Anions. Medical search

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of negatively charged molecules (anions) across a biological membrane.

Proteins involved in the transport of organic anions. They play an important role in the elimination of a variety of endogenous substances, xenobiotics and their metabolites from the body.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS that do not rely directly or indirectly upon sodium ion gradients for the transport of organic ions.

A family of voltage-gated eukaryotic porins that form aqueous channels. They play an essential role in mitochondrial CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY, are often regulated by BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS, and have been implicated in APOPTOSIS.

Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 is the major pore-forming protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. It also functions as a ferricyanide reductase in the PLASMA MEMBRANE.

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

High-molecular-weight insoluble polymers that contain functional cationic groups capable of undergoing exchange reactions with anions.

Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 is a low abundance mammalian isoform of VDAC that interacts with the inactive form of BAK PROTEIN.

An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

Bicarbonate transporters that move BICARBONATE IONS in exchange of CHLORIDE IONS or SODIUM IONS across membranes. They regulate acid-base HOMEOSTASIS, cell volume and intracellular pH. Members include CHLORIDE-BICARBONATE ANTIPORTERS (SLC4A1, 2, 3, and 9); SODIUM-COUPLED BICARBONATE TRANSPORTERS (SLC4A4 and 5, 7, 8 and 10); and a sodium borate cotransporter (SLC4A11 protein).

Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

An organic anion transporter found in human liver. It is capable of transporting a variety organic anions and mediates sodium-independent uptake of bile in the liver.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Inorganic binary compounds of iodine or the I- ion.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.

Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.

Organic derivatives of thiocyanic acid which contain the general formula R-SCN.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

The balance between acids and bases in the BODY FLUIDS. The pH (HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION) of the arterial BLOOD provides an index for the total body acid-base balance.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.

Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Compounds that contain the Cl(=O)(=O)(=O)O- structure. Included under this heading is perchloric acid and the salts and ester forms of perchlorate.

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria.

Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.

Gout suppressants that act directly on the renal tubule to increase the excretion of uric acid, thus reducing its concentrations in plasma.

A chloride channel that regulates secretion in many exocrine tissues. Abnormalities in the CFTR gene have been shown to cause cystic fibrosis. (Hum Genet 1994;93(4):364-8)

The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.

Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.

An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.

A sequence-related subfamily of ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS that actively transport organic substrates. Although considered organic anion transporters, a subset of proteins in this family have also been shown to convey drug resistance to neutral organic drugs. Their cellular function may have clinical significance for CHEMOTHERAPY in that they transport a variety of ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS. Overexpression of proteins in this class by NEOPLASMS is considered a possible mechanism in the development of multidrug resistance (DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE). Although similar in function to P-GLYCOPROTEINS, the proteins in this class share little sequence homology to the p-glycoprotein family of proteins.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.

Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The renal tubule portion that extends from the BOWMAN CAPSULE in the KIDNEY CORTEX into the KIDNEY MEDULLA. The proximal tubule consists of a convoluted proximal segment in the cortex, and a distal straight segment descending into the medulla where it forms the U-shaped LOOP OF HENLE.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The stimulatory effects of Hofmeister ions on the activities of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Apparent substrate inhibition by l-arginine is overcome in the presence of protein-destabilizing agents. (1/2355)

A variety of monovalent anions and cations were effective in stimulating both calcium ion/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-independent NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity of, and Ca2+/CaM-dependent nitric oxide (NO.) synthesis by, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The efficacy of the ions in stimulating both activities could be correlated, in general, with their efficacy in precipitating or stabilizing certain proteins, an order referred to as the Hofmeister ion series. In the hemoglobin capture assay, used for measurement of NO. production, apparent substrate inhibition by L-arginine was almost completely reversed by the addition of sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), one of the more effective protein-destabilizing agents tested. Examination of this phenomenon by the assay of L-arginine conversion to L-citrulline revealed that the stimulatory effect of NaClO4 on the reaction was observed only in the presence of oxyhemoglobin or superoxide anion (generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase), both scavengers of NO. Spectrophotometric examination of nNOS revealed that the addition of NaClO4 and a superoxide-generating system, but neither alone, prevented the increase of heme absorption at 436 nm, which has been attributed to the nitrosyl complex. The data are consistent with the release of autoinhibitory NO. coordinated to the prosthetic group of nNOS, which, in conjunction with an NO. scavenger, causes stimulation of the reaction. (+info)

Reactivity of cyanate with valine-1 (alpha) of hemoglobin. A probe of conformational change and anion binding. (2/2355)

The 3-fold increase in the carbamylation rate of Val-1 (alpha) of hemoglobin upon deoxygenation described earlier is now shown to be a sensitive probe of conformational change. Thus, whereas this residue in methemoglobin A is carbamylated at the same rate as in liganded hemoglobin, upon addition of inositol hexaphosphate its carbamylation rate is enhanced 30% as much as the total change in the rate between the CO and deoxy states. For CO-hemoglobin Kansas in the presence of the organic phosphate, the relative increase in the carbamylation rate of this residue is about 50%. These results indicate that methemoglobin A and hemoglobin Kansas in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate do not assume a conformation identical with deoxyhemoglobin but rather form either a mixture of R and T states or an intermediate conformation in the region around Val-1 (alpha). Studies on the mechanism for the rate enhancement in deoxyhemoglobin suggest that the cyanate anion binds to groups in the vicinity of Val-1 (alpha) prior to proton transfer and carbamylation of this NH2-terminal residue. Thus, specific removal with carboxypeptidase B of Arg-141 (alpha), which is close to Val-1 (alpha) in deoxyhemoglobin, abolishes the enhancement in carbamylation. Chloride, which has the same valency as cyanate, is a better competitive inhibitor of the carbamylation of deoxyhemoglobin (Ki = 50 mM) compared with liganded hemoglobin. Nitrate and iodide are also effective inhibitors of the carbamylation of Val-1 (alpha) of deoxyhemoglobin (Ki = 35 mM); inorganic phosphate, sulfate, and fluoride are poor competitive inhibitors. The change in pKa of Val-1 (alpha) upon deoxygenation may be due to its differential interaction with chloride. (+info)

Distinct sensitivities of OmpF and PhoE porins to charged modulators. (3/2355)

The inhibition of the anion-selective PhoE porin by ATP and of the cation-selective OmpF porin by polyamines has been previously documented. In the present study, we have extended the comparison of the inhibitor-porin pairs by investigating the effect of anions (ATP and aspartate) and positively charged polyamines (spermine and cadaverine) on both OmpF and PhoE with the patch-clamp technique, and by comparing directly the gating kinetics of the channels modulated by their respective substrates. The novel findings reported here are (1) that the activity of PhoE is completely unaffected by polyamines, and (2) that the kinetic changes induced by ATP on PhoE or polyamines on OmpF suggest different mechanisms of inhibition. ATP induces a high degree of flickering in the PhoE-mediated current and appears to behave as a blocker of ion flow during its presumed transport through PhoE. Polyamines modulate the kinetics of openings and closings of OmpF, in addition to promoting a blocker-like flickering activity. The strong correlation between sensitivity to inhibitors and ion selectivity suggests that some common molecular determinants are involved in these two properties and is in agreement with the hypothesis that polyamines bind inside the pore of cationic porins. (+info)

Regulation of a volume-sensitive anion channel in rat pancreatic beta-cells by intracellular adenine nucleotides. (4/2355)

