AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Mice, Inbred StrainsSpecies SpecificityCrosses, GeneticMice, Inbred DBAChromosome MappingMice, Inbred C57BLMice, Inbred C3HQuantitative Trait LociMice, Inbred AKRPhenotypeMice, Inbred AInbreedingRats, Inbred StrainsChromosomes, MammalianSequence Analysis, DNAMuridaeGenetic LinkageMice, Inbred BALB CGenetics, BehavioralGenetic VariationGenotypeAnimals, Outbred StrainsMice, CongenicRecombination, GeneticDisease SusceptibilityMice, Inbred CBAAllelesMutationRNA, Ribosomal, 16SDisease Models, AnimalHybridization, GeneticMolecular Sequence DataDNA, RibosomalGenesBacterial Typing TechniquesFlurothylGenes, BacterialEscherichia coliQuantitative Trait, HeritableVirulencePolymerase Chain ReactionAmino Acid SequenceRats, Inbred BNNucleic Acid HybridizationGenomeBase SequencePolymorphism, Restriction Fragment LengthChromosomesGenetic MarkersPolymorphism, GeneticLeukemia Virus, MurineMice, Mutant StrainsMicrobial Sensitivity TestsDNA, BacterialAnti-Bacterial AgentsImmunogeneticsAnimals, LaboratoryBehavior, AnimalHaplotypesSerotypingH-2 AntigensPhylogenyCulture MediaBase CompositionAnimals, CongenicCloning, MolecularRodent DiseasesPlasmidsGenes, rRNAImmunity, InnateSpleenBlotting, SouthernGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseScent GlandsChimeraDrug Resistance, MicrobialAnimals, WildTime FactorsOrgan SizeMice, Inbred NZBGenome, BacterialMajor Histocompatibility ComplexAntigens, BacterialSoil MicrobiologySequence Homology, Nucleic AcidGene Expression Regulation, BacterialPolymorphism, Single NucleotideBody WeightAnimals, Inbred StrainsRNA, BacterialLiverUrethaneGenes, DominantGeneticsDNA PrimersDNAModels, GeneticDNA FingerprintingMotor ActivityEthanol
Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Crosses, Genetic
Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.
Mice, Inbred DBA
Chromosome Mapping
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Mice, Inbred C3H
Quantitative Trait Loci
Genetic loci associated with a QUANTITATIVE TRAIT.
Mice, Inbred AKR
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Mice, Inbred A
Inbreeding
The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.
Rats, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Chromosomes, Mammalian
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Muridae
A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.
Genetic Linkage
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
Mice, Inbred BALB C
Genetics, Behavioral
The experimental study of the relationship between the genotype of an organism and its behavior. The scope includes the effects of genes on simple sensory processes to complex organization of the nervous system.
Genetic Variation
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Animals, Outbred Strains
Animals that are generated from breeding two genetically dissimilar strains of the same species.
Mice, Congenic
Mouse strains constructed to possess identical genotypes except for a difference at a single gene locus.
Recombination, Genetic
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Disease Susceptibility
A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.
Mice, Inbred CBA
Alleles
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Hybridization, Genetic
The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
DNA, Ribosomal
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
Flurothyl
A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Quantitative Trait, Heritable
A characteristic showing quantitative inheritance such as SKIN PIGMENTATION in humans. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Virulence
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Rats, Inbred BN
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Genome
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
Chromosomes
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Genetic Markers
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Leukemia Virus, Murine
Species of GAMMARETROVIRUS, containing many well-defined strains, producing leukemia in mice. Disease is commonly induced by injecting filtrates of propagable tumors into newborn mice.
Mice, Mutant Strains
Mice bearing mutant genes which are phenotypically expressed in the animals.
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Immunogenetics
A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (IMMUNITY).
Animals, Laboratory
Behavior, Animal
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Haplotypes
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
Serotyping
Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.
H-2 Antigens
The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Base Composition
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
Animals, Congenic
Animals that are produced through selective breeding to eliminate genetic background differences except for a single or few specific loci. They are used to investigate the contribution of genetic background differences to PHENOTYPE.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Rodent Diseases
Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Genes, rRNA
Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
Immunity, Innate
The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.
Spleen
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Blotting, Southern
A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Scent Glands
Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries.
Chimera
An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.
Drug Resistance, Microbial
The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Animals, Wild
Animals considered to be wild or feral or not adapted for domestic use. It does not include wild animals in zoos for which ANIMALS, ZOO is available.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Organ Size
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Mice, Inbred NZB
Genome, Bacterial
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
Antigens, Bacterial
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Soil Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Animals, Inbred Strains
Animals produced by the mating of progeny over multiple generations. The resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. Highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Liver
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Urethane
Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen.
Genes, Dominant
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.
Genetics
The branch of science concerned with the means and consequences of transmission and generation of the components of biological inheritance. (Stedman, 26th ed)
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Models, Genetic
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
DNA Fingerprinting
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Ethanol
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Granulosa Cell Tumor
A neoplasm composed entirely of GRANULOSA CELLS, occurring mostly in the OVARY. In the adult form, it may contain some THECA CELLS. This tumor often produces ESTRADIOL and INHIBIN. The excess estrogen exposure can lead to other malignancies in women and PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY in girls. In rare cases, granulosa cell tumors have been identified in the TESTES.
Hair Color
Color of hair or fur.
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Genes, Regulator
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.
Saccharin
Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.
Restriction Mapping
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Breeding
The production of offspring by selective mating or HYBRIDIZATION, GENETIC in animals or plants.
Oryzias
The only genus in the family Oryziinae, order BELONIFORMES. Oryzias are egg-layers; other fish of the same order are livebearers. Oryzias are used extensively in testing carcinogens.
Histocompatibility Antigens
A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
Microsatellite Repeats
A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).
Fatty Acids
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Inheritance Patterns
The different ways GENES and their ALLELES interact during the transmission of genetic traits that effect the outcome of GENE EXPRESSION.
Immune Sera
Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.
Cluster Analysis
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Gene Expression Regulation
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Epistasis, Genetic
A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Fermentation
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Analysis of Variance
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Staphylococcus aureus
Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.
Bacterial Adhesion
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
Sodium Chloride
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
Antibodies, Bacterial
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Methylcholanthrene
A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.
Antibody Formation
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
Food Preferences
The selection of one food over another.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Sex Characteristics
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
Virulence Factors
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Water Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Biodegradation, Environmental
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Pseudomonas
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
Taste Threshold
The minimum concentration at which taste sensitivity to a particular substance or food can be perceived.
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.
Gene Expression Profiling
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Rats, Inbred SHR
A strain of Rattus norvegicus with elevated blood pressure used as a model for studying hypertension and stroke.
Immunization
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Rabbits
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Ethylnitrosourea
A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.
Bacterial Toxins
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Rats, Inbred Lew
Kidney
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Gene Deletion
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
Diet, Atherogenic
A diet that contributes to the development and acceleration of ATHEROGENESIS.
Lod Score
The total relative probability, expressed on a logarithmic scale, that a linkage relationship exists among selected loci. Lod is an acronym for "logarithmic odds."
Actinomycetales
An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.
Cell Line
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Taste
The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.
Histocompatibility
The degree of antigenic similarity between the tissues of different individuals, which determines the acceptance or rejection of allografts.
Escherichia coli Proteins
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
Antibody Specificity
The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
Mice, Transgenic
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Cells, Cultured
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Homozygote
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
Seawater
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Genetic Complementation Test
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Sweetening Agents
Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
Exploratory Behavior
The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity.
Conjugation, Genetic
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
AKR murine leukemia virus
A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) isolated from spontaneous leukemia in AKR strain mice.
Guinea Pigs
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
Mice, Neurologic Mutants
Mice which carry mutant genes for neurologic defects or abnormalities.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Feces
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Leukemia, Experimental
Leukemia induced experimentally in animals by exposure to leukemogenic agents, such as VIRUSES; RADIATION; or by TRANSPLANTATION of leukemic tissues.
Molecular Epidemiology
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
Stereotyped Behavior
Relatively invariant mode of behavior elicited or determined by a particular situation; may be verbal, postural, or expressive.
Genes, Viral
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Proviruses
Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.
Mice, Inbred ICR
Disease Outbreaks
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
Sex Factors
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Food Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Colony Count, Microbial
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Lung
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Selection, Genetic
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
Salmonella typhimurium
A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.
Streptococcus
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
Genes, Recessive
Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.
Aerobiosis
Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse
The type species of BETARETROVIRUS commonly latent in mice. It causes mammary adenocarcinoma in a genetically susceptible strain of mice when the appropriate hormonal influences operate.

Observation of marking-like behavior, marking behavior, and growth of the scent gland in young Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of an inbred strain. (1/135)

A marking-like behavior (defined by authors), a marking behavior, and growth of the scent glands were observed in young Mongolian gerbils of an inbred strain. In males and females, a marking-like behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on the floor, began to be seen at the age of 19 days and could be seen in almost all the gerbils at 22 days of age during the suckling period. The frequency of this behavior was highest at 60 days of age (males: 17.9/10 min, females: 15.4/10 min) and there was no sex difference. Marking behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects, began to be seen at the age of 40 days in males and 50 days in females. The frequency of this behavior tended to increase until 90 days of age in males (13.7/10 min), but the levels were low (2.5-5.0/10 min) in females. The values in the male group therefore tended to be higher than that in the female group. Macroscopic scent gland pads were clearly observed at the age of 30 days in males, but not until 45 days of age in females. At the age of 45-90 days, the length of the scent gland pad in males and females was 2.1-2.8 and 1.6-1.7 cm, respectively and the width was 0.3-0.5 in males and 0.2-0.3 cm in females. During this period, the length and depth of the pads in males were significantly greater than those in females (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the structure of the scent glands after the age of 45 days showed that the development of clusters of acinar cells in females occurred much later than that in males, but the basic structure of these glands was similar in both sexes. These results suggest that the marking-like behavior was manifested although during the period when the scent glands had not yet developed, whereas true marking behavior first occurred when the glands were moderately well developed.  (+info)

Serum biochemical values in two inbred strains of mastomys (Praomys coucha). (2/135)

Serum samples collected from 119 (72 male and 47 female) mastomys (Praomys coucha) of 2 specific-pathogen-free inbred strains (RI4 and RI7) were analyzed for 12 serum biochemical parameters. Sex-related differences (p < 0.01) were noted in alkaline phosphatase and glucose; the both higher in females than in males. Age-related changes (p < 0.01) were observed in total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase, with higher values for the first three parameters in the older group (200-250 days of age) than in the younger group (90-140 days of age). Four out of 12 parameters showed strain-related differences (p < 0.01), consistent with the large amount of genetic heterogeneity reported in this species. These serum biochemical reference values should provide information for the use of mastomys in laboratory research.  (+info)

Characterization of early follicular cDNA library suggests evidence for genetic polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108 of Bombyx mori. (3/135)

Recent work towards the completion of a saturated molecular genetic linkage map for the lepidopteran silkworm, Bombyx mori (n = 28), has provided evidence for existing polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108. Two inbred parental strains, p50 and C108, were crossed to produce the F1 (P/C) hybrid offspring. The populations used in this project were comprised of a combination of 29 F2 (F1 x F1) and 31 reciprocal backcross (P/C x C/C, P/C x P/P) progeny. All restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for the initial analysis were hybridized with anonymous probes derived from a random early follicular cDNA (Rcf) library from Bombyx. A total of 19 Rcf probes were selected as showing scorable codominant polymorphic patterns when screened against F2 and backcross DNAs digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, or PstI, and Southern blotted to nylon membranes for hybridization. Of the newly reported Rcf probes, 7 (37%) were characterized as producing 'simple' polymorphic patterns, while 12 (63%) were characterized as producing 'complex' polymorphic patterns. Further characterization of the complex patterns subdivided this group into two general classes: polymorphisms that contained an additional allele, and multiple bands that contained an easily scored two banded polymorphism. Because the extra allele class was limited to the (P/C x C/C) backcross progeny, it is suggested that the inbred parental strain C108 harbors polymorphic loci that are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. A genetic analysis discussing plausible origins and maintenance of these polymorphisms is presented.  (+info)

Trigonocephaly in rabbits with familial interfrontal suture synostosis: the multiple effects of premature single-suture fusion. (4/135)

Previous studies from our laboratory have characterized the craniofacial morphology and growth patterns of an inbred strain of rabbits with autosomal dominant coronal suture synostosis. A number of rabbit perinates from this colony have been collected sporadically over a 5-year period with premature interfrontal suture synostosis. The present study describes the very early onset of craniofacial dysmorphology of these rabbits and compares them to similar-aged normal control rabbits. A total of 40 perinatal New Zealand White rabbits were used in the present study. Twenty-one comprised the sample with interfrontal suture synostosis and ranged in age from 27 to 38 days postconception (term = 31 days) with a mean age of 33.53 days (+/-2.84 days). Nineteen rabbits served as age-matched, normal controls (mean age = 33.05 days +/-2.79 days). Lateral and dorsoventral radiographs were collected from each rabbit. The radiographs were traced, computer digitized, and 12 craniofacial measurements, angles, and indices were obtained. Mean measures were compared using an unpaired Student's t-test. All synostosed rabbits were stillborn or died shortly after birth. Grossly, these rabbits exhibited extreme frontal bossing, trigonocephaly with sagittal keeling, and midfacial shortening. No somatic anomalies were noted. Radiographically, rabbits with interfrontal suture synostosis had significantly (P < 0.05) narrower bifrontal widths, shorter cranial vault lengths, kyphotic cranial base angles, and different cranial vault indices (shapes) compared to controls. Results reveal severe and early pathological and compensatory cranial vault changes associated with premature interfrontal suture synostosis in this rabbit model. The 100% mortality rate noted in this condition may be related to the inheritance of a lethal genetic mutation or to neural compression from reduced intracranial volume. Results are discussed in light of current pathogenic hypotheses for human infants with premature metopic suture synostosis.  (+info)

Factors affecting the efficiency of embryo cryopreservation and rederivation of rat and mouse models. (5/135)

The efficiency of embryo banking for rat and mouse models of human disease and normal biological processes depends on the ease of obtaining embryos. Authors report on the effect of genotype on embryo production and rederivation. In an effort to establish banks of cryopreserved embryos, they provide two databases for comparing banking efficiency: one that contains the embryo collection results from approximately 11,000 rat embryo donors (111 models) and another that contains the embryo collection results from 4,023 mouse embryo donors (57 induced mutant models). The genotype of donor females affected the efficiency of embryo collection in two ways. First, the proportion of females yielding embryos varied markedly among genotypes (rats: 16-100 %, mean =71 %; mice: 24-95 %, mean =65 %). Second, the mean number of embryos recovered from females yielding embryos varied considerably (rats: 4-10.6, mean =7.8; mice 5.3-32.2, mean =13.7). Genotype also affected the efficiency of rederivation of banked rat and mouse embryos models by embryo transfer. For rats, thawed embryos (n =684) from 33 genotypes were transferred into 66 recipient females (pregnancy rate, 78 %). The average rate of developing live newborns for individual rat genotypes was 30 % with a range of 10 to 58 %. For mice, thawed embryos (n =2,064) from 59 genotypes were transferred into 119 pseudopregnant females (pregnancy rate: 76 %). The average rate of development of individual mouse genotypes was 33 % with a range of 11 to 53 %. This analysis demonstrates that genotype is an important consideration when planning embryo banking programs.  (+info)

NK and T cells constitute two major, functionally distinct intestinal epithelial lymphocyte subsets in the chicken. (6/135)

Non-mammalian NK cells have not been characterized in detail; however, their analysis is essential for the understanding of the NK cell receptor phylogeny. As a first step towards defining chicken NK cells, several tissues were screened for the presence of NK cells, phenotypically defined as CD8(+) cells lacking T- or B-lineage specific markers. By this criteria, approximately 30% of CD8(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), but <1% of splenocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes were defined as NK cells. These CD8(+)CD3(-) IEL were used for the generation of the 28-4 mAb, immunoprecipitating a 35-kDa glycoprotein with a 28-kDa protein core. The CD3 and 28-4 mAb were used to separate IEL into CD3(+) IEL T cells and 28-4(+) cells, both co-expressing the CD8 antigen. During ontogeny, 28-4(+) cells were abundant in the IEL and in the embryonic spleen, where two subsets could be distinguished according to their CD8 and c-kit expression. Most importantly, 28-4(+) IEL lysed NK-sensitive targets, whereas intestinal T cells did not have any spontaneous cytolytic activity. These results define two major, phenotypically and functionally distinct IEL subpopulations, and imply an important role of NK cells in the mucosal immune system.  (+info)

