Antarctic Regions: The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.Ice: The solid substance formed by the FREEZING of water.Saturn: The sixth planet in order from the sun. It is one of the five outer planets of the solar system. Its twelve natural satellites include Phoebe and Titan.Extraterrestrial Environment: The environment outside the earth or its atmosphere. The environment may refer to a closed cabin (such as a space shuttle or space station) or to space itself, the moon, or other planets.Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation.Spacecraft: Devices, manned and unmanned, which are designed to be placed into an orbit about the Earth or into a trajectory to another celestial body. (NASA Thesaurus, 1988)Indian Ocean: A body of water covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the earth, extending amidst Africa in the west, Australia in the east, Asia in the north, and Antarctica in the south. Including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, it constitutes the third largest ocean after the ATLANTIC OCEAN and the PACIFIC OCEAN. (New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia, 15th ed, 1990, p289)Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Spheniscidae: The sole family in the order Sphenisciformes, comprised of 17 species of penguins in six genera. They are flightless seabirds of the Southern Hemisphere, highly adapted for marine life.Weather: The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.Salmonella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.Islands: Tracts of land completely surrounded by water.Altitude: A vertical distance measured from a known level on the surface of a planet or other celestial body.Global Warming: Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.Sea Urchins: Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.Mothers: Female parents, human or animal.Greenhouse Effect: The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.Oceans and Seas: A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).Climate Change: Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior.Monitoring, Ambulatory: The use of electronic equipment to observe or record physiologic processes while the patient undergoes normal daily activities.Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.Emotions: Those affective states which can be experienced and have arousing and motivational properties.Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Africa, Northern: The geographical area of Africa comprising ALGERIA; EGYPT; LIBYA; MOROCCO; and TUNISIA. It includes also the vast deserts and oases of the Sahara. It is often referred to as North Africa, French-speaking Africa, or the Maghreb. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p856)Climate: The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Cyclonic Storms: Non-frontal low-pressure systems over tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized convection and definite pattern of surface wind circulation.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Lakes: Inland bodies of still or slowly moving FRESH WATER or salt water, larger than a pond, and supplied by RIVERS and streams.Fresh Water: Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.Molteno Implants: Devices implanted to control intraocular pressure by allowing aqueous fluid to drain from the anterior chamber. (Hoffman, Pocket Glossary of Ophthalmologic Terminology, 1989)New Zealand: A group of islands in the southwest Pacific. Its capital is Wellington. It was discovered by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642 and circumnavigated by Cook in 1769. Colonized in 1840 by the New Zealand Company, it became a British crown colony in 1840 until 1907 when colonial status was terminated. New Zealand is a partly anglicized form of the original Dutch name Nieuw Zeeland, new sea land, possibly with reference to the Dutch province of Zeeland. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p842 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p378)Great Lakes Region: The geographic area of the Great Lakes in general and when the specific state or states are not indicated. It usually includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.Fellowships and Scholarships: Stipends or grants-in-aid granted by foundations or institutions to individuals for study.Universities: Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.Wilderness: Environment un-modified by human activity. Areas in which natural processes operate without human interference.Wilderness Medicine: Skills and knowledge required for assessment and treatment of traumatic, environmental, and medical emergencies in remote geographic or wilderness environments.Travel: Aspects of health and disease related to travel.Congo: A republic in central Africa lying between GABON and DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and south of Cameroon. Its capital is Brazzaville.Emergency Responders: Personnel trained to provide the initial services, care, and support in EMERGENCIES or DISASTERS.Fur Seals: A group comprised of several species of eared seals found in two genera, in the family Otariidae. In comparison to SEA LIONS, they have an especially dense wooly undercoat.Atlantic Islands: Widely scattered islands in the Atlantic Ocean as far north as the AZORES and as far south as the South Sandwich Islands, with the greatest concentration found in the CARIBBEAN REGION. They include Annobon Island, Ascension, Canary Islands, Falkland Islands, Fernando Po (also called Isla de Bioko and Bioko), Gough Island, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Helena, and Tristan da Cunha.Antelopes: Any of various ruminant mammals of the order Bovidae. They include numerous species in Africa and the American pronghorn.Science: The study of natural phenomena by observation, measurement, and experimentation.Research: Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)Biological Science Disciplines: All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms.Technology: The application of scientific knowledge to practical purposes in any field. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation.Physiology: The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.
