Mice, Inbred Strains
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Crosses, Genetic
Chromosome Mapping
Phenotype
Rats, Inbred Strains
Chromosomes, Mammalian
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Muridae
A family of the order Rodentia containing 250 genera including the two genera Mus (MICE) and Rattus (RATS), from which the laboratory inbred strains are developed. The fifteen subfamilies are SIGMODONTINAE (New World mice and rats), CRICETINAE, Spalacinae, Myospalacinae, Lophiomyinae, ARVICOLINAE, Platacanthomyinae, Nesomyinae, Otomyinae, Rhizomyinae, GERBILLINAE, Dendromurinae, Cricetomyinae, MURINAE (Old World mice and rats), and Hydromyinae.
Genetic Linkage
Genetics, Behavioral
Genotype
Animals, Outbred Strains
Mice, Congenic
Recombination, Genetic
Disease Susceptibility
Alleles
Mutation
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Disease Models, Animal
Hybridization, Genetic
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
DNA, Ribosomal
Genes
Bacterial Typing Techniques
Flurothyl
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Quantitative Trait, Heritable
Virulence
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Amino Acid Sequence
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Genome
Base Sequence
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Chromosomes
Genetic Markers
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Leukemia Virus, Murine
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Immunogenetics
Haplotypes
Serotyping
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Animals, Congenic
Cloning, Molecular
Rodent Diseases
Plasmids
Genes, rRNA
Immunity, Innate
Blotting, Southern
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Scent Glands
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Animals, Wild
Major Histocompatibility Complex
The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.
Soil Microbiology
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Body Weight
Animals, Inbred Strains
RNA, Bacterial
Liver
Urethane
Genes, Dominant
Genetics
DNA Primers
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Models, Genetic
DNA Fingerprinting
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
Ethanol
A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.
Granulosa Cell Tumor
A neoplasm composed entirely of GRANULOSA CELLS, occurring mostly in the OVARY. In the adult form, it may contain some THECA CELLS. This tumor often produces ESTRADIOL and INHIBIN. The excess estrogen exposure can lead to other malignancies in women and PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY in girls. In rare cases, granulosa cell tumors have been identified in the TESTES.
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Genes, Regulator
Restriction Mapping
Breeding
Oryzias
Histocompatibility Antigens
A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.
Microsatellite Repeats
Fatty Acids
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Inheritance Patterns
Immune Sera
Cluster Analysis
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
Gene Expression Regulation
Epistasis, Genetic
A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. Genes whose expression is affected (blocked or masked) are hypostatic to the interfering genes.
Fermentation
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Analysis of Variance
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacterial Adhesion
Antibody Formation
Gene Expression
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Sex Characteristics
Virulence Factors
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Water Microbiology
Biodegradation, Environmental
Pseudomonas
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Aging
Taste Threshold
Sprains and Strains
A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.
Gene Expression Profiling
Rats, Inbred SHR
Immunization
Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).
DNA Transposable Elements
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
Rabbits
Temperature
Bacterial Toxins
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Kidney
Gene Deletion
Lod Score
Actinomycetales
Taste
Histocompatibility
DNA Probes
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Antibody Specificity
Mice, Transgenic
Cells, Cultured
Genetic Complementation Test
Sweetening Agents
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Exploratory Behavior
Conjugation, Genetic
A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.
AKR murine leukemia virus
Guinea Pigs
Feces
Leukemia, Experimental
Molecular Epidemiology
Stereotyped Behavior
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Proviruses
Transcription, Genetic
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique
Technique that utilizes low-stringency polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with single primers of arbitrary sequence to generate strain-specific arrays of anonymous DNA fragments. RAPD technique may be used to determine taxonomic identity, assess kinship relationships, analyze mixed genome samples, and create specific probes.
Disease Outbreaks
Sex Factors
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Food Microbiology
Colony Count, Microbial
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Lung
Selection, Genetic
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Salmonella typhimurium
Streptococcus
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Observation of marking-like behavior, marking behavior, and growth of the scent gland in young Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of an inbred strain. (1/135)
A marking-like behavior (defined by authors), a marking behavior, and growth of the scent glands were observed in young Mongolian gerbils of an inbred strain. In males and females, a marking-like behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on the floor, began to be seen at the age of 19 days and could be seen in almost all the gerbils at 22 days of age during the suckling period. The frequency of this behavior was highest at 60 days of age (males: 17.9/10 min, females: 15.4/10 min) and there was no sex difference. Marking behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects, began to be seen at the age of 40 days in males and 50 days in females. The frequency of this behavior tended to increase until 90 days of age in males (13.7/10 min), but the levels were low (2.5-5.0/10 min) in females. The values in the male group therefore tended to be higher than that in the female group. Macroscopic scent gland pads were clearly observed at the age of 30 days in males, but not until 45 days of age in females. At the age of 45-90 days, the length of the scent gland pad in males and females was 2.1-2.8 and 1.6-1.7 cm, respectively and the width was 0.3-0.5 in males and 0.2-0.3 cm in females. During this period, the length and depth of the pads in males were significantly greater than those in females (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the structure of the scent glands after the age of 45 days showed that the development of clusters of acinar cells in females occurred much later than that in males, but the basic structure of these glands was similar in both sexes. These results suggest that the marking-like behavior was manifested although during the period when the scent glands had not yet developed, whereas true marking behavior first occurred when the glands were moderately well developed. (+info)Serum biochemical values in two inbred strains of mastomys (Praomys coucha). (2/135)
Serum samples collected from 119 (72 male and 47 female) mastomys (Praomys coucha) of 2 specific-pathogen-free inbred strains (RI4 and RI7) were analyzed for 12 serum biochemical parameters. Sex-related differences (p < 0.01) were noted in alkaline phosphatase and glucose; the both higher in females than in males. Age-related changes (p < 0.01) were observed in total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase, with higher values for the first three parameters in the older group (200-250 days of age) than in the younger group (90-140 days of age). Four out of 12 parameters showed strain-related differences (p < 0.01), consistent with the large amount of genetic heterogeneity reported in this species. These serum biochemical reference values should provide information for the use of mastomys in laboratory research. (+info)Characterization of early follicular cDNA library suggests evidence for genetic polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108 of Bombyx mori. (3/135)
Recent work towards the completion of a saturated molecular genetic linkage map for the lepidopteran silkworm, Bombyx mori (n = 28), has provided evidence for existing polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108. Two inbred parental strains, p50 and C108, were crossed to produce the F1 (P/C) hybrid offspring. The populations used in this project were comprised of a combination of 29 F2 (F1 x F1) and 31 reciprocal backcross (P/C x C/C, P/C x P/P) progeny. All restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for the initial analysis were hybridized with anonymous probes derived from a random early follicular cDNA (Rcf) library from Bombyx. A total of 19 Rcf probes were selected as showing scorable codominant polymorphic patterns when screened against F2 and backcross DNAs digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, or PstI, and Southern blotted to nylon membranes for hybridization. Of the newly reported Rcf probes, 7 (37%) were characterized as producing 'simple' polymorphic patterns, while 12 (63%) were characterized as producing 'complex' polymorphic patterns. Further characterization of the complex patterns subdivided this group into two general classes: polymorphisms that contained an additional allele, and multiple bands that contained an easily scored two banded polymorphism. Because the extra allele class was limited to the (P/C x C/C) backcross progeny, it is suggested that the inbred parental strain C108 harbors polymorphic loci that are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. A genetic analysis discussing plausible origins and maintenance of these polymorphisms is presented. (+info)Trigonocephaly in rabbits with familial interfrontal suture synostosis: the multiple effects of premature single-suture fusion. (4/135)
Previous studies from our laboratory have characterized the craniofacial morphology and growth patterns of an inbred strain of rabbits with autosomal dominant coronal suture synostosis. A number of rabbit perinates from this colony have been collected sporadically over a 5-year period with premature interfrontal suture synostosis. The present study describes the very early onset of craniofacial dysmorphology of these rabbits and compares them to similar-aged normal control rabbits. A total of 40 perinatal New Zealand White rabbits were used in the present study. Twenty-one comprised the sample with interfrontal suture synostosis and ranged in age from 27 to 38 days postconception (term = 31 days) with a mean age of 33.53 days (+/-2.84 days). Nineteen rabbits served as age-matched, normal controls (mean age = 33.05 days +/-2.79 days). Lateral and dorsoventral radiographs were collected from each rabbit. The radiographs were traced, computer digitized, and 12 craniofacial measurements, angles, and indices were obtained. Mean measures were compared using an unpaired Student's t-test. All synostosed rabbits were stillborn or died shortly after birth. Grossly, these rabbits exhibited extreme frontal bossing, trigonocephaly with sagittal keeling, and midfacial shortening. No somatic anomalies were noted. Radiographically, rabbits with interfrontal suture synostosis had significantly (P < 0.05) narrower bifrontal widths, shorter cranial vault lengths, kyphotic cranial base angles, and different cranial vault indices (shapes) compared to controls. Results reveal severe and early pathological and compensatory cranial vault changes associated with premature interfrontal suture synostosis in this rabbit model. The 100% mortality rate noted in this condition may be related to the inheritance of a lethal genetic mutation or to neural compression from reduced intracranial volume. Results are discussed in light of current pathogenic hypotheses for human infants with premature metopic suture synostosis. (+info)Factors affecting the efficiency of embryo cryopreservation and rederivation of rat and mouse models. (5/135)
The efficiency of embryo banking for rat and mouse models of human disease and normal biological processes depends on the ease of obtaining embryos. Authors report on the effect of genotype on embryo production and rederivation. In an effort to establish banks of cryopreserved embryos, they provide two databases for comparing banking efficiency: one that contains the embryo collection results from approximately 11,000 rat embryo donors (111 models) and another that contains the embryo collection results from 4,023 mouse embryo donors (57 induced mutant models). The genotype of donor females affected the efficiency of embryo collection in two ways. First, the proportion of females yielding embryos varied markedly among genotypes (rats: 16-100 %, mean =71 %; mice: 24-95 %, mean =65 %). Second, the mean number of embryos recovered from females yielding embryos varied considerably (rats: 4-10.6, mean =7.8; mice 5.3-32.2, mean =13.7). Genotype also affected the efficiency of rederivation of banked rat and mouse embryos models by embryo transfer. For rats, thawed embryos (n =684) from 33 genotypes were transferred into 66 recipient females (pregnancy rate, 78 %). The average rate of developing live newborns for individual rat genotypes was 30 % with a range of 10 to 58 %. For mice, thawed embryos (n =2,064) from 59 genotypes were transferred into 119 pseudopregnant females (pregnancy rate: 76 %). The average rate of development of individual mouse genotypes was 33 % with a range of 11 to 53 %. This analysis demonstrates that genotype is an important consideration when planning embryo banking programs. (+info)NK and T cells constitute two major, functionally distinct intestinal epithelial lymphocyte subsets in the chicken. (6/135)
Non-mammalian NK cells have not been characterized in detail; however, their analysis is essential for the understanding of the NK cell receptor phylogeny. As a first step towards defining chicken NK cells, several tissues were screened for the presence of NK cells, phenotypically defined as CD8(+) cells lacking T- or B-lineage specific markers. By this criteria, approximately 30% of CD8(+) intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), but <1% of splenocytes or peripheral blood lymphocytes were defined as NK cells. These CD8(+)CD3(-) IEL were used for the generation of the 28-4 mAb, immunoprecipitating a 35-kDa glycoprotein with a 28-kDa protein core. The CD3 and 28-4 mAb were used to separate IEL into CD3(+) IEL T cells and 28-4(+) cells, both co-expressing the CD8 antigen. During ontogeny, 28-4(+) cells were abundant in the IEL and in the embryonic spleen, where two subsets could be distinguished according to their CD8 and c-kit expression. Most importantly, 28-4(+) IEL lysed NK-sensitive targets, whereas intestinal T cells did not have any spontaneous cytolytic activity. These results define two major, phenotypically and functionally distinct IEL subpopulations, and imply an important role of NK cells in the mucosal immune system. (+info)Construction of a BAC library derived from the inbred Hd-rR strain of the teleost fish, Oryzias latipes. (7/135)
A large insert genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed from the inbred Hd-rR strain of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Approximately 92,000 clones were gridded on high-density replica filters. Insert analysis of randomly selected clones indicated a mean insert size of 210 kb and predicted a 24 times coverage of the medaka genome. The library was hybridized with a single locus DNA fragment, and the resulting positive clones were characterized and shown to be compatible with a 24-fold redundant library. This first large insert genomic library of the medaka should increase the speed of genomic analyses for this fish species. (+info)Porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission characteristics of an inbred herd of miniature swine. (8/135)
Here we report the identification of inbred miniature swine that failed to produce human-tropic replication-competent porcine endogenous retroviruses (HTRC PERVs), using in vitro coculture assays. When HTRC PERVs were isolated from transmitting animals, all were recombinant viruses, with the receptor-binding domain of PERV-A combining with PERV-C-related sequences. (+info)
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Mongolian gerbil
"Newly Established Low Seizure Susceptible and Seizure-Prone Inbred Strains of Mongolian Gerbil". Experimental Animals. 52 (2): ... Eleven of these animals were subsequently sent to Tumblebrook Farm in the USA, with additional animals later sent to Charles ... "Animal Health Center Vets in Valdosta, GA". Animal Health Center Vets in Valdosta, GA. Retrieved 3 June 2018. "Gerbil FAQ". ... The animal is used in science and kept as a small house pet. Their use in science dates back to the latter half of the 19th ...