Construction of a BAC library derived from the inbred Hd-rR strain of the teleost fish, Oryzias latipes. (7/135)

A large insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed from the inbred Hd-rR strain of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Approximately 92,000 clones were gridded on high-density replica filters. Insert analysis of randomly selected clones indicated a mean insert size of 210 kb and predicted a 24 times coverage of the medaka genome. The library was hybridized with a single locus DNA fragment, and the resulting positive clones were characterized and shown to be compatible with a 24-fold redundant library. This first large insert genomic library of the medaka should increase the speed of genomic analyses for this fish species.  (+info)

Porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission characteristics of an inbred herd of miniature swine. (8/135)

Here we report the identification of inbred miniature swine that failed to produce human-tropic replication-competent porcine endogenous retroviruses (HTRC PERVs), using in vitro coculture assays. When HTRC PERVs were isolated from transmitting animals, all were recombinant viruses, with the receptor-binding domain of PERV-A combining with PERV-C-related sequences.  (+info)

Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Genetic Structure and Selective Sweeps in Chinese Indigenous Pig BreedsGenome-Wide Analysis Reveals Genetic Structure and Selective Sweeps in Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds
Sequencing and variation identification. Twenty-four animals representing twenty-two pig breeds were individually resequenced (Additional file 1: Figure S1 and Table S1). The average effective sequencing depth was 17.54× and genomic coverage was 94.74% (Additional file 1: Figure S2 and Table S2), resulting in a high-quality resequencing resource for pigs. To these data, we integrated publically-available genomic data from seven pigs of wild and commercial European and Chinese breeds (Additional file 1: Table S1). The combined dataset had 14.09 billion high-quality raw reads (1281.12 Gb raw bases, ,90% Q30 bases) (Additional file 1: Figure S3).. A strict quality-filter pipeline resulted in 19 685 697 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 31 pigs (Additional file 1: Table S4). Of these SNPs, 13 430 360 (68.22%) were in intergenic regions, 1 223 834 (6.22%) were 5-Kb upstream or downstream of gene regions, and 5 031 503 (25.56%) were within gene regions. The last group contained 46 618 ...
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-835/v1.html
French Dairy Giant Buys Siggis SkyrFrench Dairy Giant Buys Siggis Skyr
French Dairy Giant Buys Siggis Skyr, Dairy Vietnam,Dairy cow,Silage,Fresh milk,Milking parlour,Milking machine,Grass,Irrigation,Fertigation,TMR feeds,Concentrate,Livestock feeds,Livestock housing,60 days post calving first on heat,Abortion,AI,Anti inflammatory,Anti pyretic,Antibiotic,Arthritis,Back on heat if not pregnant,Bloated,Blood parasite,Body score,Bran,Calf breeding pen,Calf, Calve,Calving,Hernia,Hobble,In Doubt,Insemination,Internal Bleeding,Intestine,Inventory,Lactation,Lactation peak,Low body score,Male Calf,Mastitis,Milk meter,Milk production yield,Milk recording,Milk tank,Milking Cow,Milking Palour,Molasses,Mucus,Mung bean,Navel Infection,No heat,Non-Pregnant cows,On heat,Ovary,Ovulation,Palm Kernel,Pea,Peanut Hulls,Polio-myelitis,Polygastric,Post calving,Pregnancy,Pregnancy check,Pregnancy Cow,Pregnant cows,Premix,Protein,Protein content,Protocol,Respiration,Rice bran,Ruminate,Rye Straw,Sand for stall,Semen,Silage,Soya bean,Spraying to control tick,stall,Teat cup liner,Teat dipping,Tick
http://dairyvietnam.com/en/Dairy-in-the-World/French-Dairy-Giant-Buys-Siggi-Skyr.html
French Dairy Giant Buys Siggis Skyr - The Dairy SiteFrench Dairy Giant Buys Siggis Skyr - The Dairy Site
ICELAND - French dairy giant Lactalis has bought The Icelandic Milk and Skyr Corporation which has manufactured and marketed Siggis Skyr, the best known yogurt brand in the US.
https://www.thedairysite.com/news/52521/french-dairy-giant-buys-siggis-skyr/
A step nearer to a French dairy giantA step nearer to a French dairy giant
Sodiaals takeover bid for French dairy peer Entremont Alliance has stalled over the failure to reach agreement with the emmental makers banks over the servicing of the companys debts, a source close to the negotiations has told just-food. ...
https://www.just-food.com/tag/a-step-nearer-to-a-french-dairy-giant/
Explora I+D+i de la Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaExplora I+D+i de la Universitat Politècnica de València
Prenatal losses are a complex problem. Pregnancy requires orchestrated communication between the embryo and the uterus that includes secretions from the embryo to signal pregnancy recognition and secretion and remodelling from the uterine epithelium. Most of these losses are characterized by asynchronization between embryo and uterus. To better understand possible causes, an analysis was conducted of gene expression of a set of transcripts related to maternal recognition and establishment of rabbit pregnancy (uteroglobin, SCGB1A1; integrin 1, ITGA1; interferon-, IFNG; vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) in oviduct and uterine tissue at 16, 72 or 144 h post-ovulation and insemination. In the oviduct tissue, a significant decrease in the level of SCGB1A1 mRNA expression was observed from 144 h post-ovulation. In the case of ITGA1, the transcript abundance was initially lower, but mRNA expression increased significantly at 72 and 144 h post-ovulation. For IFNG, a huge decrease was observed ...
https://aplicat.upv.es/exploraupv/ficha-publicacion/publicacion/284619
A Splice Mutation in the Gene Causes High Glycogen Content and Low Meat Quality in Pig Skeletal Muscle | proLékaře.czA Splice Mutation in the Gene Causes High Glycogen Content and Low Meat Quality in Pig Skeletal Muscle | proLékaře.cz
1. HuZL, ParkCA, WuXL, ReecyJM (2013) Animal QTLdb: an improved database tool for livestock animal QTL/association data dissemination in the post-genome era. Nucleic Acids Research 41: D871-D879.. 2. RenJ, MaoH, ZhangZ, XiaoS, DingN, et al. (2011) A 6-bp deletion in the TYRP1 gene causes the brown colouration phenotype in Chinese indigenous pigs. Heredity (Edinb) 106: 862-868.. 3. RubinCJ, ZodyMC, ErikssonJ, MeadowsJR, SherwoodE, et al. (2010) Whole-genome resequencing reveals loci under selection during chicken domestication. Nature 464: 587-591.. 4. RubinCJ, MegensHJ, Martinez BarrioA, MaqboolK, SayyabS, et al. (2012) Strong signatures of selection in the domestic pig genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: 19529-19536.. 5. AnderssonL, GeorgesM (2004) Domestic-animal genomics: deciphering the genetics of complex traits. Nat Rev Genet 5: 202-212.. 6. GeorgesM (2007) Mapping, fine Mapping, and molecular dissection of quantitative trait loci in domestic animals. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 8: ...
https://www.prolekare.cz/casopisy/plos-genetics/2014-10/a-splice-mutation-in-the-gene-causes-high-glycogen-content-and-low-meat-quality-in-pig-skeletal-muscle-54728
Swine pox in Nigeria | IslandScholarSwine pox in Nigeria | IslandScholar
An outbreak of swine pox on a pig farm in Ibadan, Nigeria is reported. Diagnosis was based on clinical and pathological signs and the observation of poxvirus particles in a serum sample. Neonatal deaths were common in the outbreak. Indigenous pigs did not show any sign of the disease even though mixed breeds were kept in the same pens. It is suggested that indigenous pigs were probably carriers of the swine pox virus.. ...
http://www.islandscholar.ca/islandora/object/ir:ir-batch6-3473
Most recent papers with the keyword sperm antibodies | Read by QxMDMost recent papers with the keyword sperm antibodies | Read by QxMD
Cation channels of sperm (CatSper) are sperm-specific calcium channels with identified roles in the regulation of sperm function in humans, mice, and horses. We sought to employ a comparative genomics approach to identify conserved CATSPER genes in the bovine genome, and profile their expression in reproductive tissue. We hypothesized that CATSPER proteins expressed in bull testicular tissue mediates sperm hyperactivation and their rheotactic response in the reproductive tract of the cow. Bioinformatic analysis identified all four known CATSPER genes (CATSPER 1-4) in the bovine genome, and profiling by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction identified site-specific variation in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression for all four genes along the reproductive tract of the bull ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/54174
Embattled French dairy chief breaks silence over salmonella scareEmbattled French dairy chief breaks silence over salmonella scare
Paris: The chief executive of Frances Lactalis group on Sunday vowed compensation for victims of salmonella-tainted baby milk as he revealed that recalls were now underway in 83 countries. ...
http://www.millenniumpost.in/world/embattled-french-dairy-chief-breaks-silence-over-salmonella-scare-279703
Culture and cytology for young maiden mare...yay or nay? - Chronicle ForumsCulture and cytology for young maiden mare...yay or nay? - Chronicle Forums
You can definitely culture/treat/breed on the same cycle. It does depend upon the turn-around time of the culture (if the cytology is positive), but in our practice we do our own cultures and antibiotic sensitivities. If the cytology is negative (which should NOT be a send out test, you should have results within a few minutes) then away you go with breeding. Remember that you can breed a mare that has an infection and still treat her AFTER breeding. In fact, you can treat up to 3 days post-ovulation and usually that is enough time to clear the infection. We most commonly treat and breed on the same cycle and the pregnancy rate is excellent (as long as there isnt something else going on ...
https://www.chronofhorse.com/forum/forum/discussion-forums/sport-horse-breeding/224402-culture-and-cytology-for-young-maiden-mare-yay-or-nay?391322-Culture-and-cytology-for-young-maiden-mare-yay-or-nay=
Dienekes Anthropology Blog: Artificial selection in dairy cattleDienekes Anthropology Blog: Artificial selection in dairy cattle
Dairy cattle breeds have been subjected over the last fifty years to intense artificial selection towards improvement of milk production traits. In this study, we performed a whole genome scan for differentiation using 42,486 SNPs in the three major French dairy cattle breeds (Holstein, Normande and Montbéliarde) to identify the main physiological pathways and regions which were affected by this selection. After analyzing the population structure, we estimated FST within and across the three breeds for each SNP under a pure drift model. We further considered two different strategies to evaluate the effect of selection at the genome level. First, smoothing FST values over each chromosome with a local variable bandwidth kernel estimator allowed identifying 13 highly significant regions subjected to strong and/or recent positive selection. Some of them contained genes within which causal variants with strong effect on milk production traits (GHR) or coloration (MC1R) have already been reported. To ...
http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2009/08/artificial-selection-in-dairy-cattle.html?showComment=1250718554899
Get PDF - Studies on serum transferrin types of German Black Pied cattle (DDR). 3. Relationships between serum transferrin...Get PDF - Studies on serum transferrin types of German Black Pied cattle (DDR). 3. Relationships between serum transferrin...
Busch, B., 1969: Studies on serum transferrin types of German Black Pied cattle (DDR). 3. Relationships between serum transferrin types and milk performance traits
https://eurekamag.com/research/017/166/017166436.php
Cloperastine hydrochloride 14984-68-0 Chemical Safety Info Safety InfoCloperastine hydrochloride 14984-68-0 Chemical Safety Info Safety Info
Cloperastine hydrochloride 14984-68-0 safety info, Cloperastine hydrochloride chemical safety search, Chemical Cloperastine hydrochloride safety technical specifications ect.
http://www.molbase.com/en/safetyinfo_14984-68-0-moldata-56300.html
Natural genetic variation caused by small insertions and deletions in the human genomeNatural genetic variation caused by small insertions and deletions in the human genome
Human genetic variation is expected to play a central role in personalized medicine. Yet only a fraction of the natural genetic variation that is harbored by humans has been discovered to date. Here we report almost 2 million small insertions and deletions (INDELs) that range from 1 bp to 10,000 bp …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21460062/
About Cellulitis - PIERO CRABAIAbout Cellulitis - PIERO CRABAI
Cellulite is made up of normal fat cells trapped in lymphatic liquid and fibrous tissue.. This alteration of the fatty layer under the skin often affects young and older women and manifests itself with an excess of fat in the areas of the thigh, abdomen and hips. In many cases, the height to weight ratio is perfectly normal.. The well-defined, cellulite masses can be painful and can vary in size during the mentrual cycle.. The skin, puckered on the surface, looks like orange peel.. Cellulite can appear in people who are physically very active. Therefore, it is obvious that doctors who treat cellulitis should not consider the calorie intake/calorie burning ratio as they would in cases of obesity.. The root of the problem may be found in the imbalance of hormone production: patients with cellulitis complain of irregular menstrual cycles and a period of post-ovulation with symptoms associated with hyperfolliculinia characterized by a weight gain of approximately 2 kg, discomfort, anzxiety, ...
http://crabaisurgery.com/about-cellulitis/
Click to printClick to print
We can see from these ideas that our individual constitution and its tendencies must be considered in the evolution our Yoga practice.. A group of students could present a myriad of combinations when considered from an Āyurveda viewpoint. Therefore in proposing a practice we must consider the person as the primary focus rather than the technique or posture.. It is difficult to say that a particular practice suits all conditions or individuals. We can see that for some people a particular practice may aggravate a particular principle and therefore add to an already existing imbalance. Or the same practice at certain times may disturb rather than support.. For example for some female students I have proposed four different practices according to the phases of the monthly menstrual cycle. We have the pre-ovulation, the post-ovulation, the pre-menstrual and the menstrual aspects of the monthly rhythm each with their own characteristics and impact on the way that we experience our inner and outer ...
http://www.yogastudies.org/2011/05/ayurveda-yoga-a-series-on-ayurveda-by-paul-harvey-part-five-of-twelve/
Lactalis to widen baby milk recall again | Food Industry News | just-foodLactalis to widen baby milk recall again | Food Industry News | just-food
Embattled French dairy group Lactalis is to extend the recall of products from its Craon factory in north-west France that is implicated in a salmonella outbreak that has engulfed the worlds number three dairy group and a number of the countrys retailers. related to Baby food, Health & wellness, Lactalis,
https://www.just-food.com/news/update-lactalis-to-widen-baby-milk-salmonella-recall-again_id138496.aspx
Stéphane Vidry - Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia - Universitat Rovira i Virgili - Tarragona - SpainStéphane Vidry - Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia - Universitat Rovira i Virgili - Tarragona - Spain
Dr. Stéphane Vidry is Senior Scientific Project Manager with ILSI Europe. Having joined ILSI Europe in 2006, he is in charge of the coordination of ILSI Europe scientific Portfolio and was the coordinator of the European Commission-funded project BRAFO (Benefit Risk Assessment for Foods). He has a wide experience in project management especially in the field of risk-benefit assessment of foods and in the field of nutrition and health. Prior to joining ILSI Europe, Dr Vidry worked for 3 years for a French dairy company, focusing on dairy active peptides before joining as scientific project manager the European Commissions Joint Research Centre (Seville, Spain). Dr Vidry obtained a PhD in food sciences (specialty in nutrition) at the University of Sciences of Montpellier, France.. ...
http://www.ceics.eu/stephane-vidry
Lactalis: Baby milk powder could have been infected with salmonella for 13 years - CNNLactalis: Baby milk powder could have been infected with salmonella for 13 years - CNN
A French dairy producer has admitted that the company may have been producing contaminated infant milk powder for well over a decade.
https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/02/health/lactalis-baby-milk-powder-salmonella-intl/index.html
Chocolate flan | CyberColloidsChocolate flan | CyberColloids
A basic chocolate flavour flan type dessert. A french dairy flan is a custard like product, different to English flan which is like a sponge ...
http://cybercolloids.net/information/technical-articles/chocolate-flan
Groupe Danone confident on 2009 | Beverage Industry News | just-drinksGroupe Danone confident on 2009 | Beverage Industry News | just-drinks
Groupe Danone, the French dairy and water giant, has said that it expects to achieve above-market growth in all of its business sectors next year, despite worsening economic conditions. related to Water, Danone, Groupe Danone, Evian,
https://www.just-drinks.com/news/groupe-danone-confident-on-2009_id95470.aspx
South Africas Aspen to sell infant formula unit to Lactalis for $864 million | EuronewsSouth Africas Aspen to sell infant formula unit to Lactalis for $864 million | Euronews
JOHANNESBURG (Reuters) - Aspen Pharmacare |APNJ.J| is selling its global infant formula business to French dairy group Lactalis for 12.9 billion rand ($864.5 million), the
https://www.euronews.com/2018/09/13/south-africas-aspen-to-sell-infant-formula-unit-to-lactalis-for-864-million
Determination of genetic associations between indels in 11 candidate genes and milk composition traits in Chinese Holstein...Determination of genetic associations between indels in 11 candidate genes and milk composition traits in Chinese Holstein...
We have previously identified 11 promising candidate genes for milk composition traits by resequencing the whole genomes of 8 Holstein bulls with extremely high and low estimated breeding values for milk protein and fat percentages (high and low groups), including FCGR2B, CENPE, RETSAT, ACSBG2, NFKB2, TBC1D1, NLK, MAP3K1, SLC30A2, ANGPT1 and UGDH those contained 25 indels between high and low groups. In this study, the purpose was to further examine whether these candidates have significant genetic effects on milk protein and fat traits. With PCR product sequencing, 13 indels identified by whole genome resequencing were successfully genotyped. With association analysis in 769 Chinese Holstein cows, we found that the indel in FCGR2B was significantly associated with milk yield, protein yield and protein percentage (P = 0.0041 to 0.0297); five indels in CENPE and one indel in MAP3K1 were markedly relevant to milk yield, fat yield and protein yield (P | 0.0001 to 0.0073); polymorphism in RETSAT was
https://bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12863-019-0751-y
The use of electrochemically activated saline as a uterine instillation in pony maresThe use of electrochemically activated saline as a uterine instillation in pony mares
ABSTRACT. Twelve pony mares were randomly assigned to either a control or a treatment group and inseminated with fresh, raw semen from a single stallion of known fertility in a cross-over trial design. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasound 12-14 days post-ovulation and then terminated by administration of a luteolytic dose of cloprostenol. Treatment mares received a uterine instillation of 100 ml of electrochemically activated (ECA) saline 4-12 hours post-insemination. Control mares received no treatment post-insemination. Per cycle pregnancy rate was 58.3 % in the control group and 50 % in the treatment group. There was no statistical difference (P = 1.000) in pregnancy rate between the 2 groups. The principles of ECA and applications of ECA saline are discussed.. Key words: electrochemical, endometritis, fresh semen, mare, saline. ...
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1019-91282008000100009&lng=en&nrm=iso