Bulbus arteriosus of the antarctic teleosts. I. The white-blooded Chionodraco hamatus. (1/765)
The bulbus arteriosus of teleost fish is a thick-walled chamber that extends between the single ventricle and the ventral aorta. The functional importance of the bulbus resides in the fact that it maintains a steady blood flow into the gill system through heart contraction. Despite of this, a thorough study of the structure of the bulbus in teleost fish is still lacking. We have undertaken a morphologic study of the bulbus arteriosus in the stenothermal teleosts of the Antarctic sea. The structural organization of the bulbus arteriosus of the icefish Chionodraco hamatus has been studied here by conventional light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The inner surface of the bulbus shows a festooned appearance due to the presence of longitudinal, unbranched ridges that extend between the ventricle and the arterial trunk. The wall of the bulbus is divided into endocardial, subendocardial, middle, and external layers. Endocardial cells show a large number of moderately-dense bodies. The endocardium invaginates into the subendocardium forming solid epithelial cords that contain numerous secretory vacuoles. Cells in the subendocardium group into small domains, have some of the morphological characteristics of smooth muscle cells, and appear enmeshed in a three-dimensional network of matrix filaments. Cells in the middle layer are typical smooth muscle cells. They appear arranged into layers and are surrounded by a filamentous meshwork that excludes collagen fibers. Orientation of this meshwork occurs in the vicinity of the smooth muscle cells. Elastin fibers are never observed. The external layer is formed by wavy collagen bundles and fibroblast-like cells. This layer lacks blood vessels and nerve fibers. The endocardium and the endocardium-derived cords are secretory epithelia that may be involved in the formation ofmucins or glycosaminoglycans. These mucins may have a protecting effect on the endocardium. The subendocardium and the middle layer appear to be formed by the same cell type, smooth muscle, with a gradient of differentiation from the secretory (subendocardium) to the contractile (middle layer) phenotype. Despite the absence of elastin fibers, the filamentous matrix could maintain the elastic properties of the bulbus wall. Smooth muscle cells appear to be actively involved in bulbus wall dynamics. The restriction of collagen to the external layer suggests that it may control wall dilatation and bulbus compliance. When comparison was possible, structural differences between C. hamatus and temperate teleosts seemed to be not species-related, but of phenotypic adaptative significance. This is remarkable since Antarctic fishes have lived isolated in freezing waters for the last two million years. (+info)Prolonged eradication of urogenital mycoplasmas after administration of tetracycline to men in the Antarctic. (2/765)
Meatal swabs were obtained at intervals over 1 year from 23 men in the Antarctic. A 5-day course of tetracycline was given to twelve of them. In retrospect it was found that the antibiotic had been received by two men who were harbouring ureaplasmas, one of whom also had M. hominis. After treatment, these organisms were not found in any of the swabs taken over the next year, except in a swab from one of the men following sexual contact after this time. One of the twelve men developed N.S.U. just before arriving in the Antarctic. He responded clinically to a shorter course of tetracycline and ureplasmas were not recovered from a meatal swab immediately thereafter. However, without further sexual contact, ureaplasmas and disease recurred about a month later. This time, after a 5-day course of tetracycline, disease was not seen, and ureaplasmas were not isolated, over the next year. In contrast, ureaplasmas were isolated consistently over a year from two men who were not given the antibiotic. The evidence strongly suggests that, under natural conditions, the most likely cause of mycoplasmas, particularly ureaplasmas, recurring in the genital tract after apparently adequate tetracycline therapy, is re-infection as a result of sexual re-exposure. (+info)A RNA polymerase with transcriptional activity at 0 degrees C from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. (3/765)
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase was purified from the Antarctic psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. The RNA polymerase showed a typical eubacterial subunit composition with beta, beta', alpha2 and sigma subunits. The subunits cross-reacted with antibodies raised against holoenzyme and the individual subunits of the RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. However, the enzyme was considered unique, since unlike the RNA polymerase of mesophilic E. coli it exhibited significant and consistent transcriptional activity (10-15%) even at 0 degrees C. But, similar to the enzyme from the mesophilic bacterium, the RNA polymerase from P. syringae exhibited optimum activity at 37 degrees C. The study also demonstrates that the RNA polymerase of P. syringae could preferentially transcribe the cold-inducible gene cspA of E. coli only at lower temperatures (0-22 degrees C). The polymerase was also observed to be relatively more rifampicin-resistant during transcription at lower temperature. (+info)Metallothioneins in antarctic fish: evidence for independent duplication and gene conversion. (4/765)