Obligate parasite
Effects of Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata on exploratory behaviour of an inbred mouse strain. Laboratory Animal ... Kilner, R. M., & Davies, N. B. (1999). How selfish is a cuckoo chick? Animal Behaviour 58:797-808. Sledge, M.F., Dani, F.R., ... Obligate parasitism is exhibited in a range of organisms, with examples in viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They ... Poulin, R. (1995) "Adaptive" changes in the behaviour of parasitized animals: A critical review. International Journal for ...
Murine respirovirus
Therefore, the strains that were isolated from animals a few decades ago and went through multiple passages in eggs are less ... Parker JC, Whiteman MD, Richter CB (January 1978). "Susceptibility of inbred and outbred mouse strains to Sendai virus and ... All Sendai virus strains belong to the same serotype. The origin of many strains of SeV was described in 1978. Some strains ... Another strain is Tianjin strain, isolated in China in 2008. One of these strains was used for creation of replication ...
Laboratory Syrian hamster
Several inbred strains of hamsters have been developed as animal models for human forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. The gene ... In 2014 in the United States, animal research used about 120,000 hamsters, which was 14.6% of the total research animal use ( ... of the total animal research participants in the United States covered by the Animal Welfare Act. Since 1972 the use of ... which is of interest in the study of animal behavior. Scientific studies of animal welfare concerning captive golden hamsters ...
Skin grafting
... animals of a single inbred strain; isograft or syngraft). Allogeneic: The donor and recipient are of the same species (human→ ... Two layers of skin created from animal sources has been found to be useful in venous leg ulcers. Grafts can be classified by ... "Healing Animals With Fish Skins". UC Davis. September 17, 2018. Barret-Nerin, Juan; Herndon, David N. (2004). Principles and ... When grafts are taken from other animals, they are known as heterografts or xenografts. By definition, they are temporary ...
Michael Festing
He has written books cataloguing laboratory animals, including International Index of Laboratory Animals and Inbred Strains in ... He is one of 19 members of the UK's Animal Procedures Committee, which advises the Home Secretary on matters related to animal ... Nonetheless, Festing has been criticized by the animal rights movement for his investment in companies that engage in animal ... the use of animals in medical experiments in the UK. Festing is the author of over 200 scientific papers on laboratory animal ...
Heterosis
... is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness. Selective breeding of plants and animals, ... But overdominance implies that yields on an inbred strain should decrease as inbred strains are selected for the performance of ... Inbreeding depression is the loss of fitness due to loss of genetic diversity. Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for ... It attributes the poor performance of inbred strains to loss of genetic diversity, with the strains becoming purely homozygous ...
FVB mouse
FVB is an albino, inbred laboratory mouse strain that is named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B. This strain ... Some sudden deaths are observed in younger animals, but most die at 15 months or older. Two years is a common life expectancy ... A derivative strain called sighted FVB was developed from this strain via backcrossing. The full name of this strain is FVB. ... 1991). FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences, 88(6 ...
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
The availability of inbred and mutant mouse strains can be advantageous when examining the genetic basis of murine ... Animal models of N. brasiliensis infections can lead to a better understanding of the basic biology of the immune response and ... This worm is a widely studied parasite due to its simple lifecycle and its ability to be used in animal models. Its lifecycle ... Animal model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosmoides polygyrus. Current Protocols in Immunology Chapter 19. Lisa M. ...
Biobreeding rat
Like the NOD mice, BB rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of ... One in Worcester, Massachusetts, has been inbred and known as BBDP/Wor and another one in Ottawa, Canada, an outbred strain ... Biobreeding rat also known as the BB or BBDP rat is an inbred laboratory rat strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune Type ...
Peter L. Hurd
Digit ratio (2D:4D) and behavioral differences between inbred mouse strains. Genes, Brain & Behavior 4: 318-323. Hurd PL, ... Animal Behaviour 56: 749--753. Hurd, PL; Enquist, M. 2001. Threat display in birds. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 931-942. ... Animal Behaviour 70: 1155-1170. Hurd PL. 2006. Resource holding potential, subjective resource value, and game theoretical ... Many studies on both human, and non-human, animals suggest that inter-individual variation in adult aggressiveness is largely ...
Tawny-bellied cotton rat
Other factors that make the species a desirable test subject are the existence of inbred strains, ease of handling, and ... This is an upgrade over the previous animal models of other small rodents and rabbits. Cotton rats combine the best traits of ... The degree of infection may be increased by altering the co-receptors on the animal's cells, which would improve the ... Ahi, Alwynelle S. (1982). "Evidence of use of vibrissae in swimming in Sigmodon fulviventer". Animal Behaviour. 30 (4): 1203- ...
Albinism
Familiar albino animals include in-bred strains of laboratory animals (rats, mice and rabbits), but populations of naturally ... This means some animals may die from UV radiation due to a lack of protection. Many animals with albinism lack their protective ... Examples of pet mammals artificially selected for albinism Intentionally bred albinistic strains of some animal species are ... Animals that show iridescence include mother of pearl seashells, fish, and peacocks. These are just a few examples of animals ...
Laboratory rat
Inbred strains are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. Much of the genome of Rattus norvegicus has ... Like NOD mice, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops ... "Rat Genome", Nature Rat Genome Database, Medical College of Wisconsin Index of Inbred Rat Strains database, Jacskson Laboratory ...
Mouse Models of Human Cancer database
The first inbred strain, DBA (dilute brown agouti), was developed in 1909. Among the earliest references to the use of inbred ... of the animals having mammary gland carcinomas. MMHCdb provides search tools and displays to show the tumor frequencies of ... Inbred mouse strains are the result of at least 20 generations of successive brother/sister matings which lead to a population ... Inbred strains of mice allow researchers to investigate the role that genetics plays in cancer susceptibility and treatment ...
House mouse
Laboratory mice typically belong to standardized inbred strains selected for the stability or clarity of specific harmful ... Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 44 (4): 46-8. PMID ... resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression increases ... However, animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months, even though they do not hibernate.) The pups are ...
Jeffrey Mogil
In 1999, they showed that different inbred strains of mice displayed very different pain sensitivity. Chief among these ... "Lab Animals Stressed Out by Men, Study Finds". April 29, 2014. Ohikuare, Judith (2014-04-30). "Male Scientists' Threat to the ... Responses of 11 inbred mouse strains on 12 measures of nociception". Pain. 80 (1): 67-82. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00197-3. ... "Genetic sensitivity to hot-plate nociception in DBA/2J and C57BL/6J inbred mouse strains: possible sex-specific mediation by δ2 ...
Abbie Lathrop
Abbie E. C. Lathrop (1868 - 1918) was a rodent fancier who bred fancy mice and inbred strains for animal models, particularly ... Lathrop began developing inbred strains around 1910. Loeb and Lathrop performed experiments at her farm and the pair authored ... his own DBA strain was probably derived from her partially inbred silver fawn mice. Karin Knorr Cetina wrote in 2009 that at ... Black 6 became the most frequently used strain of laboratory mouse. While Little patronizingly called Lathrop a "talented pet- ...
GAERS
... a fully inbred strain of rats, with 100% of animals displaying the EEG and behavioral characteristics of absence seizures, ... The development of two inbred strains from the same initial colony has appeared as a very powerful tool to study the possible ... a strain of non epileptic control animals selected from the same initial breeding colony of Wistar rats and called the NEC. ... These seizures were recorded on both sides of the brain, lasted about 20 sec and occurred when the animals were quiet. ...
Arion circumscriptus
... reproduces predominantly by self-fertilization, leading to inbred genetic strains, but the presence of ... Few individuals were found above ground over the dry summer months, but otherwise immature animals of a wide range of sizes ... In late summer and autumn many immature animals were already of adult mass. The life cycle was predominantly annual, but some ... However, in other regions of Europe where these slugs more often outcross there was evidence of hybridization between strains, ...
Uteroglobin
... human genetic data might suggest that the effect may be indirect Uteroglobin knockout mice on the inbred 129 strain appear to ... Putative functions are: Immunomodulation Progesterone binding: weak in some animals, especially weak in humans. (Note: UGB is ... The uteroglobulin knockout mice on the inbred C57Bl6 strain develop Goodpasture's syndrome like glomerulopathy due to ... However contrary to the animal model claims, ...
List of MeSH codes (B01)
... animals, congenic MeSH B01.050.199.040.500 - mice, congenic MeSH B01.050.199.520 - animals, inbred strains MeSH B01.050.199.520 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.157.520.300 - mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.157.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050.157.520.338 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.157.760.080 - rats, inbred aci MeSH B01.050.157.760.090 - rats, inbred bb MeSH B01.050.157.760.110 ... inbred strains MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.300 - mice, inbred a MeSH B01.050.199.520.520.318 - mice, inbred akr MeSH B01.050. ...