A Phase 3 Study Comparing Oral Ixazomib Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone Versus Placebo Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone...A Phase 3 Study Comparing Oral Ixazomib Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone Versus Placebo Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone...
If they were of childbearing potential must have: had a negative pregnancy test with a sensitivity of at least 25 mIU/mL within 10 to 14 days and again within 24 hours prior to starting Cycle 1 of lenalidomide; either agreed to practice true abstinence, when this was in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the participant. (Periodic abstinence [eg, calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, post-ovulation methods] and withdrawal were not acceptable methods of contraception.) OR begun 2 reliable methods of birth control (1 highly effective method and 1 additional effective method) at the same time, at least 28 days before starting study treatment through 90 days after the last dose of study treatment; and agreed to ongoing pregnancy testing AND must have also adhered to the guidelines of the RevAssist program (US participants), RevAid program (Canadian participants), iAccess program (Australian participants), RevMate program (Japanese participants) or The Lenalidomide Pregnancy Risk ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01564537?term=multiple+myeloma&recr=Open&cond=multiple+myeloma&rank=11
Study of Repeated Administration of a 200-mcg Dose of IPP-201101 Plus Standard of Care in Patients With Systemic Lupus...Study of Repeated Administration of a 200-mcg Dose of IPP-201101 Plus Standard of Care in Patients With Systemic Lupus...
Women must be surgically sterile, 2 years postmenopausal, or, if of childbearing potential, use a highly effective method of contraception, Men and their partner must have highly effective accepted method of contraception. Single barrier/Double barrier and spermicides are not acceptable methods of contraception. Highly effective methods of contraception include, true abstinence, intrauterine device (IUD), or hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation (oral, transdermal, implanted, and injected), intrauterine hormone-releasing system (IUS), bilateral tubal occlusion, vasectomised partner. True abstinence is defined when this is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject. [Periodic abstinence (e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, post-ovulation methods), declaration of abstinence for the duration of a trial, and withdrawal are not acceptable methods of contraception ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03427151
Murcielago : genomics Holstein bullsMurcielago : genomics Holstein bulls
Murcielago is one of our genomics Holstein bulls with registration number IT019991821891 and pedigree PACKARD x JEDI x COMMANDER.
https://www.intermizoo.com/holstein/murcielago
Plus itPlus it
Phenotypes within species are not fixed and instead have significant levels of natural genetic variation that distinguishes individuals. This includes traits ranging from development and metabolism to pathogen resistance, with selection often maintaining the underlying genetic variation (Hopper, 1999; Veening et al., 2008). Understanding the molecular and genetic basis of complex quantitative traits is an important goal in genetics with wide-ranging ramifications across the scientific community. Unfortunately, this effort is complicated by the fact that most phenotypic variation is quantitative and polygenic with at least binary interactions with the environment, development, and second site genetic variation. This variation is further complicated by higher-order interaction among these factors (Falconer and Mackay, 1996; Lynch and Walsh, 1998; Wentzell and Kliebenstein, 2008). Thus, there is a desire to begin identifying the molecular systems controlling these interactions, likely requiring ...
http://www.plantcell.org/content/23/2/471
Capuchins ( Cebus apella ) fail to show an asymmetric dominance effect | SpringerLinkCapuchins ( Cebus apella ) fail to show an asymmetric dominance effect | SpringerLink
The asymmetric dominance effect (ADE) occurs when the introduction of a partially dominated decoy option increases the choice share of its dominating alter
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10071-016-1055-5?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2f391dee-2fd8-46c7-97f6-14c806bbadf9
AID 476833 - Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as effect on hematocrit at 50 mg/kg, po administered 5 times per week for 2 weeks...AID 476833 - Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as effect on hematocrit at 50 mg/kg, po administered 5 times per week for 2 weeks...
BioAssay record AID 476833 submitted by ChEMBL: Toxicity in FVB mouse assessed as effect on hematocrit at 50 mg/kg, po administered 5 times per week for 2 weeks measured during test.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/476833
Association of polymorphism of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene with milk production traits in Chinese HolsteinAssociation of polymorphism of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene with milk production traits in Chinese Holstein
QIU-LING, Li et al. Association of polymorphism of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene with milk production traits in Chinese Holstein. S. Afr. j. anim. sci. [online]. 2010, vol.40, n.2. ISSN 2221-4062.. Protein degradation in bovine milk affects the quality of dairy products. Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) can protect vulnerable elastic tissues from degradation by neutrophil elastase. The aim of this study was to assess the association of polymorphisms in bovine AAT gene with milk yield and milk composition in Chinese Holstein. Traits analyzed were fat percentage, protein percentage, 305-day milk yield and somatic cell score (SCS). Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), created restriction site-polymerase chain reaction (CRS-PCR) and allele specific-polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) methods were used to genotype five loci in coding regions of the sequence, including position 5504, 5609, 5624, 5747 and 8178 in Chinese Holstein. The five mutations were all silent ...
http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0375-15892010000200003&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en
Variance components and correlations of female fertility traits in Chinese Holstein population | Journal of Animal Science and...Variance components and correlations of female fertility traits in Chinese Holstein population | Journal of Animal Science and...
This study investigated the relationships among parities and variance components in each parity for female fertility traits in Chinese Holsteins. In addition, the present study estimated genetic and phenotypic correlations between heifer traits and between cow traits. The results obtained from the present study will be useful for genetic evaluations in dairy cattle breeding programs, particularly for developing a routine genetic evaluation system for female fertility traits in Chinese Holstein population.. The average performances of fertility traits in the present study were similar to those of other populations in general [6, 12, 22]. It was also observed that all the fertility performances of heifers were better than those of cows, consistent with previous studies [23]. The differences in the reproductive physiology between maiden heifers and cows could be caused by first calving and the negative energy balance resulting from high milk yield [13]. In addition, the larger amount of censored ...
https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40104-017-0189-x
Genome-wide association study identifies loci linked to serum electrolyte traits in Chinese Holstein cattle - Forskning -...Genome-wide association study identifies loci linked to serum electrolyte traits in Chinese Holstein cattle - Forskning -...
We aimed to identify QTL for serum electrolyte traits by performing a GWAS of calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium and magnesium ion concentrations in Chinese Holstein cattle. We detected five SNPs that had significant associations with calcium ion concentrations and identified GATA2 from Bos taurus chromosome (BTA)22 as having the highest significance. Among the genes with significant results, we speculate that TMEM123 might be related to calcium channel proteins according to the functions of the TMEM family. ...
https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/genomewide-association-study-identifies-loci-linked-to-serum-electrolyte-traits-in-chinese-holstein-cattle
Swollen Scent Gland - BinkyBunny.com - House Rabbit Information Forum - BinkyBunny.com - BINKYBUNNY FORUMS - HOUSE RABBIT Q & ASwollen Scent Gland - BinkyBunny.com - House Rabbit Information Forum - BinkyBunny.com - BINKYBUNNY FORUMS - HOUSE RABBIT Q & A
This is my first bunny! Shes been with me for a little more then 2 months now Today I noticed that my bun smelled pretty bad so I checked her scent glands and noticed some crustation around the area. I cleaned it with warm water and notice that o...
https://www.binkybunny.com/FORUM/tabid/54/aft/101084/Default.aspx
Pot bellied Holstein bull calf | Cattle Forum - Your Online Cattle Resource and CommunityPot bellied Holstein bull calf | Cattle Forum - Your Online Cattle Resource and Community
I have a 5 week old calf just got over scouts, started eating grain but is now pot bellied I have been giving him two scoops of rumor medicated milk...
https://www.cattleforum.com/threads/pot-bellied-holstein-bull-calf.604/
Genomic Prediction Including SNP-Specific Variance Predictors | G3: Genes | Genomes | GeneticsGenomic Prediction Including SNP-Specific Variance Predictors | G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
The Genetics Society of America (GSA), founded in 1931, is the professional membership organization for scientific researchers and educators in the field of genetics. Our members work to advance knowledge in the basic mechanisms of inheritance, from the molecular to the population level.. Online ISSN: 2160-1836. ...
https://www.g3journal.org/content/early/2019/08/29/g3.119.400381.article-info?versioned=true
About Ausline Cattle BreedAbout Ausline Cattle Breed
About Ausline Cattle the Breed, Ausline Cattle Association incorporates the Redline Cattle Association | goals of a realistic, viable, small, not miniature, breed of cattle
http://auslinecattle.com.au/our-background/history-ausline-cattle/
Detection of genetic association and functional polymorphisms of UGDH affecting milk production trait in Chinese Holstein...Detection of genetic association and functional polymorphisms of UGDH affecting milk production trait in Chinese Holstein...
In this study, we provide a strong evidence for the significant associations of UGDH, with 2 milk production traits in a Chinese Holstein cattle population. Moreover, we demonstrated that the SNPs Ex1-1 and Ex11-1 in exonic regions of UGDH are two functional polymorphisms in which A allele of SNP Ex1-1 and T allele of SNP Ex11-1 cause lower expression level of UGDH compared with the G and C allele respectively. Together, our findings not only confirmed our early finding that a QTL located in the 1.5-Mb region between BMS483 and MNB-209 for milk yield and protein yield[14], but also strongly suggest that the SNPs Ex1-1 and Ex11-1 in UGDH might be QTN responsible for this QTL.. Previously, we mapped a QTL near BMS470 with effects on milk production traits with daughter design using 14 microsatellites on bovine chromosome 6 in a Chinese Holstein population involving 26 paternal half-sib families with 2356 daughters[8, 9]. By increasing the marker density with 17 microsatellite markers spanning from ...
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-13-590
Association of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase with milk protein concentration in the Chinese Holstein population<...Association of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase with milk protein concentration in the Chinese Holstein population<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Association of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase with milk protein concentration in the Chinese Holstein population. AU - Li, Cong. AU - Cai, Wentao. AU - Liu, Shuli. AU - Zhou, Chenghao. AU - Cao, Mingyue. AU - Yin, Hongwei. AU - Sun, Dongxiao. AU - Zhang, Shengli. AU - Loor, Juan J.. N1 - Funding Information: This study was supported by the Young Talent Fund of University Association for Science and Technology in Shaanxi, China (20170202), the Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province, China (2018ZDCXL-NY-01-05), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2452018126), and Ph.D research start-up foundation of Northwest A&F University (2452016203). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2020 by Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. PY - 2020/11. Y1 - 2020/11. N2 - Objective: An initial RNA-Sequencing study revealed that UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE) was one of the most promising candidates for milk protein concentration in Chinese Holstein cattle. ...
https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/association-of-udp-galactose-4-epimerase-with-milk-protein-concen
The effects of dietary protein on reproduction in pony maresThe effects of dietary protein on reproduction in pony mares
Three levels of dietary crude protein (8.6, 11.4, and 17.2) were fed to 24 pony mares to determine the effects on the estrous cycle, conception rate, and serum progesterone concentrations. Mares were allotted into three treatment groups designated as low protein (LP), medium protein (MP), and high protein (HP). Following estrous synchronization with progesterone and prostaglandin F₂∞, dietary protein at the levels investigated, did not affect (P ,.05) estrous synchronization, length of estrus, the number of days to ovulation, or the number of inseminations per conception. Conception rate following two cycles tended (P, .05) to be higher in the MP (87%) group than the LP (50%) or HP {57%) fed groups. Serum progesterone concentrations were affected (P ,.05) by diet with levels of 6.5±.8, 7.9±.8, and 10.3±.8 ng/ml progesterone (least squares means±SE) in the LP, MP, and HP fed groups respectively. Serum progesterone on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 post-ovulation tended (P =.12) to be higher in ...
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/zg64tp75f
Natural Genetic Variation in Transcriptome Reflects Network Structure by Sergey Nuzhdin, Jennifer A. Brisson et al.Natural Genetic Variation in Transcriptome Reflects Network Structure by Sergey Nuzhdin, Jennifer A. Brisson et al.
Background: A molecular process based genotype-to-phenotype map will ultimately enable us to predict how genetic variation among individuals results in phenotypic alterations. Building such a map is, however, far from straightforward. It requires understanding how molecular variation reshapes developmental and metabolic networks, and how the functional state of these networks modifies phenotypes in genotype specific way. We focus on the latter problem by describing genetic variation in transcript levels of genes in the InR/TOR pathway among 72 Drosophila melanogaster genotypes. Results: We observe tight co-variance in transcript levels of genes not known to influence each other through direct transcriptional control. We summarize transcriptome variation with factor analyses, and observe strong co-variance of gene expression within the dFOXO-branch and within the TOR-branch of the pathway. Finally, we investigate whether major axes of transcriptome variation shape phenotypes expected to be influenced
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscifacpub/15/
Sheep Breeds in the Best of the Web DirectorySheep Breeds in the Best of the Web Directory
Need conveniently organized info about Sheep Breeds ? Discover Best of the Webs top-rated listings. From the corporate boardroom and Wall Street to the commercial enterprises of retailing, banking services and other means of production, youll find comprehensive websites from every economic discipline.
https://botw.org/top/Business/Business_to_Business/Agriculture/Livestock/Sheep/Breeds/
Effects of Concentrate Source (Cottonseed vs. Barley)on Milk Performance and Fatty Acids Profile of Holstein-Friesian Dairy CowsEffects of Concentrate Source (Cottonseed vs. Barley)on Milk Performance and Fatty Acids Profile of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cows
Milk performance (protein and fat content) and milk fatty acids (FA) profile of dairy cows under supplementation with two sources of concentrate, oilseeds (C, cottonseed) at two levels, low (5kg DM/cow/day) and high (7 kg DM/cow/day), and cereal grains (B, barley) at high rate (7 kg DM/cow/day), were studied in three herds (n=36) of spring calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (200 days in milk). Animals were randomly assigned to one of three indoors (n=12) silage feeding regimes (C5, C7 and B7), using a TMR (total mixed ration) basal diet, containing 70-80% silage (grass: maize, 36: 64) and 30-20% concentrate. Daily milk yield (MY) was higher (P|0.001) at high level of supplementation (B7, 18.1andC7, 17.9 kg/cow/day, respectively) compared to low level (C5, 15.7 kg/cow/day), and dairy cows at the highest level of concentrate showed the highest (P|0.05) body weight (B7, 605 and C7, 598, respectively). Milk protein content was lower (P|0.05) in the high level of cottonseed (C7, 30.7 g/kg DM) than in the
http://ijas.iaurasht.ac.ir/article_514099.html
Scent gland constituents of the Middle American burrowing python, Loxocemus bicolor (Serpentes: Loxocemidae) : Zeitschrift für...Scent gland constituents of the Middle American burrowing python, Loxocemus bicolor (Serpentes: Loxocemidae) : Zeitschrift für...
Abstract:Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the scent gland secretions of male and female Middle American burrowing pythons (Loxocemus bicolor) revealed the presence of over 300 components including cholesterol, fatty acids, glyceryl monoalkyl ethers, and alcohols. The fatty acids, over 100 of which were identified, constitute most of the compounds in the secretions and show the greatest structural diversity. They include saturated and unsaturated, unbranched and mono-, di-, and trimethyl-branched compounds ranging in carbon-chain length from 13 to 24. The glyceryl monoethers possess saturated or unsaturated, straight or methyl-branched alkyl chains ranging in carbon-chain length from 13 to 24. Alcohols, which have not previously been reported from the scent glands, possess straight, chiefly saturated carbon chains ranging in length from 13 to 24. Sex or individual differences in secretion composition were not observed. Compounds in the scent gland secretions of L. bicolor may deter
https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znc.2017.72.issue-7-8/znc-2017-0006/znc-2017-0006.xml
Contribution to the study of the determinism of fanning for ventilation, and with scent gland exposed, in honeybeesContribution to the study of the determinism of fanning for ventilation, and with scent gland exposed, in honeybees
Peoc' h, R., 1984: Contribution to the study of the determinism of fanning for ventilation, and with scent gland exposed, in honeybees
https://eurekamag.com/research/001/554/001554159.php
Buša cattle - WikipediaBuša cattle - Wikipedia
The Buša cattle (or also Busha; Bos brachyeros europeus) is a small native breed of cattle with numerous strains found throughout southern parts of former Yugoslavia (Dinaric Alps). It belongs to the group of the shorthorn cattle. The animals are unicoloured brown. They are small: the height at the withers is 100-110 cm. Cows weigh 180-250 kg, and bulls weigh c. 300 kg. Buša heifers are backward; they become sexually mature only with two years. The calves are very small: their birth weight is about 15 kg. The breeds fertility is between 85 and 90%. Females stay fertile until an age of twelve years. The life span of the animal is about twenty years. Bušas are used as draft animals, and for beef and milk production. Although their work capacity is modest, the animals are disease-resistant, well-adapted to harsh climate, and require little food. The milk performance is 700-800 l per annum. The milk contains about 4-6% milk fat. Bušas and their cross breeds are widespread over the former ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%A1a_cattle
Quadricuspid pulmonary valve with likely associated pro | Open-iQuadricuspid pulmonary valve with likely associated pro | Open-i
Quadricuspid pulmonary valve with likely associated prominance of the main pulmonary artery. MPA prominence may be due to component of pulmonic stenosis and re
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=MPX1650_synpic55943&req=4
