Comparison of the BLOOD PRESSURE between the BRACHIAL ARTERY and the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY. It is a predictor of PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE.
The region of the lower limb between the FOOT and the LEG.
Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.
The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.
The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and foot. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot.
The region of the lower limb in animals, extending from the gluteal region to the FOOT, and including the BUTTOCKS; HIP; and LEG.
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Techniques for measuring blood pressure.
LATERAL LIGAMENTS of the ANKLE JOINT. It includes inferior tibiofibular ligaments.
The continuation of the femoral artery coursing through the popliteal fossa; it divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery.
The degree to which BLOOD VESSELS are not blocked or obstructed.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect combined with real-time imaging. The real-time image is created by rapid movement of the ultrasound beam. A powerful advantage of this technique is the ability to estimate the velocity of flow from the Doppler shift frequency.
Ultrasonography applying the Doppler effect, with frequency-shifted ultrasound reflections produced by moving targets (usually red blood cells) in the bloodstream along the ultrasound axis in direct proportion to the velocity of movement of the targets, to determine both direction and velocity of blood flow. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.
Use of a balloon catheter for dilation of an occluded artery. It is used in treatment of arterial occlusive diseases, including renal artery stenosis and arterial occlusions in the leg. For the specific technique of BALLOON DILATION in coronary arteries, ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY is available.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The flow of BLOOD through or around an organ or region of the body.
A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.
Plethysmographic determination in which the intensity of light reflected from the skin surface and the red cells below is measured to determine the blood volume of the respective area. There are two types, transmission and reflectance.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The second largest of the TARSAL BONES. It articulates with the TIBIA and FIBULA to form the ANKLE JOINT.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Apparatus used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities or to improve the function of movable parts of the body.
Fibrous cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE that attach bones to each other and hold together the many types of joints in the body. Articular ligaments are strong, elastic, and allow movement in only specific directions, depending on the individual joint.
Orthopedic appliances used to support, align, or hold parts of the body in correct position. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus.
General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.
Manner or style of walking.
The region in the hindlimb of a quadruped, corresponding to the human ANKLE.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.

Albuminuria and peripheral arterial disease: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). (1/396)

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Contemporary risk factor control and walking dysfunction in individuals with peripheral arterial disease: NHANES 1999-2004. (2/396)

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Cardiac troponin T predicts occult coronary artery stenosis in patients with chronic kidney disease at the start of renal replacement therapy. (3/396)

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Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of subclinical organ damage in middle-aged patients with hypertension. (4/396)

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Predictive value of the Essen Stroke Risk Score and Ankle Brachial Index in acute ischaemic stroke patients from 85 German stroke units. (5/396)

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Racial disparities in health care access and cardiovascular disease indicators in Black and White older adults in the Health ABC Study. (6/396)

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Cross-sectional relations of multiple inflammatory biomarkers to peripheral arterial disease: The Framingham Offspring Study. (7/396)

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Small-vessel lower extremity arterial disease and erectile dysfunction: The Rancho Bernardo study. (8/396)

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Symptoms of PVD may include:

* Cramping pain in the legs during exercise or at rest
* Weakness or numbness in the legs
* Coldness in the lower limbs
* Difficulty healing wounds on the feet or legs
* Poor circulation
* Varicose veins

Treatment for PVD depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some common treatments include:

* Medications to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, or lower cholesterol levels
* Lifestyle changes such as exercise, smoking cessation, and a healthy diet
* Surgical procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow
* Compression stockings to improve circulation

Prevention of PVD includes:

* Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and not smoking
* Managing underlying conditions such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes
* Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor your risk factors and detect any early signs of PVD.

PAD can be caused by atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to the formation of blood clots and further reduce blood flow. Risk factors for PAD include smoking, age, family history, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure.

Diagnosis of PAD typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as angiography or ultrasound. Treatment options for PAD may include lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet, medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure, and surgery to repair or bypass blocked arteries.

In severe cases, PAD can lead to critical limb ischemia, which can result in tissue death and the need for amputation. Therefore, early detection and treatment of PAD are important to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

There are many different types of ankle injuries, ranging from mild sprains and strains to more severe fractures and dislocations. Some common causes of ankle injuries include:

* Rolling or twisting the ankle
* Landing awkwardly on the foot
* Direct blows to the ankle
* Overuse or repetitive motion

Symptoms of an ankle injury can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and tenderness in the ankle area
* Swelling and bruising
* Difficulty moving the ankle or putting weight on it
* Instability or a feeling of the ankle giving way
* Limited range of motion

Ankle injuries can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment for ankle injuries may include:

* Rest and ice to reduce swelling and pain
* Compression bandages to help stabilize the ankle
* Elevation of the injured ankle to reduce swelling
* Physical therapy exercises to strengthen the muscles around the ankle and improve range of motion
* Bracing or taping to provide support and stability
* In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged ligaments or bones.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated ankle injuries can lead to chronic pain, instability, and limited mobility. With proper treatment and care, however, many people are able to recover from ankle injuries and return to their normal activities without long-term complications.