Line
... a geological term Inbred line, either of: Inbred strain or linear organisms, model organisms that are nearly genetically ... identical and are used in laboratories Products of line breeding, a technique in animal and plant agriculture and horticulture ...
Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center
Its main activity is the reproduction and maintenance of mice stocks either of inbred strains or genetically engineered mice, ... Fleming's Animal house (certified with ISO 9001) provides husbandry of animals and services to the biomedical research ... The Animal House has a capacity to house more than 20,000 mice and is currently the largest Mouse Unit in Greece in terms of ... Fleming operates its own Animal House, which can house up to 20,000 mice and has its own complete mouse histopathology unit. ...
Inbreeding
Laboratory animalsEdit. Systematic inbreeding and maintenance of inbred strains of laboratory mice and rats is of great ... Although there are several examples of inbred populations of wild animals, the negative consequences of this inbreeding are ... 2006). "Selection and Inbreeding Depression: Effects of Inbreeding Rate and Inbreeding Environment". Evolution. 60 (5): 1014- ... The use of inbred strains is also important for genetic studies in animal models, for example to distinguish genetic from ...
Animal testing
... and worms are inbred through many generations to create strains with defined characteristics. These provide animals of a known ... Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in ... Animals and Animal Products. Code of Federal Regulations. Vol. 1 (1 January 2008). "Animal Testing and the Law - Animal Legal ... 2004). What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. "EU statistics show decline in animal ...
Animal testing on rodents
In addition, inbred mouse strains are used in the overwhelming majority of studies, while the human population is heterogeneous ... Animal Testing Animal model BALB/c C57BL/6 Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer Preclinical imaging Rat Park ... What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195161960. ... Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford Animal Model of Disease from Animal Research Organization. ...
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad
NCLAS also came into the limelight due to the WNIN/Ob obese rat strain which is the heaviest inbred rat model available. It has ... The National Centre for Laboratory Animal Science (to be integrated into the National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical ... Management and Experimentation using laboratory animals in biomedical research. It started as a unit called Laboratory Animal ... Genome Valley National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research Central Drugs Standard Control Organization Bhargava, ...
Model organism
... inbred mouse strain and the systematic generation of other inbred strains. The mouse has since been used extensively as a model ... Animals in space Animal testing Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on rodents Cellular model (numerical), e.g., ... In the U.S., the Animal Welfare Act of 1970 (see also Laboratory Animal Welfare Act) set standards for animal use and care in ... Animal models serving in research may have an existing, inbred or induced disease or injury that is similar to a human ...
Lenape
... animal teeth, and claws. The women often wore headbands of dyed deer hair or wampum. They painted their skin skirts or ... The practice effectively prevented inbreeding, even among individuals whose kinship was obscure or unknown. This means that a ... and western militia were frequently strained. The tensions were worsened by the American government's policy of recruiting some ... beating thigh bones on their palms to drive animals to the river, where they could be killed easily. Other methods of hunting ...
Pembiakbakaan terpilih Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Dual disease resistance in a selectively bred eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, strain tested in Chesapeake Bay. ... Genetic trends in growth, sexual maturity and skeletal deformations, and rate of inbreeding in a breeding programme for rainbow ... 69-71 Animals in Translation]. New York, New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8. ... Resistance of a rainbow trout strain to infectious pancreatic necrosis. Aquaculture, 117: 71-76 ...
Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes (allosomes) in mammals, including humans, and many other animals. The other is ... A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". Science. 156 (3774): ... List of Y-STR markers. *Muller's ratchet. *Single nucleotide polymorphism. *Y chromosome Short Tandem Repeat (STR) ... when an ancestral animal developed an allelic variation, a so-called "sex locus" - simply possessing this allele caused the ...
Dachshund
"Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ... Inbreeding depression[edit]. Factors influencing the litter size of puppies and the proportion of stillborn puppies per litter ... which place greater strain on the vertebrae. About 20-25% of dachshunds will develop IVDD.[41] ... "Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 10 February ...
Arabian horse
There were also lesser strains, sub-strains, and regional variations in strain names.[90][91] Therefore, many Arabian horses ... Plumb, Charles Sumner (1920). Types and Breeds of Farm Animals. Ginn.. *. Rashid, Mark (1996). A Good Horse Is Never a Bad ... inbreeding and other problems that were reducing the horse population of the Bedouin tribes at a rapid rate.[131] By the late ... held the belief that there were only three strains, Kehilan, Seglawi and Muniqi. Raswan felt that these strains represented ...
Channel catfish
in channel catfish have focused primarily on inbred lines and farm strains of relevance to the aquaculture of this species. For ... "Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology. University of Michigan. Retrieved 22 August 2010.. ... Younger channel catfish are more consistently omnivorous, eating a large variety of plants and animals.[16] ... https://animals.net/channel-catfish/ *^ https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/freshwater-fish-of-america/channel_catfish.html#:~:text= ...
Bombyx mori
Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide.[10] One useful development for the silk industry ... If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon and through the pupal phase of its lifecycle, it releases ... Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described.[citation needed] ... These changes have made the domesticated strains entirely dependent upon humans for survival.[19] The eggs are kept in ...
Nordic race
He suggests that the Nordic type emerged as a result of a mixture of "the Danubian Mediterranean strain with the later Corded ... "birds can be taught to talk better than other animals is explained by the fact that their mouths are Nordic in structure." He ... was exposed to exceptionally rigorous selection and was persistently inbred, thus acquiring the peculiar characteristics which ...
Neurogenetics
By identifying specific genetic markers for the genes of interest in a recombinant inbred strain, the amount of interaction ... These animals are then classically conditioned to perform certain types of tasks, such as pulling a lever in order to gain a ... Throughout the animal kingdom, varying styles, types and levels of aggression can be observed leading scientists to believe ... researchers are able to use animal subjects such as mice and rats, but also fruit flies, worms, and zebrafish,[19][20] to try ...
Genetic purging
It is also important in animal breeding and, of course, in conservation genetics, because inbreeding depression may be a ... A new phenomenon revealed from a genetic study of 43 strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae derived from natural fermentation of ... In brief, Due to purging, inbreeding depression is not proportional to the standard measure of inbreeding (Wright's inbreeding ... Predictive equations when inbreeding is due to small population size[edit]. Consider a large non-inbred population with mean ...
Genes, Brain and Behavior
"Sociability and preference for social novelty in five inbred strains: An approach to assess autistic-like behavior in mice". ... and leading to ethical problems because of the unnecessary use of live animals for flawed studies. These standards are ... Academic Search and Academic Search Premier Biological Abstracts BIOSIS Previews CSA Animal Behavior Abstracts CSA Biological ...
Natural killer cell
In early experiments on cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor target cells, both in cancer patients and animal models, ... several strains of mice (including BALB/c mice) and in three common monkey species.[4][5] ... "Antigenicity of carcinogen-induced and spontaneous tumours in inbred mice". British Journal of Cancer. 20 (4): 831-7. doi ...
Maize
Since the 1940s the best strains of maize have been first-generation hybrids made from inbred strains that have been optimized ... However, little of this maize is consumed directly by humans: most is used for corn ethanol, animal feed and other maize ... The maize plant is often 3 m (10 ft) in height,[28] though some natural strains can grow 13 m (43 ft).[29] The stem is commonly ... Individual knobs are polymorphic among strains of both maize and teosinte. Barbara McClintock used these knob markers to ...
Laboratory rat
Inbred strains are also available but are not as commonly used as inbred mice. ... Like NOD mice, Biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features ... Index of Inbred Rat Strains database, Jacskson Laboratory. *Rat Model Summary database, Knock Out Rat Consortium (archived copy ... Biobreeding diabetes-prone rat (a.k.a. biobreeding rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune ...
Holstein Friesian cattle
CIV, France, a tradition of animal husbandry. Animal husbandry and environment. Civ-viande.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-03. ... Inbreeding was not tolerated, and (distinct) families never arose, although differences in soil in different localities ... The Frisii bred the same strain of cattle unadulterated for 2000 years, except from accidental circumstances. In 1282, floods ... Low, David (1845) On the Domesticated Animals of the British Islands: Comprehending the Natural and Economical History of ...
Walleye
Cena, Christopher J; George E. Morgan; Michael D. Malette; Daniel D. Heath (2006). "Inbreeding, Outbreeding and Environmental ... although open-water reef or shoal-spawning strains are seen, as well. Some populations are known to spawn on sand or vegetation ... similar to that of lions and other nocturnal animals. This "eyeshine" is the result of a light-gathering layer in the eyes ...
Natural selection
In sexual selection, a female animal making a choice of mate may be argued to be intending to get the best mate; there is no ... new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs.[88] This is an evolutionary arms race, in ... "The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution". Proceedings of the VI International Congress of ... But Aristotle rejected this possibility in the next paragraph, making clear that he is talking about the development of animals ...
Rezus makak
str. 320. ISBN 0-521-79109-X. .. *^ Bilger, B. (20. 4. 2009). "The Natural World, Swamp Things". The New Yorker. str. 80. ... University of Michigan Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web: Macaca mulatta. *Macaca mulatta Genome Archived 2019-01-18 na ... "Inbreeding avoidance in rhesus macaques: whose choice?" (PDF). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90 (3): 335-44. doi:10.1002/ajpa. ... str. 97-164. Pristupljeno 5. 1. 2016.. *^ a b Jiang Xue-long; Wang Ying-xiang and Ma Shi-lai (1991). "Taxonomic revision and ...
Molecular ecology
Inbreeding depression[edit]. Inbreeding depression is the reduced fitness and survival of offspring from closely related ... This stems from the fact that many microorganisms are not easily obtainable as cultured strains in the laboratory, which would ... the study of animal behavior in relation to its ecology and evolutionary history. One behavior that molecular data has helped ... And the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis suggests individuals disperse to decrease inbreeding. Studying these hypotheses can be ...
Selfish genetic element
The P element is typically present only in wild strains, and not in lab strains of D. melanogaster, as the latter were ... Both plant and animal hosts have evolved means for reducing the fitness impact of TEs, both by directly silencing them and by ... A sex-ratio theory for sex linkage and inbreeding has new implications in cytogenetics and entomology". Science. 156 (3774): ... This is particularly a problem when breeders try to cross two different strains to create a new hybrid strain. One way to avoid ...
Iberian lynx
"Animal Diversity Web.. *^ Palomares, Francisco; Godoy, Jose Antonio; Lopez-Bao, Jose Vicente (2012). "Possible Extinction ... Difficulty in finding mates has led to more inbreeding, which results in fewer kittens and a greater rate of non-traumatic ... it was reported that wildlife officials were concerned about the spread of a new strain of the hemorraghic disease, affecting ... The Iberian lynx is smaller than its northern relatives, and typically hunts smaller animals, usually no larger than hares. It ...