In the present paper, we examine eight species of Antarctic fish belonging to the suborder Notothenioidei, using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, to investigate the presence of mRNAs encoding metallothionein (MT) isoforms. A total of 168 bp from the coding region and the complete (133-165 bp) 3' untranslated region (UTR) was obtained for all species (for three of them, we also sequenced the full-length cDNA, including the 5' UTR). Phylogenetic analyses carried out on the MT-coding region suggest monophyly for Antarctic fish MTs with respect to other teleost MT genes. Analyses also revealed that notothenioid MTs can be divided into at least two groups of paralogy, MT-1 and MT-2. These results indicate that notothenioid MT isoforms arose from at least one gene duplication event occurring in the ancestral lineage of the Notothenioidei. This duplication occurred independent of the one which gave origin to two metallothionein isoforms in the rainbow trout. In addition, an instance of gene conversion was observed between MT-1 and MT-2 genes in Notothenia coriiceps. Analyses of the 5' UTR, combined with quantitative assay of differential expression of MT-1 and MT-2, indicate that only the 3' UTR underwent a gene conversion event in the mentioned species. These findings, together with the observation of a differential pattern of expression for the two MT isoforms, disclose an unexpected complexity in the evolution and function of notothenioid MTs; as in most teleost species examined (apart from the rainbow trout), a single MT form is present. (+info)Determination of the solution structure of the N-domain plus linker of Antarctic eel pout antifreeze protein RD3. (5/765)
RD3, a new antifreeze protein (AFP) extracted from antarctic eel pout is a single polypeptide divided into homologous N-terminal (residues Asn(1)-Glu(64)) and C-terminal (residues Ser(74)-Glu(134)) domains, each of which has a high sequence identity with Type III AFP. A 9-residue linker (-D(65)GTTSPGLK(73)-) connects these two domains in tandem and is thought to play a significant role in defining the nature of the intact molecule. The present paper shows for the first time the solution structure and preliminary (15)N-NMR backbone dynamics data of the N-domain plus the linker of recombinant RD3 protein (RD3-Nl: residues 1-73) by employing homo- and heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Forty converged structures of RD3-Nl were successfully calculated by using a total of 958 NMR-derived structural restraints. It was found that the N-domain of RD3-Nl has a globular form comprising six beta-strands, three type III turns, and several loops, which stabilize a flat, ice-binding site formed on one side of this domain. Further, the linker portion appears to have a definitive structure, which is independent of the globular N-domain. This definitive linker is roughly divided into two short strands, -D(65)GTTSP(70)- and -G(71)LK(73)-, which are bent around -T(67)TSPG(71)- at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. This bending motif of the linker may function to orient the two ice-binding sites of the N- and C-domains of RD3 in the same direction, leading to their simultaneous interactions with the ice crystal surface. (+info)Physicochemical parameters for growth of the sea ice bacteria Glaciecola punicea ACAM 611(T) and Gelidibacter sp. strain IC158. (6/765)
The water activity and pH ranges for growth of Glaciecola punicea (a psychrophile) were extended when this organism was grown at suboptimal rather than optimal temperatures. No such extension was observed for Gelidibacter sp. strain IC158 (a psychrotolerant bacterium) at analogous temperatures. Salinity and pH may be primary physicochemical parameters controlling bacterial community development in sea ice. (+info)Temperature-dependent expression of cytochrome-c oxidase in Antarctic and temperate fish. (7/765)
Seasonal acclimation versus permanent adaptation to low temperatures leads to a differential response in the expression of cytochrome-c oxidase (CCO) in temperate and Antarctic eelpouts. Although eurythermal eelpout from the North Sea (Zoarces viviparus) displayed a cold-induced rise of CCO activity in white muscle, enzyme activity in the cold stenothermal Antarctic eelpout Pachycara brachycephalum failed to reflect such a compensatory increase. In Antarctic eelpout, CCO activity correlates with transcript levels of mitochondrial encoded subunits of CCO (CCO I and CCO II), whereas cold-acclimated eelpout from the North Sea show lower enzyme activities than expected on the basis of mitochondrial mRNA levels. In these animals, CCO expression at low temperatures may be limited either by nuclear CCO transcripts or by posttranscriptional processes. These may comprise translation of the subunits or assembly of the CCO holoenzyme. mRNA levels of CCO IV, one of the nuclear encoded subunits, increased strongly during cold acclimation, indicating that the expression of CCO is likely not message limited in cold-acclimated Z. viviparus. Our data suggest that seasonal cold acclimation of Z. viviparus results in a modification of the relationship between transcription and translation or posttranslational processes. In permanently cold-adapted P. brachycephalum, on the other hand, CCO expression shows similar characteristics as in the warm-acclimated confamilial species, e.g., low levels of enzyme activity correlated with low levels of mitochondrial message. (+info)Cold-adapted alanine dehydrogenases from two antarctic bacterial strains: gene cloning, protein characterization, and comparison with mesophilic and thermophilic counterparts. (8/765)
The genes encoding NAD(+)-dependent alanine dehydrogenases (AlaDHs) (EC 1.4.1.1) from the Antarctic bacterial organisms Shewanella sp. strain Ac10 (SheAlaDH) and Carnobacterium sp. strain St2 (CarAlaDH) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Of all of the AlaDHs that have been sequenced, SheAlaDH exhibited the highest level of sequence similarity to the AlaDH from the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio proteolyticus (VprAlaDH). CarAlaDH was most similar to AlaDHs from mesophilic and thermophilic Bacillus strains. SheAlaDH and CarAlaDH had features typical of cold-adapted enzymes; both the optimal temperature for catalytic activity and the temperature limit for retaining thermostability were lower than the values obtained for the mesophilic counterparts. The k(cat)/K(m) value for the SheAlaDH reaction was about three times higher than the k(cat)/K(m) value for VprAlaDH, but it was much lower than the k(cat)/K(m) value for the AlaDH from Bacillus subtilis. Homology-based structural models of various AlaDHs, including the two psychotropic AlaDHs, were constructed. The thermal instability of SheAlaDH and CarAlaDH may result from relatively low numbers of salt bridges in these proteins. (+info)PeninsulaSpeciesSoilsWatersKrillSoil2018EcosystemsMarineContinentAntarcticaArctic and Antarctic2017SubantarcticTreatyFieldworkColderArctocephalusABSTRACTOrganismsWest AntarcticMaritime AntarcticAstrophysicsFrench SouthStrainsResearchWorld'sTaxonomicClimate changeLichensEarth'sBacteriumValleysSealsCoastalUSAPPolar Region2020Weddell SeaWildlifeFloraSealNotothenioidTaxaAerosolExplorationBacterialLakes