Rowan Purelife British Sheep Breeds Boucle Yarn - 223 Detailed Description at Jimmy Beans WoolRowan Purelife British Sheep Breeds Boucle Yarn - 223 Detailed Description at Jimmy Beans Wool
Rowan Purelife British Sheep Breeds Boucle Yarn - 223 - Detailed Description. Rowan Purelife British Sheep Breeds Boucle Yarn - 223 is available now at Jimmy Beans Wool with Free U.S. Flat Rate shipping for orders over $75, $4 U.S. Flat Rate shipping on all other orders!
https://www.jimmybeanswool.com/knitting/yarn/Rowan/PurelifeBritishSheepBreedsBoucle.asp?showLarge=true&specPCVID=29496&fullDescription
Emory scientists develop new map of genetic variation in human genome | EurekAlert! Science NewsEmory scientists develop new map of genetic variation in human genome | EurekAlert! Science News
Scientists have identified and created a map of more than 400,000 insertions and deletions (INDELs) in the human genome that signal a little-explored type of genetic difference among individuals. INDELS are an alternative form of natural genetic variation that differs from the much-studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Both types of variation are likely to have a major impact on human health and susceptibility to disease.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/euhs-esd080806.php
Carolina Investigations® for Use with AP® Biology: Natural Selection 8-Station Kit | Carolina.comCarolina Investigations® for Use with AP® Biology: Natural Selection 8-Station Kit | Carolina.com
Product Highlights Investigate natural genetic variation leading to variable survival rates in brine shrimp Connected to Unit 7: Natural Selection, topics 7.2: Natural Selection and 7.3: Artificial Selection Addresses content in Enduring Understanding EVO-1
https://www.carolina.com/carolina-investigations-kits/natural-selection-8-station-kit-for-ap-biology/747520.pr
Dolan Sheep - The Most Expensive Sheep Breed in the WorldDolan Sheep - The Most Expensive Sheep Breed in the World
Dolan sheep are a very rare breed that apparently sells for up to $2 million in China. Buyers are sheep breeding millionaires who want the Dolan for a pet
https://www.odditycentral.com/funny/worlds-most-expensive-sheep-is-worth-over-2-million.html
heyheysilly: Happy National Cat Day!heyheysilly: Happy National Cat Day!
Cats rub against people not only to be affectionate but also to mark out its territory with scent glands around its face. The tail area and paws also carry the cats scent :) ...
http://www.heyheysilly.com/2014/10/happy-national-cat-day.html
Deer Glands: What Do They All Do? - Grand View OutdoorsDeer Glands: What Do They All Do? - Grand View Outdoors
Whitetail bucks have seven different scent glands that could be important to you as a hunter. Do you know where they are and what they do?
https://www.grandviewoutdoors.com/big-game-hunting/deer-glands-what-do-they-all-do/
Mutated Micropigs Will Soon Be Sold as Pets | Gizmodo UKMutated Micropigs Will Soon Be Sold as Pets | Gizmodo UK
Micropigs, genetically modified miniature swine that started out as lab-experiment creations, are now being sold as desirable animal accessories in China. |a href=http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/10/mutated-micropigs-will-soon-be-sold-as-pets/|Read more |||/a|
http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2015/10/mutated-micropigs-will-soon-be-sold-as-pets/
Mongolian gerbilMongolian gerbil
"Newly Established Low Seizure Susceptible and Seizure-Prone Inbred Strains of Mongolian Gerbil". Experimental Animals. 52 (2): ... Eleven of these animals were subsequently sent to Tumblebrook Farm in the USA, with additional animals later sent to Charles ... "Animal Health Center Vets in Valdosta, GA". Animal Health Center Vets in Valdosta, GA. Retrieved 3 June 2018. "Gerbil FAQ". ... The animal is used in science and kept as a small house pet. Their use in science dates back to the latter half of the 19th ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_gerbil
Obligate parasiteObligate parasite
Effects of Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata on exploratory behaviour of an inbred mouse strain. Laboratory Animal ... Kilner, R. M., & Davies, N. B. (1999). How selfish is a cuckoo chick? Animal Behaviour 58:797-808. Sledge, M.F., Dani, F.R., ... Obligate parasitism is exhibited in a range of organisms, with examples in viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They ... Poulin, R. (1995) "Adaptive" changes in the behaviour of parasitized animals: A critical review. International Journal for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_parasite
Murine respirovirusMurine respirovirus
Therefore, the strains that were isolated from animals a few decades ago and went through multiple passages in eggs are less ... Parker JC, Whiteman MD, Richter CB (January 1978). "Susceptibility of inbred and outbred mouse strains to Sendai virus and ... All Sendai virus strains belong to the same serotype. The origin of many strains of SeV was described in 1978. Some strains ... Another strain is Tianjin strain, isolated in China in 2008. One of these strains was used for creation of replication ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_respirovirus
Laboratory Syrian hamsterLaboratory Syrian hamster
Several inbred strains of hamsters have been developed as animal models for human forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. The gene ... In 2014 in the United States, animal research used about 120,000 hamsters, which was 14.6% of the total research animal use ( ... of the total animal research participants in the United States covered by the Animal Welfare Act. Since 1972 the use of ... which is of interest in the study of animal behavior. Scientific studies of animal welfare concerning captive golden hamsters ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_Syrian_hamster
Skin graftingSkin grafting
... animals of a single inbred strain; isograft or syngraft). Allogeneic: The donor and recipient are of the same species (human→ ... Two layers of skin created from animal sources has been found to be useful in venous leg ulcers. Grafts can be classified by ... "Healing Animals With Fish Skins". UC Davis. September 17, 2018. Barret-Nerin, Juan; Herndon, David N. (2004). Principles and ... When grafts are taken from other animals, they are known as heterografts or xenografts. By definition, they are temporary ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_grafting
Michael FestingMichael Festing
He has written books cataloguing laboratory animals, including International Index of Laboratory Animals and Inbred Strains in ... He is one of 19 members of the UK's Animal Procedures Committee, which advises the Home Secretary on matters related to animal ... Nonetheless, Festing has been criticized by the animal rights movement for his investment in companies that engage in animal ... the use of animals in medical experiments in the UK. Festing is the author of over 200 scientific papers on laboratory animal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Festing
HeterosisHeterosis
... is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness. Selective breeding of plants and animals, ... But overdominance implies that yields on an inbred strain should decrease as inbred strains are selected for the performance of ... Inbreeding depression is the loss of fitness due to loss of genetic diversity. Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for ... It attributes the poor performance of inbred strains to loss of genetic diversity, with the strains becoming purely homozygous ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosis
FVB mouseFVB mouse
FVB is an albino, inbred laboratory mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B. This strain ... Some sudden deaths are observed in younger animals, but most die at 15 months or older. Two years is a common life expectancy ... A derivative strain called sighted FVB was developed from this strain via backcrossing. The full name of this strain is FVB. ... 1991). FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 88(6 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FVB_mouse
Nippostrongylus brasiliensisNippostrongylus brasiliensis
The availability of inbred and mutant mouse strains can be advantageous when examining the genetic basis of murine ... Animal models of N. brasiliensis infections can lead to a better understanding of the basic biology of the immune response and ... This worm is a widely studied parasite due to its simple lifecycle and its ability to be used in animal models. Its lifecycle ... Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosmoides polygyrus. Current Protocols in Immunology Chapter 19. Lisa M. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippostrongylus_brasiliensis
Biobreeding ratBiobreeding rat
Like the NOD mice, BB rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of ... One in Worcester, Massachusetts, has been inbred and known as BBDP/Wor and another one in Ottawa, Canada, an outbred strain ... Biobreeding rat also known as the BB or BBDP rat is an inbred laboratory rat strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune Type ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobreeding_rat
Peter L. HurdPeter L. Hurd
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral differences between inbred mouse strains. Genes, Brain & Behavior 4: 318-323. Hurd PL, ... Animal Behaviour 56: 749--753. Hurd, PL; Enquist, M. 2001. Threat display in birds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 931-942. ... Animal Behaviour 70: 1155-1170. Hurd PL. 2006. Resource holding potential, subjective resource value, and game theoretical ... Many studies on both human, and non-human, animals suggest that inter-individual variation in adult aggressiveness is largely ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_L._Hurd
Tawny-bellied cotton ratTawny-bellied cotton rat
Other factors that make the species a desirable test subject are the existence of inbred strains, ease of handling, and ... This is an upgrade over the previous animal models of other small rodents and rabbits. Cotton rats combine the best traits of ... The degree of infection may be increased by altering the co-receptors on the animal's cells, which would improve the ... Ahi, Alwynelle S. (1982). "Evidence of use of vibrissae in swimming in Sigmodon fulviventer". Animal Behaviour. 30 (4): 1203- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny-bellied_cotton_rat
AlbinismAlbinism
Familiar albino animals include in-bred strains of laboratory animals (rats, mice and rabbits), but populations of naturally ... This means some animals may die from UV radiation due to a lack of protection. Many animals with albinism lack their protective ... Examples of pet mammals artificially selected for albinism Intentionally bred albinistic strains of some animal species are ... Animals that show iridescence include mother of pearl seashells, fish, and peacocks. These are just a few examples of animals ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism
Laboratory ratLaboratory rat
Inbred strains are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has ... Like NOD mice, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops ... "Rat Genome", Nature Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin Index of Inbred Rat Strains database, Jacskson Laboratory ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rat
Mouse Models of Human Cancer databaseMouse Models of Human Cancer database
The first inbred strain, DBA (dilute brown agouti), was developed in 1909. Among the earliest references to the use of inbred ... of the animals having mammary gland carcinomas. MMHCdb provides search tools and displays to show the tumor frequencies of ... Inbred mouse strains are the result of at least 20 generations of successive brother/sister matings which lead to a population ... Inbred strains of mice allow researchers to investigate the role that genetics plays in cancer susceptibility and treatment ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_Models_of_Human_Cancer_database
House mouseHouse mouse
Laboratory mice typically belong to standardized inbred strains selected for the stability or clarity of specific harmful ... Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 44 (4): 46-8. PMID ... resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression increases ... However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months, even though they do not hibernate.) The pups are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_mouse
Jeffrey MogilJeffrey Mogil
In 1999, they showed that different inbred strains of mice displayed very different pain sensitivity. Chief among these ... "Lab Animals Stressed Out by Men, Study Finds". April 29, 2014. Ohikuare, Judith (2014-04-30). "Male Scientists' Threat to the ... Responses of 11 inbred mouse strains on 12 measures of nociception". Pain. 80 (1): 67-82. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00197-3. ... "Genetic sensitivity to hot-plate nociception in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred mouse strains: possible sex-specific mediation by δ2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Mogil
Abbie LathropAbbie Lathrop
Abbie E. C. Lathrop (1868 - 1918) was a rodent fancier who bred fancy mice and inbred strains for animal models, particularly ... Lathrop began developing inbred strains around 1910. Loeb and Lathrop performed experiments at her farm and the pair authored ... his own DBA strain was probably derived from her partially inbred silver fawn mice. Karin Knorr Cetina wrote in 2009 that at ... Black 6 became the most frequently used strain of laboratory mouse. While Little patronizingly called Lathrop a "talented pet- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Lathrop
GAERSGAERS
... a fully inbred strain of rats, with 100% of animals displaying the EEG and behavioral characteristics of absence seizures, ... The development of two inbred strains from the same initial colony has appeared as a very powerful tool to study the possible ... a strain of non epileptic control animals selected from the same initial breeding colony of Wistar rats and called the NEC. ... These seizures were recorded on both sides of the brain, lasted about 20 sec and occurred when the animals were quiet. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAERS
Arion circumscriptusArion circumscriptus
... reproduces predominantly by self-fertilization, leading to inbred genetic strains, but the presence of ... Few individuals were found above ground over the dry summer months, but otherwise immature animals of a wide range of sizes ... In late summer and autumn many immature animals were already of adult mass. The life cycle was predominantly annual, but some ... However, in other regions of Europe where these slugs more often outcross there was evidence of hybridization between strains, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion_circumscriptus
UteroglobinUteroglobin
... human genetic data might suggest that the effect may be indirect Uteroglobin knockout mice on the inbred 129 strain appear to ... Putative functions are: Immunomodulation Progesterone binding: weak in some animals, especially weak in humans. (Note: UGB is ... The uteroglobulin knockout mice on the inbred C57Bl6 strain develop Goodpasture's syndrome like glomerulopathy due to ... However contrary to the animal model claims, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uteroglobin
List of MeSH codes (B01)List of MeSH codes (B01)
... animals, congenic MeSH B01.050.199.040.500 - mice, congenic MeSH B01.050.199.520 - animals, inbred strains MeSH B01.050.199.520 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.157.520.300 - mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.157.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.157.520.338 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.157.760.080 - rats, inbred aci MeSH B01.050.157.760.090 - rats, inbred bb MeSH B01.050.157.760.110 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.300 - mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(B01)
LineLine
... a geological term Inbred line, either of: Inbred strain or linear organisms, model organisms that are nearly genetically ... identical and are used in laboratories Products of line breeding, a technique in animal and plant agriculture and horticulture ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line
Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research CenterAlexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center
Its main activity is the reproduction and maintenance of mice stocks either of inbred strains or genetically engineered mice, ... Fleming's Animal house (certified with ISO 9001) provides husbandry of animals and services to the biomedical research ... The Animal House has a capacity to house more than 20,000 mice and is currently the largest Mouse Unit in Greece in terms of ... Fleming operates its own Animal House, which can house up to 20,000 mice and has its own complete mouse histopathology unit. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming_Biomedical_Sciences_Research_Center
InbreedingInbreeding
Laboratory animalsEdit. Systematic inbreeding and maintenance of inbred strains of laboratory mice and rats is of great ... Although there are several examples of inbred populations of wild animals, the negative consequences of this inbreeding are ... 2006). "Selection and Inbreeding Depression: Effects of Inbreeding Rate and Inbreeding Environment". Evolution. 60 (5): 1014- ... The use of inbred strains is also important for genetic studies in animal models, for example to distinguish genetic from ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_breeding
Animal testingAnimal testing
... and worms are inbred through many generations to create strains with defined characteristics. These provide animals of a known ... Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in ... Animals and Animal Products. Code of Federal Regulations. Vol. 1 (1 January 2008). "Animal Testing and the Law - Animal Legal ... 2004). What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. "EU statistics show decline in animal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing
Animal testing on rodentsAnimal testing on rodents
In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the overwhelming majority of studies, while the human population is heterogeneous ... Animal Testing Animal model BALB/c C57BL/6 Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer Preclinical imaging Rat Park ... What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195161960. ... Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Animal Model of Disease from Animal Research Organization. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_on_rodents
National Institute of Nutrition, HyderabadNational Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
NCLAS also came into the limelight due to the WNIN/Ob obese rat strain which is the heaviest inbred rat model available. It has ... The National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (to be integrated into the National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical ... Management and Experimentation using laboratory animals in biomedical research. It started as a unit called Laboratory Animal ... Genome Valley National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research Central Drugs Standard Control Organization Bhargava, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Nutrition,_Hyderabad
Model organismModel organism
... inbred mouse strain and the systematic generation of other inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a model ... Animals in space Animal testing Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on rodents Cellular model (numerical), e.g., ... In the U.S., the Animal Welfare Act of 1970 (see also Laboratory Animal Welfare Act) set standards for animal use and care in ... Animal models serving in research may have an existing, inbred or induced disease or injury that is similar to a human ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism
LenapeLenape
... animal teeth, and claws. The women often wore headbands of dyed deer hair or wampum. They painted their skin skirts or ... The practice effectively prevented inbreeding, even among individuals whose kinship was obscure or unknown. This means that a ... and western militia were frequently strained. The tensions were worsened by the American government's policy of recruiting some ... beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be killed easily. Other methods of hunting ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Lenape