Defensin
doi:10.1016/j.str.2018.10.022. PMID 30554841.. *^ a b Whittington CM, Papenfuss AT, Bansal P, Torres AM, Wong ES, Deakin JE, et ... In animals, they are produced by cells of the innate immune system and epithelial cells, whereas in plants and fungi they are ... DLPs is involved in signalling to detect if self-pollination has occurred and induce self-incompatibility to prevent inbreeding ... Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate[1] and invertebrate[2] animals, ...
Hymenoptera
Diploid males are known to be produced by inbreeding in many ant, bee, and wasp species. Diploid biparental males are usually ... In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda ... Another consequence is that hymenopterans may be more resistant to the deleterious effects of inbreeding. As males are haploid ... which helps to maintain heterozygosity and avoid inbreeding depression. Species that display central fusion with reduced ...
Group selection
The naturalist Konrad Lorenz had argued loosely in books like On Aggression (1966) that animal behavior patterns were "for the ... However, this can lead to inbreeding depression,[47] which typically lowers the overall fitness of a population. However, if ... Rauch, E. M.; Sayama, H.; Bar-Yam, Y. (2003). "Dynamics and genealogy of strains in spatially extended host-pathogen models". ... In the 1930s, R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane proposed the concept of kin selection, arguing that animals should sacrifice for ...
Hybrid (biology)
Animal and plant breeding[edit]. From the point of view of animal and plant breeders, there are several kinds of hybrid formed ... Among insects, so-called killer bees were accidentally created during an attempt to breed a strain of bees that would both ... Three-way cross hybrids result from the cross between an F1 hybrid and an inbred line.[6] Triple cross hybrids result from the ... Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. II, p. 125. *^ Spicer, J. W. G. 1854. Note on hybrid gallinaceous ...
Arabidopsis thaliana
Thousands of natural inbred accessions of A. thaliana have been collected from throughout its natural and introduced range.[15] ... Having specialized as a spring ephemeral, it has been used to found several laboratory strains that take about six weeks from ... "There Are Plants and Animals on the Moon Now (Because of China)". Space.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.. ... syringae pv tomato strain DC3000. Recognition of avrRpt2 by RPS2 occurs via the guardee protein RIN4, which is cleaved . ...
Genetically modified crops
Typically, the seed company maintains two inbred varieties and crosses them into a hybrid strain that is then sold. Related ... Animal feed[162]. US. 2005. Approval withdrawn in 2007[163] and then re-approved in 2011[164]. ... One of these was isolated from an Agrobacterium strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS) that was resistant to glyphosate.[123][124] The CP4 ... Many strains of corn have been developed in recent years to combat the spread of Maize dwarf mosaic virus, a costly virus that ...
Mutation
doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.11.008. PMID 19141283.. *^ Bowmaker JK (May 1998). "Evolution of colour vision in vertebrates". Eye. 12 ... Carroll SB, Grenier JK, Weatherbee SD (2005). From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design (2nd ... the maintenance of outcrossing sexual reproduction as opposed to inbreeding[70] and the evolution of sex and genetic ... The distinction is also blurred in those animals that reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, because the cells ...
Combinations of Nondiabetic Parental Genomes Elicit Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Mouse SMXA Recombinant Inbred Strains |...
Animals.. Male mice of parental (SM/J, A/J) strains, (SM/J × A/J)F1 mice, and 19 SMXA RI strains were obtained from The ... Recombinant inbred (RI) strains are derived by inbreeding different sets of F2 progeny from a cross between two inbred strains ... Festing MF: Origins and characteristics of inbred strains of mice. In Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse. ... Belknap JK: Effect of within-strain sample size on QTL detection and mapping using recombinant inbred mouse strains. Behav ...
A potential animal model for studying CF heterozygote advantage: Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride...
T2 - Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride currents among inbred strains of mice ... Genetic variation in theophylline-inducible colonic chloride currents among inbred strains of mice. ... from various inbred strains of mice. We found lower theophylline-induced Cl- secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J ... from various inbred strains of mice. We found lower theophylline-induced Cl- secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J ...
Stress-induced changes attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2...
Restraint stress has been associated with an enhanced probability of survival during influenza infection in this strain of ... viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of ... attributable to the sympathetic nervous system during experimental influenza viral infection in DBA/2 inbred mouse strain J ... viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of ...
Multi-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculus
... and in most cases underwent extensive domestication before inbreeding. Thus, the behavioral repertoire of the … ... Many aspects of mouse behavior have been studied by using only a relatively small sample of available laboratory strains. These ... Multi-phenotype behavioral characterization of inbred strains derived from wild stocks of Mus musculus Mamm Genome. 2000 Aug;11 ... The results show great diversity of behavioral patterns between strains in contrast to less within-strain variability. We also ...
Effects of housing density in five inbred strains of mice. - PubMed - NCBI
N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ... Effects of housing density in five inbred strains of mice.. Morgan JL1, Svenson KL1, Lake JP1, Zhang W1, Stearns TM1, Marion MA ... N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ... N = 16-18 animals per sex/strain. The lowest density is given a value of 1.0 and all other densities are relative to that. Mean ...
A General Bayesian Approach to Analyzing Diallel Crosses of Inbred Strains | Genetics
This diallel had no inbred animals. Posterior distributions for parameters relating to inbreeding (collected in the rightmost ... "inbreed.overall"; B) and strain-specific effects of additive genetics ("additive"; a), inbreeding ("inbreed"; b), and parent-of ... implies that the inbred penalty is constant across strains. Modeling heterosis, either as an inbred or a dominance effect, ... If we considered mother strain j and father strain k to be independent draws from a pool of J strains, and gender of the ...
Inbred strain - Wikipedia
Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which ... Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences ... Thus outbred strains of most laboratory animals are also available, where an outbred strain is a strain of an organism that is ... "History of inbred strains". isogenic.info. Retrieved 2017-11-30. Dixon LK (1993). "Use of recombinant inbred strains to map ...
Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains | Science
Chemical clues to the earliest animal fossils. *. Working Life. Afraid to fail? Reach out ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ... Hemoglobin Solubility and α-Chain Structure in Crosses between Two Inbred Mouse Strains ...
Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 4th Edition | Laboratory Animal Medicine | Veterinary Medicine | Subjects | Wiley
... laboratory animal veterinarians, students, and others interested in these species. The standard reference on the pathogenesis ... Common Inbred Strains, 3. Genomic Considerations for the Pathologist, 4. Anatomic Features, 5 ... He has over 20 years of experience in laboratory animal pathology.. Dean H. Percy, DVM, MSc, PhD, Dipl. ACVP, is Professor ... He has over 40 years of experience in laboratory animal pathology.. Stephen M. Griffey, DVM, PhD, is Clinical Professor of ...
Mice, Inbred Strains | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation. ... Inbred Strains" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Mice, Inbred Strains" was a major or minor topic ... "Mice, Inbred Strains" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Mice, Inbred Strains" by people in Profiles. ...
Hematological parameters in the early phase of influenza A virus infection in differentially susceptible inbred mouse strains |...
After anesthesia with ketamine/xylazine, a suspension of 2 × 103 focus forming units of the mouse-adapted IAV strain A/Puerto ... Hematological parameters have not received much attention in small animal models of infection, particularly at very early time ... Interestingly, it appears that even in the C57BL/6J strain, using approx. 10-12 animals per time point might suffice to study ... This is consistent with previous knowledge that hematological parameters may differ among inbred mouse strains [12] and lends ...
Mate Choice in Mus musculus Is Relative and Dependent on the Estrous State
Inbred strains Is the Subject Area "Inbred strains" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Animal signaling and communication Is the Subject Area "Animal signaling and communication" applicable to this article? Yes. No ... Domestic animals Is the Subject Area "Domestic animals" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ... Animal behavior Is the Subject Area "Animal behavior" applicable to this article? Yes. No. ...
Genotype-dependent consequences of traumatic stress in four inbred mouse strains - Szklarczyk - 2012 - Genes, Brain and...
Siegmund, A. & Wotjak, C.T. (2006) Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071, 324-334.. ... Strain differences in behavioral inhibition in a Go/No-go task demonstrated using 15 inbred mouse strains. Alcohol Clin Exp Res ... Schimanski, L.A., Ali, D.W., Baker, G.B. & Nguyen, P.V. (2007) Impaired hippocampal LTP in inbred mouse strains can be rescued ... Milner, L.C. & Crabbe, J.C. (2008) Three murine anxiety models: results from multiple inbred strain comparisons. Genes Brain ...
Chapter 9. Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD - Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral...
2 Animal Environment, Housing, and Management | Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals | The National Academies...
... the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals has b... ... Genetic Monitoring of Inbred Strains of Rats. New York: Gustav ... Animal Environment, Housing, and Management: A respected resource for decades, ... Rules for the nomenclature of inbred strains. Pp.368-372 in Genetic Variants and Strains of the Laboratory Mouse, M. C. Green. ... Noise produced by animals and animal care activities is inherent in the operation of an animal facility (Pfaff and Stecker 1976 ...
Great Variety, Impeccable Health Status
Mice repository offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry, a high percentage of which are ... Active strain donation program imports hundreds of new strains annually. Unsurpassed animal health. All JAX® Mice colonies are ... The Jackson Laboratory offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry. ... Moreover, among our selected 50 most popular strains, 38 (~ 75%) are available from opportunistic pathogen-free rooms. No other ...
Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent...
In the past 15 yr, different kinds of MPP have been established in plants and animals, such as nested association mapping ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ... Joint Analysis of Strain and Parent-of-Origin Effects for Recombinant Inbred Intercrosses Generated from Multiparent ...
Patent US7115368 - Diagnosis and treatment of cancer using mammalian pellino polypeptides and ... - Google Patents
An inbred strain of mice (e.g., BALB/C mice) or rabbits is immunized with the protein using a standard adjuvant, such as ... cancer-free animals. A control sample can also be obtained from normal tissue from the animal that has cancer or is suspected ... without removal from the animal. Typically, a "biological sample" will contain cells from the animal, but the term can also ... methods of enhancing the ability of an animals immune system to destroy cancer cells within the animal. Numerous such methods ...
the feminist critique of science
MGI-Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains
Traditionally, recombinant inbred (RI) strains are formed by crossing animals of two inbred strains, followed by 20 or more ... 4. Strains Made from Multiple Inbred Strains. 4.1 Recombinant Inbred Strains. 4.2 Collaborative Cross Strains. 4.3 Mixed Inbred ... 4.3 Mixed Inbred Strains. Incipient inbred stocks or inbred strains that are derived from up to three parental strains (one of ... 3. Inbred Strains and Hybrids. 3.1 Definition 3.2 Nomenclature of Inbred Strains. 3.3 Indication of Inbreeding 3.4 Substrains. ...
MGI
- Inbred Strains: SWV
Inbred Strains of Mice: SWV. SWV Inbr (Bc) 73. Albino: A,c, plus unknown dilution gene. Origin: Outbred animals from Defense ... INBRED STRAINS OF MICE. Updated 9 Apr. 1998. Michael FW Festing. MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building,. University of ... Animal Depot, Univ. Brit. Columbia. Inbreeding started in 1959. Develops nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with a progressive and ... Hackman R. M. and Hurley L. S. (1983) Interaction of dietary zinc, genetic strain, and acetazolamide in teratogenesis in mice. ...
