater to a possible eventuality of a biological attack on military or civilian populations. (ynetnews.com)
  • In 2004, a US district judge ruled that the program of anthrax vaccine for use on American military personnel be stopped due to a series of side effects experienced by US troops. (ynetnews.com)
  • This vaccine, while known to protect against anthrax acquired through the skin, is also believed to be effective against inhaled spores. (wave3.com)
  • A: An effective anthrax vaccine is readily available through licensed veterinarians, but it takes about a week for immunity to take hold. (deseretnews.com)
Infection27
  • It is the most common type of anthrax infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax infection can spread to the bloodstream and may result in death. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anthrax is caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis , a hardy, spore-forming bacterium that can survive in extreme conditions for a long time. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) gained notoriety as a biological weapon in the 2001 in the United States (U.S.), when anthrax powder was mailed in packages, leading to 22 cases of infection, including 5 fatalities. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anthrax infection happens when the bacterium B. anthracis enters the body through inhaling, swallowing, injecting, or through skin contact. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anthrax in humans occurs as a cutaneous, pulmonary, or intestinal infection. (britannica.com)
  • Health officials are stressing that, if detected early enough, anthrax infection is easily treatable with antibiotics. (newscientist.com)
  • This test may be performed when the health care provider suspects you have anthrax infection. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The death of Kathy Nguyen, a New York hospital worker, from inhaled anthrax has puzzled officials because she was not in direct contact with anything that was previously considered a risk for infection. (pbs.org)
  • Biodefense biopharma firm Elusys Therapeutics was awarded an additional $14.5 million in funding from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) to support expanded human safety trials with ETI-204 (Anthim), its Phase II-stage monoclonal antibody candidate for treating anthrax infection. (genengnews.com)
  • Mr. Giuliani emphasized in a press conference Friday that the anthrax infection is not contagious in any way, and that one has to be exposed to it directly. (crainsnewyork.com)
  • Pesquera said the FBI's Boca Raton office is keeping a close eye on developments in New York, where an NBC employee in New York tested positive for cutaneous (skin) anthrax infection. (cnn.com)
  • People who come in contact with someone who has anthrax don't need to be immunized or treated unless they were exposed to the same source of infection. (cigna.com)
  • The symptoms and the incubation period -the time from exposure to anthrax until symptoms start-depend on the type of infection you have. (cigna.com)
  • The district veterinary officials have also injected over 20,000 cattle with anthrax vaccines so that they can be protected from the infection, said Naik. (hindustantimes.com)
  • In the last week of May, six people died of anthrax infection in neighbouring Koraput district, about 500 kms from Bhubaneswar, joint director of the state surveillance cell, Bikas Patnaik said. (hindustantimes.com)
  • There are no suspected or confirmed cases of anthrax infection among any workers in any of the labs that have received these samples over the last 10 years. (military.com)
  • Anthrax lethal toxin is a multi-functional virulence factor that has evolved to target multiple host functions to allow for optimal establishment of Bacillus anthracis infection. (nih.gov)
  • The understanding of the molecular events induced by anthrax toxin in different target cells at each stage of infection will aid in deciphering the pathogenesis of this bacterium and developing therapies. (nih.gov)
  • Anthrax is an acute infection caused by B. anthracis . (health.gov.au)
  • A recent study indicated that non-headache neurological symptoms (such as confusion, dizziness or loss of consciousness), dyspnoea, nausea or vomiting, and any finding on lung auscultation were suggestive of anthrax rather than an upper respiratory tract infection in the context of a suspected deliberate release of anthrax [12]. (health.gov.au)
  • Anthrax is an acute bacterial infection of the skin, lungs or gastrointestinal tract. (wave3.com)
  • The cutaneous or skin form of the infection occurs most frequently on the hands and forearms of persons working with infected livestock or contaminated animal products and represents 95% of cases of human anthrax. (wave3.com)
  • The period between contact with anthrax and the start of symptoms depend on how the infection was contracted. (smore.com)
  • Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax vaccination is recommended for people who are at high risk of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • For intestinal infection, the risk of death is 25 to 75%, while respiratory anthrax has a mortality of 50 to 80%, even with treatment. (wikipedia.org)
Form of anthrax7
  • Anthrax meningitis: may complicate any form of anthrax, and may also be a primary manifestation. (cdc.gov)
  • And it was confirmed that another worker at NBC, one of the affected New York-based television stations, had contracted the cutaneous form of anthrax. (economist.com)
  • Dozens of Americans have now tested positive for exposure to anthrax spores, though only a small number have contracted the disease, and most of them have the cutaneous form of anthrax, which is easily treatable with antibiotics. (economist.com)
  • Each form of anthrax has its own range of symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 5. Elkina AV. The epidemiology of a pulmonary form of anthrax. (iaff.org)
  • a form of anthrax acquired by breathing in spores of Bacillus anthracis in airborne particles less than 5 mcg. (drugs.com)
  • A widely distributed form of anthrax, available to researchers for the past 50 years, originated at an Iowa laboratory. (cnn.com)
Bacillus anthracis19
  • Anthrax toxin is a three-protein exotoxin secreted by virulent strains of the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis-the causative agent of anthrax. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming, Gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium (Fig. 1). (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a germ that lives in soil. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Bacillus anthracis was shown to be the etiological agent of anthrax by R. Koch and L. Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth century. (nih.gov)
  • Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Bacillus anthracis . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The zebra met its demise at the hands of Bacillus anthracis , the bacterium that causes anthrax. (economist.com)
  • Anthrax, is an animal disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that occurs in domesticated and wild animals- including goats, sheep, cattle, horses, and swine. (iaff.org)