1. The patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell configuration was used to measure the effects of intracellular adenine nucleotides on activity of the volume-sensitive anion channel in single, isolated rat pancreatic beta-cells. 2. In the absence of intracellular nucleotides, swelling of cells with a hypertonic pipette solution failed to activate the conductance. Addition of ATP over the range 2-10 mM maintaining the same degree of hypertonicity caused a progressive activation of the conductance. An increase in ATP produced a similar activation of the conductance in non-swollen cells, albeit with reduced current amplitudes. 3. Activation of the conductance was also observed in the presence of ATPgammaS, adenylyl imidophosphate (AMP-PNP), ADP, diadenosine tetraphosphate and GTPgammaS. Neither ADP nor GDPbetaS inhibited activation of the conductance by ATP. 4. It is concluded that activity of the beta-cell volume-sensitive anion channel can be modulated by changes in intracellular concentrations of ATP within the physiological concentration range by a mechanism that does not require nucleotide hydrolysis. Activity of the channel does not appear to be modulated by a G protein-coupled mechanism. (+info)

Phospholipid-subclass-specific partitioning of lipophilic ions in membrane-water systems. (5/2355)

Herein, we systematically investigate phospholipid-subclass-specific alterations in the partitioning of both cationic and anionic amphiphiles to identify the importance of ester, ether and vinyl ether linkages at the sn-1 position of phospholipids in the partitioning of charged amphiphiles. The results demonstrated that the membrane-water partition coefficient of a prototypic cationic amphiphile (i.e. 3,3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide) was approximately 2.5 times higher in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine in comparison with membranes comprised of either phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. In striking contrast, the membrane-water partition coefficient of a prototypic anionic amphiphile [i.e. bis-(1,3-dibutylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol] in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine was approximately 2.5 times lower than that manifest in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. Utilizing theseexperimentally determined partition coefficients,the relative membrane dipole potential of membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine was calculated and found to be approximately 25 mV lower than in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine. This lower membrane dipole potential in membranes comprised of plasmenylcholine is equivalent to the membrane potential induced by incorporation of approximately 25 mol% of anionic phospholipids in membranes comprised of phosphatidylcholine. Collectively, these results demonstrate that phospholipid-subclass-specific differences in the membrane dipole potential contribute to alterations in the partitioning of lipophilic ions in membrane bilayers comprised of distinct phospholipid subclasses. Moreover, they suggest that these physicochemical differences can be exploited to facilitate the targeting of charged lipophilic drugs to specific cells and subcellular membrane compartments. (+info)

Evidence for an anion exchange mechanism for uptake of conjugated bile acid from the rat jejunum. (6/2355)

Absorption of conjugated bile acids from the small intestine is very efficient. The mechanisms of jejunal absorption are not very well understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of absorption of conjugated bile acid at the apical membrane of jejunal epithelial cells. Brush-border membrane vesicles from intestinal epithelial cells of the rat were prepared. Absorption of two taurine-conjugated bile acids that are representative of endogenous bile acids in many variate vertebrate species were studied. In ileal, but not jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles, transport of conjugated bile acids was cis-stimulated by sodium. Transport of conjugated bile acids was trans-stimulated by bicarbonate in the jejunum. Absorption of conjugated dihydroxy-bile acids was almost twice as fast as of trihydroxy-bile acids. Coincubation with other conjugated bile acids, bromosulfophthalein, and DIDS, as well as by incubation in the cold inhibited the transport rate effectively. Absorption of conjugated bile acids in the jejunum from the rat is driven by anion exchange and is most likely an antiport transport. (+info)

Anion efflux from cytotrophoblast cells derived from normal term human placenta is stimulated by hyposmotic challenge and extracellular A23187 but not by membrane-soluble cAMP. (7/2355)

The regulation of placental anion transport influences fetal accretion and placental homeostasis. We investigated whether efflux of 125I- or 36Cl- from multinucleated cytotrophoblast cells derived from human term placenta is regulated by one of three stimuli: (a) the calcium ionophore A23187, (b) a 'cocktail' of agents designed to raise intracellular levels of cAMP, (c) a hyposmotic solution. After loading with the appropriate isotope for 2 h and thorough washing, cells were exposed to sequential aliquots of buffer applied and removed each minute. Following an equilibration period of 5 min one of the stimuli was applied at room temperature At the end of the experiment the cells were lysed to give a lysate count which was used to express the count obtained from each aliquot as percentage efflux of that possible for that minute. The cAMP 'cocktail' and A23187 were applied for 5 min; the hyposmotic solution was applied for 10 min. The results for 125I- at 7 min showed that the mean efflux in the presence of hyposmotic shock was greater than control (5.7 +/- 1.0% min-1 versus 2.2 +/- 0.1% min-1, respectively; mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4 placentas). Similarly mean efflux at 6 min in the presence of A23187 was also significantly greater than control (6.5 +/- 1.9% min-1 versus 2.6 +/- 1.0% min-1, respectively, n = 3 placentas). The mean efflux in the presence of the cAMP cocktail was not different from control at any time point. The results were qualitatively the same if 36Cl- was used in the place of 125I- and when the experiment was performed with 36Cl- in a HCO3- buffer gassed with CO2. Mean 125I- efflux at 6 min in response to hyposmotic challenge was 33% less (P < 0.01) in the presence of 1 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DIDS) and 37% less (P < 0.005) in the presence of 10 microM tamoxifen but no different if the hyposmotic solution was nominally calcium free. We conclude that there are differential effects of second messengers on anion efflux from the differentiated cytotrophoblast cells. (+info)

Thermodynamic studies on anion binding to apotransferrin and to recombinant transferrin N-lobe half molecules. (8/2355)

Equilibrium constants for the binding of anions to apotransferrin, to the recombinant N-lobe half transferrin molecule (Tf/2N), and to a series of mutants of Tf/2N have been determined by difference UV titrations of samples in 0.1 M Hepes buffer at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C. The anions included in this study are phosphate, sulfate, bicarbonate, pyrophosphate, methylenediphosphonic acid, and ethylenediphosphonic acid. There are no significant differences between anion binding to Tf/2N and anion binding to the N-lobe of apotransferrin. The binding of simple anions like phosphate appears to be essentially equivalent for the two apotransferrin binding sites. The binding of pyrophosphate and the diphosphonates is inequivalent, and the studies on the recombinant Tf/2N show that the stronger binding is associated with the N-terminal site. Anion binding constants for phosphate, pyrophosphate, and the diphosphonates with the N-lobe mutants K206A, K296A, and R124A have been determined. Anion binding tends to be weakest for the K296A mutant, but the variation in log K values among the three mutants is surprisingly small. It appears that the side chains of K206, K296, and R124 all make comparable contributions to anion binding. There are significant variations in the intensities of the peaks in the difference UV spectra that are generated by the titrations of the mutant apoproteins with these anions. These differences appear to be related more to variations in the molar extinction coefficients of the anion-protein complexes rather than to differences in binding constants. (+info)

Although nitrile anions are functionally similar to enolates, the extra multiple bond in nitrile anions provides them with a ... Nitrile anions are alkylated by alkyl halides. The primary difficulty for alkylation reactions employing nitrile anions is over ... Nitrile anions is jargon from the organic product resulting from the deprotonation of alkylnitriles. The proton(s) α to the ... Nitrile anions can also be involved in Michael-type additions to activated double bonds and vinylation reactions with a limited ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrile_anion

Organic anions are conjugate bases of organic acids. The following table lists some of the organic anions and their conjugate ... Sekine T, Cha SH, Endou H (July 2000). "The multispecific organic anion transporter (OAT) family". Pflügers Arch. 440 (3): 337- ... In organic chemistry, organic anions are chemically heterogeneous substances possessing a carbon backbone and a net negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_anion