DNA variation and brain region-specific expression profiles exhibit different relationships between inbred mouse strains:...
Animals. Seven-week-old male inbred mice were received from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA) (A/J, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/ ... because the genealogy and DNA-level variation across different strains are well known. We investigated whether inbred strains ... Relationships of inbred mouse strains. (a) A phylogenetic tree based on the fraction of allelic differences across 12,473 loci ... Atchley WR, Fitch W: Genetic affinities of inbred mouse strains of uncertain origin. Mol Biol Evol. 1993, 10: 1150-1169.PubMed ...
Complexes of myo-Inositol-Hexakisphosphate (IP6) with Zinc or Lanthanum for the Decorporation of Radiocesium. | AMERICAN...
The effect of cerebrospinal fluid pressure on dural venous pressure in young rats.
Rats, Inbred Strains. Rest. Venous Pressure*. Grant Support. ID/Acronym/Agency: //Wellcome Trust ... Animals. Animals, Newborn. Cerebrospinal Fluid / metabolism. Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure*. Dura Mater / blood supply*. Rats. ... 16484409 - Recording csf pressure with a transducer-tipped wire in an animal model of chiari i.. 239519 - Ventricular fluid ... It is concluded that drainage of CSF into the sinuses is greatly restricted in young animals.. ...
X-ray diffraction evidence of collagen molecular packing and cross-linking in fibrils of rat tendon observed by synchrotron...
Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison | bioRxiv
Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison. View ORCID ProfileCorey T ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ... Germline murine immunoglobulin IGHV genes in wild-derived and classical inbred strains: a comparison ...
Areas of research - Animal Reproduction - The University of Sydney
Comparison of the reproductive performance, lactation and growth of the Inbred Mouse Strains QSi3 and QSi5. This project ... Animal and human artificial breeding and IVF centres rely on semen analysis to determine the fertilising potential of males. ... This project is a collaboration between the Animal Reproduction Group, Taronga Zoo and various other zoological parks in the ... This work is part of a collaboration between the Animal Reproduction Group and the Directorate General of Veterinary Services, ...
Animal Experiments and Alternatives
Justifications for invasive experiments on animals rely on claims that such research is essential for the advancement of ... Loss of biological variability or predictivity resulting from the use of in-bred strains, young animals, restriction to single ... Genetically homogeneous (isogenic or inbred) or specified pathogen-free animal strains. Screening raw data for obvious errors ... Alternative to Animal Experiment Mo... by Dr Jayant Rai 10242 views * Alternatives to animal screening me... by Vasaya ...
An Animal Model Using Metallic Ions to Produce Autoimmune Nephritis
... of animals, some of them with anti-DNA specificity. Furthermore, all animals treated with heavy metals developed toxic ... To accomplish our goal, the animals were treated with the following ionic metals: HgCl,sub,2,/sub,, CuSO,sub,4,/sub,, AgNO,sub, ... We used inbred Long-Evans strains to maintain homozygosis; therefore, we observed in this particular strain high sensitivity to ... Most of the animals displayed negative ANA titers at the beginning of the trial; however, all sera collected from animals ...
Mice, Inbred Strains - MeSH - NCBI
LaboratoryAnimals, Inbred StrainsMice, Inbred StrainsMice, HairlessMice, Inbred AMice, Inbred AKRMice, Inbred BALB CMice, ... Inbred mdxMice, Inbred CBAMice, Inbred CFTRMice, Inbred DBAMice, Inbred ICRMice, Inbred MRL lprMice, Inbred NODMice, Inbred NZB ... Inbred mdxMice, Inbred CBAMice, Inbred CFTRMice, Inbred DBAMice, Inbred ICRMice, Inbred MRL lprMice, Inbred NODMice, Inbred NZB ... Inbred StrainsCollaborative Cross MiceMice, 129 StrainMice, HairlessMice, Inbred AMice, Inbred AKRMice, Inbred BALB CMice, ...
C57BLRatsMultiple inbred mouse strainsCongenic StrainsBALBEight inbred strainsDifferencesGenesLociBehaviorPopulationsAged Inbred MiceGeneticsRodentsMusculusPhenotypesDifferentially susceptibleChromosomesSpeciesVariationParentalSusceptibilitySusceptibleHomozygousKnockoutCommonlyHumansSelectiveGenomeNomenclatureCrosses2018ChromosomePhysiologyHeterosisJackson LaboratoryExperimentsAntibody responseTransgenicSubspeciesInfectionGenerationsHeterozygoteMated to establishDifferIdenticalGenotypeInfectionsExperimentalModelsReproductiveOriginsLocusSignificantly
C57BL26
- and two laboratory strains, C57BL/6 and DBA/1. (nih.gov)
- We found lower theophylline-induced Cl - secretion in the DBA 2J than in the C57BL 6J strain. (elsevier.com)
- Their F 1 showed significantly higher levels of Cl - secretion than did the C57BL 6J parental strain while colonic segments from five recombinant inbred B × D lines ranged between the C57BL 6J and F 1 values. (elsevier.com)
- Percent fat increased slightly in strains 129S1/SvImJ, A/J, and DBA/2J, but did not increase in strains BALB/cByJ, and C57BL/6J. (nih.gov)
- For instance, DBA/2J mice have been shown to be highly susceptible to the mouse-adapted IAV strain PR8 (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 [H1N1]), whereas C57BL/6J mice are relatively resistant, as evidenced by less weight loss, less severe lung pathology, and a lower viral load. (biomedcentral.com)
- We find that significant changes in hematological parameters are first detected 18 h post infection (hpi) in DBA/2J and by 24 hpi in C57BL/6J mice, and are fully manifest in both strains by 48 hpi. (biomedcentral.com)
- Changes are consistently more pronounced in the more susceptible DBA/2J strain, whereas a procedure-related (mock treatment) effect, albeit mild, is observed in the C57BL/6J strain only. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hair loss due to over-grooming (hair nibbling, whisker-eating) has been observed at The Jackson Laboratory for many years among mice in the C57BL/6J and related strains, i.e. (jax.org)
- Mice of the C57BL substrains are much more prone to hair loss than other strains and certain congenic histocompatibility strains are especially susceptible. (jax.org)
- At The Jackson Laboratory the type of alopecia resulting from social interaction of the mice - over-grooming - is considered a normal characteristic of C57BL/6J and related mouse strains and no attempt is made to prevent distribution of such mice. (jax.org)
- The first set of eight strains, the CXB family, were generated by Donald Bailey at the Jackson Laboratory from an intercross between a female BALB/cBy mouse (abbreviated C) and a male C57BL/6By mouse in the 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
- MMP-9 and TNF levels measured in this mouse strain were notably lower than those recorded in C57BL/6 mice and did not vary among treatment groups. (springer.com)
- Previously, besides the considered Swiss Webster mice, only two inbred strains (C57Bl/6, DBA/2) were investigated for the presence of helminths in Brazil (Pinto et al. (scielo.br)
- The group B was represented by the strains C57Bl/6, CBA, BALB/c and C3H/He, with 25 mice each. (scielo.br)
- In the study regarding the prevalence of species, the strains C57Bl/6, C57Bl/10 and C3H/He showed high percentages (88-96%) for A. tetraptera , whereas BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H/He presented higher prevalence (80-100%) for S . obvelata , while the prevalence of V. nana was higher (92%) in the C3H/He strain. (scielo.br)
- Thus, targeted disruption of the IFN- g gene in C57BL/6 mice causes these animals, which are otherwise resistant to infection with L. major , to become highly susceptible to these organisms (15,16). (scielo.br)
- FVB/N zygotes survived well after injection, and transgenic animals were obtained with efficiencies similar to the F1 zygotes and much better than the C57BL/6J zygotes. (pnas.org)
- I. 240 Male mice from the aggressive C57BL/I05 strain and non-aggressive A/J strain were subjected to temperatures of I8.3°C, 2I.I°C, 26.7°C, 32.2°C or 35°C for 24 hours. (brill.com)
- Background- Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) exhibit marked differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility. (ahajournals.org)
- A strain of mice arising from a spontaneous MUTATION (mdx) in inbred C57BL mice. (bioportfolio.com)
- We studied how space allowance affects measures of animal welfare in mice by systematically varying group size and cage type across three levels each in both males and females of two strains of mice (C57BL/6ByJ. (awionline.org)
- the offspring of pregnant strain-A females fed galactoflavin only rarely have cleft palate, whereas offspring of treated DBA- and C57BL-females have moderately low to moderately high incidences of this anomaly. (aappublications.org)
- Mice of the inbred C57Bl/6J strain displayed high variability in the antibody response of the IgG class to heat-aggregated bovine serum albumin. (elsevier.es)
- Los ratones de la cepa consanguínea C57Bl/6J mostraron mucha variabilidad en la respuesta de anticuerpos de clase IgG contra la seroalbúmina bovina agregada por el calor. (elsevier.es)
- therefore, one goal of this report was to find out if such differences occurred in mice of the C57Bl/6J inbred strain. (elsevier.es)
- Male and female mice of the C57Bl/6J strain were purchased from Harlan Iberica (Barcelona, Spain). (elsevier.es)
Rats16
- The genetic analysis of a multifactorial disease in experimental animals such as mice and rats is much more revealing than that of a similar disease in human subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Genetic crosses involving multiple inbred lines are hugely powerful for genetic experiments, but true inbred strains of mammals are rare outside of "model" rodents such as mice and rats. (g3journal.org)
- Doses were chosen that reduced blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in TG(m REN 2)27 rats to values comparable to those measured in control animals. (ahajournals.org)
- Between 1992 and 2000, 21papers 1-21 were published that used rats from inbred colonies in Melbourne and Tokyo thatwere believed to be of the Donryu (DRY) strain. (ahajournals.org)
- These rats were thought tohave been the same strain as DRY used by Dr Tanase in early breedingexperiments in relation to blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR). (ahajournals.org)
- Recently, Dr Tanaseindicated that the animals supplied to Melbourne and Tokyo that had beenlabeled as DRY were instead likely to be F344 rats. (ahajournals.org)
- Rodents are members of the order Rodentia, a large group of biologically similar animals that includes rats, mice, and beavers. (encyclopedia.com)
- Two of these species, rats and mice, are the most commonly used animal models for aging research. (encyclopedia.com)
- The range of animal models used in aging research is very wide and includes very small nematode worms ( Caenorhabditis elegans ), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), rats, mice, dogs, monkeys, and chimpanzees. (encyclopedia.com)
- Genetic (inbred) models of this disorder in rats have been used to examine mechanisms, comorbidities, and antiabsence drugs. (jneurosci.org)
- To test this hypothesis, we used operant conditioning in male rats to determine whether outbred strains, Sprague Dawley and Long-Evans, and/or the inbred WAG/Rij strain (a rat model of heritable human absence epilepsy) could exercise voluntary control over these epileptiform events. (jneurosci.org)
- We discovered that both inbred and outbred rats could shorten the duration of SWDs to obtain a reward. (jneurosci.org)
- SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our evidence that inbred and outbred rats learn to control the duration of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) suggests a voluntary behavior with maintenance of consciousness. (jneurosci.org)
- To investigate histological similarities and differences in PV cardiomyocyte localization and distribution, we performed comparative light and electron microscopic studies on humans, rats and mice, and generated a transgenic mouse strain. (medsci.org)
- In all but the most restrictive use of the term (genus Mus ), the main distinction between mice and rats is a matter of size, with relatively smaller animals, perhaps 12 centimeters (5 inches) or less, considered as mice and similarly looking animals that are larger designated as rats. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- they have produced strains of mice, rats, and other animals that are so inbred as to be genetically identical. (pawpeds.com)
Multiple inbred mouse strains2
- Because of the importance and potential power of eQTL studies in identifying regulatory networks, we analyzed gene expression patterns in different brain regions from multiple inbred mouse strains and investigated the implications for the design and analysis of eQTL studies. (biomedcentral.com)
- We report a detailed analysis of polymorphism distribution in multiple inbred mouse strains over a 4.8-megabase region containing a QTL influencing anxiety. (pnas.org)
Congenic Strains2
BALB4