  • anthrax , also called malignant pustule or woolsorters' disease , acute , infectious, febrile disease of animals and humans caused by Bacillus anthracis , a bacterium that under certain conditions forms highly resistant spores capable of persisting and retaining their virulence for many years. (britannica.com)
  • Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Most people did not know that the work in Ray Goehner's materials characterization department at Sandia National Laboratories was contributing important information to the FBI's investigation of letters containing bacillus anthracis, the spores that cause the disease anthrax . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Bacillus Anthracis, cause of anthrax. (progressive.org)
  • Anthrax is a naturally occurring disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis . (gc.ca)
  • Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis and spreads when the anthrax spores are inhaled, ingested, or come into contact with the skin lesion on a host. (medindia.net)
  • Martin GJ, Friedlander AM. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax). (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Anthrax is a disease of herbivorous animals caused by Bacillus anthracis and humans incidentally acquire the disease by handling infected dead animals and their products. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • An initial CDC review showed the lab was preparing samples of Bacillus anthracis , or anthrax, for research seeking new ways to detect pathogens, but that the lab did not "adequately inactivate the samples" before sending them along, the agency said. (latimes.com)
  • Anthrax is a bacterial, zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus Anthracis. (wave3.com)
  • Bacillus anthracis , the causative agent of anthrax, is a Gram-positive, spore-forming rod. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • This undated file electronmicrograph from the official U.S. Department of Defense anthrax information Web Site shows Bacillus anthracis vegetative cells in a monkey spleen. (mysanantonio.com)
Department of Defe1
  • The Department of Defense is in the midst of an effort to immunize all 2.4 million active duty personnel against deadly anthrax spores, potentially spread by enemy troops or terrorists. (courant.com)
Antibiotics11
  • Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Antibiotics are usually used to treat anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For people who have been exposed to anthrax (but have no symptoms of the disease), providers may prescribe preventive antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin, penicillin, or doxycycline, depending on the strain of anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pulmonary anthrax can also be treated effectively with antibiotics-but only if it is detected quickly enough, usually before full symptoms appear. (economist.com)
  • Often fatal if the bacterium enters the lungs, anthrax is usually treated by antibiotics . (dictionary.com)
  • The UK's chief medical officer said on Monday that the government had ordered extra supplies of antibiotics to treat anthrax over the past two weeks. (newscientist.com)
  • Mr. Ridge spoke as officials said the number of Americans taking antibiotics at the government's urging in the bioterrorism scare had reached 10,000, and as Daschle announced that one wing of a Senate office building would be sealed off "for the foreseeable future'' because of anthrax contamination. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Health officials tested more NBC employees on Saturday for anthrax exposure and put them on a regimen of antibiotics as a precaution. (crainsnewyork.com)
  • Eighty-four staffers are being monitored or given antibiotics after they were potentially exposed to anthrax, Haynes said Friday. (latimes.com)
  • In 2001, only 1/2 of those with lung anthrax survived, even with antibiotics and hospital treatment. (smore.com)
  • The CDC says all types of anthrax infections can cause death if they are not treated with antibiotics. (rferl.org)
Humans15
  • anthrax ăn´thrăks [ key ] , acute infectious disease of animals that can be secondarily transmitted to humans. (infoplease.com)
  • Anthrax is a deadly infectious disease that may be transmitted to humans by infected animals or by biological warfare. (medicinenet.com)
  • Humans who come into contact with infected animals can get sick with anthrax as well. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Inhaling the spores is the most efficient way for anthrax to spread (especially among humans) because the spores can travel through the air, land on papers, and linger for a significant amount of time. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Anthrax is common in livestock, and a potentially serious infectious disease in humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Anthrax in humans is associated with agricultural, horticultural, or industrial exposure to infected animals or contaminated animal products. (iaff.org)
  • In more than 90 percent of the cases of anthrax in humans, the bacilli remain within the skin sore. (britannica.com)
  • Anthrax is a disease usually seen in animals but also affects the humans. (medindia.net)
  • Anthrax commonly infects grazing animals and can pass to humans either by direct contact with diseased animals or by eating meat from them, which means that an outbreak can affect a country's meat exports. (reuters.com)
  • Anthrax in humans is rare unless the spores are spread on purpose. (cigna.com)
  • Anthrax usually affects cattle but passes on to humans if they eat contaminated meat. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Humans can contract anthrax through eating infected meat, breathing in spores or through contact with infected animals. (news24.com)
  • Spores that cause anthrax can sit in the soil for as long as 100 years and are released during certain environmental conditions such as precipitation followed by high heat and humidity.Humans can contract the disease by inhaling spores, by allowing an open wound to come into contact with blood from an infected animal, or by consuming an infected animal. (ticotimes.net)
  • Anthrax is primarily a zoonotic (communicable from animals to humans) disease of herbivores, with cattle, sheep, goats and horses being the usual domesticated animal hosts, but other animals may be infected. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax is rare in humans, and is contracted by the ingestion of insufficiently cooked meat from infected animals. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Bioterrorism13
  • These labs are vital to the early identification of anthrax, especially in the case of a bioterrorism attack using anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax is a disease of interest because of its high mortality rate, severe illness, and potential for use as a Category A bioterrorism agent. (in.gov)
  • Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax in a lab or those exposed to it because of bioterrorism. (webmd.com)
  • Anthrax may be used as a biological weapon or for bioterrorism. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anthrax is a potential weapon in germ warfare and bioterrorism . (dictionary.com)