- Results published this week by a team of polar scientists from Britain, Australia and France adds a new dimension to our understanding of Antarctic Peninsula climate change and the likely causes of the break-up of its ice shelves. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- The first comprehensive reconstruction of a 15,000 year climate history from an ice core collected from James Ross Island in the Antarctic Peninsula region is reported this week in the journal Nature . (wattsupwiththat.com)
- These centuries of continual warming meant that by the time the unusual recent warming began, the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves were already poised for the dramatic break-ups observed from the 1990's onwards. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the fastest warming places on Earth - average temperatures from meteorological stations near James Ross Island have risen by nearly 2°C in the past 50 years. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- We know that something unusual is happening in the Antarctic Peninsula. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- What we see in the ice core temperature record is that the Antarctic Peninsula warmed by about 6°C as it emerged from the last ice age. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- By 11,000 years ago the temperature had risen to about 1.3°C warmer than today's average and other research indicates that the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet was shrinking at this time and some of the surrounding ice shelves retreated. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- The ice shelves on the northern Antarctic Peninsula expanded during this cooling. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- The Antarctic peninsula is the most populated place in Antarctica . (wattsupwiththat.com)
- Since 1986, AERD researchers annually collect data in the Antarctic peninsula region. (noaa.gov)
- A new study published in the journal Nature reveals that Arctic and Antarctic waters, not tropical reefs, are 'hot spots' for the birth of new species of life. (cbc.ca)
- He thinks the harshness of the climate in polar regions is the key to explaining why more species develop in Arctic and Antarctic waters. (cbc.ca)
- The team of scientists plan to continue exploring why the Arctic and Antarctic see so many new species. (cbc.ca)
- Soils in the ice-free regions of Antarctica are known to harbor a wide range of microorganisms from primary producers to grazers, yet their ecology and particularly the role of viruses is poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
- As such, Antarctic soils are excellent model environments to investigate microbial interactions and ecosystem processes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Possible role of bacteria on degradation of the algae Desmarestia anceps in the Antarctic marine waters. (conicet.gov.ar)
- The U.S. AMLR Program is internationally recognized for its ongoing contributions to ecosystem-based management of fisheries that impact krill, finfishes, krill-dependent predators, and other components of the Antarctic ecosystem. (noaa.gov)
- In this study, we examined the virus community structures of 14 soil samples from the Mackay Glacier region. (biomedcentral.com)
- The pattern of viral community structure with higher levels of diversity at lower altitude and pH, and co-occurring viral families, suggests that these cold desert soil viruses interact with each other, the host, and the environment in an intricate manner, playing a potentially crucial role in maintaining host diversity and functioning of the microbial ecosystem in the extreme environments of Antarctic soil. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hydrocarbon removal and bacterial community structure in on-site biostimulated biopile systems designed for bioremediation of diesel-contaminated Antarctic soil. (conicet.gov.ar)
- We're offering up to 35% OFF Antarctic voyages departing 2018/19. (intrepidtravel.com)
- The Antarctic continent is considered the coldest and driest place on earth with simple ecosystems, devoid of higher plants. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Antarctic Ecosystem Research Division ( AERD ) conducts research to fulfill NOAA's mandate of providing scientific advice that supports United States (U.S.) interests related to resource management by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources ( CCAMLR ), of which the U.S. is a Member. (noaa.gov)
- NOAA Fisheries' Antarctic research is mandated by the U.S. Antarctic Marine Living Resources (AMLR) Convention Act of 1984, thus the program of work undertaken and managed by the AERD is widely known as the U.S. AMLR Program. (noaa.gov)
- Heavy metals in sediments and soft tissues of the Antarctic clam Laternula elliptica: more evidence as possible biomonitor of coastal marine pollution at high latitute? (conicet.gov.ar)
- The Antarctic continent is the coldest place on earth, with mean annual surface temperatures of −20 °C or less [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Mackay Glacier, Ross Dependency, is a major glacial flow in Eastern Antarctica and is found to the north of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, which collectively comprise 15% of the ice-free regions on the continent. (biomedcentral.com)
- It surrounds Antarctica in the South Polar Region. (windows2universe.org)
- To determine how northern cod AFGPs are encoded and how two unrelated fish taxa arrive at essentially the same AFGP molecules, we have characterized the AFGPs and AFGP genes from the Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (Svalbard, Norway) and compared them to those of the Antarctic notothenioid Dissostichus mawsoni (McMurdo Sound, Antarctica). (pnas.org)
- The amount of ice lost annually from the Antarctic ice sheet increased at least six-fold between 1979 and 2017," Nullis added, citing images showing cracks in glaciers in Antarctica. (reuters.com)
- This paper presents the first fossil penguin from East Antarctica, and the only one known south of the Antarctic Circle. (cambridge.org)