Stable oxocarbon anions form salts with a large variety of cations. Unstable anions may persist in very rarefied gaseous state ... Conversely, some oxocarbon anions can be reduced to yield other anions with the same structural formula but greater negative ... 1 partially hydrogenated anions with formulas H kC xO(n−k)− y, where k ranges from 1 to n−1. These anions are generally ... The most common oxocarbon anions are carbonate, CO2−3, and oxalate, C2O2−4. There is however a large number of stable anions in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxocarbon_anion

Tropylium ion Cyclopentadienyl anion Jug, Karl (November 1984). "Aromaticity in unusual heteropolar monocyclic rings with (4n ... Salts of the cyclooctatetraenide anion can be stable, e.g., Dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide or disodium cyclooctatetraenide. ... In chemistry, the cyclooctatetraenide anion or cyclooctatetraenide, more precisely cyclooctatetraenediide, is an aromatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooctatetraenide_anion

Thus, the anions are kept at a distance and cannot react with each other. To circumvent this problem, the corresponding anions ... On the other hand, an anion usually has no affinity to bind to other anions for two reasons. Firstly, the large Coulomb barrier ... Thus, it is the most electrophilic anion known to date. Even though anions cannot formally fulfill the concept of ... 1). For this reason, the following article deals exclusively with superelectrophilic anions of this type. Anions are negatively ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superelectrophilic_anion

An example of a non-carbon radical anion is the superoxide anion, formed by transfer of one electron to an oxygen molecule. ... Radical anions and their protonation are central to the Birch reduction. Radical anions of polycyclic aromatic compounds ... In organic chemistry, a radical anion is a free radical species that carries a negative charge. Radical anions are encountered ... The pi-radical anions are used as reducing agents in specialized syntheses. Being soluble in at least some solvents, these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_anion

The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap", but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure. The anion ... we can conclude that the anion gap calculation represents the concentration of unmeasured anions. The anion gap varies in ... The anion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in ... These "unmeasured" ions are mostly anions, which is why the value is called the "anion gap." By definition, only the cations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_gap

A phosphite anion or phosphite in inorganic chemistry usually refers to [HPO3]2− but includes [H2PO3]− ([HPO2(OH)]−). These ... Organic esters of hydrogen phosphites are anions with the formula HP(O)2OR− (R = organic group). One commercial example is the ... IUPAC recommends the name hydrogenphosphonates). They are anions HP(O)2OH−. Aypical derivative is the salt [NH4][HP(O)2OH]. ... These compounds contain a layer polymeric anion consisting of HPO3 tetrahedra linked by hydrogen bonds. These layers are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphite_anion

The cyclopentadienyl anion is a planar, cyclic, regular-pentagonal ion; it has 6 π-electrons (4n + 2, where n = 1), which ... Salts of the cyclopentadienyl anion can be stable, e.g., sodium cyclopentadienide. It can also coordinate as a ligand to metal ... In chemistry, the cyclopentadienyl anion or cyclopentadienide is an aromatic species with a formula of [C 5H 5]− and ... Cyclopentadienyl radical, [C 5H 5]• Cyclopentadienyl cation, [C 5H 5]+ Cyclooctatetraenide anion, [C 8H 8]2− "Cyclopentadienide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_anion

An example of a hydride is the borohydride anion (BH− 4). Hydron (hydrogen cation) Electride, another very simple anion ... The hydrogen anion, H−, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The ... The hydrogen anion is the dominant bound-free opacity source at visible and near-infrared wavelengths in the atmospheres of ... In chemistry, the hydride anion is hydrogen that has the formal oxidation state −1. The term hydride is probably most often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_anion

1). As the main anion of extracellular fluid is chloride (Cl−), anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are also known as "chloride- ... Anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels that open in response to light and let negatively charged ions ... Anion-conducting channelrhodopsins are used as tools to manipulate brain activity in mice and fruit flies (Optogenetics). ... Anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (ACRs) have been used as optogenetic tools to inhibit neuronal activation. When expressed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion-conducting_channelrhodopsin

It is an anion exchanger and a member of the sulfate anion transporter (SAT) family. It mediates chloride and bicarbonate ... Chloride anion exchanger, also known as down-regulated in adenoma (protein DRA), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ... Lohi H, Kujala M, Kerkelä E, Saarialho-Kere U, Kestilä M, Kere J (November 2000). "Mapping of five new putative anion ... It is different from the anion exchanger that present in erythrocytes, renal tubule, and several other tissues. The protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride_anion_exchanger

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC26A7 gene. This gene is one member of a family of ... Kujala M, Tienari J, Lohi H, Elomaa O, Sariola H, Lehtonen E, Kere J (2006). "SLC26A6 and SLC26A7 anion exchangers have a ... a novel member of the SLC26 sulfate/anion transporter family, from high endothelial venules and kidney". Genomics. 79 (2): 249- ... "Functional characterization of three novel tissue-specific anion exchangers SLC26A7, -A8, and -A9". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_transporter

The term "anion gap" without qualification usually implies serum anion gap. The "urine anion gap" is a different measure, ... A negative urine anion gap can be used as evidence of increased NH4+ excretion. In a metabolic acidosis without a serum anion ... Urine anion gap is calculated by subtracting the urine concentration of chloride (anions) from the concentrations of sodium ... The urine anion gap is calculated using measured ions found in the urine. It is used to aid in the differential diagnosis of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine_anion_gap

Anion, and an Example of a Mixed-Anion Salt Containing Two Different Fluoridotitanate(IV) Anions". European Journal of ... Mixed anion compounds, heteroanionic materials or mixed anion materials are chemical compounds containing cations and more than ... By having more than one anion, many more compounds can be made, and properties tuned to desirable values. In terms of optics, ... Many of the non-metals that could make mixed anion compounds may have greatly varying volatilities. This makes it more ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_anion_compounds

An anion exchange membrane (AEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions but ... Anion exchange membranes are used in electrolytic cells and fuel cells to separate reactants present around the two electrodes ... Alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells Alkaline fuel cell Artificial membrane Gas diffusion electrode Glossary of fuel ... An important example is the hydroxide anion exchange membrane used to separate the electrodes of a direct methanol fuel cell ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_membrane

If it is stable at pH values above the pI then the anion exchange column can be used. Lee, Y.C. (1990). "High-performance Anion ... Anion exchange resins will bind to negatively charged molecules, displacing the counter-ion. Anion exchange chromatography is ... If the pH is above the pI, the protein will have a negative charge and bind to the matrix in an anion exchange column. The ... Anion-exchange chromatography is a process that separates substances based on their charges using an ion-exchange resin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion-exchange_chromatography

Another large class of non-coordinating anions are derived from carborane anion CB 11H− 12. Using this anion, the first example ... Related anions are derived from tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron B(C6F5)3. Another advantage of these anions is that their salts ... Anions that interact weakly with cations are termed non-coordinating anions, although a more accurate term is weakly ... the use of a non-coordinating anion is pointless. Salts of the anion B[3,5-(CF 3) 2C 6H 3]− 4 were first reported by Kobayashi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coordinating_anion

The methyl anion CH3− was the strongest known base before lithium monoxide anion was discovered. LiO− has a proton affinity of ... The anion is prepared in a mass spectrometer by successive decarboxylation and decarbonylation of lithium oxalate anion under ... Lithium monoxide anion (LiO−) is a superbase existing in the gas phase. It was the strongest known base until 2008, when the ... "Lithium oxide anion". webbook.nist.gov. Poad, Berwyck L. J.; Reed, Nicholas D.; Hansen, Christopher S.; Trevitt, Adam J.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_monoxide_anion

Several possibilities (uniport, anion:anion exchange and anion:cation exchange) can account for the data. The physiologically ... AE1 in human red blood cells has been shown to transport a variety of inorganic and organic anions. Divalent anions may be ... AE1 preferentially catalyzes anion exchange (antiport) reactions. Specific point mutations in human anion exchanger 1 (AE1) ... The anion exchanger family (TC# 2.A.31, also named bicarbonate transporter family) is a member of the large APC superfamily of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchanger_family