  • BIOTERRORISM-RELATED ANTHRAX expanded to include additional medical supplies and person- agents. (cdc.gov)
  • Akehurst C . Anthrax bioterrorism. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • The vaccinations and course are part of a broader effort by health officials to respond quickly to any new bioterrorism threats that might follow the recent deliberate spread of anthrax through the mail. (menstuff.org)
  • An employee at the State Department's remote mail facility in suburban Virginia is hospitalized with anthrax, a spokesman announced today, the latest jolting evidence of a spreading campaign of bioterrorism against the United States. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Anthrax is a potential bioterrorism threat because the spores are resistant to destruction and can be spread by release in the air. (fda.gov)
  • As preparedness is a cornerstone of any bioterrorism response, we are pleased to see continued efforts to develop treatments for anthrax," said Edward Cox, M.D., M.P.H, director of the Office of Antimicrobial Products in FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (fda.gov)
  • The anthrax attacks killed five people, infected several others, paralysed the United States with fear and shaped the nation's bioterrorism policy. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Now that recent events have shown bioterrorism to be a reality, greater understanding of the scientific basis of diseases such as anthrax is imperative. (scidev.net)
Infectious12
  • Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease. (medicinenet.com)
  • Ray Suarez examines the medical implications of anthrax with Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (pbs.org)
  • This occurred among wool sorters in England, due to the generation of infectious aerosols of anthrax spores under industrial conditions, from the processing of contaminated goat hair and alpaca wool. (iaff.org)
  • Ivins worked at the U.S Army's Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) and committed suicide as FBI investigators, in 2008, zeroed in on him as the main suspect in the Fall 2001 anthrax attacks. (go.com)
  • Terrorism response capacity is being cion of anthrax in a patient by an astute infectious disease integrated into existing infrastructures, further strengthening clinician along with capable clinical and public health labora- the foundation of public health. (cdc.gov)
  • Steps have been taken to strengthen these and In this issue of Emerging Infectious Diseases, numerous other critical linkages, including those between professionals individuals involved in the public health aspect of the anthrax in the human, veterinary, and public health communities and investigation document their experiences. (cdc.gov)
  • Our concerns are not limited to anthrax," said Dr. James M. Hughes, who directs the agency's center for infectious diseases. (menstuff.org)
  • The anthrax bacillus has played a major role in the history of microbiology, being the first microbe shown definitively to cause an infectious disease and now the first in modern times to have been used in a successful bioterrorist attack. (utdallas.edu)
  • Scientists who worked with Bruce Ivins said it would have been impossible for him to produce the amount of spores necessary to carry out deadly anthrax attacks given the time frame and equipment available to him at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. (911blogger.com)
  • The study, conducted at the Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, indicates a minor reduction in levels of a gene known as CD45 can provide protection against the microbes that cause Ebola hemorrhagic fever and the bacterium that causes anthrax. (redorbit.com)
  • No one has ever documented follow up in anthrax survivors,' said Dr Mary Wright, the principal investigator with the NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease [NIAID]. (911blogger.com)
  • Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. (wikipedia.org)
Bruce Ivins8
  • An independent review of the psychiatric records of the alleged anthrax killer Dr. Bruce Ivins has revealed that the Army scientist, who committed suicide in 2008, should never have been given a security clearance or access to anthrax based on his psychological profile and diagnosable mental illness. (go.com)
  • ABC News will later report that the FBI begins suspecting scientist Bruce Ivins for the 2001 anthrax attacks (see October 5-November 21, 2001 ) in early 2002. (historycommons.org)
  • [Source: Sam Yu / Frederick News-Post] Future anthrax attacks suspect Bruce Ivins begins working at USAMRIID, the US Army's top bioweapons laboratory. (historycommons.org)
  • Not many scientists were convinced the FBI had a solid science case against accused anthrax attacker Dr. Bruce Ivins. (scienceblogs.com)
  • A ranking Republican Senator has written to the Justice Department demanding to know why it quickly retracted court papers that called into serious question a key pillar of the criminal case against Bruce Ivins, the FBI's prime suspect in the 2001 anthrax mail attacks. (911blogger.com)
  • But three months after agents pinned the post-9/11 anthrax mailings on Army scientist Bruce Ivins - who committed suicide as the FBI closed in on him - his former colleagues have approached a lawyer to sue the feds for fingering the wrong man, The Post has learned. (911blogger.com)
  • Years later, federal investigators said that Bruce Ivins , a civilian microbiologist who had worked for the military, had acted alone to perpetrate the anthrax mailings. (latimes.com)
  • WASHINGTON - Army scientist Bruce Ivins was deeply troubled and battled severe depression during the period leading up to the anthrax attacks in 2001 that killed five, according to documents released Wednesday by the Justice Department. (foxnews.com)
Exposure to anthrax2
  • Eight more people in the US tested positive for exposure to anthrax over the weekend, taking the total number of infections to 12. (newscientist.com)
  • Two other employees -- mailroom worker Ernesto Blanco, 63, and Stephanie Dailey, 36, whose duties included some mailroom work -- tested positive for exposure to anthrax, but are exhibiting no symptoms. (cnn.com)
Ivins10
  • For years before the anthrax mailings and until the time of his death, Dr. Ivins met the diagnostic criteria for a number of psychiatric disorders. (go.com)
  • The FBI first begins to suspect Ivins in April when it is discovered he had failed to quickly report anthrax had been found near his desk, away from the laboratory area where he usually works with anthrax. (historycommons.org)
  • Similarly, the bureau has no evidence to place Ivins at the postboxes in Princeton, New Jersey, from which the anthrax-laden letters were sent. (scienceblogs.com)
  • The core of the case against Ivins, as released so far, is contained in just a couple of dozen pages of affidavits -- only four paragraphs of which discuss what the FBI says is the smoking gun: the genetic analysis of the anthrax powder from the letters. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Ivins, whose name had not been disclosed publicly as a suspect in the case, had played a central role in research to improve anthrax vaccines by preparing anthrax formulations used in experiments on animals. (infowars.com)