The term "intermittent" indicates that the symptoms do not occur all the time, but only during certain activities or situations. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, such as peripheral artery disease (PAD), arterial occlusive disease, or muscle weakness.

Intermittent claudication can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, making it difficult to perform everyday activities like walking or climbing stairs. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Types of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockages that can restrict blood flow to certain areas of the body.
2. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD): PAD is a condition where the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to pain or cramping in the affected limbs.
3. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): CAD is a condition where the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart, become narrowed or blocked, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
4. Carotid Artery Disease: Carotid artery disease is a condition where the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain, become narrowed or blocked, leading to stroke or mini-stroke.
5. Renal Artery Stenosis: Renal artery stenosis is a condition where the blood vessels that supply the kidneys become narrowed or blocked, leading to high blood pressure and decreased kidney function.

Symptoms of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Pain or cramping in the affected limbs
2. Weakness or fatigue
3. Difficulty walking or standing
4. Chest pain or discomfort
5. Shortness of breath
6. Dizziness or lightheadedness
7. Stroke or mini-stroke

Treatment for Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Medications: Medications such as blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and blood pressure medications may be prescribed to treat arterial occlusive diseases.
2. Lifestyle Changes: Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
3. Endovascular Procedures: Endovascular procedures such as angioplasty and stenting may be performed to open up narrowed or blocked blood vessels.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat arterial occlusive diseases, such as bypass surgery or carotid endarterectomy.

Prevention of Arterial Occlusive Diseases:

1. Maintain a healthy diet and lifestyle
2. Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke
3. Exercise regularly
4. Manage high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes
5. Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
6. Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider

Early detection and treatment of arterial occlusive diseases can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and prevent complications such as heart attack or stroke.

There are several types of ischemia, including:

1. Myocardial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Cerebral ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the brain, which can lead to stroke or cognitive impairment.
3. Peripheral arterial ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the legs and arms.
4. Renal ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
5. Hepatic ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the liver.

Ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions.

A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, which is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and provides stability to joints. Sprains often occur when the joint is subjected to excessive stress or movement, such as during a fall or sudden twisting motion. The most common sprains are those that affect the wrist, knee, and ankle joints.

A strain, on the other hand, is a stretch or tear of a muscle or a tendon, which is a fibrous cord that connects muscles to bones. Strains can occur due to overuse, sudden movement, or injury. The most common strains are those that affect the hamstring, calf, and back muscles.

The main difference between sprains and strains is the location of the injury. Sprains affect the ligaments, while strains affect the muscles or tendons. Additionally, sprains often cause joint instability and swelling, while strains may cause pain, bruising, and limited mobility.

Treatment for sprains and strains is similar and may include rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Physical therapy exercises may also be recommended to improve strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to repair the damaged tissue.

Prevention is key in avoiding sprains and strains. This can be achieved by maintaining proper posture, warming up before physical activity, wearing appropriate protective gear during sports, and gradually increasing exercise intensity and duration. Proper training and technique can also help reduce the risk of injury.

Overall, while sprains and strains share some similarities, they are distinct injuries that require different approaches to treatment and prevention. Understanding the differences between these two conditions is essential for proper diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.

There are several types of diabetic angiopathies, including:

1. Peripheral artery disease (PAD): This occurs when the blood vessels in the legs and arms become narrowed or blocked, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the limbs.
2. Peripheral neuropathy: This is damage to the nerves in the hands and feet, which can cause pain, numbness, and weakness.
3. Retinopathy: This is damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to vision loss and blindness.
4. Nephropathy: This is damage to the kidneys, which can lead to kidney failure and the need for dialysis.
5. Cardiovascular disease: This includes heart attack, stroke, and other conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels.

The risk of developing diabetic angiopathies increases with the duration of diabetes and the level of blood sugar control. Other factors that can increase the risk include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and a family history of diabetes-related complications.

Symptoms of diabetic angiopathies can vary depending on the specific type of complication and the location of the affected blood vessels or nerves. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or discomfort in the arms, legs, hands, or feet
* Numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet
* Weakness or fatigue in the limbs
* Difficulty healing wounds or cuts
* Vision changes or blindness
* Kidney problems or failure
* Heart attack or stroke

Diagnosis of diabetic angiopathies typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans. Treatment options vary depending on the specific type of complication and may include:

* Medications to control blood sugar levels, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol
* Lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise
* Surgery to repair or bypass affected blood vessels or nerves
* Dialysis for kidney failure
* In some cases, amputation of the affected limb

Preventing diabetic angiopathies involves managing diabetes effectively through a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and regular medical check-ups. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or delay the progression of complications.

The disease begins with endothelial dysfunction, which allows lipid accumulation in the artery wall. Macrophages take up oxidized lipids and become foam cells, which die and release their contents, including inflammatory cytokines, leading to further inflammation and recruitment of more immune cells.