... the term pseudo-oxocarbon anion is used to refer to a negative ion that is conceptually derived from an oxocarbon anion through ... derived from the croconate anion C 5O2− 5 by replacing one, two, or three oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene groups: These anions ... Similar anions can be obtained from squarate C 4O2− 4. 1,2-bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate 1,3-bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate ... Typical examples are the anions 2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate, croconate violet, and croconate blue, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-oxocarbon_anion

... and a normal anion gap. As opposed to high anion gap acidosis (which involves increased organic acid production), normal anion ... Normal anion gap acidosis is an acidosis that is not accompanied by an abnormally increased anion gap. The most common cause of ... High anion gap metabolic acidosis "Metabolic Acidosis: Acid-Base Regulation and Disorders: Merck Manual Professional". ... This is compensated by an increase in chloride concentration, thus leading to a normal anion gap, or hyperchloremic, metabolic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_anion_gap_acidosis

... (OAT4) can refer to either of these carrier proteins: Solute carrier family 22 member 9 (SLC22A9) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_anion_transporter_4

... is a membrane transport protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC4A3 gene. AE3 is functionally ... Morgans CW, Kopito RR (1993). "Association of the brain anion exchanger, AE3, with the repeat domain of ankyrin". J. Cell Sci. ... "Entrez Gene: SLC4A3 solute carrier family 4, anion exchanger, member 3". Casey JR, Sly WS, Shah GN, Alvarez BV (November 2009 ... 2001). "Human intestinal anion exchanger isoforms: expression, distribution, and membrane localization". Biochim. Biophys. Acta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_protein_3

Divalent anion:Na+ symporters were found in bacteria, archaea, plant chloroplasts and animals. They vary in size from 432 amino ... The Na+:anion coupling ratio is 3:1, indicative of electrogenic properties. They have a substrate preference for divalent ... Proteins of the DASS family are divided into two groups of transporters with distinct anion specificities: the Na+-sulfate (NaS ... anions, which include tetra-oxyanions for the NaS cotransporters or Krebs cycle intermediates (including mono-, di- and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divalent_anion–sodium_symporter

... s (VRACs) are crucial to the regulation of cell size by transporting chloride ions and various ... Deneka, D; Sawicka, M; Lam, AKM; Paulino, C; Dutzler, R (June 2018). "Structure of a volume-regulated anion channel of the ... Nilius B, Eggermont J, Voets T, Buyse G, Manolopoulos V, Droogmans G (1997). "Properties of volume-regulated anion channels in ... Eggermont J, Trouet D, Carton I, Nilius B (December 2001). "Cellular function and control of volume-regulated anion channels". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume-regulated_anion_channel

OAT1 functions as organic anion exchanger. When the uptake of one molecule of an organic anion is transported into a cell by an ... The organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) also known as solute carrier family 22 member 6 (SLC22A6) is a protein that in humans is ... The renal organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, OATP4C1, MDR1, MRP2, MRP4 and URAT1 are expressed in the S2 segment of the ... These organic anions are then excreted in the urine. Known substrates of OAT1 include para-aminohippurate (PAH), dicarboxylates ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_anion_transporter_1

... s, or mitochondrial porins, are a class of porin ion channel located on the outer mitochondrial ... Voltage-Dependent+Anion+Channels at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This article ... Although both states allow passage of simple salts, VDAC is much more stringent with organic anions, a category into which most ... De Pinto, V.; Messina, A.; Lane, D. J. R.; Lawen, A. (2010). "Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) in the plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent_anion_channel

The generalized transport reactions catalyzed by members of the OAT family are: Anion (in) → Anion (out) Anion1 (in) + Anion2 ( ... Members of the Organo Anion Transporter (OAT) Family (organic-anion-transporting polypeptides, OATP) are membrane transport ... Organic anion transporting polypeptides carry bile acids as well as bilirubin and numerous hormones such as thyroid and steroid ... As of this edit, this article uses content from "2.A.60 The Organo Anion Transporter (OAT) Family", which is licensed in a way ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organo_anion_transporter_family

... then it will attract the anions into each other and they will collide hence the compound will be unstable due to anion-anion ... Large sized anions occupy lattice sites, while small sized cations are found in voids. The ratio of radius of cation to anion ... At the stability limit the cation is touching all the anions and the anions are just touching at their edges (radius ratio = ... is the ratio of the ionic radius of the cation to the ionic radius of the anion in a cation-anion compound. This is simply ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation-anion_radius_ratio

Anions matter Zinc-ion hybrid capacitors with ideal anions in the electrolyte show extra-long performance ... The scientists reported that the sulfate anions stood out among the three anions. They observed that cells based on a zinc ... Anions matter. Wiley. Journal. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Funder. Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation ... Moreover, the adsorbed anions may directly contribute to the charging process. The charging of the hybrid capacitor involves ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/537287

Learn about the anion gap blood test, which provides information on the acidity of your blood by measuring electrically charged ... What is an Anion Gap Blood Test?. An anion gap blood test is a way to check the acid-base balance (pH balance) of your blood. ... If the anion gap is too high, your blood is more acidic than normal. If the anion gap is too low, your blood isnt acidic ... Why do I need an anion gap blood test?. Your health care provider may order an anion gap blood test if you have symptoms that ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/anion-gap-blood-test/

... calculation of the serum anion gap may provide further clues to the etiology. The anion gap is the difference between measured ... Anion Gap. During the workup of a patient with metabolic acidosis, as indicated by low plasma bicarbonate and low pH on ... The normal anion gap may vary depending on the laboratory, but it generally ranges from 8-12 mmol/L. Furthermore, the normal ... Reliability of anion gap as an indicator of blood lactate in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 1997 Apr. 23(4):417- ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/167027-46249/which-serum-lactate-levels-indicate-lactic-acidosis

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B6885

Vattenhantering i Anion Exchange Membrane Bränsleceller. Recently, anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have received ...

https://www.chalmers.se/sv/projekt/Sidor/Vattenhantering-i-Anion-Exchange-Membrane-BrQnsleceller.aspx

Serum Anion Gap. Calculation of the serum anion gap may help to differentiate between primary metabolic alkalosis and metabolic ... Serum anion gap: its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007 Jan. 2(1):162-74. [QxMD MEDLINE ... The anion gap is frequently elevated to a modest degree in metabolic alkalosis because of the increase in the negative charge ... Normal values for the anion gap vary in different laboratories and between individual patients, however, so it is important to ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243160-workup

Potent optogenetic inhibition of behavior with anion channelrhodopsins. View ORCID ProfileFarhan Mohammad, View ORCID Profile ... Potent optogenetic inhibition of behavior with anion channelrhodopsins Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... Here we show that anion channelrhodopsins can be used to specifically and rapidly inhibit a range of systems involved in ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/082255v1?rss=1

In induced-fit anion sensing, the binding of an anion causes a shift in the equilibrium of conformers of the molecule, which in ... The receptors bind a range of anions to varying extents, with strong binding observed with basic anions. Upon the addition of ... In this thesis four experimental chapters describe the synthesis and anion sensing properties of a series of induced-fit anion ... Anions have many important roles in biological systems, as well as in the environment and as such there is significant interest ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527086

... study demonstrates the benefit of including enforced steric hindrance and encapsulation in the design of more selective anion ... A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkyl tren based tris-thiourea anion transporters were synthesised and their anion ... Anion Binding Studies. The ability of receptors 1-6 to bind biologically relevant anions in solution was investigated using 1H ... Anion transporters can accelerate the fatty acid flip-flop mechanism by taking on the role of a flippase for fatty acid anions ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/7/1278