  • Regarded as a skilled microbiologist, Ivins also had helped the FBI analyze the powdery material recovered from one of the anthrax-tainted envelopes sent to a U.S. senator's office in Washington, D.C. (infowars.com)
  • Ivins died five years ago today as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Justice prepared to formally charge him with carrying out the 2001 anthrax mailings that killed five and injured 17 others in the wake of the terror attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. (911blogger.com)
  • Ivins, who committed suicide last week, 'was the only person responsible' for the attacks and had sole custody of highly purified anthrax spores with 'certain genetic mutations identical' to the poison used in the attacks, the Justice Department said Wednesday in releasing the investigative files. (foxnews.com)
  • The affidavits also said Ivins submitted false anthrax samples to the FBI, was unable to give investigators 'an adequate explanation for his late laboratory work hours around the time of' the attacks and sought to frame unnamed co-workers. (foxnews.com)
  • It says that in his lab, Ivins had custody of a flask of anthrax termed 'the genetic parent' to the powder involved - a source that investigators say was used to grow spores for the attacks on 'at least two separate occasions. (foxnews.com)
Vaccination8
  • In some cases, your health care provider may decide to postpone anthrax vaccination to a future visit. (cdc.gov)
  • Anthrax is now uncommon in the United States because of widespread vaccination of animals and disinfection of animal products such as hides and wool. (infoplease.com)
  • The US$25 million sale of the Michigan Biologic Products Institute will allow BioPort Inc. to benefit from Clinton's $130 million expansion of the Pentagon's anthrax vaccination program. (wired.com)
  • But Ron Brookmeyer of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore says vaccination might be of little use after an anthrax attack (Nature, vol 432, p 901). (newscientist.com)
  • The anthrax vaccination program was also shrouded in secrecy-most shots were not marked on their recipients' immunization cards. (slate.com)
  • Among confirmed animal anthrax cases in species for which vaccination is indicated (cattle, goats, horses, sheep, and swine), [ 11 ] a third are reported to have been vaccinated before illness. (medscape.com)
  • Earlier this month, a news report said that 23 sailors aboard the carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt refused to take a mandatory anthrax vaccination and were disciplined with fines, extra duty and demotions. (courant.com)
  • Producers are encouraged to consult their veterinary practitioner or local TAHC office if they suspect their animals are affected with anthrax, or if they have questions about the disease or the vaccination of their livestock. (mysanantonio.com)
Deadly anthrax1
  • In the 10 years since 17 people survived the deadly anthrax attacks that terrorized the nation in the weeks following 9/11, little recent information is known about their health. (911blogger.com)
Contagious6
  • Is anthrax contagious? (kidshealth.org)
  • Anthrax is not contagious, which means it does not spread from person to person the way the flu can spread between family members or classmates. (kidshealth.org)
  • Anthrax isn't contagious, so you can't spread it to other people. (webmd.com)
  • Anthrax was not contagious, he said. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Anthrax can produce toxins in the body that cause severe illness or death, but it is not contagious, the agency said . (latimes.com)
  • Contagious Anthrax - transmitted by entering the body through a cut or other sore in your skin. (smore.com)
Outbreak8
  • America's outbreak of anthrax contamination continues to widen, sowing alarm and confusion. (economist.com)
  • They failed to anticipate the latest outbreak, which could well result from the letters already identified, and they seem to be no closer to discovering who is responsible for the anthrax attacks. (economist.com)
  • The latest victims raised the number of confirmed anthrax cases to 17 nationwide since the outbreak began in early October. (washingtontimes.com)
  • An anthrax outbreak in the Mana Pools National Park in 2012 killed at least 165 wild animals, including 88 hippos. (news24.com)
  • Ministry of Agriculture (MAG) officials do not expect more to be affected, or that the outbreak will expand to other areas of the country, the daily La Nación reported.Anthrax gained notoriety in 2001 as a suspected biological weapon that left five dead in the United States when it was sent through the mail. (ticotimes.net)
  • Thus, the unusual incidence of deaths of dogs, cats and other pets may serve as an early warning of an anthrax outbreak. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
  • Price said an anthrax outbreak is unlikely because the county has not seen a fly infestation, and the temperature has been cooler than usual. (mysanantonio.com)
  • In December 2009, an outbreak of anthrax occurred among injecting heroin users in the Glasgow and Stirling areas of Scotland, resulting in 14 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
Toxins2
  • If your doctor thinks you have anthrax, you'll get a tests to check to see if you have anthrax antibodies or toxins in your blood . (webmd.com)
  • ETI-204 is a humanized, deimmunized monoclonal antibody targeting the protective antigen of B. anthracis , which neutralizes the lethal effects of anthrax toxins. (genengnews.com)
Vaccines4
  • His work at USAMRIID will generally focus on developing anthrax vaccines. (historycommons.org)
  • He frequent conducts experiments on animals to test vaccines for various types of anthrax exposure. (historycommons.org)
  • Buck asserts that Russia has developed a strain of anthrax (among the thirty in existence) that is totally resistant to our vaccines. (educate-yourself.org)
  • The IDF secretly used elite combat soldiers as "guinea pigs" for experimental anthrax vaccines, according to an expose broadcast Wednesday night by the "Uvda" (Fact) documentary program. (ynetnews.com)
Cattle9
  • Confirmation of the bacillus as the cause of anthrax was provided by Louis Pasteur , who also developed a method of vaccinating sheep and cattle against the disease. (infoplease.com)
  • Anthrax commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep, cattle, and goats. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Veterinary authorities in Hungary said this week they had found two cases of anthrax in cattle, and one person received medical treatment for symptoms. (reuters.com)
  • The spores of anthrax live in the atmosphere for a long time and spread to human beings when they cut and consume meat of cattle that died due to anthrax. (thehindu.com)
  • Cattle or goats and sheep that die due to anthrax must be buried properly. (thehindu.com)
  • Harare - Farmers in a dry district of southern Zimbabwe have been told to vaccinate their cattle after 36 people fell ill with anthrax, state media reported at the weekend. (news24.com)
  • Provincial veterinary officer Enat Mdlongwa told the Chronicle, "We've received reports of 25 cattle that have died of anthrax in Umzingwane district and we've since put the area under quarantine. (news24.com)