The atherosclerotic plaque can rupture or ulcerate, leading to the formation of a thrombus that can occlude the blood vessel, causing ischemia or infarction of downstream tissues. This can lead to various cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and obesity. It is diagnosed by imaging techniques such as angiography, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scans.

Treatment options for atherosclerosis include lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, dietary changes, and exercise, as well as medications such as statins, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. In severe cases, surgical interventions such as bypass surgery or angioplasty may be necessary.

In conclusion, atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease that affects the arteries and can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or slow down its progression, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

There are several types of joint instability, including:

1. Ligamentous laxity: A condition where the ligaments surrounding a joint become stretched or torn, leading to instability.
2. Capsular laxity: A condition where the capsule, a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a joint, becomes stretched or torn, leading to instability.
3. Muscular imbalance: A condition where the muscles surrounding a joint are either too weak or too strong, leading to instability.
4. Osteochondral defects: A condition where there is damage to the cartilage and bone within a joint, leading to instability.
5. Post-traumatic instability: A condition that develops after a traumatic injury to a joint, such as a dislocation or fracture.

Joint instability can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful injury to a joint, such as a fall or a blow.
2. Overuse: Repeated stress on a joint, such as from repetitive motion or sports activities.
3. Genetics: Some people may be born with joint instability due to inherited genetic factors.
4. Aging: As we age, our joints can become less stable due to wear and tear on the cartilage and other tissues.
5. Disease: Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, can cause joint instability.

Symptoms of joint instability may include:

1. Pain: A sharp, aching pain in the affected joint, especially with movement.
2. Stiffness: Limited range of motion and stiffness in the affected joint.
3. Swelling: Swelling and inflammation in the affected joint.
4. Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensations in the affected joint.

Treatment for joint instability depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Rest and ice: Resting the affected joint and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling.
2. Physical therapy: Strengthening the surrounding muscles to support the joint and improve stability.
3. Bracing: Using a brace or splint to provide support and stability to the affected joint.
4. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged tissues and improve joint stability.

1. Strains and sprains: These are common injuries that occur when the muscles or ligaments in the foot are stretched or torn. They can be caused by overuse or sudden movement.
2. Fractures: A fracture is a break in a bone. In the foot, fractures can occur in any of the five long bones (metatarsals) or the heel bone (calcaneus).
3. Plantar fasciitis: This is a common condition that affects the plantar fascia, a band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot. It can cause pain and stiffness in the heel and bottom of the foot.
4. Achilles tendinitis: This is an inflammation of the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone. It can cause pain and stiffness in the back of the ankle.
5. Bunions and hammertoes: These are deformities that can occur when the bones in the foot are not properly aligned. They can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness in the foot.
6. Infections: Foot injuries can increase the risk of developing an infection, especially if they become exposed to bacteria or other microorganisms. Signs of an infection may include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.
7. Ulcers: These are open sores that can develop on the skin of the foot, often as a result of diabetes or poor circulation. They can be difficult to heal and can lead to further complications if left untreated.

Treatment for foot injuries will depend on the severity of the injury and may include rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) as well as physical therapy exercises to improve strength and flexibility. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or realign bones.

Example Sentences:

1. The star quarterback suffered a serious athletic injury during last night's game and is out for the season.
2. The athlete underwent surgery to repair a torn ACL, one of the most common athletic injuries in high-impact sports.
3. The coach emphasized the importance of proper technique to prevent athletic injuries among his team members.
4. After suffering a minor sprain, the runner was advised to follow the RICE method to recover and return to competition as soon as possible.

There are several types of ankle fractures, including:

1. Lateral malleolus fracture: A break in the fibula bone on the outside of the ankle joint.
2. Medial malleolus fracture: A break in the tibia bone on the inside of the ankle joint.
3. Syndesmotic injury: A tear or stretching of the ligaments that hold the Tibia and fibula bones together.
4. Talar dome fracture: A break in the talus bone at the top of the ankle joint.
5. Pilon fracture: A break in the bottom of the tibia bone at the ankle joint.

Ankle fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including sports injuries, falls, car accidents, and twisting or rolling of the ankle. Treatment for ankle fractures usually involves immobilizing the ankle with a cast or brace, followed by physical therapy to restore strength and mobility. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bones.

Overall, ankle fractures can be painful and disruptive to daily life, but with proper treatment and care, most people are able to make a full recovery within a few months.