Carbon chain anions and the growth of complex organic molecules in Titans ionosphere Publication date: 27 July 2017 Authors: ... This, as well as further intermediary anions detected at ,100 u, provide the first evidence for efficient anion chemistry in ... At higher ionospheric altitudes, detections at 73-74 u q-1 could be attributed to the further carbon chain anions C5N-/C6H- but ... ESA Science & Technology - Carbon chain anions and the growth of complex organic molecules in Titans ionosphere. * Missions * ...

https://sci.esa.int/web/cassini-huygens/-/59353-desai-et-al-2017

... J Protozool ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/351177/?dopt=Abstract

... the cyanide anion CN-, as well as quantum mechanical calculations of the excitation of this anion through collisions with para- ... The U-shaped line profiles indicate that CN-, like the large anion C6H-, is formed in the outer regions of the envelope. ... A parallel search for the small anion C2H- remains so far unconclusive, despite the previous tentative identification of the J ... Chemical and excitation model calculations suggest that this species forms from the reaction of large carbon anions with N ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Astronomical-identification-of-CN%5E-%2C-the-smallest-Ag%C3%BAndez-Cernicharo/0aa010b39ec4d9edea16cd2d5b72f41686bd49f4

ESR-Spektrum des Benzolradikal-Anions bei aufgehobener Entartung des Grundzustandes. Koehnlein, W.; Boeddeker, K. W.; ...

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/270001993

Recent developments in chiral anion mediated asymmetric chemistry J. Lacour and V. Hebbe-Viton, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2003, 32, 373 ... This review presents recent examples of the synthesis and use of chiral anions for stereoselective purposes. ...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2003/CS/B205251M

"We have made the first unambiguous identification of carbon chain anions in a planet-like atmosphere, which we believe are a ... In a new study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, astronomers identified what are known as "carbon chain anions." ... Cassini Spacecraft Discovers Carbon Chain Anions in Titans Atmosphere TOPICS:AstronomyCassini-Huygens MissionMolecules ... These include the newly identified, negatively charged carbon chain anions (highlighted in the green box), and eventually ring- ...

https://scitechdaily.com/cassini-spacecraft-discovers-carbon-chain-anions-in-titans-atmosphere/

STRUCTURE OF CYANASE WITH THE DI-ANION OXALATE BOUND AT THE ENZYME ACTIVE SITE ... STRUCTURE OF CYANASE WITH THE DI-ANION OXALATE BOUND AT THE ENZYME ACTIVE SITE. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb1DWK/pdb ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1dwk

Time and Voltage dependence for Anthraquinone anion-. JEOL is a global leader in TEM, SEM, NMR, MS and other.scientific/medical ... Electrolytic ESR - Time and Voltage dependence for Anthraquinone anion- Electrolytic ESR - Time and Voltage dependence for ... Figure 1. ESR spectra of Anthraquinone anion radical (Voltage：1.3V).. Figure 2. Time dependence of the ESR signal intensity at ...

https://www.jeol.com/solutions/applications/details/ER180012E.php

X-ray diffraction; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; absorption; anions; cations; crops; crystals; irradiation; lamps; metals; ... anions Remove constraint Subject: anions Start Over ...

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_facet%5D%5B%5D=Bioresource+technology&f%5Bsubject_facet%5D%5B%5D=anions&per_page=50&q=%22Fan%2C+Tongxiang%22&search_field=author&sort=title

Synthesis of Dendritic Polyglycerol Anions and Their Efficiency Toward L-Selectin Inhibition. Marie Weinhart, Dominic Gröger, ... Synthesis of Dendritic Polyglycerol Anions and Their Efficiency Toward L-Selectin Inhibition ... Synthesis of Dendritic Polyglycerol Anions and Their Efficiency Toward L-Selectin Inhibition ... of polyglycerolazide precursors and alkyne-functionalized anions such as sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphonates, and ...

https://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/en/chemie/chemie/forschung/OrgChem/weinhart/publications/pub008/index.html

Organic Anions, Environ. Chem., 9 (3), 285-297 ... Organic Anions. Mazzoleni, L. R., Saranjampour, P., Dalbec, M. ...

https://www.dri.edu/publication/4074/

... some of the most inert and least nucleophilic anions presently known. The cations and anions have been systematically varied ... C-Alkylation of the anion can also contribute to low melting points by the introduction of a further packing inefficiency. Nine ... carborane anions to elucidate the factors which affect their melting points. From trends in melting points, which range from ... some of the most inert and least nucleophilic anions presently known. The cations and anions have been systematically varied ...

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53h9d332

The di- and tri-atomic copper oxide molecules and anions are examples of transition metal-containing systems with many low- ... Abstract: K46.00002 : Ground- and Excited-State energies of copper oxide molecules and anions from first principles via the ...

https://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR22/Session/K46.2

Composite anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) consisting of a porous substrate and a vinyl imidazolium poly(phenylene oxide) ( ... The water uptake (WU) of the anion-exchange layers was determined as previously reported [24,45], according to Equation (1):. W ... The fabricated anion exchange layers had an overall average thickness in a range of 20-40 µm when cured and dried. Within one ... The proposed anion-exchange layers could not be fabricated as self-supported films. A porous substrate is proposed as a ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/11/6/436

A microscopic study of the deoxyhemoglobin-catalyzed generation of nitric oxide from nitrite anion. Posted June 8th, 2010 by ... This pathway involves HisE7 in a one or two proton transfer process, depending on whether the active species is nitrite anion ... In the second mechanism, the nitrite anion coordinates to the heme through the O atom. This pathway requires only one proton ... In the first proposed mechanism, which is similar to that proposed for bacterial NIRs, nitrite anion or nitrous acid ...

http://www.ub.edu/cbdd/?q=content/microscopic-study-deoxyhemoglobin-catalyzed-generation-nitric-oxide-nitrite-anion

McCaldin, J. O. and McGill, T. C. and Mead, C. A. (1976) Schottky barriers on compound semiconductors: The role of the anion. ... The Schottky barrier for holes on common III-V and II-VI semiconductors contacted by Au is shown to depend only on the anion. ... Further, the data show that the Pauling electronegativity of the anion provides a useful ordering parameter for the height of ... Compilation of the experimental data shows that compound semiconductors with the same anion but different cations possess very ...

https://authors.library.caltech.edu/12677/

Researchers in Spain have developed a fast, non-hazardous method of identifying the anions present in improvised incendiary ... The team found that using a capillary electrophoresis separation with a pyromellitic acid buffer, various anions present in the ...

https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/anion-detection-method-to-help-police-fight-crime/5292.article

The Aluminyl Anion : A New Generation of Aluminium Nucleophile Hicks, Jamie; Vasko, Petra; Goicoechea, Jose M.; Aldridge, ... owing to the fact that low-valent aluminium anions analogous to nitrogen-, carbon- and boron-centred reagents of the types [NX2 ... the complex anions [M{η4‐C4(SiMe3)4}{η4‐C4(SiMe3)3‐κ‐(CH2SiMe2}]2−, ... ... structure and reaction chemistry of a nucleophilic aluminyl anion. Nature, 557, 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0037- ...

https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/60345

... for measuring aerosol anions and cations and a voltammetric measuring stand (VA) to determine the heavy metals. ... PILS-IC-VA: Semi-Continuous Determination of Anions, Cations & Heavy Metals in Aerosols. Product News Published: November 10, ... "PILS-IC-VA: Semi-Continuous Determination of Anions, Cations & Heavy Metals in Aerosols" ...

https://www.technologynetworks.com/analysis/product-news/pilsicva-semicontinuous-determination-of-anions-cations-heavy-metals-in-aerosols-221842

Which anion is more basic in nature?? Explain with reason... NH2- OR Cl-? As a result, which is more reactive, amides or acid ... The amide anion (NH2-) is much, much more basic than the chloride anion (Cl-). This is because of their conjugate acids. Strong ... The amide anion (NH2-) is much, much more basic than the chloride anion (Cl-). This is because of their conjugate acids. Strong ... Which anion is more basic in nature?? Explain with reason... NH2- OR Cl-? As a result, which is more reactive, amides or acid ...