  • Natural reservoir of Anthrax include farm animals such as cattle, goat, and sheep. (smore.com)
  • The year’s first case of animal anthrax in South Dakota has been confirmed in a bison herd in the state, home to the second-most cattle ranches in the country. (deseretnews.com)
20022
  • In March 2002, the New York Times reports that FBI spokesman John Collingwood "said the possibility of a connection between the hijackers and the anthrax attacks had been deeply explored. (historycommons.org)
  • RICHARDSON, Texas (Nov. 26, 2002) - 'Addressing the Threat of Anthrax' will be the subject of a lecture by Harvard Medical School Professor R. John Collier, Ph.D., on Tuesday, Dec. 3, at The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD). (utdallas.edu)
Centers for Diseas3
  • Officials from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are talking to individuals at mail locations linked to the American Media building, testing some for anthrax exposure, he said. (cnn.com)
  • After a lab at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta might have exposed more than 80 CDC staff members to anthrax, the lab's director has been temporarily reassigned, the agency confirmed. (latimes.com)
  • Anthrax is found throughout the world, but it is rare in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (deseretnews.com)
Anthracis5
  • Anthrax has been a notifiable condition since 1944 1 and has historically been caused by the organism B. anthracis . (cdc.gov)
  • Hampshire in 1957 and suspected accidental release of B. anthracis aerosols from a bioweapons facility in Sverdlovsk, 1Members of the National Anthrax Epidemiologic Investigation Team were Paul P. Abamonte, Joel Ackelsberg, S. (cdc.gov)
  • The anthrax cases highlighted the importance of the anthracis spores had been intentionally distributed through the "golden triangle" of response between clinicians and clinical postal system, causing 22 cases of anthrax, including 5 deaths, microbiologists, the health-care delivery system, and public and forever changing the realm of public health. (cdc.gov)
  • B. anthracis, commonly known as anthrax, is a potentially lethal microbe that might be used intentionally to infect victims through contamination of food and water supplies, aerosolized particles, or even dried powders, such as those used in bioterrorist attacks in the USA. (eurekalert.org)
  • Iraq admitted to a United Nations inspection team in August of 1991 that it had performed research on the offensive use of B. anthracis prior to the Persian Gulf War, and in 1995 Iraq admitted to weaponizing anthrax. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Cases17
  • However, there have been no reported cases of anthrax in Indiana livestock since before 1960. (in.gov)
  • There were no reported human or animal cases of anthrax in Indiana in 2004. (in.gov)
  • The United States had considered the threat of anthrax long before the October 2001 letters that targeted media outlets and shut down the Hart Senate building in Washington, D.C. One Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) report states that in 2000, it dealt with 250 suspected cases of weapons of mass destruction and biological weapons, with about 200 of those cases concerning anthrax. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In more recent years, anthrax in animals has been reported from 82 countries, and human cases continue to be reported from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas 3 . (iaff.org)
  • In the United States, the annual incidence of human anthrax has steadily declined-from about 127 cases in the early years of this century to about one per year for the past 10 years. (iaff.org)
  • The largest reported epidemic of human anthrax occurred in Zimbabwe from 1978 through 1980, with an estimated 10,000 cases. (iaff.org)
  • The epidemic occurred after anthrax spores were accidently released from a military research facility located upwind from where the cases occurred. (iaff.org)
  • There aren't any known cases of anthrax passing from one person to another, so it is considered to be noncontagious. (howstuffworks.com)
  • In the brutal shadow of 9/11, in the peculiar wake of the still-mysterious Florida and New York anthrax cases, powders are giving people jitters coast to coast. (salon.com)
  • We report the combined findings from the occurred in 1976, and the last reported case of cutaneous epidemiologic and laboratory investigations of these cases, anthrax occurred in the summer of 2001 (2,3). (cdc.gov)
  • In Canada, anthrax is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Act , and all cases must be reported to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). (gc.ca)
  • Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of Health said worries about "cross-contamination'' anthrax spores sticking to pieces of mail at postal facilities have grown with the new cases. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Four of those skin-anthrax cases and two more suspected cases are linked to city media outlets. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Since the anthrax-by-mail crisis began, there have been six cases of inhaled anthrax, the most serious form of the disease. (washingtontimes.com)
  • She is one of 17 confirmed cases of anthrax so far. (pbs.org)
  • US Vice President Dick Cheney has said there could be a connection between the recent anthrax cases in the country and Osama Bin Laden's terror network. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Anthrax cases typically occur after substantial rain after a long period of drought. (mysanantonio.com)
Investigation10
  • At first, U.S. government and media reports asserted that these letters were connected with the al-Qaeda attacks on the United States, but the investigation of the anthrax source and initial mail drop of the letters substantiated the claim that the contaminated mail originated within the United States and from U.S. laboratories. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A federal investigation of the anthrax letter attacks immediately commenced. (encyclopedia.com)
  • After passing a lie detector test, the FBI invites Patrick to join the inner circle of technical advisers to the anthrax investigation. (historycommons.org)
  • Nguyen's illness, and that of a New Jersey woman who contracted the less serious skin anthrax, complicated the investigation by raising the possibility that tainted letters are contaminating other mail or that the spores are sickening people by means other than the mail. (washingtontimes.com)
  • This was application of existing science to the forensics of the anthrax investigation. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Kristof's central accusation is that the anthrax investigation has reached a dead end, not because of the lack of evidence, but because the prime suspect has powerful friends in high places and enjoys official protection. (metafilter.com)
  • The latest anthrax case in New York - which is also the subject of a criminal investigation - involves a woman who is believed to be an assistant to NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw. (bbc.co.uk)
  • We've been conducting an intensive investigation to determine the source of the (anthrax)," said FBI Special Agent Hector Pesquera said Friday. (cnn.com)