The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure at the ankle to the ... "Variation of method for measurement of brachial artery pressure significantly affects ankle-brachial pressure index values". ... Allison MA, Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Coll JR, Criqui MH (April 2008). "A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased ... Wild SH, Byrne CD, Smith FB, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG (March 2006). "Low ankle-brachial pressure index predicts increased risk of ...
"Pulse wave velocity and ankle brachial index in patients with Kawasaki disease". Pediatrics International. 46 (4): 398-402. doi ...
Epidemiological studies have used the ratio of ankle to brachial blood pressure (ankle brachial pressure index, ABPI or ABI) as ... June 2003). "Ankle-brachial blood pressure index predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients". J. ... September 1993). "Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Heart Study ...
If the ankle-brachial pressure index is less than 0.9, CT angiography is recommended to detect blood vessel injury. Otherwise ... If the ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) is less than 0.9, CT angiography is recommended. Standard angiography may also be ... The ABI is calculated by taking the systolic blood pressure at the ankle and dividing it by the systolic blood pressure in the ...
Other measures such as brachial-ankle PWV and cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) are also popular. For cfPWV, it is recommended ... for measuring augmentation index, central blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity". Journal of Hypertension. 28 (10): ... "Reproducibility of pulse wave velocity and augmentation index measured by pulse wave analysis". Journal of Hypertension. 16 (12 ...
The physical examination usually shows weakened femoral pulses and a reduced ankle-brachial index. The diagnosis can be ...
Screening tests typically use the non invasive evaluation called the Ankle-Brachial Index, which compares the blood pressure ... "Correlation between peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease using ankle brachial index-a study in Indian ... between the arm and the ankle. This can help detect narrowing in the major vessels of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and legs. CT ...
In patients with non-palpable pulses, evaluation of PAD with an ankle-brachial index should also be performed. Ulceration or ... Intrinsic atrophy of foot and ankle muscles leads to anatomic changes of the foot arch, most commonly depressing the metatarsal ...
PAD is typically diagnosed by finding an ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 0.90, which is the systolic blood pressure at the ... Grade 0: ABI ≥0.80, ankle systolic pressure ≥100 mm Hg, toe pressure ≥60 mm Hg Grade 1: arterial brachial index 0.6 to 0.79, ... Nonhealing lower extremity wound If peripheral artery disease is suspected, the initial study is the ankle-brachial index (ABI ... ankle systolic pressure 70 to 100 mm Hg, toe pressure 40 to 59 mm Hg Grade 2: ABI 0.4-0.59, ankle systolic pressure 50 to 70 mm ...
"A prospective comparison of bilateral photoplethysmography versus the ankle-brachial pressure index for detecting and ... index fingers and great toes, and offering further opportunities for the assessment of patients with suspected peripheral ...
The ankle-brachial pressure index compares the systolic blood pressure of the ankle to the systolic blood pressure of the arm. ... the ankle-brachial index would be low). Porter S., Robert (July 11, 2011). Merck Manual. Merck. p. 3754. ISBN 978-0911910193. ... The chest is the main area that will be examined, but other areas that will be examined include the hands, head and ankles. The ... These can be palpated just behind the ankle and on the top of the foot, respectively. The extremities of the patient should be ...
... see Ankle brachial pressure index). In the U.S., in addition to the above four, many providers are required or encouraged by ... The pulse is commonly taken at the wrist (radial artery). Alternative sites include the elbow (brachial artery), the neck ( ... The pulse is taken with the index finger and middle finger by pushing with firm yet gentle pressure at the locations described ... government technology-in-medicine laws to record the patient's height, weight, and body mass index. In contrast to the ...
Ankle-brachial index (ABI), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), and coronary artery calcium, are also of unclear ... ankle-brachial pressure index, lipoprotein subclasses and particle concentration, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, ... body mass index and waist circumference; however, evidence was limited and the authors were unable to draw firm conclusions on ...
Insufficient blood flow may be confirmed by ankle-brachial index (ABI), ankle pressure, toe-brachial index (TBI), toe systolic ...
Other modalities that may be employed are: ankle-brachial index to exclude arterial pathology, air or photoplethysmography, ... Sequential compression pump Ankle pump Compression stockings Blood pressure medicine Hydroxyethylrutoside medication Frequent ... Hyperpigmentation Phlebetic lymphedema Chronic swelling of the legs and ankles Venous ulceration CVI in the leg may cause the ...
... ankle brachial pressure index), and air flow (e.g. pulmonary function testing using spirometry). In addition, Clinical ...
... an injured extremity index or ankle-brachial index may be used to help guide whether further evaluation with computed ...
... may refer to: Ankle-brachial pressure index, a measure of the fall in blood pressure in the arteries supplying the legs ...
Moreover, if a risk decision was uncertain, factors such as family history, coronary calcium score, ankle-brachial index, and ...