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/which-anion-more-basic-nature-explain-with-reason-378470

CIPSM

https://cipsm.de/publications/research-area-a/molecular-tweezers-with-varying-anions-a-comparative-study/

The anion gap is the difference between primary measured cations (sodium Na + and potassium K + ) and the primary measured anions (chloride Cl - and bicarbonate HCO3 - ) in serum. (medscape.com)
The cations and anions have been systematically varied with combinations of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-(EMIM+), 1-octyl-3-methyl-(OMIM+), 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-(EDMIM+), and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl-(BDMIM+) imidazolium cations and CB11H12-, CB11H6Cl6-, and CB11H6Br6- carborane anions to elucidate the factors which affect their melting points. (escholarship.org)
Compilation of the experimental data shows that compound semiconductors with the same anion but different cations possess very similar values for the the Au Schottky barrier for holes. (caltech.edu)
BINPHAT anion-rather than TRISPHAT-is an efficient NMR chiral shift reagent for thiiranium ions such as c-2,t-3-di-tert-butyl-r-1-methylthiiranium and t-2-tert-butyl-c-3-phenyl-r-1-methylthiiranium cations. (unige.ch)
CrVI was separated from trivalent- chromium (CrIII) and other cations on a strong anion exchange resin using a slightly basic ammonium-sulfate buffer solution. (cdc.gov)

Here, we examined the contribution of an organic anion-transporting polypeptide, OATP1B1 (OATP-C), which transports a variety of drugs and their metabolites from blood to liver in humans, to the hepatic disposition of irinotecan, SN-38, and its glucuronide conjugate (SN-38G) by using HEK293 cells stably transfected with SLCO1B1*1a ( OATP-C*1a ) coding wild-type OATP1B1. (aspetjournals.org)
We have recently found that the ability of paclitaxel to cause damage to peripheral nerves is dependent on the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP), OATP1B2. (cancer.gov)
Deiodinases, organic anion transporter polypeptide polymorphisms and ischemic stroke outcomes. (cdc.gov)
Deiodinases, organic anion transporter polypeptide polymorphisms and symptoms of anxiety and depression after ischemic stroke. (cdc.gov)

Breakthrough of CrVI from the anion exchange resin and recovery of CrVI were examined by separating, eluting, and analyzing solutions of various buffer strengths spiked with CrVI and CrIII. (cdc.gov)
Over 95% of the CrVI was eluted from the anion exchange resin using 5 milliliters of the buffer solution containing 0.1M ammonium and 0.5M ammonium-sulfate. (cdc.gov)

A high anion gap test result may mean that you may have acidosis (blood that is more acidic than normal). (medlineplus.gov)

The normal anion gap may vary depending on the laboratory, but it generally ranges from 8-12 mmol/L. Furthermore, the normal value for the anion gap must be adjusted in patients with hypoalbuminemia. (medscape.com)
The urine anion gap is either positive or negative and can be used when the causes of normal anion gap acidosis are unclear. (medscape.com)
A positive urine anion gap is seen in conditions of type 1 and type 2 renal tubular acidosis versus almost every other cause of normal anion gap acidosis (diarrhea). (medscape.com)

Zhi and his colleagues compared the effects of three electrolyte anions: sulfate, acetate, and chloride. (eurekalert.org)
To calculate the urine anion gap, the urine electrolytes sodium , chloride, and potassium are measured. (medscape.com)
He underwent fluid resuscitation and investigations showed the following results: serum sodium 128 mmol/L, chloride 76 mmol/L, potassium 3.3 mmol/L, bicarbonate 28 mmol/L, anion gap 15.6 mmol/L, urea 35 mg/dL, creatinine 1.3 mg/dL, calcium 10.5 mg/dL, phosphorus 7.6mg/dL and magnesium 2.3 mg/dL. (who.int)

Recently, anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have received attention as an attractive alternative to the acidic proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that dominate in vehicle applications. (chalmers.se)
The most commonly used biophysical methods are: coagulation, softening, iron and manganese oxidation, anion exchange, activated alumina membrane processes and elecrodialysis. (who.int)

We have developed an assay to evaluate the in vivo interaction between a fragment of ankyrin corresponding to this domain (ANK90) and two non-erythroid anion exchangers, AE2 and AE3, that share considerable structural homology with AE1. (elsevier.com)
TRILITE AMP14 is recommended as the working anion exchanger in demineralizers or condensate polishing, used as a protective measure against organic fouling of anion exchangers in multi-stage or mixed bed type demineralizers. (watermart.co.id)

During the workup of a patient with metabolic acidosis, as indicated by low plasma bicarbonate and low pH on arterial blood gas (ABG) determinations (bicarbonate less than 22 mmol/L and pH less than 7.35), calculation of the serum anion gap may provide further clues to the etiology. (medscape.com)
Reduction in serum albumin by 10 g/L (1 g/dL) reduces the normal value for anion gap by 2.5 mmol/L. (medscape.com)
If the urine anion gap is zero or negative but the serum AG is positive, the source is most likely gastrointestinal (diarrhea or vomiting). (medscape.com)
If the anion gap is found to be high, other tests such as urine ketones, serum ketones ( beta-hydroxybutyrate ), serum lactic acid, urine drug screen, serum drug screen, salicylate level, and creatinine kinase level should also be performed to diagnose the etiology of the anion gap acidosis. (medscape.com)

Threshold photodetachment spectroscopy of the astrochemical anion CN. (semanticscholar.org)
Threshold photodetachment spectroscopy on the molecular anion CN- shows a typical energy dependence of the detachment cross section yielding a determination of the electron affinity of CN to greater precision than has previously been known at 31 163(16) cm-1. (semanticscholar.org)
In this presentation, two additional diverse examples of the work going on in San Diego will be reviewed: the photoelectron spectroscopy of cold molecular anions produced in a cryogenic octupole accumulator trap (COAT) and the characterization of liquid and solid aerosols in a variable temperature electrodynamic balance using Mie, Fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies using the mobile quadrupole ion trap (MOBQIT). (au.dk)
The photo-, thermo- and solvatochromic properties of 2,3-dihydro-10,30,30-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro- [1-benzopyran-2,20-1H-indole] (BSP-NO2) were studied in ILs containing the anion [NTf2]- by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, ab initio molecular orbital theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. (dcu.ie)

100 u, provide the first evidence for efficient anion chemistry in space involving structures other than linear chains. (esa.int)
This study adds Titan to an increasing list of astrophysical environments where chain anions have been observed and shows that anion chemistry plays a role in the formation of complex organics within a planetary atmosphere as well as in the interstellar medium. (esa.int)
Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Semi metals or metalloids as anions: a preparation thread. (sciencemadness.org)
Supramolecular chemistry concerns itself with the interactions between discrete molecular species, and in particular, self-assembly is an attractive field to develop anion receptors as complex, selective, efficient, and tuneable anion binding compounds can be constructed from smaller pre-programmed subunits. (hud.ac.uk)

10 mEq/L). A urine anion gap of more than 20 mEq/L is seen in metabolic acidosis when the kidneys are unable to excrete NH4 + (such as in renal tubular acidosis). (medscape.com)
The presence of metabolic acidosis with anion and osmolal gaps is an important clue to the diagnosis (Friedman et al. (cdc.gov)