  • March 15 (Bloomberg) -- President Barack Obama probably would veto legislation authorizing the next budget for U.S. intelligence agencies if it calls for a new investigation into the 2001 anthrax attacks, an administration official said. (911blogger.com)
  • The director of the Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory "has been temporarily detailed pending the results of the investigation" into the possible anthrax exposure, CDC spokesman Benjamin Haynes said in an email Monday. (latimes.com)
Bioterror3
  • A new detector uses living cells that light up in the presence of airborne bioterror agents, such as anthrax and smallpox. (technologyreview.com)
  • A sensor system that can rapidly detect six potential airborne bioterror agents, including anthrax, is now on the market. (technologyreview.com)
  • IT IS the classic bioterror nightmare - tonnes of lethal anthrax spores dumped on a city. (newscientist.com)
Gastrointestinal anthrax3
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax is more likely to be fatal. (infoplease.com)
  • Gastrointestinal anthrax occurs when someone eats anthrax-tainted meat. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With gastrointestinal anthrax , symptoms usually occur within a week after exposure. (cigna.com)
Mailed an anthrax-laced letter1
  • Sabre plans to use chlorine gas to kill anthrax inside the building, which was placed under quarantine by the Palm Beach County Health Department after someone mailed an anthrax-laced letter to the building. (sun-sentinel.com)
Meat5
  • People can get anthrax disease from contact with Administration (FDA) and recommended for infected animals or contaminated animal products adults 18 through 65 years of age who are at risk of such as wool, meat, or hides. (cdc.gov)
  • Direct contact with contaminated material leads to cutaneous disease, while ingestion of infected meat gives rise to oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal forms of anthrax. (iaff.org)
  • The state's Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) has said the disease had been caused by consuming dead animal meat, adding that the eight victims had shown symptoms akin to those of anthrax. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Anthrax can be consumed through infected meat, but veterinarians say that isn't a concern in the U.S. and other developed nations where meat undergoes vigorous safety inspections. (deseretnews.com)
  • Mamalinov said both of the villagers who died, along with six other residents of Erkindik who have been hospitalized since June 19 with anthrax infections, had bought the meat from a neighbor. (rferl.org)
Officials15
  • That's why the Laboratory Response Network (LRN) would be essential to help hospitals, doctors, and public health officials quickly confirm a diagnosis of anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • If anthrax was intentionally released, quietly and without anyone knowing, it might be difficult for hospitals, doctors, and public health officials to diagnose anthrax in the first few patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Its purpose is to help hospitals, doctors, and public health officials quickly confirm a diagnosis of anthrax. (cdc.gov)
  • The Washington Post's Rob Stein reports that a federal simulation of an anthrax attack got federal officials thinking about how to handle children. (scienceblogs.com)
  • From the New York Times: The last of the anthrax-laced letters was still making its way through the mail in late 2001 when top Bush administration officials reached an obvious conclusion: the nation desperately needed to expand its medical stockpile to prepare for another biological attack. (scienceblogs.com)
  • A small mailroom at the Pentagon tested positive for traces of anthrax this weekend, but officials said it was promptly removed. (pbs.org)
  • Anthrax spores were apparently found in two mailboxes and further tests found no anthrax, officials said. (pbs.org)
  • At that point, county, state, and federal health officials did not know where the anthrax spores had spread. (edweek.org)
  • On Saturday, a second NBC employee was showing signs of anthrax, a low-grade fever and swollen lymph nodes, say officials. (crainsnewyork.com)
  • FBI officials said they planned to interview more than 800 people -- including 300 people who worked in the building, as well as frequent visitors and employees' relatives -- about the nature and origin of the anthrax spores found at the American Media Inc. building in Boca Raton. (cnn.com)
  • Florida investigators have detected anthrax spores on Stevens' keyboard and in a mailroom slot, officials say. (cnn.com)
  • At least 10 people have died of anthrax over the past one month in Orissa's impoverished districts of Koraput and Kalahandi, say officials. (hindustantimes.com)
  • Pentagon officials are trying to reassure lawmakers after the U.S. Army shipped live anthrax to unsuspecting labs across the globe. (military.com)
  • Pentagon officials recently acknowledged that 68 laboratories in 19 states Washington, D.C., as well as four foreign countries are now known to have received the live anthrax samples. (military.com)
  • Hwang Sooyoung, a coordinator for People's Solidarity for Participatory Democracy, said the group wants USFK to punish military officials involved in the incident and to release details about how the anthrax sample entered the country. (military.com)
Large epidemics of anthrax1
  • During times of economic hardship and disruption of veterinary and human public health practices, such as occurs during war, there have been large epidemics of anthrax. (iaff.org)
Threat of anthrax1
  • The threat of anthrax as a biological weapon has become a -real concern for everyone. (howstuffworks.com)
Scare5
  • There were lots of sirens in front of the whole school and it spread like wildfire," Jones says, adding that when a building is evacuated because of an anthrax scare, "it could lead to psychogenic symptoms even if the threat is later shown to have nothing real about it. (salon.com)
  • The more obvious public health downside of the anthrax scare is the run on Cipro and gas masks, both worthless personal weapons against anthrax. (salon.com)
  • The final House office building, closed during the Capitol Hill anthrax scare, was opened today, after authorities detected no further anthrax spores. (pbs.org)
  • But a number of South Korean civic groups have called for USFK to apologize for the anthrax scare and for Seoul to restrict which hazardous materials the U.S. military is allowed to bring into the country. (military.com)
  • Sooyoung criticized USFK for publicly handling the anthrax scare by issuing a handful of press releases. (military.com)
Daschle7
  • Then on October 15, 2001, letters sent to Senate majority leader Tom Daschle tested positive for anthrax, and on October 17, the U.S. capitol shut down (particularly the Hart Senate building) when thirty-one employees test positive. (encyclopedia.com)
  • That office is several miles from the White House, but the discovery raised fears that the president or his staff might have been targets, as were the New York television stations and the office of Tom Daschle, the Senate majority leader, which had already received anthrax-bearing letters. (economist.com)