Pembiakbakaan terpilih Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebasPembiakbakaan terpilih Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Dual disease resistance in a selectively bred eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, strain tested in Chesapeake Bay. ... Genetic trends in growth, sexual maturity and skeletal deformations, and rate of inbreeding in a breeding programme for rainbow ... 69-71 Animals in Translation]. New York, New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8. ... Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis. Aquaculture, 117: 71-76 ...
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiakbakaan_terpilih
Y chromosomeY chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes (allosomes) in mammals, including humans, and many other animals. The other is ... A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". Science. 156 (3774): ... List of Y-STR markers. *Muller's ratchet. *Single nucleotide polymorphism. *Y chromosome Short Tandem Repeat (STR) ... when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome
DachshundDachshund
"Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ... Inbreeding depression[edit]. Factors influencing the litter size of puppies and the proportion of stillborn puppies per litter ... which place greater strain on the vertebrae. About 20-25% of dachshunds will develop IVDD.[41] ... "Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daschund
Arabian horseArabian horse
There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[90][91] Therefore, many Arabian horses ... Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). Types and Breeds of Farm Animals. Ginn.. *. Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad ... inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.[131] By the late ... held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse
Channel catfishChannel catfish
in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm strains of relevance to the aquaculture of this species. For ... "Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 August 2010.. ... Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals.[16] ... https://animals.net/channel-catfish/ *^ https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/freshwater-fish-of-america/channel_catfish.html#:~:text= ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_catfish
Bombyx moriBombyx mori
Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide.[10] One useful development for the silk industry ... If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon and through the pupal phase of its lifecycle, it releases ... Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described.[citation needed] ... These changes have made the domesticated strains entirely dependent upon humans for survival.[19] The eggs are kept in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm
Nordic raceNordic race
He suggests that the Nordic type emerged as a result of a mixture of "the Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded ... "birds can be taught to talk better than other animals is explained by the fact that their mouths are Nordic in structure." He ... was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_suicide
NeurogeneticsNeurogenetics
By identifying specific genetic markers for the genes of interest in a recombinant inbred strain, the amount of interaction ... These animals are then classically conditioned to perform certain types of tasks, such as pulling a lever in order to gain a ... Throughout the animal kingdom, varying styles, types and levels of aggression can be observed leading scientists to believe ... researchers are able to use animal subjects such as mice and rats, but also fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish,[19][20] to try ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenetic
Genetic purgingGenetic purging
It is also important in animal breeding and, of course, in conservation genetics, because inbreeding depression may be a ... A new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of ... In brief, Due to purging, inbreeding depression is not proportional to the standard measure of inbreeding (Wright's inbreeding ... Predictive equations when inbreeding is due to small population size[edit]. Consider a large non-inbred population with mean ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_purging
Genes, Brain and BehaviorGenes, Brain and Behavior
"Sociability and preference for social novelty in five inbred strains: An approach to assess autistic-like behavior in mice". ... and leading to ethical problems because of the unnecessary use of live animals for flawed studies. These standards are ... Academic Search and Academic Search Premier Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews CSA Animal Behavior Abstracts CSA Biological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genes,_Brain_and_Behavior
Natural killer cellNatural killer cell
In early experiments on cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells, both in cancer patients and animal models, ... several strains of mice (including BALB/c mice) and in three common monkey species.[4][5] ... "Antigenicity of carcinogen-induced and spontaneous tumours in inbred mice". British Journal of Cancer. 20 (4): 831-7. doi ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell
MaizeMaize
Since the 1940s the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized ... However, little of this maize is consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize ... The maize plant is often 3 m (10 ft) in height,[28] though some natural strains can grow 13 m (43 ft).[29] The stem is commonly ... Individual knobs are polymorphic among strains of both maize and teosinte. Barbara McClintock used these knob markers to ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize
Laboratory ratLaboratory rat
Inbred strains are also available but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. ... Like NOD mice, Biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... Index of Inbred Rat Strains database, Jacskson Laboratory. *Rat Model Summary database, Knock Out Rat Consortium (archived copy ... Biobreeding diabetes-prone rat (a.k.a. biobreeding rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_rat
Holstein Friesian cattleHolstein Friesian cattle
CIV, France, a tradition of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry and environment. Civ-viande.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-03. ... Inbreeding was not tolerated, and (distinct) families never arose, although differences in soil in different localities ... The Frisii bred the same strain of cattle unadulterated for 2000 years, except from accidental circumstances. In 1282, floods ... Low, David (1845) On the Domesticated Animals of the British Islands: Comprehending the Natural and Economical History of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Friesian
WalleyeWalleye
Cena, Christopher J; George E. Morgan; Michael D. Malette; Daniel D. Heath (2006). "Inbreeding, Outbreeding and Environmental ... although open-water reef or shoal-spawning strains are seen, as well. Some populations are known to spawn on sand or vegetation ... similar to that of lions and other nocturnal animals. This "eyeshine" is the result of a light-gathering layer in the eyes ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye
Natural selectionNatural selection
In sexual selection, a female animal making a choice of mate may be argued to be intending to get the best mate; there is no ... new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs.[88] This is an evolutionary arms race, in ... "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution". Proceedings of the VI International Congress of ... But Aristotle rejected this possibility in the next paragraph, making clear that he is talking about the development of animals ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
Rezus makakRezus makak
str. 320. ISBN 0-521-79109-X. .. *^ Bilger, B. (20. 4. 2009). "The Natural World, Swamp Things". The New Yorker. str. 80. ... University of Michigan Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web: Macaca mulatta. *Macaca mulatta Genome Archived 2019-01-18 na ... "Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: whose choice?" (PDF). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90 (3): 335-44. doi:10.1002/ajpa. ... str. 97-164. Pristupljeno 5. 1. 2016.. *^ a b Jiang Xue-long; Wang Ying-xiang and Ma Shi-lai (1991). "Taxonomic revision and ...
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezus_makak
Molecular ecologyMolecular ecology
Inbreeding depression[edit]. Inbreeding depression is the reduced fitness and survival of offspring from closely related ... This stems from the fact that many microorganisms are not easily obtainable as cultured strains in the laboratory, which would ... the study of animal behavior in relation to its ecology and evolutionary history. One behavior that molecular data has helped ... And the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis suggests individuals disperse to decrease inbreeding. Studying these hypotheses can be ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_ecology
Selfish genetic elementSelfish genetic element
The P element is typically present only in wild strains, and not in lab strains of D. melanogaster, as the latter were ... Both plant and animal hosts have evolved means for reducing the fitness impact of TEs, both by directly silencing them and by ... A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". Science. 156 (3774): ... This is particularly a problem when breeders try to cross two different strains to create a new hybrid strain. One way to avoid ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_gene
Iberian lynxIberian lynx
"Animal Diversity Web.. *^ Palomares, Francisco; Godoy, Jose Antonio; Lopez-Bao, Jose Vicente (2012). "Possible Extinction ... Difficulty in finding mates has led to more inbreeding, which results in fewer kittens and a greater rate of non-traumatic ... it was reported that wildlife officials were concerned about the spread of a new strain of the hemorraghic disease, affecting ... The Iberian lynx is smaller than its northern relatives, and typically hunts smaller animals, usually no larger than hares. It ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Lynx
DefensinDefensin
doi:10.1016/j.str.2018.10.022. PMID 30554841.. *^ a b Whittington CM, Papenfuss AT, Bansal P, Torres AM, Wong ES, Deakin JE, et ... In animals, they are produced by cells of the innate immune system and epithelial cells, whereas in plants and fungi they are ... DLPs is involved in signalling to detect if self-pollination has occurred and induce self-incompatibility to prevent inbreeding ... Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate[1] and invertebrate[2] animals, ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin
HymenopteraHymenoptera
Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee, and wasp species. Diploid biparental males are usually ... In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda ... Another consequence is that hymenopterans may be more resistant to the deleterious effects of inbreeding. As males are haploid ... which helps to maintain heterozygosity and avoid inbreeding depression. Species that display central fusion with reduced ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera
Group selectionGroup selection
The naturalist Konrad Lorenz had argued loosely in books like On Aggression (1966) that animal behavior patterns were "for the ... However, this can lead to inbreeding depression,[47] which typically lowers the overall fitness of a population. However, if ... Rauch, E. M.; Sayama, H.; Bar-Yam, Y. (2003). "Dynamics and genealogy of strains in spatially extended host-pathogen models". ... In the 1930s, R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane proposed the concept of kin selection, arguing that animals should sacrifice for ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection
Hybrid (biology)Hybrid (biology)
Animal and plant breeding[edit]. From the point of view of animal and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed ... Among insects, so-called killer bees were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both ... Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line.[6] Triple cross hybrids result from the ... Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. II, p. 125. *^ Spicer, J. W. G. 1854. Note on hybrid gallinaceous ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific_breeding
Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thaliana
Thousands of natural inbred accessions of A. thaliana have been collected from throughout its natural and introduced range.[15] ... Having specialized as a spring ephemeral, it has been used to found several laboratory strains that take about six weeks from ... "There Are Plants and Animals on the Moon Now (Because of China)". Space.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.. ... syringae pv tomato strain DC3000. Recognition of avrRpt2 by RPS2 occurs via the guardee protein RIN4, which is cleaved . ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana
Genetically modified cropsGenetically modified crops
Typically, the seed company maintains two inbred varieties and crosses them into a hybrid strain that is then sold. Related ... Animal feed[162]. US. 2005. Approval withdrawn in 2007[163] and then re-approved in 2011[164]. ... One of these was isolated from an Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate.[123][124] The CP4 ... Many strains of corn have been developed in recent years to combat the spread of Maize dwarf mosaic virus, a costly virus that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgenic_plant
MutationMutation
doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.11.008. PMID 19141283.. *^ Bowmaker JK (May 1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye. 12 ... Carroll SB, Grenier JK, Weatherbee SD (2005). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (2nd ... the maintenance of outcrossing sexual reproduction as opposed to inbreeding[70] and the evolution of sex and genetic ... The distinction is also blurred in those animals that reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, because the cells ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation
Combinations of Nondiabetic Parental Genomes Elicit Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Mouse SMXA Recombinant Inbred Strains |...Combinations of Nondiabetic Parental Genomes Elicit Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Mouse SMXA Recombinant Inbred Strains |...
Animals.. Male mice of parental (SM/J, A/J) strains, (SM/J × A/J)F1 mice, and 19 SMXA RI strains were obtained from The ... Recombinant inbred (RI) strains are derived by inbreeding different sets of F2 progeny from a cross between two inbred strains ... Festing MF: Origins and characteristics of inbred strains of mice. In Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse. ... Belknap JK: Effect of within-strain sample size on QTL detection and mapping using recombinant inbred mouse strains. Behav ...
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/52/1/180
A potential animal model for studying CF heterozygote advantage: Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride...A potential animal model for studying CF heterozygote advantage: Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride...
T2 - Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride currents among inbred strains of mice ... Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride currents among inbred strains of mice. ... from various inbred strains of mice. We found lower theophylline-induced Cl- secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J ... from various inbred strains of mice. We found lower theophylline-induced Cl- secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J ...
https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-potential-animal-model-for-studying-cf-heterozygote-advantage-g-2
Stress-induced changes attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2...Stress-induced changes attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2...
Restraint stress has been associated with an enhanced probability of survival during influenza infection in this strain of ... viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of ... attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2 inbred mouse strain J ... viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8071431/?dopt=Abstract
Multi-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculusMulti-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculus
... and in most cases underwent extensive domestication before inbreeding. Thus, the behavioral repertoire of the … ... Many aspects of mouse behavior have been studied by using only a relatively small sample of available laboratory strains. These ... Multi-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculus Mamm Genome. 2000 Aug;11 ... The results show great diversity of behavioral patterns between strains in contrast to less within-strain variability. We also ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10920237/?dopt=Abstract
Effects of housing density in five inbred strains of mice. - PubMed - NCBIEffects of housing density in five inbred strains of mice. - PubMed - NCBI
N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ... Effects of housing density in five inbred strains of mice.. Morgan JL1, Svenson KL1, Lake JP1, Zhang W1, Stearns TM1, Marion MA ... N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ... N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658028?dopt=Abstract
A General Bayesian Approach to Analyzing Diallel Crosses of Inbred Strains | GeneticsA General Bayesian Approach to Analyzing Diallel Crosses of Inbred Strains | Genetics
This diallel had no inbred animals. Posterior distributions for parameters relating to inbreeding (collected in the rightmost ... "inbreed.overall"; B) and strain-specific effects of additive genetics ("additive"; a), inbreeding ("inbreed"; b), and parent-of ... implies that the inbred penalty is constant across strains. Modeling heterosis, either as an inbred or a dominance effect, ... If we considered mother strain j and father strain k to be independent draws from a pool of J strains, and gender of the ...
https://www.genetics.org/content/190/2/413
Inbred strain - WikipediaInbred strain - Wikipedia
Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which ... Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences ... Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available, where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is ... "History of inbred strains". isogenic.info. Retrieved 2017-11-30. Dixon LK (1993). "Use of recombinant inbred strains to map ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbred_strain
Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains | ScienceHemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains | Science
Chemical clues to the earliest animal fossils. *. Working Life. Afraid to fail? Reach out ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ...
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/143/3603/252
Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 4th Edition | Laboratory Animal Medicine | Veterinary Medicine | Subjects | WileyPathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 4th Edition | Laboratory Animal Medicine | Veterinary Medicine | Subjects | Wiley
... laboratory animal veterinarians, students, and others interested in these species. The standard reference on the pathogenesis ... Common Inbred Strains, 3. Genomic Considerations for the Pathologist, 4. Anatomic Features, 5 ... He has over 20 years of experience in laboratory animal pathology.. Dean H. Percy, DVM, MSc, PhD, Dipl. ACVP, is Professor ... He has over 40 years of experience in laboratory animal pathology.. Stephen M. Griffey, DVM, PhD, is Clinical Professor of ...
https://www.wiley.com/en-bb/Pathology+of+Laboratory+Rodents+and+Rabbits%2C+4th+Edition-p-9781118924044
Mice, Inbred Strains | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard CatalystMice, Inbred Strains | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation. ... Inbred Strains" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Mice, Inbred Strains" was a major or minor topic ... "Mice, Inbred Strains" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Mice, Inbred Strains" by people in Profiles. ...
https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Mice,%20Inbred%20Strains
Hematological parameters in the early phase of influenza A virus infection in differentially susceptible inbred mouse strains |...Hematological parameters in the early phase of influenza A virus infection in differentially susceptible inbred mouse strains |...
After anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine, a suspension of 2 × 103 focus forming units of the mouse-adapted IAV strain A/Puerto ... Hematological parameters have not received much attention in small animal models of infection, particularly at very early time ... Interestingly, it appears that even in the C57BL/6J strain, using approx. 10-12 animals per time point might suffice to study ... This is consistent with previous knowledge that hematological parameters may differ among inbred mouse strains [12] and lends ...
https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-015-1195-8
Mate Choice in Mus musculus Is Relative and Dependent on the Estrous StateMate Choice in Mus musculus Is Relative and Dependent on the Estrous State
Inbred strains Is the Subject Area "Inbred strains" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Animal signaling and communication Is the Subject Area "Animal signaling and communication" applicable to this article? Yes. No ... Domestic animals Is the Subject Area "Domestic animals" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Animal behavior Is the Subject Area "Animal behavior" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066064
Genotype-dependent consequences of traumatic stress in four inbred mouse strains - Szklarczyk - 2012 - Genes, Brain and...Genotype-dependent consequences of traumatic stress in four inbred mouse strains - Szklarczyk - 2012 - Genes, Brain and...
Siegmund, A. & Wotjak, C.T. (2006) Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071, 324-334.. ... Strain differences in behavioral inhibition in a Go/No-go task demonstrated using 15 inbred mouse strains. Alcohol Clin Exp Res ... Schimanski, L.A., Ali, D.W., Baker, G.B. & Nguyen, P.V. (2007) Impaired hippocampal LTP in inbred mouse strains can be rescued ... Milner, L.C. & Crabbe, J.C. (2008) Three murine anxiety models: results from multiple inbred strain comparisons. Genes Brain ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-183X.2012.00850.x/references
Chapter 9. Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD - Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral...Chapter 9. Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD - Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral...
Animal Models. *. Inbred and Recombinant Inbred Strains of MICE. *. Congenic Strains. *. Other Species ... ASBMR (2008) Chapter 9. Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD, in Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470623992.ch9/summary?globalMessage=0&systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+usage+report+download+page+will+be+unavailable+on+Friday+24th+November+2017+at+21%3A00+EST+%2F+02.00+GMT+%2F+10%3A00+SGT+%28Saturday+25th+Nov+for+SGT+
2 Animal Environment, Housing, and Management | Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals | The National Academies...2 Animal Environment, Housing, and Management | Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals | The National Academies...
... the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has b... ... Genetic Monitoring of Inbred Strains of Rats. New York: Gustav ... Animal Environment, Housing, and Management: A respected resource for decades, ... Rules for the nomenclature of inbred strains. Pp.368-372 in Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse, M. C. Green. ... Noise produced by animals and animal care activities is inherent in the operation of an animal facility (Pfaff and Stecker 1976 ...
https://www.nap.edu/read/5140/chapter/4
Great Variety, Impeccable Health StatusGreat Variety, Impeccable Health Status
Mice repository offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry, a high percentage of which are ... Active strain donation program imports hundreds of new strains annually. Unsurpassed animal health. All JAX® Mice colonies are ... The Jackson Laboratory offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry. ... Moreover, among our selected 50 most popular strains, 38 (~ 75%) are available from opportunistic pathogen-free rooms. No other ...
https://www.jax.org/jax-mice-and-services/find-and-order-jax-mice/why-jax-mice/variety-and-highest-health-level
Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent...Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent...
In the past 15 yr, different kinds of MPP have been established in plants and animals, such as nested association mapping ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ...
http://www.g3journal.org/content/8/2/599
Patent US7115368 - Diagnosis and treatment of cancer using mammalian pellino polypeptides and ... - Google PatentsPatent US7115368 - Diagnosis and treatment of cancer using mammalian pellino polypeptides and ... - Google Patents
An inbred strain of mice (e.g., BALB/C mice) or rabbits is immunized with the protein using a standard adjuvant, such as ... cancer-free animals. A control sample can also be obtained from normal tissue from the animal that has cancer or is suspected ... without removal from the animal. Typically, a "biological sample" will contain cells from the animal, but the term can also ... methods of enhancing the ability of an animals immune system to destroy cancer cells within the animal. Numerous such methods ...
http://www.google.com/patents/US7115368?dq=7222078
the feminist critique of sciencethe feminist critique of science
animals (inbred strains of , mice). Selecting one sex was simply one more method for removing , confounding variables, and male ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/womenbio/1995-September/002967.html
MGI-Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat StrainsMGI-Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains
Traditionally, recombinant inbred (RI) strains are formed by crossing animals of two inbred strains, followed by 20 or more ... 4. Strains Made from Multiple Inbred Strains. 4.1 Recombinant Inbred Strains. 4.2 Collaborative Cross Strains. 4.3 Mixed Inbred ... 4.3 Mixed Inbred Strains. Incipient inbred stocks or inbred strains that are derived from up to three parental strains (one of ... 3. Inbred Strains and Hybrids. 3.1 Definition 3.2 Nomenclature of Inbred Strains. 3.3 Indication of Inbreeding 3.4 Substrains. ...
http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/nomen/strains.shtml
MGI - Inbred Strains: SWVMGI - Inbred Strains: SWV
Inbred Strains of Mice: SWV. SWV Inbr (Bc) 73. Albino: A,c, plus unknown dilution gene. Origin: Outbred animals from Defense ... INBRED STRAINS OF MICE. Updated 9 Apr. 1998. Michael FW Festing. MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building,. University of ... Animal Depot, Univ. Brit. Columbia. Inbreeding started in 1959. Develops nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with a progressive and ... Hackman R. M. and Hurley L. S. (1983) Interaction of dietary zinc, genetic strain, and acetazolamide in teratogenesis in mice. ...
http://www.informatics.jax.org/inbred_strains/mouse/docs/SWV.shtml
DNA variation and brain region-specific expression profiles exhibit different relationships between inbred mouse strains:...DNA variation and brain region-specific expression profiles exhibit different relationships between inbred mouse strains:...
Animals. Seven-week-old male inbred mice were received from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) (A/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/ ... because the genealogy and DNA-level variation across different strains are well known. We investigated whether inbred strains ... Relationships of inbred mouse strains. (a) A phylogenetic tree based on the fraction of allelic differences across 12,473 loci ... Atchley WR, Fitch W: Genetic affinities of inbred mouse strains of uncertain origin. Mol Biol Evol. 1993, 10: 1150-1169.PubMed ...
https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2007-8-2-r25
Complexes of myo-Inositol-Hexakisphosphate (IP6) with Zinc or Lanthanum for the Decorporation of Radiocesium. | AMERICAN...Complexes of myo-Inositol-Hexakisphosphate (IP6) with Zinc or Lanthanum for the Decorporation of Radiocesium. | AMERICAN...
Administration, Oral; Adsorption; Animals; Calcium; Cesium Radioisotopes; Lanthanum; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Phytic ...
https://www.americanelements.com/research/complexes-of-myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate-ip6-with-zinc-or-lanthanum-for-the-decorporation-of
The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on dural venous pressure in young rats.The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on dural venous pressure in young rats.
Rats, Inbred Strains. Rest. Venous Pressure*. Grant Support. ID/Acronym/Agency: //Wellcome Trust ... Animals. Animals, Newborn. Cerebrospinal Fluid / metabolism. Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure*. Dura Mater / blood supply*. Rats. ... 16484409 - Recording csf pressure with a transducer-tipped wire in an animal model of chiari i.. 239519 - Ventricular fluid ... It is concluded that drainage of CSF into the sinuses is greatly restricted in young animals.. ...
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/effect-cerebrospinal-fluid-pressure-dural/2738629.html
X-ray diffraction evidence of collagen molecular packing and cross-linking in fibrils of rat tendon observed by synchrotron...X-ray diffraction evidence of collagen molecular packing and cross-linking in fibrils of rat tendon observed by synchrotron...
Animals. Collagen / analysis*. Female. Hydrogen-Ion Concentration. Macromolecular Substances. Rats. Rats, Inbred Strains. Tail ...
http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/X-ray-diffraction-evidence-collagen/7188356.html
Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison | bioRxivGermline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison | bioRxiv
Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison. View ORCID ProfileCorey T ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ...
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/631754v1.article-info
Areas of research - Animal Reproduction - The University of SydneyAreas of research - Animal Reproduction - The University of Sydney
Comparison of the reproductive performance, lactation and growth of the Inbred Mouse Strains QSi3 and QSi5. This project ... Animal and human artificial breeding and IVF centres rely on semen analysis to determine the fertilising potential of males. ... This project is a collaboration between the Animal Reproduction Group, Taronga Zoo and various other zoological parks in the ... This work is part of a collaboration between the Animal Reproduction Group and the Directorate General of Veterinary Services, ...
https://sydney.edu.au/vetscience/research/animal-reproduction/projects.shtml
Animal Experiments and AlternativesAnimal Experiments and Alternatives
Justifications for invasive experiments on animals rely on claims that such research is essential for the advancement of ... Loss of biological variability or predictivity resulting from the use of in-bred strains, young animals, restriction to single ... Genetically homogeneous (isogenic or inbred) or specified pathogen-free animal strains.  Screening raw data for obvious errors ... Alternative to Animal Experiment Mo... by Dr Jayant Rai 10242 views * Alternatives to animal screening me... by Vasaya ...
https://www.slideshare.net/AnimalConsultants/animal-experiments-and-alternatives
An Animal Model Using Metallic Ions to Produce Autoimmune NephritisAn Animal Model Using Metallic Ions to Produce Autoimmune Nephritis
... of animals, some of them with anti-DNA specificity. Furthermore, all animals treated with heavy metals developed toxic ... To accomplish our goal, the animals were treated with the following ionic metals: HgCl,sub,2,/sub,, CuSO,sub,4,/sub,, AgNO,sub, ... We used inbred Long-Evans strains to maintain homozygosis; therefore, we observed in this particular strain high sensitivity to ... Most of the animals displayed negative ANA titers at the beginning of the trial; however, all sera collected from animals ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2015/269610/
Mice, Inbred Strains - MeSH - NCBIMice, Inbred Strains - MeSH - NCBI
LaboratoryAnimals, Inbred StrainsMice, Inbred StrainsMice, HairlessMice, Inbred AMice, Inbred AKRMice, Inbred BALB CMice, ... Inbred mdxMice, Inbred CBAMice, Inbred CFTRMice, Inbred DBAMice, Inbred ICRMice, Inbred MRL lprMice, Inbred NODMice, Inbred NZB ... Inbred mdxMice, Inbred CBAMice, Inbred CFTRMice, Inbred DBAMice, Inbred ICRMice, Inbred MRL lprMice, Inbred NODMice, Inbred NZB ... Inbred StrainsCollaborative Cross MiceMice, 129 StrainMice, HairlessMice, Inbred AMice, Inbred AKRMice, Inbred BALB CMice, ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?Db=mesh&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22Mice,+Inbred+Strains%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D
C57BLRatsMultiple inbred mouse strainsCongenic StrainsBALBEight inbred strainsDifferencesGenesLociBehaviorPopulationsAged Inbred MiceGeneticsRodentsMusculusPhenotypesDifferentially susceptibleChromosomesSpeciesVariationParentalSusceptibilitySusceptibleHomozygousKnockoutCommonlyHumansSelectiveGenomeNomenclatureCrosses2018ChromosomePhysiologyHeterosisJackson LaboratoryExperimentsAntibody responseTransgenicSubspeciesInfectionGenerationsHeterozygoteMated to establishDifferIdenticalGenotypeInfectionsExperimentalModelsReproductiveOriginsLocusSignificantly
C57BL26
  • and two laboratory strains, C57BL/6 and DBA/1. (nih.gov)
  • We found lower theophylline-induced Cl - secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J strain. (elsevier.com)
  • Their F 1 showed significantly higher levels of Cl - secretion than did the C57BL 6J parental strain while colonic segments from five recombinant inbred B × D lines ranged between the C57BL 6J and F 1 values. (elsevier.com)
  • Percent fat increased slightly in strains 129S1/SvImJ, A/J, and DBA/2J, but did not increase in strains BALB/cByJ, and C57BL/6J. (nih.gov)
  • For instance, DBA/2J mice have been shown to be highly susceptible to the mouse-adapted IAV strain PR8 (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [H1N1]), whereas C57BL/6J mice are relatively resistant, as evidenced by less weight loss, less severe lung pathology, and a lower viral load. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We find that significant changes in hematological parameters are first detected 18 h post infection (hpi) in DBA/2J and by 24 hpi in C57BL/6J mice, and are fully manifest in both strains by 48 hpi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Changes are consistently more pronounced in the more susceptible DBA/2J strain, whereas a procedure-related (mock treatment) effect, albeit mild, is observed in the C57BL/6J strain only. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hair loss due to over-grooming (hair nibbling, whisker-eating) has been observed at The Jackson Laboratory for many years among mice in the C57BL/6J and related strains, i.e. (jax.org)
  • Mice of the C57BL substrains are much more prone to hair loss than other strains and certain congenic histocompatibility strains are especially susceptible. (jax.org)
  • At The Jackson Laboratory the type of alopecia resulting from social interaction of the mice - over-grooming - is considered a normal characteristic of C57BL/6J and related mouse strains and no attempt is made to prevent distribution of such mice. (jax.org)
  • The first set of eight strains, the CXB family, were generated by Donald Bailey at the Jackson Laboratory from an intercross between a female BALB/cBy mouse (abbreviated C) and a male C57BL/6By mouse in the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
  • MMP-9 and TNF levels measured in this mouse strain were notably lower than those recorded in C57BL/6 mice and did not vary among treatment groups. (springer.com)
  • Previously, besides the considered Swiss Webster mice, only two inbred strains (C57Bl/6, DBA/2) were investigated for the presence of helminths in Brazil (Pinto et al. (scielo.br)
  • The group B was represented by the strains C57Bl/6, CBA, BALB/c and C3H/He, with 25 mice each. (scielo.br)
  • In the study regarding the prevalence of species, the strains C57Bl/6, C57Bl/10 and C3H/He showed high percentages (88-96%) for A. tetraptera , whereas BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H/He presented higher prevalence (80-100%) for S . obvelata , while the prevalence of V. nana was higher (92%) in the C3H/He strain. (scielo.br)
  • Thus, targeted disruption of the IFN- g gene in C57BL/6 mice causes these animals, which are otherwise resistant to infection with L. major , to become highly susceptible to these organisms (15,16). (scielo.br)
  • FVB/N zygotes survived well after injection, and transgenic animals were obtained with efficiencies similar to the F1 zygotes and much better than the C57BL/6J zygotes. (pnas.org)
  • I. 240 Male mice from the aggressive C57BL/I05 strain and non-aggressive A/J strain were subjected to temperatures of I8.3°C, 2I.I°C, 26.7°C, 32.2°C or 35°C for 24 hours. (brill.com)
  • Background- Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) exhibit marked differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility. (ahajournals.org)
  • A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous MUTATION (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. (bioportfolio.com)
  • We studied how space allowance affects measures of animal welfare in mice by systematically varying group size and cage type across three levels each in both males and females of two strains of mice (C57BL/6ByJ. (awionline.org)
  • the offspring of pregnant strain-A females fed galactoflavin only rarely have cleft palate, whereas offspring of treated DBA- and C57BL-females have moderately low to moderately high incidences of this anomaly. (aappublications.org)
  • Mice of the inbred C57Bl/6J strain displayed high variability in the antibody response of the IgG class to heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin. (elsevier.es)
  • Los ratones de la cepa consanguínea C57Bl/6J mostraron mucha variabilidad en la respuesta de anticuerpos de clase IgG contra la seroalbúmina bovina agregada por el calor. (elsevier.es)
  • therefore, one goal of this report was to find out if such differences occurred in mice of the C57Bl/6J inbred strain. (elsevier.es)
  • Male and female mice of the C57Bl/6J strain were purchased from Harlan Iberica (Barcelona, Spain). (elsevier.es)
Rats16
  • The genetic analysis of a multifactorial disease in experimental animals such as mice and rats is much more revealing than that of a similar disease in human subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Genetic crosses involving multiple inbred lines are hugely powerful for genetic experiments, but true inbred strains of mammals are rare outside of "model" rodents such as mice and rats. (g3journal.org)
  • Doses were chosen that reduced blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in TG(m REN 2)27 rats to values comparable to those measured in control animals. (ahajournals.org)
  • Between 1992 and 2000, 21papers 1-21 were published that used rats from inbred colonies in Melbourne and Tokyo thatwere believed to be of the Donryu (DRY) strain. (ahajournals.org)
  • These rats were thought tohave been the same strain as DRY used by Dr Tanase in early breedingexperiments in relation to blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). (ahajournals.org)
  • Recently, Dr Tanaseindicated that the animals supplied to Melbourne and Tokyo that had beenlabeled as DRY were instead likely to be F344 rats. (ahajournals.org)
  • Rodents are members of the order Rodentia, a large group of biologically similar animals that includes rats, mice, and beavers. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Two of these species, rats and mice, are the most commonly used animal models for aging research. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The range of animal models used in aging research is very wide and includes very small nematode worms ( Caenorhabditis elegans ), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, and chimpanzees. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Genetic (inbred) models of this disorder in rats have been used to examine mechanisms, comorbidities, and antiabsence drugs. (jneurosci.org)
  • To test this hypothesis, we used operant conditioning in male rats to determine whether outbred strains, Sprague Dawley and Long-Evans, and/or the inbred WAG/Rij strain (a rat model of heritable human absence epilepsy) could exercise voluntary control over these epileptiform events. (jneurosci.org)
  • We discovered that both inbred and outbred rats could shorten the duration of SWDs to obtain a reward. (jneurosci.org)
  • SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our evidence that inbred and outbred rats learn to control the duration of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) suggests a voluntary behavior with maintenance of consciousness. (jneurosci.org)