Composite anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) consisting of a porous substrate and a vinyl imidazolium poly(phenylene oxide) (VIMPPO)/acrylamide copolymer layer were fabricated in a straightforward process, for use in redox flow batteries. (mdpi.com)
The development of alkaline fuel cells over the past decade has led to exciting developments in low resistant and alkaline stable anion exchange membranes (AEMs). (elsevier.com)

Mediates the Na(+)-independent uptake of organic anions such as 17-beta-glucuronosyl estradiol, taurocholate, triiodothyronine (T3), leukotriene C4, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), methotrexate and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). (drugbank.com)
Involved in the clearance of bile acids and organic anions from the liver. (drugbank.com)

The scientists argue that the electrolyte anions, when attached to the titanium nitride surface, make the material more conductive. (eurekalert.org)
SO42- at the potentials of ≤-0.8V. The stability of TU on the surface of Ag electrode depends not only on the electrode potential but also on the nature of electrolyte anions coadsopbed. (pku.edu.cn)
Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Coadsorption of Thiourea with Various Electrolyte Anions at Silver Electrodes[J].Acta Phys. (pku.edu.cn)

The 89 kDa NH2-terminal domain of erythrocyte ankyrin is composed almost entirely of 22 tandem repeats of a 33 amino acid sequence and constitutes the binding site for the cytoplasmic NH 2 -terminal domain of the erythrocyte anion exchanger, AE1. (elsevier.com)
Association was assessed by coimmunoprecipitation of ANK90-anion exchanger com plexes from detergent extracts of cells cotransfected with plasmids encoding the ankyrin fragment and the anion exchanger or mutants thereof. (elsevier.com)
Using this assay, we show that the brain anion exchanger AE3, but not the closely related homologue, AE2, is capable of binding to ankyrin. (elsevier.com)

The limiting factor of urine anion gap equation is that it is valid only if the urine sodium level is less than 20mEq/L. (medscape.com)

Chapter one provides an introduction to anion recognition and sensing, whilst Chapter two describes a new synthetic method towards triethylbenzene receptors involving the solvent-drop grinding technique. (bl.uk)
Facile synthesis of known and novel anion receptors was achieved. (bl.uk)
Chapter four describes the further functionalisation of the triethylbenzene core with the viologen moiety, leading to a series of tri- and tetrapodal anion receptors. (bl.uk)
These receptors bind several different anions strongly. (bl.uk)
The receptors bind a range of anions to varying extents, with strong binding observed with basic anions. (bl.uk)
Fluorescent quenching is also observed with several receptors and can allow for the discrimination of several anions when the receptors are used as part of an array. (bl.uk)
One solution to these problems is the sequestering of aqueous phosphate through the use of self-assembled supramolecular anion receptors. (hud.ac.uk)

We report on detections consistently centered between 25.8 and 26.0 u q -1 and between 49.0-50.1 u q -1 which are identified as belonging to the carbon chain anions, CN - /C 3 N - and/or C 2 H - /C 4 H - , in agreement with chemical model predictions. (esa.int)
At higher ionospheric altitudes, detections at 73-74 u q -1 could be attributed to the further carbon chain anions C 5 N - /C 6 H - but at lower altitudes and during further encounters extend over a higher mass/charge range. (esa.int)
In a new study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters , astronomers identified what are known as "carbon chain anions. (scitechdaily.com)
These include the newly identified, negatively charged carbon chain anions (highlighted in the green box), and eventually ring-type molecules such as benzene, although the processes in this region are hard to explore. (scitechdaily.com)
We have made the first unambiguous identification of carbon chain anions in a planet-like atmosphere, which we believe are a vital stepping-stone in the production line of growing bigger, and more complex organic molecules, such as the moon's large haze particles," says Ravi Desai of University College London and lead author of the study. (scitechdaily.com)

These include Ca-Mg-HCO3, Mg-Ca-Cl, Na-Cl, and mixed waters in which neither a particular cation nor anion dominates. (researchgate.net)

A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical alkyl tren based tris-thiourea anion transporters were synthesised and their anion binding and transport properties studied. (mdpi.com)
Stimuli-Responsive Cycloaurated "OFF-ON" Switchable Anion Transporters" by Mohamed Fares, Xin Wu et al. (edu.au)

In this thesis four experimental chapters describe the synthesis and anion sensing properties of a series of induced-fit anion sensors derived from a hexa-substituted triethylbenzene and diphenylacetylene motif. (bl.uk)
This review presents recent examples of the synthesis and use of chiral anions for stereoselective purposes. (rsc.org)
A versatile route for the synthesis of highly functionalized, polyanionic macromolecules based on dendritic polyglycerol was applied by means of the Huisgen-Sharpless-Meldal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click-reaction") of polyglycerolazide precursors and alkyne-functionalized anions such as sulfonates, carboxylates, phosphonates, and bisphosphonates. (fu-berlin.de)

Superoxide anion release was determined by a spectrophotometric procedure. (cdc.gov)
PAF induced a moderate release of hydrogen - peroxide and a weak release of superoxide anion. (cdc.gov)

The results, which have been published in the journal Angewandte Chemie , reveal the importance of sulfate anions. (eurekalert.org)
The scientists reported that the sulfate anions stood out among the three anions. (eurekalert.org)
They observed that cells based on a zinc sulfate electrolyte performed best, and the sulfates bound stronger to the titanium nitride surface than the other anions. (eurekalert.org)
Determination of fluoride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate in an etching reagent using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression. (metrohm.com)

BINPHAT anion is an efficient NMR chiral shift reagent for thiiranium ions. (unige.ch)

A new class of low-melting N,N'-dialkylimidazolium salts has been prepared with carborane counterions, some of the most inert and least nucleophilic anions presently known. (escholarship.org)

The most common cause of a low anion gap is a low level of albumin , a protein in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Immunologic distribution of an organic anion transport protein in rat liver and kidney. (duke.edu)
A Na(+)-independent organic anion transport protein was recently cloned from rat liver using a Xenopus laevis oocyte expression system [E. Jacquemin, B. Hagenbuch, B. Stieger, A.W. Wolkoff, and P.J. Meier, Proc. (duke.edu)
Although expression of this protein is sufficient for cells to transport the organic anion bromosulfophthalein, little is known about its cell biology or biochemical characteristics. (duke.edu)
Anion Exchange Protein 1, Erythrocyte. (who.int)

Co-ordination of these ligands to various copper(II) salts led to the formation of trinuclear cages encapsulating anions in two of the three ligands in both the solid-state and in mass spectrometry studies. (hud.ac.uk)

There is recent evidence suggesting that nitrite anion (NO 2 ⊖) represents the major intravascular NO storage molecule whose transduction to NO is facilitated by a reduction mechanism catalyzed by deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb). (ub.edu)
In the first proposed mechanism, which is similar to that proposed for bacterial NIRs, nitrite anion or nitrous acid coordinates to the heme through the N atom. (ub.edu)
This pathway involves HisE7 in a one or two proton transfer process, depending on whether the active species is nitrite anion or nitrous acid, to yield an intermediate Fe(III)NO species which eventually dissociates leading to NO and methemoglobin. (ub.edu)
In the second mechanism, the nitrite anion coordinates to the heme through the O atom. (ub.edu)

To further the research into anion receptor self-assembly and investigate the effects of ligand alteration on capsule anion-extraction selectivity, three new ligands were designed and synthesised. (hud.ac.uk)

Cassini discovered a plethora of neutral and ionized molecules in Titan's ionosphere including, surprisingly, anions and negatively charged molecules extending up to 13,800 u q -1 . (esa.int)
150 u q -1 ) were found to deplete at a rate proportional to the growth of the larger molecules, a correlation that indicates the anions are tightly coupled to the growth process. (esa.int)