  • ABC employee's child has anthrax while Sen. Daschle finds substance in his mail. (go.com)
  • Boucher made his statement as Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge told reporters the anthrax contained in a letter mailed to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle was highly concentrated and pure and made "to be more easily absorbed'' by its victims. (washingtontimes.com)
  • There are 15 patients in the Washington area with symptoms suggestive of anthrax and all may be linked to a letter sent to Mr. Daschle and handled in mail facilities from Trenton, N.J., to Capitol Hill. (washingtontimes.com)
  • The cleanup of the Hart Senate office building, however, where the office of Sen. Tom Daschle received an anthrax-laced letter, is still confounding experts. (pbs.org)
  • The anthrax terrorist targeted the Democratic leadership in the US Senate, sending the two letters with the deadliest doses of anthrax to Senate Majority Leader Thomas Daschle and Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy. (metafilter.com)
Mailings1
  • The anthrax mailings killed five people, crippled national mail service, shut down a Senate office building and spread fear of terrorism in the aftermath of the Sept. 11 attacks. (infowars.com)
Biological weapon2
  • Its potential use as a biological weapon has made anthrax a prime concern of countries seeking to control the spread of terrorism . (britannica.com)
  • Anthrax has been weaponized in a form where the spore has been processed and ground up so it can be used as a biological weapon. (deseretnews.com)
Florida4
  • The anthrax attacks left five people dead and sickened 17 others after mail containing the toxin arrived on Capitol Hill and at news organizations in Florida and New York. (go.com)
  • Unease about a potential biological attack by terrorists has mounted since a man died on 5 October after inhaling anthrax, and two others were infected after testing positive for exposure in a separate incident in Florida. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Cutaneous - or skin - anthrax is much less deadly than the respiratory form which caused the infections in Florida. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Anonymous anthrax letters mailed to members of Congress and the National Enquirer offices in Florida killed five people. (latimes.com)
Attacks in 20011
  • By the time of the anthrax attacks in 2001, Franz will be a private consultant on countermeasures to biological and chemical attacks. (historycommons.org)
Live anthrax spores3
  • Richard Ebright, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Rutgers University, rejected the Pentagon's claims that the shipment of live anthrax spores was solely the result of a lack of scientific consensus. (thedailybeast.com)
  • To be sure, there are no federal standards for how to kill live anthrax spores. (thedailybeast.com)
  • The samples were erroneously shipped to Osan Air Base , where 22 personnel were possibly exposed to the live anthrax spores. (military.com)
2001 anthrax letter2
  • The 2001 anthrax letter attacks killed five people. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Professor Graeme MacQueen has written a new book on the 2001 anthrax letter attacks. (911blogger.com)
Disease19
  • Has a history of anthrax disease . (cdc.gov)
  • The lethality of the disease is caused by the bacterium's two principal virulence factors: (i) the polyglutamic acid capsule, which is anti-phagocytic, and (ii) the tripartite protein toxin, called anthrax toxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anthrax spores , which can survive for decades, are found in the soil, and animals typically contract the disease while grazing. (infoplease.com)
  • Pure cultures of the anthrax bacillus were obtained in 1876 by Robert Koch , who demonstrated the relationship of the microbe to the disease. (infoplease.com)
  • Although the disease is most common in farm animals - like sheep, cows, and goats - there's a small chance that people can get it as well, usually from some type of contact with an animal or part of an animal that had anthrax. (kidshealth.org)
  • In the fall of 2001, a few people became infected with anthrax after someone used letters in the mail to spread the spores that cause the disease. (kidshealth.org)
  • The tests to diagnose anthrax depend on the type of disease that is suspected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Anthrax is a bacterial disease that usually is transmitted from plant eating animals, and human infections in the United States are rare. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The disease that Virgil described in his Georgics is clearly anthrax in domestic and wild animals 1 . (iaff.org)
  • And during the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe, anthrax was an economically important agricultural disease. (iaff.org)
  • Anthrax was intimately associated with the origins of microbiology and immunology, being the first disease for which a microbial origin was definitively established, in 1876, by Robert Koch 2 . (iaff.org)
  • We'll also discuss new research and ideas for treatment and prevention of the anthrax disease. (howstuffworks.com)
  • On July 23, 2019, a non-Hispanic White man in his 70s from the anthrax-affected area who had a history of cardiovascular disease and hypertension visited his physician for evaluation of 2 lesions near his right knee. (medscape.com)
  • Anthrax is a potentially fatal disease that focuses on the skin, lungs and stomach and intestines. (courant.com)
  • WARSAW, July 8 (Reuters) - The disease anthrax has been identified in a dead horse in the east of Poland near the border with Ukraine, a local veterinary official told Reuters on Tuesday. (reuters.com)
  • Later in the disease, lethal levels of toxin induce the cytokine-independent shock-like death associated with anthrax. (nih.gov)
  • Are you sure you want to remove Anthrax as an occupational disease from your list? (openlibrary.org)
  • If the patient has symptoms of anthrax, travel, occupational and recreational histories should be taken to establish a possible epidemiological link with the disease. (health.gov.au)
  • A rare disease, human anthrax is most common in Africa and central and southern Asia. (wikipedia.org)
Fatal1
  • If untreated, inhaled anthrax is fatal. (wave3.com)
Fever2
  • Ingestion anthrax can cause fever and chil s. (cdc.gov)
  • He was also said to have received immunizations against anthrax and yellow fever in early September 2001, several weeks before the first anthrax-laced envelope was received in the mail. (foxnews.com)
Spreads1
  • But some people who do not get treated may die if anthrax spreads to the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Case of anthrax3
  • The diagnosis marked the 13th known case of anthrax nationwide in the last few weeks most of them with known connections to the mail. (washingtontimes.com)
  • NBC said the infected female employee tested positive for a skin case of anthrax after handling a 25 September letter filled with a "powdery substance" that arrived at the network's New York headquarters. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The last animal case of anthrax was in in a deer two years ago in Uvalde County, and the last human case was over 10 years ago. (mysanantonio.com)
Forms of anthrax1