- In addition, targeted disruption of the IL-4 gene in BALB/c mice causes these animals, which are otherwise susceptible to infection with L. major , to become highly resistant to these organisms (19). (scielo.br)
- However (and surprisingly), genetic disruption of the IL-4 gene of BALB/c mice can also generate animals that are as susceptible to infection with L. major as are wild-type conventional BALB/c mice (20). (scielo.br)
- The reasons for this discrepancy depend on some circumstances such as infection with particular L. major sub-strains, due to the fact that IL-4 and/or IL-4 receptor signaling is not required to promote Th2 cell development and susceptibility in BALB/c mice (21). (scielo.br)
- Three inbred strains with different origins were used, these were CPBs (Balb), CBA and C 57 Black. (brillonline.com)
Eight inbred strains1
- However, sampling has so far been carried out at a low density: Wiltshire and colleagues ( 3 ) sequenced 2,600 evenly distributed loci at intervals of ≈1.1 megabases (Mb) in eight inbred strains. (pnas.org)
Differences13
- The parental strains, SM/J and A/J, were nondiabetic, and the differences of the mean values of diabetes-related traits were small. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In contrast, an impaired glucose tolerance was observed in (SM × A)F1 mice, and marked differences in diabetes-related traits were observed in 19 SMXA RI strains. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences would be due to the single genetic change, or to a difference in environmental conditions between two individuals of the same strain, One of the more specific uses of Drosophila inbred strains are the use of Gal4/UAS lines in research. (wikipedia.org)
- Hematological differences between the strains were apparent even in untreated mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- It should be borne in mind that genetic drift means that there may still be unknown genetic differences between individuals within strains. (jax.org)
- Families of recombinant inbred strains numbering from 25 to 5000 are often used to map the locations of DNA sequence differences (quantitative trait loci) that contributed to differences in phenotype in model organisms. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, based on the availableevidence that the purported DRY showed only minor differences from F344 andsignificant differences from authentic DRY, we conclude that the animalsdescribed as DRY in the listedpublications 1-21 were in fact inbred F344. (ahajournals.org)
- Differences in susceptibility to infection with Fasciola hepatica between mouse strains. (springer.com)
- There are large differences in life span between some species of animals. (britannica.com)
- The biological significance, the origin and the genetical causation of differences in behaviour between inbred strains of mice have been studied. (brillonline.com)
- A comparison of the behaviour of these strains showed the presence of differences in all aspects of the behaviour studied. (brillonline.com)
- Heterosis is often discussed as the opposite of inbreeding depression although differences in these two concepts can be seen in evolutionary considerations such as the role of genetic variation or the effects of genetic drift in small populations on these concepts. (wikipedia.org)
- Second, QTL mapping can be carried out by associating phenotypic variation in inbred strains with their strain distribution pattern (SDP) [ in silico mapping ( 8 )], where an SDP is the pattern of allelic similarities and differences among strains at a locus. (pnas.org)
Genes11
- A hybrid between two inbred strains can be used to cancel out deleterious recessive genes resulting in an increase in the mentioned areas. (wikipedia.org)
- Few genes exhibited a significant strain-specific expression pattern, whereas a large number of genes exhibited brain region-specific patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
- The trees based on the expression of strain-specific genes were constant across brain regions and mirrored DNA-level variation. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the trees based on region-specific genes exhibited a different set of strain relationships, depending on the brain region. (biomedcentral.com)
- An eQTL analysis showed enrichment of cis -acting regulators among strain-specific genes, whereas brain region-specific genes appear to be mainly regulated by trans -acting elements. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, we were interested in localizing regulatory elements of genes with either strain- or brain region-specific expression patterns by eQTL analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mice were infected with a wild-type strain of S. typhimurium, SMB500, which constitutively expresses the genes necessary for bioluminescent light production (41). (nih.gov)
- This strain is as virulent as wild-type SL1344 in the mouse model and retains the bioluminescent genes in the mouse infection model (unpublished data). (nih.gov)
- These animals carry no lethal genes and are extremely healthy in every way except one. (pawpeds.com)
- This means that there are probably millions of genes, each coded for a specific antibody or cell surface receptor, in every adult animal. (pawpeds.com)
- If both chromosomes of a cat or other animal have identical immune system gene segments, that animal has lost half of its potential antibody genes. (pawpeds.com)
Loci9
- A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. (wikipedia.org)
- While the potential utility of recombinant inbred strains in mapping analysis of complex polygenic traits was obvious from the outset, the small number of strains only made it feasible to map quantitative traits with very large effects (quasi-Mendelian loci). (wikipedia.org)
- Somewhat larger families of recombinant inbred strains were generated concurrently by Benjamin Taylor to map Mendelian and other major effect loci. (wikipedia.org)
- Of the 43 markers tested, thecomparisons were informative for 17 loci, for which the cross (derived fromauthentic DRY) and the purported DRY animals were identical at 7 andnonidentical at 10. (ahajournals.org)
- The LXS panel has a genetic structure consistent with random segregation and subsequent fixation of alleles, the expected 3-4 × map expansion, a low level of nonsyntenic association among loci, and complete independence among all 77 strains. (deepdyve.com)
- Genetic markers of the FVB/N strain have been analyzed for 44 loci that cover 15 chromosomes and were compared with those of commonly used inbred strains. (pnas.org)
- It attributes the poor performance of inbred strains to loss of genetic diversity, with the strains becoming purely homozygous at many loci. (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, it has been suggested that allelic strain distribution patterns also occur in well defined blocks and consequently could be used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) in comparisons between inbred strains. (pnas.org)
- We have mapped three loci involved in outcome to this infection and have generated mice reciprocally congenic for these loci on several strains of mouse. (imgs.org)
Behavior9
- Many aspects of mouse behavior have been studied by using only a relatively small sample of available laboratory strains. (nih.gov)
- Another inherent problem in analyzing mouse behavior is that genetic diversity is limited among currently available strains. (nih.gov)
- Is the Subject Area "Animal behavior" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
- The over-grooming behavior is seen in other strains, but the frequency is usually very low. (jax.org)
- Animal Behavior 14:44-49. (jax.org)
- Animal Behavior 20:10-12. (jax.org)
- The use of two different inbred strains in the same environment can also help determine the role of genetics in a given behavior. (sparknotes.com)
- Here we argue that most animal behavior is not the result of clever learning algorithms-supervised or unsupervised-but is encoded in the genome. (nature.com)
- The large size and complex behavior of nonhuman primates makes these animals especially expensive to maintain and study. (encyclopedia.com)
Populations6
- Multiparent populations (MPP) have become popular resources for complex trait mapping because of their wider allelic diversity and larger population size compared with traditional two-way recombinant inbred (RI) strains. (g3journal.org)
- With the need for more powerful resources, multiparent populations (MPP) ( de Koning and McIntyre 2017 ), a set of inbred lines using multiple lines as founders, can overcome the limitations of traditional RI lines and have become an innovative tool for fine quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. (g3journal.org)
- Compared to human populations, genetic animal models offer the advantages of control over genetic family history and drug exposure. (frontiersin.org)
- The inheritance of longevity in animal populations such as fruit flies and mice is determined by comparing the life tables of numerous inbred populations and some of their hybrids. (britannica.com)
- The longevity of sample populations has been measured for more than 40 inbred strains of mice. (britannica.com)
- however, because the increased proportion of deleterious homozygotes exposes the allele to natural selection , in the long run its frequency decreases more rapidly in inbred populations. (wikipedia.org)
Aged Inbred Mice1
- Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis in 30 Strains of Aged Inbred Mice. (harvard.edu)
Genetics5
- Recombinant inbred strains are now widely used in systems genetics and to study gene-environment interactions. (wikipedia.org)
- What is the advatange of using inbred strains to study behavioral genetics? (sparknotes.com)
- Monozygotic and dizygotic twins are used to study human behavioral genetics rather than individual and pairs of inbred strains, respectively. (sparknotes.com)
- In addition, the availability of major histocompatibility (MHC)-defined X . laevis animal inbred strains, gynogenetic clones, and cell lines, coupled with a powerful and continuously improving reverse genetics approach provide the basic tools for addressing fundamental questions about the ontogeny and phylogeny of the immune system [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
- Since then, studies in humans and animals have used complementary approaches to understand the genetics of alcohol use and dependence. (thefreelibrary.com)
Rodents1
- Now in its fourth edition, Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits has become a standard text for veterinary pathologists, laboratory animal veterinarians, students, and others interested in these species. (wiley.com)
Musculus2
- Two hundred and fifty Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) inbred mice from two animal houses in the State of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, were divided in two groups (A, B) according to their source. (scielo.br)
- Studies of sequence variation between inbred strains of laboratory mice suggest that the distribution of polymorphisms has a mosaic structure of alternating segments of high and low frequency ( 1 - 3 ), consistent with descent of the most commonly used strains from a few subspecies, such as Mus musculus musculus ( 4 ). (pnas.org)
Phenotypes8
- In this respect, the use of strains that are derived from a variety of wild mice should provide a means to identifying novel behavioral phenotypes. (nih.gov)
- The diallel originated in animal and plant breeding as an extension of the idea that, from a breeding perspective, you should judge the value of an individual by the phenotypes of its offspring ( Christie and Shattuck 1992 and references therein). (genetics.org)
- Breeding of inbred strains is often towards specific phenotypes of interest such as behavioural traits like alcohol preference or physical traits like aging, or they can be selected for traits that make them easier to use in experiments like being easy to use in transgenic experiments. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the key strengths of using inbred strains as a model is that strains are readily available for whatever study one is performing and that there are resources such as the Jackson Laboratory, and Flybase, where one can look up strains with specific phenotypes or genotypes from among inbred lines, recombinant lines, and coisogenic strains. (wikipedia.org)
- As genotyping became progressively less expensive and more accurate the main advantage of using recombinant inbred strains and other genetic reference panels shifted to the ability to assemble massive and coherent databases on phenotypes (e.g., the GeneNetwork web service), and to use these coherent open-source data sets for large-scale collaborative research projects in predictive medicine and plant and animal research. (wikipedia.org)
- All else being equal, the larger the family of recombinant inbred strains, the greater the power and resolution with which phenotypes can be mapped to chromosomal locations. (wikipedia.org)
- We recently utilized the services of the OHSU transgenic core to replace a mutated gene with the common form of the same and demonstrated reversal of several methamphetamine-related phenotypes in animals with this single gene change. (ohsu.edu)