... and ankle-brachial index. The cardiovascular stratification further determines what medical intervention may be necessary to ... Body-Mass-Index, medical history (diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease), high sensitivity CRP levels, coronary artery ...
... exercise ankle-brachial index (4 percent), and other modalities (4 percent). According to a recent study by Willimas et al, a ... followed by ankle-brachial index measurements (18 percent), computed tomographic angiography (CTA) (12 percent), magnetic ...
... a free and open source software word processor Ankle-brachial index, the ratio of the blood pressure in the lower legs to the ...
... halfway between the ASIS and pubic tubercle For femoral artery bruits Ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) assesses peripheral ... http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/300/2/197 JAMA: Ankle Brachial Index http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/105 ... in which case toe pressure or Toe-brachial pressure index (TBPI) should be measured to aid in the diagnosis. Venous refill with ...
A patient's ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) must be >1.0 per leg to wear compression stockings, otherwise the stockings ... ankles and feet. Compression stockings are tightest at the ankles and gradually become less constrictive toward the knees and ... They are woven in such a way that the compression level is highest around the ankle and lessens towards the top of the hose. ... Vascular doctors and nurses may use special pads to ensure uniform higher pressure around the circumference of the ankle (to ...
Nonetheless, the brachial index (the forearm to humerus ratio) is 82.8-86.2 (midway between chimpanzees and humans), which ... Consequently, the ankle was not as adept for climbing activities as it is in non-human apes. However, the modern Congo Twa ... Some aspects of the ankle bone were apelike which may have affected walking efficiency. The foot elements of A. africanus are ... In 1992, anthropologists Geoffrey Raymond Fisk and Gabriele Macho interpreted the left ankle bone Stw 363 as bearing evidence ...
This could also indicate a high brachial index (radial to humeral length ratio). Compared to more recent human species, the ... The ankle bone (talus) is exceptionally long and high as well as the facet where it connects with the leg (the trochlea), which ... The ankle joint is adapted for handling high stress, which may indicate a heavy, robust body plan, much like Neanderthals. ... to alleviate the consequently higher stress to the articular cartilage in the ankle joint. This would also have permitted ...
... heminopia blastomere blood blood brain barrier body bone bone marrow bony labyrinth Bowman's capsule brachial artery brachial ... Anatomy of the human heart anconeus angiography angiology angular gyrus anhidrosis animal morphology anisocoria ankle ankle ... iliopsoas muscle iliotibial band ilium immune system impar ligament incisive canal incisive fossa incisor incisura incus index ...
... a high brachial index (forearm to humerus ratio) of 84, and large joint surfaces. It is debated if apelike upper limb ... The ankle is mostly humanlike with perhaps a humanlike Achilles tendon. The talus bone is stout and more like those of non- ... A. sediba lacks a humanlike brachial plexus (which is identified in some A. afarensis), and the human brachial plexus is ... The gracile body of the heel bone and the robust malleolus (the bony prominence on each side of the ankle) are quite apelike, ...
... foot/ankle 727.1 Bunion 727.4 Ganglion and cyst of synovium, tendon, and bursa 727.42 Ganglion, tendon sheath 727.43 Ganglion, ... Volume 2 is an alphabetical index of Volume 1. Both volumes can be downloaded for free from the website of the World Health ... 723.4 Brachial neuritis or radiculitis nos 723.5 Torticollis unspecified 723.6 Panniculitis specified as affecting neck 723.7 ... ankle/foot 715.9 Osteoarthrosis, unspec. 716 Other and unspecified arthropathies 716.1 Arthropathy, traumatic, unspec. 716.9 ...
Classically, ankle jerk reflex is absent in peripheral neuropathy. A physical examination will involve testing the deep ankle ... This scale, called the Chronic, Acquired Polyneuropathy - Patient-reported Index (CAP-PRI), contains only 15 items and is ... Brachial neuritis Cranial neuritis such as Bell's palsy Optic neuritis Vestibular neuritis Wartenberg's migratory sensory ... Diabet Foot Ankle. 8 (1): 1367209. doi:10.1080/2000625X.2017.1367209. PMC 5613909. PMID 28959382. Tu Y, Lineaweaver WC, Chen Z ...
... and ankle 892 Open wound of foot except toe(s) alone 893 Open wound of toe(s) 894 Multiple and unspecified open wound of lower ... Volume 2 is an alphabetical index of Volume 1. Both volumes can be downloaded for free from the website of the World Health ... 953.1 Injury to dorsal nerve root 953.2 Injury to lumbar nerve root 953.3 Injury to sacral nerve root 953.4 Injury to brachial ... and ankle 917 Superficial injury of foot and toe(s) 918 Superficial injury of eye and adnexa 919 Superficial injury of other, ...
The forearm of A. afarensis is incompletely known, yielding various brachial indexes (radial length divided by humeral length) ... KSD-VP-1/1 presented evidence of a valgus deformity of the left ankle involving the fibula, with a bony ring developing on the ... Like humans, the series has a bulge and achieves maximum girth at C5 and 6, which in humans is associated with the brachial ...
Ankle - The ankle, or the talocrural region, is the region where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: ... Brachial veins - In human anatomy, the brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper. Because ... The main symptoms are pain, numbness and tingling in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring ... In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) ...