- The SCAR Action Group on Antarctic Clouds and Aerosols (ACA) aims to organise an international large scale campaign to investigate clouds and aerosols in Antarctica through a series of special observing periods when intensive ground-based measurements would be made at the same time as in-situ measurements using instrumented aircraft. (scar.org)
- Recovery Glacier, located in the Coats Land region of Antarctica, has always been a slumbering giant, transporting ice from the high plateau of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet down toward the Weddell Sea at a snail's pace of only 10 to 400 metres per year. (eurekalert.org)
- The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS , regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica , Earth's only continent without a native human population. (thefullwiki.org)
- The famed explorer Ernest SHACKLETON stopped there in 1914 en route to his ill-fated attempt to cross Antarctica on foot. (faqs.org)
- The Antarctic Floristic Kingdom includes the continent of Antarctica, Patagonia (southern Chile, southern Argentina, Tierra del Fuego), most of New Zealand, the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands, and all islands of the Southern Ocean south of 40°S latitude, including Gough Island, the Kerguelen Islands, and the Falkland Islands. (wikipedia.org)
- Provinces Lord Howe Province Norfolkian Province Kermadecian Province Northern Neozeylandic Province Central Neozeylandic Province Southern Neozeylandic Province Chatham Province New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Province The South Subantarctic Islands Endemic species: Lyallia kerguelensis, Pringlea antiscorbutica Tristan-Gough Province Kerguelen Province Antarctic flora Antarctic ecozone Flora of Antarctica Flora of subantarctic islands List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands Takhtajan, A. (1986). (wikipedia.org)
- The U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP) supports scientific research in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean with logistics provided by OPP's Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Section (AIL). (nsf.gov)
- Antarctic fieldwork is supported only for research that must be performed, or is best performed, in Antarctica. (nsf.gov)
- Scientific research, along with operational support of that research, is the principal activity of the U.S. Antarctic Program in Antarctica. (nsf.gov)
- Antarctic fieldwork will only be supported for research that can only be performed or is best performed in Antarctica. (nsf.gov)
- The primary goal of these explorers was to penetrate the ice walls that hid Antarctica proper, beginning with Bellingshausen's circumnavigation of the region, D'Urville's discovery of the first rocky land formation, and culminating in Wilkes's discovery of Victoria Land, featuring the volcanoes now known as Mt. Terror and Mt. Erebus. (wikipedia.org)
- Up until about 30 million years ago the waters around Antarctica were warmer than they are today because South America was connected to Antarctica allowing warm air from the north to flow into Antarctic waters. (polartrec.com)
- Antarctica became an isolated continent ringed by a band of seas that created a powerful water current that prevented Antarctic waters from mixing with warmer seas. (polartrec.com)
- Although several countries have laid claim to various portions of Antarctica, it is governed by the 1958 Antarctic Treaty, which establishes the continent as a peaceful and cooperative international research zone. (wikitravel.org)
- Approximately 80 companies belong to the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators , a membership organization which regulates non-research travel to the region. (wikitravel.org)
- Though, not all options are suitable but most of the travelers offering Antarctica Travel , and Arctic Travel from the United States to the Polar Regions may guide you to book the tour that includes all the attractions for you to enjoy. (esterobaymotel.com)
- ARM deployed a mobile facility to McMurdo Station at the tip of West Antarctica for 14 months, plus a suite of instruments to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide Ice Camp plateau, where storms travel inland, during Antarctica's summer season. (arm.gov)
- Mycobiota of rock communities of Argentine Islands is rich on filamentous and yeast fungi similarly to other regions of Antarctica. (akjournals.com)
- The Antarctic continent itself experiences colder temperatures than the Arctic, but freshwater glacial ice covers Antarctica, not salty ice. (actionbioscience.org)
- Rapid advances in molecular biological approaches are increasingly demonstrating that bacterial diversity in Antarctica may be far greater than previously thought, and that there is overlap in the environmental controls affecting both Antarctic prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. (frontiersin.org)
- 1997. The United States in Antarctica: Report of the U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel . (nap.edu)
- In Antarctica: A keystone in a changing world: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences , edited by A. K. Cooper, P. Barrett, H. Stagg, B. Storey, E. Stump, W. Wise, and the 10th ISAES editorial team. (nap.edu)
- For the first time, scientists report, they have found bacteria living in the cold and dark deep under the Antarctic ice, a discovery that might advance knowledge of how life could survive on other planets or moons and that offers the first glimpse of a vast ecosystem of microscopic life in underground lakes in Antarctica. (sej.org)
- The regions above Antarctica showing the largest instantaneous NO increases coincide with high fluxes of 30-300 keV precipitating electrons from measurements by the second‐generation Space Environment Monitor (SEM‐2) Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector (MEPED) instrument on the Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES). (whiterose.ac.uk)
- Enjoy Antarctica in style - by flying and then cruising south of the Antarctic Circle! (intrepidtravel.com)
- Especially the western region of Antarctica may be more prone to a meltdown of ice. (i4u.com)