- These congenic animals have phenotypes different from their wildtype parents. (imgs.org)
Differentially susceptible1
- Inbred mice strains are differentially susceptible to malaria. (imgs.org)
Chromosomes4
- A recombinant inbred strain (or recombinant inbred line) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. (wikipedia.org)
- Chromosomes of recombinant inbred strains typically consist of alternating haplotypes of highly variable length that are inherited intact from the parental strains. (wikipedia.org)
- In the above example, an animal with two entirely different chromosomes can make two million different antibodies, each specific for one kind of infection. (pawpeds.com)
- An animal that has identical (homozygous) immune system chromosomes can make one million different antibodies. (pawpeds.com)
Species14
- Inbred strains (also called inbred lines, or rarely for animals linear animals) are individuals of a particular species which are nearly identical to each other in genotype due to long inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)
- Animals should be housed with a goal of maximizing species-specific behaviors and minimizing stress-induced behaviors. (nap.edu)
- The environment in which animals are maintained should be appropriate to the species, its life history, and its intended use. (nap.edu)
- Expert advice might be sought for special requirements associated with the experiment or animal subject (for example, hazardous-agent use, behavioral studies, and immunocompromised animals, farm animals, and nontraditional laboratory species). (nap.edu)
- Therefore, they should not be referred to by species name, but rather as laboratory mice or by use of a specific strain or stock name. (jax.org)
- In addition, some recently developed laboratory mouse strains are derived wholly from other Mus species or other subspecies, such as M. spretus ). (jax.org)
- Laboratory rat strains derive from the Rattus norvegicus species. (jax.org)
- Another species, Rattus rattus , also is used as an experimental model, but has not contributed to the common laboratory rat strains. (jax.org)
- Recent genome sequencing efforts have catalogued DNA-level variation between different species, strains, and individuals. (biomedcentral.com)
- L -gulonolactone oxidase activity differs among rodent species, among rat strains, and between sexes within rat strains (Jenness et al. (nap.edu)
- As a result, for most nutrients, it is not currently possible to establish separate requirements for various stages of life for individual laboratory animal species. (nap.edu)
- This notion has been supported by classical experiments which established that T cell-deficient mice rapidly succumb after inoculation with any one of several species of Leishmania , and that transfer of normal T cells confers resistance to the animals (1-3). (scielo.br)
- Several preference tests with different animal species show that animals often have a preference for organically grown food. (orgprints.org)
- However, the order Rodentia (phylum Chordata ) contains over 2,000 species and about 30 families (Myers 2000), many of which contain some animals that may be referred to as mice. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Variation10
- For minimizing the variation of glucose tolerance in each strain, all mice were fed the high-carbohydrate diet and subjected to phenotypic and genetic analyses. (diabetesjournals.org)
- We present a general Bayesian model for analyzing diallel data on dioecious diploid inbred strains that cleanly decomposes the observed patterns of variation into biologically intuitive components, simultaneously models and accommodates outliers, and provides shrinkage estimates of effects that automatically incorporate uncertainty due to imbalance, missing data, and small sample size. (genetics.org)
- The eight founder strains were predicted to represent ∼90% of the genetic variation presented in laboratory mice ( Threadgill and Churchill 2012 ). (g3journal.org)
- We believe that inbred mouse strains offer an excellent model to study the relationship between DNA-level variation and variation in gene expression patterns, because the genealogy and DNA-level variation across different strains are well known. (biomedcentral.com)
- We considered how global DNA-level variation correlates with gene expression pattern variation across five brain regions in six inbred mouse strains. (biomedcentral.com)
- This project investigates the large phenotypic variation that exists between two mouse strains derived from common ancestors. (edu.au)
- Body weight variation for the majority of animals was within +/- 20% of the sex mean. (europa.eu)
- so inbred models with no genetic variation may preclude a complete understanding of the underlying genetic architecture. (g3journal.org)
- Variation in anti- Trichinella responsiveness in inbred strains. (springer.com)
- Investigation of sequence variation in common inbred mouse strains has revealed a segmented pattern in which regions of high and low variant density are intermixed. (pnas.org)
Parental1
- Although the parental inbred strains-Inbred Long-Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short-Sleep (ISS)-were derived originally by selection from an 8-way heterogeneous stock selected for differential sensitivity to sedative effects of ethanol, the LXS panel is also segregating for many other traits. (deepdyve.com)
Susceptibility3
- Among inbred mouse strains, varying susceptibility to STZ-induced diabetes has been reported. (hindawi.com)
- The availability of numerous mouse strains that differ in susceptibility to atherosclerosis provides an experimental method for identifying the role of various cellular components in atherogenesis. (ahajournals.org)
- In one case, a congenic animal carrying a locus predicted to encode susceptibility was much more resistant than even the "resistant" animal. (imgs.org)
Susceptible3
- Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, an inbred strain of type 1 diabetes [ 4 ], are extremely susceptible to β -cell destruction by STZ [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Two inbred rat strains have been selected: the BN/hsdCpb which is characterised by a relatively low fertility and the GK/mol, a model susceptible for the development of non-insulin dependant diabetes (diabetes type II). (orgprints.org)
- Another congenic, for the char3 region on chromosome 17 displays a more resistant phenotype, despite the donor region coming from a susceptible animal. (imgs.org)
Homozygous2
- Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for recessive alleles that are mildly harmful (or produce a trait that is undesirable from the standpoint of the breeder). (wikipedia.org)
- This mutation is X chromosome-linked and produces viable homozygous animals that lack the muscle protein DYSTROPHIN, have high serum levels of muscle ENZYMES, and possess histological lesions similar to human MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. (bioportfolio.com)
Knockout1
- Moreover, there are many well-characterized inbred and knockout mouse strains available ( 18 ). (asm.org)
Commonly3
- Thus, the present findings ratify those reported for these strains, as well as complement the evaluation of worm burden in the other commonly referred inbred mice. (scielo.br)
- In this paper, the most commonly used animal models to study female genital tract infections with C. trachomatis will be reviewed, namely, the mouse, guinea pig, and nonhuman primate models. (asm.org)
- Mice are the most commonly used animals to study genital chlamydial infections. (asm.org)
Humans6
- Justifications for invasive experiments on animals rely on claims that such research is essential for the advancement of biomedical knowledge, for the development of cures to human diseases, or for the evaluation of the toxicity of compounds to which humans are exposed. (slideshare.net)
- Greek & Greek 2002a), and the right of humans to experiment on animals has also been strongly contested philosophically (e.g. (slideshare.net)
- Autoimmunity induced by metallic ions was previously described in experimental animals and humans suffering from chronic intoxication by heavy metals. (hindawi.com)
- However, in stark contrast to young animals (including humans), training such networks requires enormous numbers of labeled examples, leading to the belief that animals must rely instead mainly on unsupervised learning. (nature.com)
- In situations where the research requires a living organism, and humans are not suitable, investigators must search for a suitable animal model. (encyclopedia.com)
- The total lifetime energy output per gram of tissue is about 1,200,000 calories for humans and 400,000 calories for domestic animals such as cats and dogs . (britannica.com)
Selective5
- Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY) mice [ 9 ], an inbred strain of type 2 diabetes with moderate obesity and fatty liver, were established by selective breeding for glucose intolerance from an outbred colony, Jcl:ICR mice, from which NOD mice were also derived [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Selective breeding of plants and animals, including hybridization, began long before there was an understanding of underlying scientific principles. (wikipedia.org)
- The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing. (wikipedia.org)
- Inbreeding is a technique used in selective breeding . (wikipedia.org)
- For example, in livestock breeding , breeders may use inbreeding when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock and for producing distinct families within a breed, but will need to watch for undesirable characteristics in offspring, which can then be eliminated through further selective breeding or culling . (wikipedia.org)
Genome7
- Mouse strain names should be registered through the Mouse Genome Database (MGD) at http://www.informatics.jax.org/mgihome/submissions/amsp_submission.cgi . (jax.org)
- Rat strain names should be registered through the Rat Genome Database (RGD) at http://rgd.mcw.edu/tools/strains/strainRegistrationIndex.cgi . (jax.org)
- Each strain has a single fixed genome and it is also possible to resample a given genotype multiple times in multiple environments to obtain highly accurate estimates of genetic and environmental effects and their interactions. (wikipedia.org)
- The only exception is that the Y chromosome and the mitochondrial genome, both of which are inherited intact from the paternal and maternal strain, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
- The approach is identical to the exploitation of haplotype blocks (regions of complete or almost complete linkage disequilibrium) in the human genome for association mapping ( 9 ) but requires a different analysis to take advantage of the small number of founder animals from which laboratory strains are descended. (pnas.org)
- If the genome is sequenced so that each nucleotide position is covered with good-quality sequence x times on average, then the probability that a polymorphism is not covered in one strain will be e - x , assuming a Poisson distribution. (pnas.org)
- Although 71,000 SNPs were analyzed, just 7.8% of the genome was covered in all strains ( x = 1.3 and n = 8 gives 0.727 8 ). (pnas.org)
Nomenclature3
- Reference to former rules for rat strain nomenclature can be found in Committee on Rat Nomenclature (1992). (jax.org)
- Production of inbred strains means that these backgrounds can be defined and thus require nomenclature conventions. (jax.org)
- A key feature of mouse and rat nomenclature is the Laboratory Registration Code or Laboratory code, which is a code of usually three to four letters (first letter uppercase, followed by all lowercase) that identifies a particular institute, laboratory, or investigator that produced, and may hold stocks of, a mouse or rat strain. (jax.org)
Crosses2
- In genetic crosses between mouse strains with low and high solubilities of hemoglobin, solubility segregated as a Mendelian unit and appeared to be determined by the alleles controlling α-chain structure. (sciencemag.org)
- Most QTL are mapped in F2 or back-crosses between inbred strains, a method with great power to detect small effects but with poor resolution: The 95% confidence interval often encompasses half a chromosome ( 7 ). (pnas.org)
20182
- 2018. Space use by 4 strains of laying hens to perch, wing flap, dust bathe, stand and lie down. (awionline.org)
- 2018. Evaluation of the effects of space allowance on measures of animal welfare in laboratory mice. (awionline.org)
Chromosome4
- For an RI strain to be useful for mapping purposes, the approximate position of recombinations along each chromosome need to be well defined either in terms of centimorgan or DNA basepair position. (wikipedia.org)
- The small panel of 8 CXB strains was originally used to determine if the Major Histocompatibility (MHC) locus on proximal chromosome 17 was a key factor in different immune responses such as tissue rejection. (wikipedia.org)