The hoatzin and turaco are unique among extant birds in having functional claws on the thumb and index finger (digit I and II) ... A type of feather arising in the brachial region, i.e., "proximal to the innermost secondaries", usually growing in a grouping ... though they may appear further up on the ankle. They do not overlap significantly, except in the cases of kingfishers and ...
Lower Extremity Disease - Ankle Brachial Blood Pressure Index (LEXAB_C) Data File: LEXAB_C.xpt First Published: December 2005. ... The ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABPI) was automatically calculated by the computer system and verified by NCHS before ... The Ankle Brachial Blood Pressure Index section of the Lower Extremity Disease component collects data on peripheral vascular ... LEXBRPM - Mean Brachial SBP (mm Hg). Variable Name: LEXBRPM. SAS Label: Mean Brachial SBP (mm Hg). English Text: Mean brachial ...
Ankle-brachial index (ABI) test. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) tests are used to diagnose peripheral artery disease. This painless ... The illustration shows the ankle-brachial index test. The test compares blood pressure in the ankle with blood pressure in the ... Calculate your body mass index and measure your waist to see whether you have an unhealthy weight. ... test compares the blood pressures in your ankle and your arm using a blood pressure cuff and ultrasound device. ...
Relation of socioeconomic position with ankle-brachial index. Am J Cardiol 2011 Dec 1;108(11):1651-7. Epub 2011 Sep 10. ... the ankle-brachial index (ABI), in men and women. This study was a prospective analysis of 1,454 participants from the ... Home Publications Relation of socioeconomic position with ankle-brachial index. Relation of socioeconomic position with ankle- ... Ankle Brachial Index, Atherosclerosis, Europe ...
Ankle Brachial Index is a study used to measure, and compare blood pressure at your arms, and your ankles. ...
Assessing Automatic Plethysmographic Ankle-Brachial Index Devices in Peripheral Artery Dis Assessing Automatic Plethysmographic ... Ankle-Brachial Index Devices in Peripheral Artery Disease Detection: A Comparative Study with Doppler Ankle-Brachial Index ... BACKGROUND The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a critical diagnostic test for peripheral artery disease (PAD), albeit requiring ...
Ankle-Brachial Index Lymphedema Physiotherapist Consultation Payment information Insurance Private Patients Welcome ...
The ankle-brachial pressure index was measured using a standard protocol, and peripheral arterial disease was defined as an ... while ankle-brachial index was lower in the former group (p,0.05). Ischemia-modified albumin was positively associated with ... while no correlation was found with ankle-brachial index. Multiple logistic analyses indicated that HbA1c, systolic blood ... ankle-brachial index ,0.90 or ,1.3. The basal ischemia-modified albumin levels and clinical parameters were measured and ...
Assessment of ankle-brachial index to predict in-hospital bleeding complication and optimal duration of dual antiplatelet ...
3] The ankle-brachial BP index (ABI), a ratio of the ankle and arm pressures, has been used widely in clinical and ... Subjects height and weight were recorded to calculate body mass index (BMI), and the ankle-brachial index was calculated ... Measurement of the ankle-brachial index. Measurement was done on patients lying flat with the head and heels fully supported, i ... Keywords: Ankle-brachial index, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, Doppler, hemodialysis, manual. How to cite this ...
Accuracy of Physical Examination, Ankle-Brachial Index, and Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Arterial Injury in Patients ... Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), and Ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of arterial injury in emergency department (ED) patients ... Some studies investigated multiple index tests: physical examination (hard signs) in three studies (n = 1,170), ABI in five ...
Hypertension: sitting blood pressure; 24-hr blood pressure (subsample); ankle-brachial index;; serum aldosterone, endothelin, ... Additional opportunities at NHLBI may be found at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/training/index.htm. ...
The grading was done according to ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) by Doppler study [Multi Duplex (R)-II (Huntleigh ... PVD was diagnosed when ankle brachial index was less than 0.9. All type 1 diabetic patient with hypertension, pregnant or ... WC (cm) was divided by HC (cm) to calculate waist to hip ratio (WHR). Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated by dividing ... and ankle reflex. Incipient nephropathy was diagnosed by Micral test and it was presumed to be present if any two readings out ...
Ankle-brachial index (ABI). *Ultrasound. *Computed tomography (CT) angiography. *Magnetic resonance angiography ...
Keywords: Life Style, Ankle Brachial Index, Referral and Consultation, Blood Pressure, Electrocardiography, Marketing, Calcium ... ankle brachial index measurement. You can also buy a more expensive Mens Package ($347) that includes additional screening ...
This is called an ankle-brachial index test. Your provider may do this test if you have signs and symptoms of a blood flow ... www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ankle-brachial-index/about/pac-20392934. *Mayo Clinic [Internet]. Mayo Foundation for ... Tests & Procedures: Ankle-brachial index; [cited 2023 Jan 12]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: https:// ... Feel the pulses in your foot and ankle. *Compare blood pressure measurements in your ankles and arms. If blood pressure in your ...
Association between ankle-brachial index and cognitive.... Rev Esp Cardiol. 2021;74:846-53 ... Indexed in:. Journal Citation Reports and Science Citation Index Expanded / Current Contents / MEDLINE / Index Medicus / Embase ... The body mass index (BMI) was calculated and obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 30.19 Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist ... BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DLP, dyslipidemia; DM, diabetes mellitus; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein ...