- We used molecular phylogenetic techniques to study Antarctic microchlorophyte strains isolated from lacustrine habitats from maritime and continental Antarctica. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Girvin, John P. 1999-05-01 00:00:00 AbstractA HISTORY OF Arctic and Antarctic exploration, whether to find a northwest passage, north pole, or south pole, is a story of triumph and tribulation. (deepdyve.com)
- The snow and ice of Earth's cryosphere are melting causing instability of the ground and changes in Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems. (windows2universe.org)
- Permafrost is found at high latitudes like the Arctic and Antarctic . (windows2universe.org)
- From the US people travel to arctic and Antarctic region which are quite different from that of the other parts of the world in terms of climate and the various things like the flora and fauna around the continents. (esterobaymotel.com)
- For this reason, many of our passengers are surprised at how warm it is in both the Arctic and Antarctic during our regular summer voyages. (oceanwide-expeditions.com)
- The Arctic and Antarctic regions are melting. (abc.net.au)
- The final figures will come after every Arctic and Antarctic species is genotyped, a huge undertaking that began last year. (scientificamerican.com)
- Clione limacina is one of the centimeter-long creatures that live both in the Arctic and Antarctic. (scientificamerican.com)
- The Arctic and Antarctic regions are also very dry. (forbes.com)
- POLISH POLAR RESEARCH covers a wide spectrum of Arctic and Antarctic Live and Earth Sciences and highly values interdisciplinary research. (degruyter.com)
- Ice loss, permafrost thaw, fires: Trouble in the Arctic and Antarctic could cause shocks to the world's weather and sea levels sooner than thought, says a new study. (nationalgeographic.com)
- While both the Arctic and Antarctic are experiencing rising temperatures, thinning glaciers, disturbed ecosystems, and other alarming shifts as heat-trapping fossil fuel emissions build up, changes are sweeping the northern region far faster. (nationalgeographic.com)
- 2017). Pelagic and benthic communities of the Antarctic ecosystem of Potter Cove: Genomics and ecological implications. (springer.com)
- Here we report results of a study conducted during a research cruise across the Subantarctic and Antarctic waters of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in summer 2015, where low troposphere aerosols were characterised, source apportioned and compared with concurrent measurements in sea water and sea ice. (nature.com)
- Rautenberger, R. and Bischof, K. (2004): Effects of ultraviolet radiation and temperature on the antioxidative status of two Enteromorpha (Chlorophyta) species from Antarctic and Subantarctic regions , Conference of the German Botanical Society, 5-10 Sept., Braunschweig, Germany. (awi.de)
- The Floristic Regions in the Antarctic Floristic Kingdom are the: Fernandezian Region Argentina-Chile-Patagonian Region South Subantarctic Islands Region Neozeylandic Region The Fernandezian Region is often also included within the Neotropical Kingdom. (wikipedia.org)
- on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, in a climate decidedly warmer than today. (reddit.com)
- Terres australes françaises ) or French Southern Territories , usually to emphasize non-recognition of French sovereignty over Adélie Land as part of the Antarctic Treaty system. (wikipedia.org)
- The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters are located in Buenos Aires , Argentina, since September 2004 [ 1 ] . (thefullwiki.org)
- Proposals requesting Antarctic fieldwork should be submitted no less than eighteen months prior to the desired deployment. (nsf.gov)
- Our fieldwork at the Antarctic base Carlini was supported by Instituto Antártico Argentino, the University of Buenos Aires, and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina. (springer.com)
- Over time the Antarctic seas grew much colder. (polartrec.com)
- For instance, are the Martian polar regions colder or warmer? (oceanwide-expeditions.com)
- Among extant penguins, larger penguins inhabit colder regions, while smaller penguins are generally found in temperate or even tropical climates (Bergmann's Rule). (reddit.com)
- Low reproductive success in territorial male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) suggests the existence of alternative mating strategies. (biomedsearch.com)
- Microsatellites were used to conduct an analysis of paternity of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) from Bird Island, South Georgia. (biomedsearch.com)
- The Antarctic Fur Seal, or Arctocephalus gazelle, is a seal in the genus Arctocephalus in the subfamily Arctocephalinae. (worldatlas.com)
- ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sub-Antarctic islands represent the only mid to high latitude terrestrial biomes in the Southern Hemisphere. (sun.ac.za)
- Sea ice in the Arctic region provides a habitat for organisms even in the cold of winter. (actionbioscience.org)
- To date, the focus has largely been on terrestrial organisms for which coastal oases and nunataks, the Transantarctic mountains and specific regions such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys-some of which are known to have been ice-free since at least the Mid-to-Late Miocene (up to approx. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- Evidence for the widespread persistence of refugia in which aquatic organisms could survive glaciation (e.g. coastal low-latitude regions) is, however, still elusive (Hodgson et al . (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- In a science campaign of unprecedented challenge, researchers recently completed the first substantial climate measurements on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in 50 years. (arm.gov)
- The mechanisms behind West Antarctic warming remain a mystery, but scientists hypothesize a linkage between moisture from Southern Ocean storm clouds and the surface energy balance over this ice sheet may play a role. (arm.gov)
- The second ARM Mobile Facility collected data at McMurdo Station for the ARM West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE). (arm.gov)
- The campaign, called the ARM West Antarctic Radiation Experiment (AWARE) , was motivated by a need to collect a sophisticated, complete atmospheric data set to elucidate West Antarctica's rapid warming. (arm.gov)