- To characterize the genetic architecture of this new set of RI strains, we genotyped 330 MIT microsatellite markers distributed on all autosomes and the X Chromosome and assembled error-checked meiotic recombination maps that have an average F2-adjusted marker spacing of ∼4 cM. (deepdyve.com)
- Hence, the probability that a site is covered in each of N strains will be (1 - e - x ) N . For example, analyzing shotgun reads covering chromosome 16 in four strains ( 3 , 10 ), enough sequence was generated to cover the chromosome 1.3 times for each strain, assuming every strain made an equal contribution. (pnas.org)
Physiology1
- Due to its similarity of skin anatomy and physiology, the pig appears to be a well-suited animal model for preclinical studies of skin analog transplantations. (bioportfolio.com)
Heterosis4
- When the parents are diploid, sexed, and inbred, the diallel can characterize aggregate effects of genetic background on a phenotype, revealing effects of strain dosage, heterosis, parent of origin, epistasis, and sex-specific versions thereof. (genetics.org)
- Time course imaging of two maize inbreds and their F1 hybrid (middle) exhibiting heterosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness. (wikipedia.org)
- In plant breeding , inbred lines are used as stocks for the creation of hybrid lines to make use of the effects of heterosis . (wikipedia.org)
Jackson Laboratory1
- The Jackson Laboratory offers the greatest variety of inbred, hybrid and mutant mice in the industry. (jax.org)
Experiments9
- Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. (wikipedia.org)
- The outcomes have been consistent: animal experiments have contributed far less than advocates would have us believe. (slideshare.net)
- Historical accounts of the extent to which animal experiments have or have not contributed towards cures for various human diseases are sometimes disputed, and in any case provide few clues as to how research might have developed instead, had alternative avenues such as human-based studies been more vigorously pursued, using redirected funding. (slideshare.net)
- Scientists from 3 British universities and Yale University (US) called for systematic reviews of the efficacy of animal experiments. (slideshare.net)
- After searching the literature they located six existing reviews examining the efficacy of animal experiments in specific fields of medicine, which they briefly reviewed. (slideshare.net)
- Animal experiments are intended to be conducted prior to human clinical trials in case toxicity becomes evident. (slideshare.net)
- In sum, awareness of the genetic diversity of an animal colony is paramount as it allows researchers to properly replicate experiments and also to capitalize on other genetically distinct individuals to explore the genetic basis of a trait. (g3journal.org)
- Require authors to state whether the samples were randomized and specify method of randomization, at a minimum for all animal experiments. (nih.gov)
- Require authors to state whether experimenters were blind to group assignment and outcome assessment, at a minimum for all animal experiments. (nih.gov)
Antibody response1
- I. Parasite biomass and antibody response in three strains of inbred mice against graded doses of Echinococcus multilocularis cyst. (springer.com)
Transgenic3
- Transgenic animals [TG(m REN 2)27] were bred, housed, and treated in the animal laboratory of Bayer AG (Wuppertal, Germany). (ahajournals.org)
- FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses. (pnas.org)
- These features make the FVB/N strain advantageous to use for research with transgenic mice. (pnas.org)
Subspecies1
- Sperm Morphology in Two House Mouse Subspecies: Do Wild-Derived Strains and Wild Mice Tell the Same Story? (plos.org)
Infection9
- The murine model of influenza viral infection was used to evaluate the effects of restraint stress on pathogenesis and survival in the DBA/2 inbred strain of mice. (nih.gov)
- Restraint stress has been associated with an enhanced probability of survival during influenza infection in this strain of mouse. (nih.gov)
- Hematological parameters have not received much attention in small animal models of infection, particularly at very early time points. (biomedcentral.com)
- Infection-dependent changes, in particular increased granulocyte and decreased lymphocyte counts, were first detectable after 18 h in DBA/2J, were fully manifest in both strains at 48 h, and were usually more pronounced in the DBA/2J mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- The hematological response to infection may differ significantly among inbred mouse strains. (biomedcentral.com)
- Host-adapted strains of Salmonella are capable of establishing a persistent infection in their host often in the absence of clinical disease. (nih.gov)
- To ensure that MLNs were taken from mice still infected with wild-type S. typhimurium, we monitored the course of infection in 129sv mice using a noninvasive method that detects bacterial signal in live animals in a semi-quantitative manner, IVIS (31). (nih.gov)
- Whereas 88% (7/8) of BLT mice inoculated vaginally with HIV-1 became infected, none of the animals (0/5) given pre-exposure prophylaxis of emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) showed evidence of infection (Chi square = 7.5, df = 1, p = 0.006). (nih.gov)
- Variations of physiological variables (weight, course of infection, stress response) in inbred animals have also been reported ( Gärtner, 2012 ). (elsevier.es)
Generations5
- Some inbred strains have been bred for over 150 generations, leaving individuals in the population to be isogenic in nature. (wikipedia.org)
- Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20th or subsequent generation. (jax.org)
- Other breeding schemes are acceptable provided that the inbreeding is equivalent to 20 successive generations of sib mating ( Green 1981 ). (jax.org)
- Thesubsequent generations of these animals were used predominantly incross-breeding studies of blood pressure, cardiac size, and intracellularcalcium. (ahajournals.org)
- All of these new strains were inbred for at least 14 generations. (genenetwork.org)
Heterozygote1
- Certain combinations of alleles that can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains are advantageous in the heterozygote . (wikipedia.org)
Mated to establish1
- pairs of the F2 progeny are then mated to establish inbred strains through long-term inbreeding. (wikipedia.org)
Differ1
- This allows researchers to determine how much of a trait is genetically determined (remains the same across members of the strain) and how much is learned or environmentally influenced (can differ between members of the strain). (sparknotes.com)
Identical2
- Inbred strains have identical or nearly identical genetic information across individuals. (sparknotes.com)
- Each animal in one of these strains is the identical twin (aside from sex) of every other animal of that strain. (pawpeds.com)
Genotype1
- One of the initial motivations to use recombinant inbred strains is that expensive genotype data can be accumulated and reused - greatly simplifying mapping studies. (wikipedia.org)
Infections2
- Animal models are indispensable for the study of C. trachomatis infections and the development and evaluation of candidate vaccines. (asm.org)
- If a group of animals are missing the same gene segments, as happens in inbred lines, suddenly whole catteries or whole bloodlines can be lost to infections that would normally have little effect on a normal cat. (pawpeds.com)
Experimental7
- Inbred strains are genetically homogeneous, and the genetic and environmental components can be strictly controlled in the experimental setting. (diabetesjournals.org)
- making experimental design and the choice of inbred strain paramount ( Little and Colegrave 2016 ). (g3journal.org)
- A nutritionally balanced diet is important both for the welfare of laboratory animals and to ensure that experimental results are not biased by unintended nutritional factors. (nap.edu)
- Streptozotocin (STZ) has been widely used to induce diabetes through pancreatic islet destruction in experimental animals [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- This approach intends to add new data on the helminth parasites of laboratory mice, since these investigations have arised a great interest and also, taking into account that these hosts as experimental animal models, are widely utilized in the evaluation of several biological parameters. (scielo.br)
- Animal care and all experimental procedures were performed in strict accordance to the German and National Institutes of Health animal legislation guidelines and were approved by the local animal care committees. (medsci.org)
- The fact that such a condition can be produced at will in large numbers of experimental animals is of importance, as understanding such a situation is facilitated by ability to create it and to observe its ontogenetic steps. (aappublications.org)
Models20
- Certain plants including the genetic model organism Arabidopsis thaliana naturally self-pollinate, which makes it quite easy to create inbred strains in the laboratory (other plants, including important genetic models such as maize require transfer of pollen from one flower to another). (wikipedia.org)
- The UK Nuffield Council on Bioethics stated that "it would … be desirable to undertake further systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate more fully the predictability and transferability of animal models. (slideshare.net)
- The use of animal models for research is controversial. (encyclopedia.com)
- As a result, the use of appropriate animal models is essential. (dovepress.com)
- The quest for seizure mechanisms can provide insights into overall brain functions and consciousness, and animal models of epilepsy will continue to promote the progress of both epilepsy and neurophysiology research. (dovepress.com)
- In the present review, we summarize some of the most frequently used rodent animal models of TLE and other epileptic disorders, highlighting induction methods and manifestations as well as major uses and limitations. (dovepress.com)
- 2 , 4 , 5 Unfortunately, animal models of chronic epilepsy are not widely used because of time constraints and costs. (dovepress.com)
- Despite the urgency to develop and implement novel approaches capable of preventing HIV transmission, this process has been hindered by the lack of adequate small animal models for preclinical efficacy and safety testing. (nih.gov)
- Animal models of spontaneous diabetes and epidemiological data in the human challenge the obligatory role of environmental factors in triggering diabetes development. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Animal models also indicate that pathological modifications of the islets are required for full-blown diabetes to develop. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Animal models enable to test tissue-engineered skin as w. (bioportfolio.com)
- The transient and paroxysmal appearance of SWDs with associated immobility and rhythmic facial movements has led to the belief that SWDs represent a hallmark of seizures in both inbred genetic (i.e., absence) and acquired (post-traumatic) models of epilepsy. (jneurosci.org)
- We outline recent criticisms of animal-based research, namely that animal models are failing to predict human responses. (medsci.org)
- We then examine the assumption that animal models can predict human outcomes to perturbations such as disease or drugs, even under the best of circumstances. (medsci.org)
- We examine the use of animal models in light of empirical evidence comparing human outcomes to those from animal models, complexity theory, and evolutionary biology. (medsci.org)
- We conclude that even if legitimate criticisms of animal models were addressed, through standardization of protocols and systematic reviews, the animal model would still fail as a predictive modality for human response to drugs and disease. (medsci.org)
- 2003 ) provided evidence, by irradiation of the hippocampus, that hippocampal neurogenesis is required to achieve the behavioral effects of antidepressants in animal models. (aspetjournals.org)
- Fortunately, the availability of inbred strains of mice has allowed for some testing of this hypothesis via animal models of simulated space flight. (scientificamerican.com)
- Our research utilizes genetic animal models to study simple and complex addiction-related traits. (ohsu.edu)
- Genetic Background Categories In terms of their genetic background, Dr. Perez divided animal models into four basic categories. (taconic.com)
Reproductive2
Origins1
- The origins and history of recombinant inbred strains are described by Crow. (wikipedia.org)
Locus2
- One type of inbred strain that either has been altered, or naturally mutated so that it is different at a single locus. (wikipedia.org)
- Mice congenic for the lmr2 locus demonstrate a curious effect where the origin of the animal receiving the red cells modulates the effect of the red cells. (imgs.org)
Significantly2
- In the 1990s the utility of recombinant inbred strains for mapping was significantly improved thanks to higher density genotypes made possible by the use of microsatellite markers. (wikipedia.org)
- Inbreeding can significantly influence gene expression which can prevent inbreeding depression. (wikipedia.org)