Ankle brachial index(ABI) less than 0.80. *any active cancer other than a nonmelanoma skin cancer; any previous cancer must be ... have a venous ulcer between the knee and ankle, at or above the malleolus ...
The ankle brachial index (ABI) is an efficient tool for objectively documenting the presence of lower extremity peripheral ... Profound influence of different methods for determination of the ankle brachial index on the prevalence estimate of peripheral ... Body mass index, physical activity, and dietary behaviors among members of an urban community fitness center: a questionnaire ... Changes in body mass index in Canadians over a five-year period: Results of a prospective, population-based study The ...
Ankle Brachial Index Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as a measurement for increased carotid intima-media thickness: A comparison with carotid- ... and/or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Trajectories of cycle length over the MT were identified using group-based ...
Cardiovascular: Decreased pedal pulses or ankle/brachial index in presence of peripheral vascular disease ...
The test is called an ABI, or ankle-brachial index. It compares the blood pressure in your ankles with the blood pressure in ... Todays podiatrist has the necessary education and training to treat all conditions of the foot and ankle and plays a key role ... In this section, learn more about APMA Seal-approved and accepted products, proper foot care, common foot and ankle conditions ...
... and the ankle brachial index in adults with or without cardiometabolic conditions. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). ... Forrester, J.E., Tucker, K.L., Gorbach, S.L. (2005). The effect of drug abuse on body mass index in Hispanics with and without ... Bigornia, S.J., Harris, W.S., Falcón, L., Ordovás, J.M., Lai, C.Q., Tucker, K.L. (2016). The Omega-3 Index Is Inversely ... Forrester, J.E., Tucker, K.L., Gorbach, S.L. (2004). Dietary intake and body mass index in HIV-positive and HIV-negative drug ...
The ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurements were taken as a physical examination. ... Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Supplements Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing ...
The plaintiff argues that the defendant was negligent in performing a thigh brachial index instead of an ankle brachial index ... Though the defendant actually performed a thigh brachial index test, he reported the results as an ankle brachial index reading ... Another ankle brachial index test was attempted at that time, but was unsuccessful because the plaintiffs arteries could not ... The defendant next conducted a segmental blood pressure test, which also is called an ankle brachial index (test). That test ...
Ankle brachial index for the diagnosis of lower limb peripheral arterial disease.. Crawford F; Welch K; Andras A; Chappell FM. ...
"Improving the clinical examination for a low ankle-brachial index." International Journal of Angiology 11, no. 1 (October 16, ... "Variations in coronary procedure utilization depending on body mass index." Arch Intern Med 165, no. 12 (June 27, 2005): 1381- ...
An exercise tolerance test will also be given and ABI (ankle brachial index will be measured. ... ankles and feet. The lower extremities calcification causes claudication because of severe ischemia requiring at time ...
Peripheral Arterial Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Screening and Risk Assessment with the Ankle-Brachial Index. The USPSTF ... risk with the ankle-brachial index (ABI) in asymptomatic adults.. Research Needs/Gaps Summary. *Large, population-based, ... Clinical significance of iron supplementation in improving maternal hematologic indexes.. *Well-designed, adequately powered ...
  • The Ankle Brachial Blood Pressure Index section of the Lower Extremity Disease component collects data on peripheral vascular disease and the Peripheral Neuropathy section of the Lower Extremity Disease component collects data on peripheral neuropathy. (cdc.gov)
  • Objectives were to evaluate whether cumulative life-course SEP is associated with a measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), in men and women. (nih.gov)
  • The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a noninvasive method used to predict subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). (journal-ina.com)
  • Systolic pressure is measured on the right arm (brachial artery) and both ankles (posterior tibial arteries). (cdc.gov)
  • Assessing Automatic Plethysmographic Ankle-Brachial Index Devices in Peripheral Artery Disease Detection: A Comparative Study with Doppler Ankle-Brachial Index Measurements. (bvsalud.org)
  • BACKGROUND The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a critical diagnostic test for peripheral artery disease (PAD), albeit requiring technical expertise and dedicated resources . (bvsalud.org)
  • It is commonly measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER on the upper arm which represents the arterial pressure in the BRACHIAL ARTERY. (nih.gov)
  • Comparison of the BLOOD PRESSURE between the BRACHIAL ARTERY and the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY . (nih.gov)
  • Ankle Doppler for cuffless ankle brachial index estimation and peripheral artery disease diagnosis independent of diabetes. (surrey.ac.uk)
  • Indeksi kavilje - krah (ankle - brachial index) eshte raporti i presionit sistolik te matur me Doppler ne arteriet tibiale anteriore dhe posteriore ne nivel te kaviljes me presionin sistolik te matur me metoden e zakondshme ne krah. (who.int)