- 2009. Reassessment of the potential sea-level rise from a collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet. (nap.edu)
- These observations need to be taken into account when considering the potential for irreversible retreat of parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. (sciencemag.org)
- In an attempt to understand the evolution and biogeography of terrestrial taxa in the South Polar Region, the first broad-scale molecular phylogeny was constructed for the unique terrestrial group, the ameronothroid mites (genus Halozetes (Oribatida)), collected from sub-Antarctic and Maritime Antarctic localities. (sun.ac.za)
- ARENA (Antarctic Research, a European Network for Astrophysics). (nap.edu)
- 2010. Vision for European astronomy and astrophysics at the Antarctic station Concordia, Dome C in the next decade 2010-2020 . (nap.edu)
- The French Southern and Antarctic Lands have formed a territoire d'outre-mer (an overseas territory) of France since 1955. (wikipedia.org)
- Novel psychrotolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the Antarctic Dry Valleys, an environmental analogue of the martian surface, and identified by 16S rRNA gene phylogeny as representatives of Brevundimonas, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas genera. (nih.gov)
- A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed to characterize dissimilatory iron-reducing strains mostly isolated from Antarctic sea ice. (nih.gov)
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is a component of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). (bas.ac.uk)
- In the beginning of the 1970s, a revival of marine Antarctic research started. (springer.com)
- The research community had previously assumed that meltwater lakes below the East Antarctic Ice Sheet were the cause, the idea being that said lakes occasionally overflow their banks, creating a lubricating film on which the ice above can slide, like when a car begins to aquaplane. (eurekalert.org)
- Thanks to Russian and British research projects at Lake Vostok and Lake Ellsworth, we know that there certainly are subglacial lakes in the Antarctic. (eurekalert.org)
- In the research experiments, the size of the cavitating region was reduced by varying the upstream and downstream pressures. (innovations-report.com)
- The National Science Foundation's Antarctic Sciences Section fosters research on globally and regionally important scientific problems. (nsf.gov)
- The Antarctic Sciences Section strongly encourages research using existing samples, models, and data as well as research at the intersection between disciplines. (nsf.gov)
- This helps explain German involvement in Antarctic research. (wikipedia.org)
- 2011. Antarctic Grounding Line Mapping from Differential Satellite Radar Interferometry, Geophyical Research Letters . (nsidc.org)
- Researchers took the samples during the 2013-2014 Antarctic research season. (phys.org)
- Because there is still so much to learn about the Antarctic, and because nobody actually lives there, it is where many international agencies and countries go to jointly conduct research. (collegescholarships.org)
- Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 41(2):155-163. (nap.edu)
- POLISH POLAR RESEARCH is an international journal publishing original research articles presenting the results of studies carried out in polar regions. (degruyter.com)
- Recent research has identified large-scale warming of both CDW north of 60°S ( 10 ) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) ( 11 ). (sciencemag.org)
- The Antarctic is one of the world's least-explored regions. (collegescholarships.org)
- The Antarctic is considered one of the world's most rapidly warming regions. (eponline.com)
- The 14 distinct chlorophycean and trebouxiophycean lineages observed point to a wide phylogenetic diversity of apparently endemic Antarctic lineages at different taxonomic levels. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- The workshop, sponsored by the joint BNL-SBU Center for Impacts of Regional Climate Change (CIRCC), is designed to give high school science teachers the tools they need to teach about climate change in the Polar regions. (eponline.com)
- The vegetation of the Antarctic tundra is dominated by mosses and lichens. (semanticscholar.org)
- It floats on the oceans that are in Earth's polar regions. (windows2universe.org)
- With the human activity associated with industrialization, however, came the burning of fossil fuels for manufacturing and transportation, putting more carbon dioxide into the air and creating an increased pressure of this gas on some regions of the earth's surface - including coastal areas. (innovations-report.com)
- Earth's polar regions are not only mild compared to Mars, they're also filled with some of the most impressive, well-adapted, multi-faceted animals on our planet. (oceanwide-expeditions.com)
- 2014). Solution and crystal structure of BA42, a protein from the Antarctic bacterium Bizionia argentinensis comprised of a stand-alone TPM domain. (springer.com)
- Ascidian extracts and purified compound-fractions were further assessed in antibacterial tests against a marine Antarctic bacterium. (mdpi.com)
- They conclude that further study of local carbon production and transport would help to understand the limited effects of local black carbon production on the Dry Valleys ecosystem, compared to the effects of windblown sediments, commonly deposited in the ablation regions of the glaciers, that have been shown to influence melt. (phys.org)
- The Dry Valleys, by contrast, are ice-free, mountainous regions, interspersed with glaciers, where little snow accumulates because they are scoured by winds. (phys.org)
- Antarctic Fur Seal has a shorter and broader snout compared to other seals in the family. (worldatlas.com)
- Continuous year round records of atmospheric sea-salt concentrations have been recovered at three coastal Antarctic stations (Halley, Dumont D'Urville, and Neumayer) at temporal resolutions typically between 1 day and 2 weeks. (bas.ac.uk)
- Coastal communities, especially in low-lying regions, will be increasingly vulnerable to flooding as sea level rises , especially where tropical storm events are common. (windows2universe.org)
