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Alternative SplicingComplement Pathway, AlternativeAnimal Testing AlternativesExonsMolecular Sequence DataComplementary TherapiesBase SequenceProtein IsoformsAmino Acid SequenceRNA, MessengerRNA Splice SitesRNA SplicingIntronsRNA PrecursorsComplement Factor BTreatment OutcomeComplement ActivationCloning, MolecularTranscription, GeneticMutationTime FactorsRNA-Binding ProteinsCell LinePolymerase Chain ReactionDNA, ComplementaryComplement C3Models, GeneticSequence AlignmentModels, BiologicalReproducibility of ResultsPolyadenylationAlgorithmsGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionSequence Analysis, DNASensitivity and SpecificitySequence Homology, Amino AcidComplement C3 Convertase, Alternative PathwayDNA PrimersDNAComplement Pathway, ClassicalPromoter Regions, GeneticOxidoreductasesProtein BindingEvolution, MolecularProperdinOrgan SpecificityRNA IsoformsComplement Factor DPhylogenyGene Expression ProfilingCells, CulturedBinding SitesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtein Structure, TertiaryComplement C3-C5 ConvertasesComputer SimulationComputational BiologyHeLa CellsTransfectionNuclear ProteinsPhenotypeGene ExpressionChoice BehaviorGenetic VariationRecombinant ProteinsModels, MolecularExpressed Sequence TagsSpecies SpecificityKineticsModels, StatisticalTranscription FactorsSignal TransductionComplement C3bConserved SequenceBacterial ProteinsRNACost-Benefit AnalysisProteinsEscherichia coliCell Line, TumorDNA-Binding ProteinsSequence Analysis, RNABrainHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsFollow-Up StudiesComplement Factor HPlant ProteinsSoftwarePhytotherapyRetrospective StudiesMitochondrial ProteinsProtein BiosynthesisOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisTissue DistributionRegulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic AcidMice, Inbred C57BL5' Untranslated RegionsComplement System ProteinsPolypyrimidine Tract-Binding ProteinComplement C3b Inactivator ProteinsChromosome MappingProspective StudiesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsMembrane ProteinsNeoplasmsGene LibraryBlotting, NorthernBiological EvolutionBlotting, WesternSigma FactorAnimal Use AlternativesIsoenzymesPlasmidsOpen Reading FramesUnited StatesNucleic Acid ConformationHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BModels, TheoreticalRibonucleoproteinsGenes3' Untranslated RegionsGenomicsRestriction MappingData Interpretation, StatisticalDrosophila melanogasterCarrier ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGenetic VectorsTumor Cells, CulturedCell DifferentiationCattleDisease Models, AnimalAnti-Bacterial AgentsDose-Response Relationship, DrugGene Expression Regulation, BacterialRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalTranscription Initiation SiteEquipment DesignCodon, InitiatorGenomeDrosophila ProteinsCOS CellsGenome, HumanSpliceosomesEvaluation Studies as TopicFeasibility StudiesColumbidaeProtein ConformationCell NucleusAllelesResearch DesignMitochondriaQuestionnairesMice, Inbred BALB CSequence DeletionComplement Inactivator ProteinsPregnancyReading FramesGene DeletionMice, KnockoutGenotypePoly AHEK293 CellsFaith HealingDatabases, GeneticToxicity TestsNerve Tissue ProteinsComplement C2ChickensBayes TheoremSubstrate SpecificityPeptidesClinical Trials as TopicCricetinaePlant ExtractsAmino Acid MotifsAnimal WelfareMultigene FamilyCodon, NonsenseReinforcement (Psychology)LiverAnalysis of VarianceRabbitsRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTemperatureIntegrative MedicineDatabases, Nucleic AcidMutagenesis, Site-DirectedAdministration, OralAntibodies, MonoclonalGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBlotting, SouthernPostoperative ComplicationsDecision MakingBreast NeoplasmsGenes, ReporterArabidopsisSwineCluster AnalysisInternet
Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.Complement Pathway, Alternative: Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.Animal Testing Alternatives: Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.Exons: The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Complementary Therapies: Therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. They may lack biomedical explanations but as they become better researched some (PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; DIET; ACUPUNCTURE) become widely accepted whereas others (humors, radium therapy) quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. Therapies are termed as Complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as Alternative when used instead of conventional treatment.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.RNA Splice Sites: Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.RNA Splicing: The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.Introns: Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.RNA Precursors: RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.Complement Factor B: A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.RNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Complement C3: A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Reproducibility of Results: The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.Polyadenylation: The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction: A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Sensitivity and Specificity: Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway: A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Complement Pathway, Classical: Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Properdin: A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.Organ Specificity: Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.RNA Isoforms: The different gene transcripts generated from a single gene by RNA EDITING or ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of RNA PRECURSORS.Complement Factor D: A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Complement C3-C5 Convertases: Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Choice Behavior: The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Expressed Sequence Tags: Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Complement C3b: The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.RNA: A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Cost-Benefit Analysis: A method of comparing the cost of a program with its expected benefits in dollars (or other currency). The benefit-to-cost ratio is a measure of total return expected per unit of money spent. This analysis generally excludes consideration of factors that are not measured ultimately in economic terms. Cost effectiveness compares alternative ways to achieve a specific set of results.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.DNA-Binding Proteins: Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.Sequence Analysis, RNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins: A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.Follow-Up Studies: Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.Complement Factor H: An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).Plant Proteins: Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Phytotherapy: Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.Retrospective Studies: Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.Mitochondrial Proteins: Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome or proteins encoded by the nuclear genome that are imported to and resident in the MITOCHONDRIA.Protein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis: Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.Tissue Distribution: Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid: Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNA.Mice, Inbred C57BL5' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.Complement System Proteins: Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein: A RNA-binding protein that binds to polypyriminidine rich regions in the INTRONS of messenger RNAs. Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein may be involved in regulating the ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of mRNAs since its presence on an intronic RNA region that is upstream of an EXON inhibits the splicing of the exon into the final mRNA product.Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins: Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Blotting, Northern: Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Sigma Factor: A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.Animal Use Alternatives: Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).United StatesNucleic Acid Conformation: The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-B: A class of closely related heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins of approximately 34-40 kDa in size. Although they are generally found in the nucleoplasm, they also shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Members of this class have been found to have a role in mRNA transport, telomere biogenesis and RNA SPLICING.Models, Theoretical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Ribonucleoproteins: Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.3' Untranslated Regions: The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.Data Interpretation, Statistical: Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.Drosophila melanogaster: A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Anti-Bacterial Agents: Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional: Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.Transcription Initiation Site: The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.Equipment Design: Methods of creating machines and devices.Codon, Initiator: A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Drosophila Proteins: Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.COS Cells: CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Spliceosomes: Organelles in which the splicing and excision reactions that remove introns from precursor messenger RNA molecules occur. One component of a spliceosome is five small nuclear RNA molecules (U1, U2, U4, U5, U6) that, working in conjunction with proteins, help to fold pieces of RNA into the right shapes and later splice them into the message.Evaluation Studies as Topic: Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.Feasibility Studies: Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.Columbidae: Family in the order COLUMBIFORMES, comprised of pigeons or doves. They are BIRDS with short legs, stout bodies, small heads, and slender bills. Some sources call the smaller species doves and the larger pigeons, but the names are interchangeable.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Cell Nucleus: Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.Mitochondria: Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Questionnaires: Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.Mice, Inbred BALB CSequence Deletion: Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.Complement Inactivator Proteins: Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.Reading Frames: The three possible sequences of CODONS by which GENETIC TRANSLATION may occur from one nucleotide sequence. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated as 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the START CODON.Gene Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Poly A: A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.HEK293 Cells: A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.Faith Healing: The use of faith and spirit to cure disease.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Toxicity Tests: An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants.Nerve Tissue ProteinsComplement C2: A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).Chickens: Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Clinical Trials as Topic: Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Plant Extracts: Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.Amino Acid Motifs: Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.Animal Welfare: The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Codon, Nonsense: An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.Reinforcement (Psychology): The strengthening of a conditioned response.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic: Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Integrative Medicine: The discipline concerned with using the combination of conventional ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE and ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE to address the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of health and illness.Databases, Nucleic Acid: Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Administration, Oral: The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Blotting, Southern: A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.Postoperative Complications: Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.Breast Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.Genes, Reporter: Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.Arabidopsis: A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.