  • Women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Daily Hormone Study were included if they had an observed date of the final menstrual period (FMP), recorded cycle lengths from ≥2 annual menstrual cycles (mean±SD: 4.22 ± 1.91 cycles), and had measurements of postmenopausal carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and/or brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). (nih.gov)
  • Health technicians measured brachial and tibial systolic blood pressures using blood pressure cuffs with bladder widths of 9 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm, and 18 cm. (cdc.gov)
  • PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial blood pressure index less than 0.90 in at least one leg. (cdc.gov)
  • Accuracy of Physical Examination, Ankle-Brachial Index, and Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Arterial Injury in Patients With Penetrating Extremity Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (qxmd.com)
  • Using a systematic review/meta-analytic approach, we determined the utility of physical examination, Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI), and Ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of arterial injury in emergency department (ED) patients who have sustained PET. (qxmd.com)
  • 11. Ankle brachial index for the diagnosis of lower limb peripheral arterial disease. (nih.gov)
  • From 2000 to 2005 we evaluated the presence of diabetic neuropathy (monofilament, tuning fork and Boulton's clinic scale) and peripheral arterial disease (ankle-brachial index and toe-brachial index) in 304 diabetic patients. (isciii.es)
  • One such simple, low-cost diagnostic test is the comparison of blood pressure (BP) measurements in the ankle and arm. (journal-ina.com)
  • If the adult thigh cuff was used on the arm, the large adult cuff would be used on the participant's ankles. (cdc.gov)
  • The defendant conducted that test but measured the patient's blood pressure at the thigh as opposed to the ankle. (findlaw.com)
  • Though the defendant actually performed a thigh brachial index test, he reported the results as an ankle brachial index reading. (findlaw.com)
  • People with ACDC develop calcification in the arteries of the lower extremities as well as calcium deposit in the joints of the fingers, wrists, ankles and feet. (nih.gov)
  • If the participant has a rash or open wound on the right arm, dialysis shunt, right-sided radical mastectomy or any other condition that would interfere with accurate measurement or would cause discomfort to the participant, the left arm is used for the brachial pressure measurement. (cdc.gov)
  • Ankle Brachial Index is a study used to measure, and compare blood pressure at your arms, and your ankles. (vvahealth.com)
  • It compares the blood pressure in your ankles with the blood pressure in your arm. (apma.org)
  • The defendant next conducted a segmental blood pressure test, which also is called an ankle brachial index (test). (findlaw.com)
  • That test requires the administering physician to take the patient's regular blood pressure at the arm and then take another blood pressure reading at the ankle. (findlaw.com)
  • Today's podiatrist has the necessary education and training to treat all conditions of the foot and ankle and plays a key role in keeping America healthy and mobile while helping combat diabetes and other chronic diseases. (apma.org)
  • Some studies investigated multiple index tests: physical examination (hard signs) in three studies (n = 1,170), ABI in five studies (n = 1,040), and US in four studies (n = 173). (qxmd.com)
  • A meta-analysis conducted with 4 studies reporting ankle-brachial index indicated an improvement of 0.08 (95% CI, 0.06-0.09) from baseline. (nih.gov)
  • Perfil metabólico-inflamatorio en la transición obesidad, síndrome metabólico y diabetes mellitus en población mediterránea. (revespcardiol.org)
  • Calculate your body mass index and measure your waist to see whether you have an unhealthy weight. (nih.gov)
  • The test is called an ABI, or ankle-brachial index. (apma.org)
  • An exercise tolerance test will also be given and ABI (ankle brachial index will be measured. (nih.gov)
  • The same size cuff was used on the arm and both ankles with one exception. (cdc.gov)
  • After the appropriate cuff size was selected, the cuffs were placed on the participant's arm and each ankle. (cdc.gov)
  • Ankle Brachial Index Measurement in Primary Care Setting: How Long Does It Take? (medscape.com)
  • The ankle brachial index (ABI) measurement is a highly specific noninvasive screening and diagnostic test for PAD, but is rarely performed in primary care office settings. (medscape.com)
  • If the participant has a rash or open wound on the right arm, dialysis shunt, right-sided radical mastectomy or any other condition that would interfere with accurate measurement or would cause discomfort to the participant, the left arm is used for the brachial pressure measurement. (cdc.gov)
  • Objectives were to evaluate whether cumulative life-course SEP is associated with a measurement of subclinical atherosclerosis, the ankle-brachial index (ABI), in men and women. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Ankle brachial index for the diagnosis of lower limb peripheral arterial disease. (nih.gov)
  • 2008 . A high ankle-brachial index is associated with increased cardiovascular disease morbidity and lower quality of life. (nih.gov)
  • If the technician was unable to obtain even one ankle reading, they were asked to record whether they felt a posterior tibial pulse. (cdc.gov)
  • Calculate your body mass index and measure your waist to see whether you have an unhealthy weight. (nih.gov)
  • Multivariable linear regression models were used to assess the associations of single NOS3 polymorphisms and haplotypes with ABI after adjustment for covariates (age, sex, body mass index, smoking, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and diabetes). (nih.gov)
  • People with ACDC develop calcification in the arteries of the lower extremities as well as calcium deposit in the joints of the fingers, wrists, ankles and feet. (nih.gov)