  • In all forms of anthrax, prompt diagnosis and early treatment are of great importance. (britannica.com)
Release of anthrax1
  • An accidental release of anthrax from a military laboratory near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) in the Soviet Union resulted in 68 deaths from pulmonary anthrax in 1979. (infoplease.com)
Symptoms of anthrax3
  • Signs and symptoms of anthrax depend on the type and can include a skin sore that is blistering , reddened, and hard. (medicinenet.com)
  • Symptoms of anthrax differ depending on the type of anthrax. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Another woman in the NBC office is reported to have symptoms of anthrax. (newscientist.com)
Contact with anthrax2
  • Dr. Fauci, a lot of attention is being paid to the people who contracted, not contracted, who came in contact with anthrax at the Hart Senate Office Building. (pbs.org)
  • He warned: "We are, however, keen to reiterate to all individuals who make drums from imported animal skins that there is a risk of coming into contact with anthrax and that they should ensure they are aware of this and take precautions to protect themselves when making these drums. (theregister.co.uk)
Livestock are vaccinated1
  • This is not much of a concern in North America, because livestock are vaccinated against anthrax. (cigna.com)
Injection3
  • Injection anthrax can result in swelling at the injection site, nausea and vomiting, and sweats. (cdc.gov)
  • injection anthrax. (medicinenet.com)
  • Injection anthrax can occur in someone who injects heroin. (medlineplus.gov)
Antibodies1
  • In theory, injections of the protective antigen teach people's immune systems to make antibodies that later will protect them should they become exposed to anthrax. (slate.com)
Affects3
  • When it affects the upper exposed to anthrax . (cdc.gov)
  • In this edition of HowStuffWorks , we'll look at what anthrax is and how it affects the body. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world. (smore.com)
Animals10
  • 2) The gastrointestinal form, which is extremely rare, occurs when animals ill with anthrax are consumed as food. (in.gov)
  • Anthrax could have been brought by the animals or it may have been introduced in the animal feed imported from Australia and New Zealand. (wired.com)
  • Most people who get anthrax work with infected animals, or with animal products like wool or hide. (webmd.com)
  • People have developed anthrax after using the hides of infected animals to make traditional African drums. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 3. Fujikura T. Current occurrence of anthrax in man and animals. (iaff.org)
  • Farm animals that graze on contaminated pastures are susceptible to anthrax. (britannica.com)
  • In nature, anthrax spores are spread from the tissues of infected animals and can live in the soil for years. (cnn.com)
  • Anthrax spores in the soil can infect animals who eat plants growing in the soil. (cigna.com)
  • Immunizing animals against anthrax is recommended in areas where previous infections have occurred. (wikipedia.org)
  • Until the 20th century, anthrax infections killed hundreds of thousands of people and animals each year. (wikipedia.org)
Lesion caused by anthrax1
  • pl. an·thra·ces (-thrÉ™-sÄ“z') A lesion caused by anthrax. (dictionary.com)
Man indicted over anthrax letter to Sumner DA's office
Man indicted over anthrax letter to Sumner DA's office (tennessean.com)
Pfenex Awarded Anthrax Vaccine Contract | Pharmaceutical Technology
Pfenex Awarded Anthrax Vaccine Contract | Pharmaceutical Technology (pharmtech.com)
PLOS ONE: Anthrax Toxin Receptor Drives Protective Antigen Oligomerization and Stabilizes the Heptameric and Octameric Oligomer...
PLOS ONE: Anthrax Toxin Receptor Drives Protective Antigen Oligomerization and Stabilizes the Heptameric and Octameric Oligomer... (journals.plos.org)
Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 | MMWR
Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
Anthrax | NIOSH | CDC
Anthrax | NIOSH | CDC (cdc.gov)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2006
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2006 (cdc.gov)
Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses --- A Primer for Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals
Diagnosis and Management of Foodborne Illnesses --- A Primer for Physicians and Other Health Care Professionals (cdc.gov)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2005
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2005 (cdc.gov)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2004
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2004 (cdc.gov)
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2002
Summary of Notifiable Diseases --- United States, 2002 (cdc.gov)
Emergency Preparedness and Response | David J. Sencer CDC Museum | CDC
Emergency Preparedness and Response | David J. Sencer CDC Museum | CDC (cdc.gov)
CDC - Anthrax: Environmental Sampling - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
CDC - Anthrax: Environmental Sampling - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic (cdc.gov)
CDC - Anthrax: Instructor Training - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
CDC - Anthrax: Instructor Training - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic (cdc.gov)
Microbial warfare - Anthrax assassin | Babbage | The Economist
Microbial warfare - Anthrax assassin | Babbage | The Economist (economist.com)
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 00170172 - Inhalation anthrax.
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 00170172 - Inhalation anthrax. (cdc.gov)
Health Information in Spanish (español): MedlinePlus
Health Information in Spanish (español): MedlinePlus (medlineplus.gov)
Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth - Live At The Hollywood Palladium, Los Angeles, CA / March 10th, 1985 - Metallica | Last.fm
Anesthesia) Pulling Teeth - Live At The Hollywood Palladium, Los Angeles, CA / March 10th, 1985 - Metallica | Last.fm (last.fm)
Repentless - Slayer | Last.fm
Repentless - Slayer | Last.fm (last.fm)
How to Survive a Chemical or Biological Attack (with Pictures)
How to Survive a Chemical or Biological Attack (with Pictures) (wikihow.com)
Biological weapons and bioterrorism: Past, present, and future
Biological weapons and bioterrorism: Past, present, and future (medicalnewstoday.com)
CDC - Skin- Occupational Dermatoses Slides 71 to 75- NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic
CDC - Skin- Occupational Dermatoses Slides 71 to 75- NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic (cdc.gov)
Responding to Detection of Aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by Autonomous Detection Systems in the Workplace
Responding to Detection of Aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by Autonomous Detection Systems in the Workplace (cdc.gov)
Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1 - Section 8
Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1 - Section 8 (cdc.gov)
Aerosols - Internal Research | NIOSH | CDC
Aerosols - Internal Research | NIOSH | CDC (cdc.gov)
Tracking Anthrax | PBS NewsHour
Tracking Anthrax | PBS NewsHour (pbs.org)
Did the military secretly doctor the anthrax vaccine?
Did the military secretly doctor the anthrax vaccine? (slate.com)