- We just have to commit to increasing the number and types of coastal regions being studied. (innovations-report.com)
- Leidos is seeking an IT and Communications Operations Manager within the Leidos Antarctic Support Contract (ASC) to manage the operations and maintenance of the Information Technology and Communications infrastructure for the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). (careerbuilder.com)
- The Arctic tundra, vast plains filled with grasses, flowers, mosses and lichen, is located north of the taiga forests in Earth s north polar region. (windows2universe.org)
- The large animals including mammals and reptiles make an annual round trip from one polar region to another either for food or a favorable climate. (worldatlas.com)
- What would a polar region be without ice? (oceanwide-expeditions.com)
- 2011. Australian Antarctic science strategic plan: 2011-12 to 2020-21 . (nap.edu)
- To our knowledge, these are the first high time resolution aerosol composition measurements reported in the sea ice region of the Weddell Sea. (nature.com)
- Here we demonstrate that concurrent upper-ocean preconditioning and meteorological perturbations are responsible for the appearance of polynyas in the Weddell Sea region of the Southern Ocean. (nature.com)
- Skipping all the extra days at sea, you'll enjoy only the best scenery and wildlife experiences of the Antarctic. (intrepidtravel.com)
- The flora of the Antarctic Kingdom dates back to the time of Gondwana, the southern supercontinent which once included most of the landmasses of the present-day Southern Hemisphere, though it has been influenced by the flora of the Holarctic Kingdom since the Tertiary period. (wikipedia.org)
- This supports the hypothesis that long-term survival took place in glacial refugia, resulting in a specific Antarctic flora. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- To explain this discrepancy we suggest that female choice is an integral component of the Antarctic fur seal mating system and that aquatic mating may play a much larger role in the Antarctic fur seal than previously thought. (biomedsearch.com)
- The seal is distributed throughout the Antarctic Water with over 90% of the world population breeding in the South Georgia Island. (worldatlas.com)
- Antarctic notothenioid fishes and several northern cods are phylogenetically distant (in different orders and superorders), yet produce near-identical antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) to survive in their respective freezing environments. (pnas.org)
- First, although Antarctic notothenioid AFGP genes have been shown to originate from a pancreatic trypsinogen, Arctic cod AFGP genes share no sequence identity with the trypsinogen gene, indicating trypsinogen is not the progenitor. (pnas.org)
- The most striking example of evolution of the same type of antifreeze protein in unrelated fishes is the near-identical antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) in the Antarctic notothenioid fishes and several northern cods of the family Gadidae ( 8 , 9 ). (pnas.org)
- Notothenioid AFGP genes have recently been discovered to evolve from a trypsinogen gene through recruitment of segments of the trypsinogen sequence, plus de novo amplification of a 9-nt Thr-Ala-Ala coding element from the trypsinogen progenitor, to form a new coding region for the repetitive tripeptide backbone of AFGPs ( 12 ). (pnas.org)
- Biogeographic analyses indicated a complex pattern mainly sculpted by multiple independent dispersal events across the Antarctic Polar Frontal Zone similar to previous findings for other marine and terrestrial taxa. (sun.ac.za)
- Broady (1996) suggested that most Antarctic terrestrial green algae are cosmopolitan taxa. (royalsocietypublishing.org)
- An accurate projection of climate dynamics in the Southern Ocean, therefore, requires a sound assessment of aerosol precursor emissions from the sea ice region ecosystem. (nature.com)
- whether their focus is scrutinizing the surface energy balance from multiple locations, analyzing aerosol data, or providing meteorological insight at multiple scales via climate modeling and satellite remote sensing-each disparate effort exponentially strengthens the ultimate goal: interpreting new Antarctic data and creating more accurate, more complete earth system models and predications. (arm.gov)
- this particular period, the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, is not the first intensive period of Antarctic exploration. (wikipedia.org)
- Curtailing what is commonly known as the Age of Exploration, British explorer James Cook would be one of the few explorers who would travel to that Southern region of the world. (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequently, exploration of the Southern regions of the world came to a great halt. (wikipedia.org)
- However, in the following twenty years after Ross' return, there is a general lull internationally in Antarctic exploration. (wikipedia.org)
- The initial impetus for the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration is somewhat contested as it is a vague international movement. (wikipedia.org)
- George von Neumayer of Hamburg, also an Antarctic explorer, worked to renew Antarctic exploration in 1861 onwards as he worked in an observatory in Melbourne. (wikipedia.org)
- Another, particularly British, impetus more closely tied to the period is a lecture given by Dr. John Murray entitled "The Renewal of Antarctic Exploration", given to the Royal Geographical Society in London, November 27, 1893. (wikipedia.org)
- OSLO -- Plans by Arctic nations to start cooperating over oil spills are vague and fail to define corporate liability for any accidents in an icy region opening up to oil and gas exploration due to global warming, environmentalists said on Monday. (sej.org)
- Dissemination and survival of non-indigenous bacterial genomes in pristine Antarctic environments. (springer.com)
- The experts found very few substantial bodies of water, which is a surprising result: up to that point, the scientific community had assumed that overflowing lakes below the East Antarctic Ice Sheet were the reason that ice masses began sliding and forming ice streams to begin with. (eurekalert.org)