  • To investigate histological similarities and differences in PV cardiomyocyte localization and distribution, we performed comparative light and electron microscopic studies on humans, rats and mice, and generated a transgenic mouse strain. (medsci.org)
  • In all but the most restrictive use of the term (genus Mus ), the main distinction between mice and rats is a matter of size, with relatively smaller animals, perhaps 12 centimeters (5 inches) or less, considered as mice and similarly looking animals that are larger designated as rats. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • they have produced strains of mice, rats, and other animals that are so inbred as to be genetically identical. (pawpeds.com)
Multiple inbred mouse strains2
  • Because of the importance and potential power of eQTL studies in identifying regulatory networks, we analyzed gene expression patterns in different brain regions from multiple inbred mouse strains and investigated the implications for the design and analysis of eQTL studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report a detailed analysis of polymorphism distribution in multiple inbred mouse strains over a 4.8-megabase region containing a QTL influencing anxiety. (pnas.org)
Congenic Strains2
  • In addition to the albino FVB/N strain, pigmented congenic strains of FVB/N are being constructed. (pnas.org)
  • Genetic models we use include selectively bred mouse lines, panels of inbred strains, transgenic mice, knockout mice, recombinant inbred strains, and congenic strains. (ohsu.edu)
BALB4
  • In addition, targeted disruption of the IL-4 gene in BALB/c mice causes these animals, which are otherwise susceptible to infection with L. major , to become highly resistant to these organisms (19). (scielo.br)
  • However (and surprisingly), genetic disruption of the IL-4 gene of BALB/c mice can also generate animals that are as susceptible to infection with L. major as are wild-type conventional BALB/c mice (20). (scielo.br)
  • The reasons for this discrepancy depend on some circumstances such as infection with particular L. major sub-strains, due to the fact that IL-4 and/or IL-4 receptor signaling is not required to promote Th2 cell development and susceptibility in BALB/c mice (21). (scielo.br)
  • Three inbred strains with different origins were used, these were CPBs (Balb), CBA and C 57 Black. (brillonline.com)
Eight inbred strains1
  • However, sampling has so far been carried out at a low density: Wiltshire and colleagues ( 3 ) sequenced 2,600 evenly distributed loci at intervals of ≈1.1 megabases (Mb) in eight inbred strains. (pnas.org)
Differences13
  • The parental strains, SM/J and A/J, were nondiabetic, and the differences of the mean values of diabetes-related traits were small. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In contrast, an impaired glucose tolerance was observed in (SM × A)F1 mice, and marked differences in diabetes-related traits were observed in 19 SMXA RI strains. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences would be due to the single genetic change, or to a difference in environmental conditions between two individuals of the same strain, One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains are the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hematological differences between the strains were apparent even in untreated mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It should be borne in mind that genetic drift means that there may still be unknown genetic differences between individuals within strains. (jax.org)
  • Families of recombinant inbred strains numbering from 25 to 5000 are often used to map the locations of DNA sequence differences (quantitative trait loci) that contributed to differences in phenotype in model organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, based on the availableevidence that the purported DRY showed only minor differences from F344 andsignificant differences from authentic DRY, we conclude that the animalsdescribed as DRY in the listedpublications 1-21 were in fact inbred F344. (ahajournals.org)
  • Differences in susceptibility to infection with Fasciola hepatica between mouse strains. (springer.com)
  • There are large differences in life span between some species of animals. (britannica.com)
  • The biological significance, the origin and the genetical causation of differences in behaviour between inbred strains of mice have been studied. (brillonline.com)
  • A comparison of the behaviour of these strains showed the presence of differences in all aspects of the behaviour studied. (brillonline.com)
  • Heterosis is often discussed as the opposite of inbreeding depression although differences in these two concepts can be seen in evolutionary considerations such as the role of genetic variation or the effects of genetic drift in small populations on these concepts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, QTL mapping can be carried out by associating phenotypic variation in inbred strains with their strain distribution pattern (SDP) [ in silico mapping ( 8 )], where an SDP is the pattern of allelic similarities and differences among strains at a locus. (pnas.org)
Genes11
  • A hybrid between two inbred strains can be used to cancel out deleterious recessive genes resulting in an increase in the mentioned areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Few genes exhibited a significant strain-specific expression pattern, whereas a large number of genes exhibited brain region-specific patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The trees based on the expression of strain-specific genes were constant across brain regions and mirrored DNA-level variation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the trees based on region-specific genes exhibited a different set of strain relationships, depending on the brain region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An eQTL analysis showed enrichment of cis -acting regulators among strain-specific genes, whereas brain region-specific genes appear to be mainly regulated by trans -acting elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, we were interested in localizing regulatory elements of genes with either strain- or brain region-specific expression patterns by eQTL analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mice were infected with a wild-type strain of S. typhimurium, SMB500, which constitutively expresses the genes necessary for bioluminescent light production (41). (nih.gov)
  • This strain is as virulent as wild-type SL1344 in the mouse model and retains the bioluminescent genes in the mouse infection model (unpublished data). (nih.gov)
  • These animals carry no lethal genes and are extremely healthy in every way except one. (pawpeds.com)
  • This means that there are probably millions of genes, each coded for a specific antibody or cell surface receptor, in every adult animal. (pawpeds.com)
  • If both chromosomes of a cat or other animal have identical immune system gene segments, that animal has lost half of its potential antibody genes. (pawpeds.com)
Loci9
  • A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the potential utility of recombinant inbred strains in mapping analysis of complex polygenic traits was obvious from the outset, the small number of strains only made it feasible to map quantitative traits with very large effects (quasi-Mendelian loci). (wikipedia.org)
  • Somewhat larger families of recombinant inbred strains were generated concurrently by Benjamin Taylor to map Mendelian and other major effect loci. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 43 markers tested, thecomparisons were informative for 17 loci, for which the cross (derived fromauthentic DRY) and the purported DRY animals were identical at 7 andnonidentical at 10. (ahajournals.org)
  • The LXS panel has a genetic structure consistent with random segregation and subsequent fixation of alleles, the expected 3-4 × map expansion, a low level of nonsyntenic association among loci, and complete independence among all 77 strains. (deepdyve.com)
  • Genetic markers of the FVB/N strain have been analyzed for 44 loci that cover 15 chromosomes and were compared with those of commonly used inbred strains. (pnas.org)
  • It attributes the poor performance of inbred strains to loss of genetic diversity, with the strains becoming purely homozygous at many loci. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, it has been suggested that allelic strain distribution patterns also occur in well defined blocks and consequently could be used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) in comparisons between inbred strains. (pnas.org)
  • We have mapped three loci involved in outcome to this infection and have generated mice reciprocally congenic for these loci on several strains of mouse. (imgs.org)
Behavior9
  • Many aspects of mouse behavior have been studied by using only a relatively small sample of available laboratory strains. (nih.gov)
  • Another inherent problem in analyzing mouse behavior is that genetic diversity is limited among currently available strains. (nih.gov)
  • Is the Subject Area "Animal behavior" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
  • The over-grooming behavior is seen in other strains, but the frequency is usually very low. (jax.org)
  • Animal Behavior 14:44-49. (jax.org)
  • Animal Behavior 20:10-12. (jax.org)
  • The use of two different inbred strains in the same environment can also help determine the role of genetics in a given behavior. (sparknotes.com)
  • Here we argue that most animal behavior is not the result of clever learning algorithms-supervised or unsupervised-but is encoded in the genome. (nature.com)
  • The large size and complex behavior of nonhuman primates makes these animals especially expensive to maintain and study. (encyclopedia.com)
Populations6
  • Multiparent populations (MPP) have become popular resources for complex trait mapping because of their wider allelic diversity and larger population size compared with traditional two-way recombinant inbred (RI) strains. (g3journal.org)
  • With the need for more powerful resources, multiparent populations (MPP) ( de Koning and McIntyre 2017 ), a set of inbred lines using multiple lines as founders, can overcome the limitations of traditional RI lines and have become an innovative tool for fine quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. (g3journal.org)
  • Compared to human populations, genetic animal models offer the advantages of control over genetic family history and drug exposure. (frontiersin.org)
  • The inheritance of longevity in animal populations such as fruit flies and mice is determined by comparing the life tables of numerous inbred populations and some of their hybrids. (britannica.com)
  • The longevity of sample populations has been measured for more than 40 inbred strains of mice. (britannica.com)
  • however, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection , in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred populations. (wikipedia.org)
Aged Inbred Mice1
  • Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis in 30 Strains of Aged Inbred Mice. (harvard.edu)
Genetics5
  • Recombinant inbred strains are now widely used in systems genetics and to study gene-environment interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is the advatange of using inbred strains to study behavioral genetics? (sparknotes.com)
  • Monozygotic and dizygotic twins are used to study human behavioral genetics rather than individual and pairs of inbred strains, respectively. (sparknotes.com)
  • In addition, the availability of major histocompatibility (MHC)-defined X . laevis animal inbred strains, gynogenetic clones, and cell lines, coupled with a powerful and continuously improving reverse genetics approach provide the basic tools for addressing fundamental questions about the ontogeny and phylogeny of the immune system [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
  • Since then, studies in humans and animals have used complementary approaches to understand the genetics of alcohol use and dependence. (thefreelibrary.com)
Rodents1
  • Now in its fourth edition, Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits has become a standard text for veterinary pathologists, laboratory animal veterinarians, students, and others interested in these species. (wiley.com)
Musculus2
  • Two hundred and fifty Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) inbred mice from two animal houses in the State of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, were divided in two groups (A, B) according to their source. (scielo.br)
  • Studies of sequence variation between inbred strains of laboratory mice suggest that the distribution of polymorphisms has a mosaic structure of alternating segments of high and low frequency ( 1 - 3 ), consistent with descent of the most commonly used strains from a few subspecies, such as Mus musculus musculus ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
Phenotypes8
  • In this respect, the use of strains that are derived from a variety of wild mice should provide a means to identifying novel behavioral phenotypes. (nih.gov)
  • The diallel originated in animal and plant breeding as an extension of the idea that, from a breeding perspective, you should judge the value of an individual by the phenotypes of its offspring ( Christie and Shattuck 1992 and references therein). (genetics.org)
  • Breeding of inbred strains is often towards specific phenotypes of interest such as behavioural traits like alcohol preference or physical traits like aging, or they can be selected for traits that make them easier to use in experiments like being easy to use in transgenic experiments. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the key strengths of using inbred strains as a model is that strains are readily available for whatever study one is performing and that there are resources such as the Jackson Laboratory, and Flybase, where one can look up strains with specific phenotypes or genotypes from among inbred lines, recombinant lines, and coisogenic strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • As genotyping became progressively less expensive and more accurate the main advantage of using recombinant inbred strains and other genetic reference panels shifted to the ability to assemble massive and coherent databases on phenotypes (e.g., the GeneNetwork web service), and to use these coherent open-source data sets for large-scale collaborative research projects in predictive medicine and plant and animal research. (wikipedia.org)
  • All else being equal, the larger the family of recombinant inbred strains, the greater the power and resolution with which phenotypes can be mapped to chromosomal locations. (wikipedia.org)
  • We recently utilized the services of the OHSU transgenic core to replace a mutated gene with the common form of the same and demonstrated reversal of several methamphetamine-related phenotypes in animals with this single gene change. (ohsu.edu)
  • These congenic animals have phenotypes different from their wildtype parents. (imgs.org)
Differentially susceptible1
  • Inbred mice strains are differentially susceptible to malaria. (imgs.org)
Chromosomes4
  • A recombinant inbred strain (or recombinant inbred line) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromosomes of recombinant inbred strains typically consist of alternating haplotypes of highly variable length that are inherited intact from the parental strains. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the above example, an animal with two entirely different chromosomes can make two million different antibodies, each specific for one kind of infection. (pawpeds.com)
  • An animal that has identical (homozygous) immune system chromosomes can make one million different antibodies. (pawpeds.com)
Species14
  • Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animals should be housed with a goal of maximizing species-specific behaviors and minimizing stress-induced behaviors. (nap.edu)
  • The environment in which animals are maintained should be appropriate to the species, its life history, and its intended use. (nap.edu)
  • Expert advice might be sought for special requirements associated with the experiment or animal subject (for example, hazardous-agent use, behavioral studies, and immunocompromised animals, farm animals, and nontraditional laboratory species). (nap.edu)
  • Therefore, they should not be referred to by species name, but rather as laboratory mice or by use of a specific strain or stock name. (jax.org)
  • In addition, some recently developed laboratory mouse strains are derived wholly from other Mus species or other subspecies, such as M. spretus ). (jax.org)
  • Laboratory rat strains derive from the Rattus norvegicus species. (jax.org)
  • Another species, Rattus rattus , also is used as an experimental model, but has not contributed to the common laboratory rat strains. (jax.org)
  • Recent genome sequencing efforts have catalogued DNA-level variation between different species, strains, and individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L -gulonolactone oxidase activity differs among rodent species, among rat strains, and between sexes within rat strains (Jenness et al. (nap.edu)
  • As a result, for most nutrients, it is not currently possible to establish separate requirements for various stages of life for individual laboratory animal species. (nap.edu)
  • This notion has been supported by classical experiments which established that T cell-deficient mice rapidly succumb after inoculation with any one of several species of Leishmania , and that transfer of normal T cells confers resistance to the animals (1-3). (scielo.br)
  • Several preference tests with different animal species show that animals often have a preference for organically grown food. (orgprints.org)
  • However, the order Rodentia (phylum Chordata ) contains over 2,000 species and about 30 families (Myers 2000), many of which contain some animals that may be referred to as mice. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Variation10
  • For minimizing the variation of glucose tolerance in each strain, all mice were fed the high-carbohydrate diet and subjected to phenotypic and genetic analyses. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We present a general Bayesian model for analyzing diallel data on dioecious diploid inbred strains that cleanly decomposes the observed patterns of variation into biologically intuitive components, simultaneously models and accommodates outliers, and provides shrinkage estimates of effects that automatically incorporate uncertainty due to imbalance, missing data, and small sample size. (genetics.org)
  • The eight founder strains were predicted to represent ∼90% of the genetic variation presented in laboratory mice ( Threadgill and Churchill 2012 ). (g3journal.org)
  • We believe that inbred mouse strains offer an excellent model to study the relationship between DNA-level variation and variation in gene expression patterns, because the genealogy and DNA-level variation across different strains are well known. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We considered how global DNA-level variation correlates with gene expression pattern variation across five brain regions in six inbred mouse strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This project investigates the large phenotypic variation that exists between two mouse strains derived from common ancestors. (edu.au)
  • Body weight variation for the majority of animals was within +/- 20% of the sex mean. (europa.eu)
  • so inbred models with no genetic variation may preclude a complete understanding of the underlying genetic architecture. (g3journal.org)
  • Variation in anti- Trichinella responsiveness in inbred strains. (springer.com)
  • Investigation of sequence variation in common inbred mouse strains has revealed a segmented pattern in which regions of high and low variant density are intermixed. (pnas.org)
Parental1
  • Although the parental inbred strains-Inbred Long-Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short-Sleep (ISS)-were derived originally by selection from an 8-way heterogeneous stock selected for differential sensitivity to sedative effects of ethanol, the LXS panel is also segregating for many other traits. (deepdyve.com)
Susceptibility3
  • Among inbred mouse strains, varying susceptibility to STZ-induced diabetes has been reported. (hindawi.com)
  • The availability of numerous mouse strains that differ in susceptibility to atherosclerosis provides an experimental method for identifying the role of various cellular components in atherogenesis. (ahajournals.org)
  • In one case, a congenic animal carrying a locus predicted to encode susceptibility was much more resistant than even the "resistant" animal. (imgs.org)