It was found that these different anions can be induce-coadsorbed simultaneously on the silver surface through the protonated amino group of TU in the mixed acids system. (pku.edu.cn)

Recently, several molecular anions have been detected in the interstellar medium. (semanticscholar.org)
The most recent addition to the photoelectron-photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectrometer presented last week is the ability to trap, accumulate and buffer-gas cool molecular anions prior to injection into the electrostatic ion beam trap (EIBT). (au.dk)

Ion exchange is an ideal technology for addressing perchlorate in low influent concentrations where minimal variations in influent composition are expected and where additional anions are also at low concentrations. (envirogen.com)

The anion gap measures the difference-or gap-between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
Negatively charged species - or 'anions' - were not something scientists expected to find, because they are highly reactive and should not last long in Titan's atmosphere before combining with other materials. (scitechdaily.com)
There are two keys to this retention method: 1) a multi-charged, positive buffer, such as N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine (TMDAP), which acts as a bridge, linking the negatively-charged anion analytes to the negatively-charged column surface and 2) a mobile phase consisting mostly of organic solvent (such as MeCN) to minimize the formation of a solvation layer around the charged analytes. (sielc.com)

Albumin has a strongly negative charge and makes up a substantial portion of the clinically unmeasured anion concentration. (medscape.com)

Using this new and unique analysis method, these anions can be separated, retained, and detected with a Conductivity Detector. (sielc.com)

The Cation, Anion, and Radical Isomers of C4H4N :Computational Characterization and Implications for Astrophysical and Planetary Environments. (semanticscholar.org)
ESR spectra of Anthraquinone anion radical (Voltage：1.3V). (jeol.com)
i) The investigation of electron acceptor radical anions based on the quinone backbone. (dur.ac.uk)

An anion gap blood test is a way to check the acid-base balance (pH balance) of your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
The anion gap blood test provides information about the acid-base balance of your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
The team found that using a capillary electrophoresis separation with a pyromellitic acid buffer, various anions present in the CIMCs could be separated, notably the perchlorate ion. (chemistryworld.com)
A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridine-3-carboxylic acid. (ebi.ac.uk)

Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are polyatomic anions. (cdc.gov)

Here we show that anion channelrhodopsins can be used to specifically and rapidly inhibit a range of systems involved in Drosophila locomotion, wing expansion, memory retrieval and gustation, demonstrating their broad utility to the circuit analysis of behavior. (biorxiv.org)
Our study thus reveals the structural basis of anion conduction in a TMEM16 channel and it defines the foundation for the diverse functional behavior in the TMEM16 family. (uzh.ch)

The dinuclear units of 1 are associated through cooperative C-H$\cdots$F hydrogen bonds and $\pi^{\cdot} \pi$, C-H$^{\cdots} \pi$ and rare anion$^{\cdots} \pi$ interactions to promote the dimensionality in a graded manner. (ias.ac.in)

The receptor binds anions strongly, with complex binding observed, involving a host dimer, 2:1 host:guest and 1:1 host:guest stoichiometries. (bl.uk)
Upon the addition of anions, several different fluorescent responses are observed depending on the receptor design. (bl.uk)

We show that an alternative pathway to electron transfer could involve the participation of electronic excited states, as these couple strongly to the anion ground state. (dur.ac.uk)
L1)2M3(EO4)]n+ where M = Zn2+ or Mn2+ and E = S (n = 4) or P (n = 3)) being obtained, but in the absence of a strongly-binding anion, a mononuclear complex was instead observed (i.e. (hud.ac.uk)

We present the first astronomical detection of a diatomic negative ion, the cyanide anion CN-, as well as quantum mechanical calculations of the excitation of this anion through collisions with para-H2. (semanticscholar.org)

Isomaltulose-forming microorganisms are immobilized on a carrier that is a weakly basic anion exchange substance in the form of a substantially non-compressible porous particulate solid material, and are used for isomerization of sucrose to isomaltulose. (justia.com)
The invention also relates to a carrier material comprising an anion exchange material and having immobilized thereon viable isomaltulose-forming micro-organism cells. (justia.com)

However, clinically significant hyperlactatemia may occur in the absence of an increased anion gap. (medscape.com)
We show that the first singlet excited state of the anion primarily decays through internal conversion, explaining the absence of fluorescence in the gas-phase. (dur.ac.uk)

In an effort to improve the practicality of anion extraction, two other ligands were designed and synthesised which incorporated hydrophobic aliphatic ester chains in order to increase the solubility of the final complex in organic solvents. (hud.ac.uk)

conversely, the copper-based complex instead bound to these anions, leading to investigation of the activity of the complex when reacted with various phosphorylated amino acids, and subsequently, the potential activity of all three complexes toward cancer cells in vitro. (hud.ac.uk)

The anion gap test is a calculation that's done with the results of an electrolyte panel, which is a blood test. (medlineplus.gov)

Perchlorate is a highly soluble salt anion that is used in the manufacture of solid rocket fuel, fireworks, road flares, explosives and other products. (envirogen.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms1

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs54

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes14

Information Science2

The stimulatory effects of Hofmeister ions on the activities of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase. Apparent substrate inhibition by l-arginine is overcome in the presence of protein-destabilizing agents. (1/2355)

Reactivity of cyanate with valine-1 (alpha) of hemoglobin. A probe of conformational change and anion binding. (2/2355)

Distinct sensitivities of OmpF and PhoE porins to charged modulators. (3/2355)

Regulation of a volume-sensitive anion channel in rat pancreatic beta-cells by intracellular adenine nucleotides. (4/2355)

Phospholipid-subclass-specific partitioning of lipophilic ions in membrane-water systems. (5/2355)

Evidence for an anion exchange mechanism for uptake of conjugated bile acid from the rat jejunum. (6/2355)

Anion efflux from cytotrophoblast cells derived from normal term human placenta is stimulated by hyposmotic challenge and extracellular A23187 but not by membrane-soluble cAMP. (7/2355)

Thermodynamic studies on anion binding to apotransferrin and to recombinant transferrin N-lobe half molecules. (8/2355)

Anions

Anion Transport Proteins

Organic Anion Transporters

Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent

Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels

Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 1

Superoxides

Chlorides

Anion Exchange Resins

Bromides

Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 2

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid

p-Aminohippuric Acid

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid

Bicarbonates

SLC4A Proteins

Sulfates

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Sulfobromophthalein

Biological Transport

Probenecid

Chloride Channels

Organic Anion Transport Polypeptide C

Kinetics

Iodides

Ion Channels

Calixarenes

Ion Exchange

Thiocyanates

Cations

Superoxide Dismutase

Nitrates

Acid-Base Imbalance

Membrane Potentials

Cell Membrane Permeability

Acid-Base Equilibrium

Ions

Biological Transport, Active

Carbonates

Free Radicals

Carrier Proteins

Sodium

Estrone

Chromatography, Ion Exchange

Hypotonic Solutions

Cell Membrane

Perchlorates

Electric Conductivity

Oxidation-Reduction

Oxalates

Erythrocytes

Phosphates

Xanthine Oxidase

Free Radical Scavengers

Uricosuric Agents

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

Taurocholic Acid

Hydroxides

Tetraphenylborate

Kidney

Potassium

NADPH Oxidase

Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins

Neutrophils

Binding Sites

Molecular Sequence Data

Adenosine Triphosphate

Hydrogen Peroxide

Carboxylic Acids

Molecular Structure

Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent

Xenopus laevis

Osmolar Concentration

Phenolsulfonphthalein

Stilbenes

Cells, Cultured

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Kidney Tubules, Proximal

Patch-Clamp Techniques