Susceptible3
  • Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an inbred strain of type 1 diabetes [ 4 ], are extremely susceptible to β -cell destruction by STZ [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Two inbred rat strains have been selected: the BN/hsdCpb which is characterised by a relatively low fertility and the GK/mol, a model susceptible for the development of non-insulin dependant diabetes (diabetes type II). (orgprints.org)
  • Another congenic, for the char3 region on chromosome 17 displays a more resistant phenotype, despite the donor region coming from a susceptible animal. (imgs.org)
Homozygous2
  • Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for recessive alleles that are mildly harmful (or produce a trait that is undesirable from the standpoint of the breeder). (wikipedia.org)
  • This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein DYSTROPHIN, have high serum levels of muscle ENZYMES, and possess histological lesions similar to human MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. (bioportfolio.com)
Knockout1
  • Moreover, there are many well-characterized inbred and knockout mouse strains available ( 18 ). (asm.org)
Commonly3
  • Thus, the present findings ratify those reported for these strains, as well as complement the evaluation of worm burden in the other commonly referred inbred mice. (scielo.br)
  • In this paper, the most commonly used animal models to study female genital tract infections with C. trachomatis will be reviewed, namely, the mouse, guinea pig, and nonhuman primate models. (asm.org)
  • Mice are the most commonly used animals to study genital chlamydial infections. (asm.org)
Humans6
  • Justifications for invasive experiments on animals rely on claims that such research is essential for the advancement of biomedical knowledge, for the development of cures to human diseases, or for the evaluation of the toxicity of compounds to which humans are exposed. (slideshare.net)
  • Greek & Greek 2002a), and the right of humans to experiment on animals has also been strongly contested philosophically (e.g. (slideshare.net)
  • Autoimmunity induced by metallic ions was previously described in experimental animals and humans suffering from chronic intoxication by heavy metals. (hindawi.com)
  • However, in stark contrast to young animals (including humans), training such networks requires enormous numbers of labeled examples, leading to the belief that animals must rely instead mainly on unsupervised learning. (nature.com)
  • In situations where the research requires a living organism, and humans are not suitable, investigators must search for a suitable animal model. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The total lifetime energy output per gram of tissue is about 1,200,000 calories for humans and 400,000 calories for domestic animals such as cats and dogs . (britannica.com)
Selective5
  • Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY) mice [ 9 ], an inbred strain of type 2 diabetes with moderate obesity and fatty liver, were established by selective breeding for glucose intolerance from an outbred colony, Jcl:ICR mice, from which NOD mice were also derived [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Selective breeding of plants and animals, including hybridization, began long before there was an understanding of underlying scientific principles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding . (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, in livestock breeding , breeders may use inbreeding when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock and for producing distinct families within a breed, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling . (wikipedia.org)
Genome7
  • Mouse strain names should be registered through the Mouse Genome Database (MGD) at http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/submissions/amsp_submission.cgi . (jax.org)
  • Rat strain names should be registered through the Rat Genome Database (RGD) at http://rgd.mcw.edu/tools/strains/strainRegistrationIndex.cgi . (jax.org)
  • Each strain has a single fixed genome and it is also possible to resample a given genotype multiple times in multiple environments to obtain highly accurate estimates of genetic and environmental effects and their interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • The only exception is that the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, both of which are inherited intact from the paternal and maternal strain, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • The approach is identical to the exploitation of haplotype blocks (regions of complete or almost complete linkage disequilibrium) in the human genome for association mapping ( 9 ) but requires a different analysis to take advantage of the small number of founder animals from which laboratory strains are descended. (pnas.org)
  • If the genome is sequenced so that each nucleotide position is covered with good-quality sequence x times on average, then the probability that a polymorphism is not covered in one strain will be e - x , assuming a Poisson distribution. (pnas.org)
  • Although 71,000 SNPs were analyzed, just 7.8% of the genome was covered in all strains ( x = 1.3 and n = 8 gives 0.727 8 ). (pnas.org)
Nomenclature3
  • Reference to former rules for rat strain nomenclature can be found in Committee on Rat Nomenclature (1992). (jax.org)
  • Production of inbred strains means that these backgrounds can be defined and thus require nomenclature conventions. (jax.org)
  • A key feature of mouse and rat nomenclature is the Laboratory Registration Code or Laboratory code, which is a code of usually three to four letters (first letter uppercase, followed by all lowercase) that identifies a particular institute, laboratory, or investigator that produced, and may hold stocks of, a mouse or rat strain. (jax.org)
Crosses2
  • In genetic crosses between mouse strains with low and high solubilities of hemoglobin, solubility segregated as a Mendelian unit and appeared to be determined by the alleles controlling α-chain structure. (sciencemag.org)
  • Most QTL are mapped in F2 or back-crosses between inbred strains, a method with great power to detect small effects but with poor resolution: The 95% confidence interval often encompasses half a chromosome ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
20182
  • 2018. Space use by 4 strains of laying hens to perch, wing flap, dust bathe, stand and lie down. (awionline.org)
  • 2018. Evaluation of the effects of space allowance on measures of animal welfare in laboratory mice. (awionline.org)
Chromosome4
  • For an RI strain to be useful for mapping purposes, the approximate position of recombinations along each chromosome need to be well defined either in terms of centimorgan or DNA basepair position. (wikipedia.org)
  • The small panel of 8 CXB strains was originally used to determine if the Major Histocompatibility (MHC) locus on proximal chromosome 17 was a key factor in different immune responses such as tissue rejection. (wikipedia.org)
  • To characterize the genetic architecture of this new set of RI strains, we genotyped 330 MIT microsatellite markers distributed on all autosomes and the X Chromosome and assembled error-checked meiotic recombination maps that have an average F2-adjusted marker spacing of ∼4 cM. (deepdyve.com)
  • Hence, the probability that a site is covered in each of N strains will be (1 - e - x ) N . For example, analyzing shotgun reads covering chromosome 16 in four strains ( 3 , 10 ), enough sequence was generated to cover the chromosome 1.3 times for each strain, assuming every strain made an equal contribution. (pnas.org)
Physiology1
  • Due to its similarity of skin anatomy and physiology, the pig appears to be a well-suited animal model for preclinical studies of skin analog transplantations. (bioportfolio.com)
Heterosis4
  • When the parents are diploid, sexed, and inbred, the diallel can characterize aggregate effects of genetic background on a phenotype, revealing effects of strain dosage, heterosis, parent of origin, epistasis, and sex-specific versions thereof. (genetics.org)
  • Time course imaging of two maize inbreds and their F1 hybrid (middle) exhibiting heterosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness. (wikipedia.org)
  • In plant breeding , inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis . (wikipedia.org)
Jackson Laboratory1
  • The Jackson Laboratory offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry. (jax.org)
Experiments9
  • Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outcomes have been consistent: animal experiments have contributed far less than advocates would have us believe. (slideshare.net)
  • Historical accounts of the extent to which animal experiments have or have not contributed towards cures for various human diseases are sometimes disputed, and in any case provide few clues as to how research might have developed instead, had alternative avenues such as human-based studies been more vigorously pursued, using redirected funding. (slideshare.net)
  • Scientists from 3 British universities and Yale University (US) called for systematic reviews of the efficacy of animal experiments. (slideshare.net)
  • After searching the literature they located six existing reviews examining the efficacy of animal experiments in specific fields of medicine, which they briefly reviewed. (slideshare.net)
  • Animal experiments are intended to be conducted prior to human clinical trials in case toxicity becomes evident. (slideshare.net)
  • In sum, awareness of the genetic diversity of an animal colony is paramount as it allows researchers to properly replicate experiments and also to capitalize on other genetically distinct individuals to explore the genetic basis of a trait. (g3journal.org)
  • Require authors to state whether the samples were randomized and specify method of randomization, at a minimum for all animal experiments. (nih.gov)
  • Require authors to state whether experimenters were blind to group assignment and outcome assessment, at a minimum for all animal experiments. (nih.gov)
Antibody response1
  • I. Parasite biomass and antibody response in three strains of inbred mice against graded doses of Echinococcus multilocularis cyst. (springer.com)
Transgenic3
  • Transgenic animals [TG(m REN 2)27] were bred, housed, and treated in the animal laboratory of Bayer AG (Wuppertal, Germany). (ahajournals.org)
  • FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. (pnas.org)
  • These features make the FVB/N strain advantageous to use for research with transgenic mice. (pnas.org)
Subspecies1
  • Sperm Morphology in Two House Mouse Subspecies: Do Wild-Derived Strains and Wild Mice Tell the Same Story? (plos.org)
Infection9
  • The murine model of influenza viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of mice. (nih.gov)
  • Restraint stress has been associated with an enhanced probability of survival during influenza infection in this strain of mouse. (nih.gov)
  • Hematological parameters have not received much attention in small animal models of infection, particularly at very early time points. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Infection-dependent changes, in particular increased granulocyte and decreased lymphocyte counts, were first detectable after 18 h in DBA/2J, were fully manifest in both strains at 48 h, and were usually more pronounced in the DBA/2J mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hematological response to infection may differ significantly among inbred mouse strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host-adapted strains of Salmonella are capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host often in the absence of clinical disease. (nih.gov)
  • To ensure that MLNs were taken from mice still infected with wild-type S. typhimurium, we monitored the course of infection in 129sv mice using a noninvasive method that detects bacterial signal in live animals in a semi-quantitative manner, IVIS (31). (nih.gov)
  • Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated vaginally with HIV-1 became infected, none of the animals (0/5) given pre-exposure prophylaxis of emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) showed evidence of infection (Chi square = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006). (nih.gov)
  • Variations of physiological variables (weight, course of infection, stress response) in inbred animals have also been reported ( Gärtner, 2012 ). (elsevier.es)
Generations5
  • Some inbred strains have been bred for over 150 generations, leaving individuals in the population to be isogenic in nature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20th or subsequent generation. (jax.org)
  • Other breeding schemes are acceptable provided that the inbreeding is equivalent to 20 successive generations of sib mating ( Green 1981 ). (jax.org)
  • Thesubsequent generations of these animals were used predominantly incross-breeding studies of blood pressure, cardiac size, and intracellularcalcium. (ahajournals.org)
  • All of these new strains were inbred for at least 14 generations. (genenetwork.org)
Heterozygote1
  • Certain combinations of alleles that can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains are advantageous in the heterozygote . (wikipedia.org)
Mated to establish1
  • pairs of the F2 progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)
Differ1
  • This allows researchers to determine how much of a trait is genetically determined (remains the same across members of the strain) and how much is learned or environmentally influenced (can differ between members of the strain). (sparknotes.com)
Identical2
  • Inbred strains have identical or nearly identical genetic information across individuals. (sparknotes.com)
  • Each animal in one of these strains is the identical twin (aside from sex) of every other animal of that strain. (pawpeds.com)
Genotype1
  • One of the initial motivations to use recombinant inbred strains is that expensive genotype data can be accumulated and reused - greatly simplifying mapping studies. (wikipedia.org)
Infections2
  • Animal models are indispensable for the study of C. trachomatis infections and the development and evaluation of candidate vaccines. (asm.org)
  • If a group of animals are missing the same gene segments, as happens in inbred lines, suddenly whole catteries or whole bloodlines can be lost to infections that would normally have little effect on a normal cat. (pawpeds.com)
Experimental7
  • Inbred strains are genetically homogeneous, and the genetic and environmental components can be strictly controlled in the experimental setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • making experimental design and the choice of inbred strain paramount ( Little and Colegrave 2016 ). (g3journal.org)
  • A nutritionally balanced diet is important both for the welfare of laboratory animals and to ensure that experimental results are not biased by unintended nutritional factors. (nap.edu)
  • Streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used to induce diabetes through pancreatic islet destruction in experimental animals [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This approach intends to add new data on the helminth parasites of laboratory mice, since these investigations have arised a great interest and also, taking into account that these hosts as experimental animal models, are widely utilized in the evaluation of several biological parameters. (scielo.br)
  • Animal care and all experimental procedures were performed in strict accordance to the German and National Institutes of Health animal legislation guidelines and were approved by the local animal care committees. (medsci.org)
  • The fact that such a condition can be produced at will in large numbers of experimental animals is of importance, as understanding such a situation is facilitated by ability to create it and to observe its ontogenetic steps. (aappublications.org)
Models20
  • Certain plants including the genetic model organism Arabidopsis thaliana naturally self-pollinate, which makes it quite easy to create inbred strains in the laboratory (other plants, including important genetic models such as maize require transfer of pollen from one flower to another). (wikipedia.org)
  • The UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics stated that "it would … be desirable to undertake further systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate more fully the predictability and transferability of animal models. (slideshare.net)
  • The use of animal models for research is controversial. (encyclopedia.com)
  • As a result, the use of appropriate animal models is essential. (dovepress.com)
  • The quest for seizure mechanisms can provide insights into overall brain functions and consciousness, and animal models of epilepsy will continue to promote the progress of both epilepsy and neurophysiology research. (dovepress.com)
  • In the present review, we summarize some of the most frequently used rodent animal models of TLE and other epileptic disorders, highlighting induction methods and manifestations as well as major uses and limitations. (dovepress.com)
  • 2 , 4 , 5 Unfortunately, animal models of chronic epilepsy are not widely used because of time constraints and costs. (dovepress.com)
  • Despite the urgency to develop and implement novel approaches capable of preventing HIV transmission, this process has been hindered by the lack of adequate small animal models for preclinical efficacy and safety testing. (nih.gov)
  • Animal models of spontaneous diabetes and epidemiological data in the human challenge the obligatory role of environmental factors in triggering diabetes development. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Animal models also indicate that pathological modifications of the islets are required for full-blown diabetes to develop. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Animal models enable to test tissue-engineered skin as w. (bioportfolio.com)
  • The transient and paroxysmal appearance of SWDs with associated immobility and rhythmic facial movements has led to the belief that SWDs represent a hallmark of seizures in both inbred genetic (i.e., absence) and acquired (post-traumatic) models of epilepsy. (jneurosci.org)
  • We outline recent criticisms of animal-based research, namely that animal models are failing to predict human responses. (medsci.org)
  • We then examine the assumption that animal models can predict human outcomes to perturbations such as disease or drugs, even under the best of circumstances. (medsci.org)
  • We examine the use of animal models in light of empirical evidence comparing human outcomes to those from animal models, complexity theory, and evolutionary biology. (medsci.org)
  • We conclude that even if legitimate criticisms of animal models were addressed, through standardization of protocols and systematic reviews, the animal model would still fail as a predictive modality for human response to drugs and disease. (medsci.org)
  • 2003 ) provided evidence, by irradiation of the hippocampus, that hippocampal neurogenesis is required to achieve the behavioral effects of antidepressants in animal models. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Fortunately, the availability of inbred strains of mice has allowed for some testing of this hypothesis via animal models of simulated space flight. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Our research utilizes genetic animal models to study simple and complex addiction-related traits. (ohsu.edu)
  • Genetic Background Categories In terms of their genetic background, Dr. Perez divided animal models into four basic categories. (taconic.com)
Reproductive2
  • Reproductive characteristics for most inbred strains of laboratory mice. (jax.org)
  • The inbred FVB/N strain is characterized by vigorous reproductive performance and consistently large litters. (pnas.org)
Origins1
  • The origins and history of recombinant inbred strains are described by Crow. (wikipedia.org)
Locus2
  • One type of inbred strain that either has been altered, or naturally mutated so that it is different at a single locus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mice congenic for the lmr2 locus demonstrate a curious effect where the origin of the animal receiving the red cells modulates the effect of the red cells. (imgs.org)
Significantly2
  • In the 1990s the utility of recombinant inbred strains for mapping was significantly improved thanks to higher density genotypes made possible by the use of microsatellite markers. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inbreeding can significantly influence gene expression which can prevent inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)