Functional human corneal equivalents constructed from cell lines. (1/352)

Human corneal equivalents comprising the three main layers of the cornea (epithelium, stroma, and endothelium) were constructed. Each cellular layer was fabricated from immortalized human corneal cells that were screened for use on the basis of morphological, biochemical, and electrophysiological similarity to their natural counterparts. The resulting corneal equivalents mimicked human corneas in key physical and physiological functions, including morphology, biochemical marker expression, transparency, ion and fluid transport, and gene expression. Morphological and functional equivalents to human corneas that can be produced in vitro have immediate applications in toxicity and drug efficacy testing, and form the basis for future development of implantable tissues.  (+info)

Comparison of a rabbit model of bacterial endocarditis and an in vitro infection model with simulated endocardial vegetations. (2/352)

Animal models are commonly used to determine the efficacy of various antimicrobial agents for treatment of bacterial endocarditis. Previously we have utilized an in vitro infection model, which incorporates simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs) to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of various antibiotics. In the present study, we compared four experimental rabbit endocarditis protocols to an in vitro infection model in an effort to determine if these models are comparable. We have evaluated the activity of clinafloxacin, trovafloxacin, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin in rabbit models against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. In vitro models were performed simulating the antibiotic pharmacokinetics obtained in the in vivo studies. Models were dosed the same as rabbit models, and SEVs were evaluated at the same time the rabbit vegetations were examined. Clinafloxacin and trovafloxacin were evaluated against methicillin-susceptible (MSSA1199) and -resistant (MRSA494) strains of S. aureus. Ciprofloxacin was studied against MSSA1199 and MSSA487. Sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin were evaluated against Enterococcus faecium SF2149 and Enterococcus faecalis WH245, respectively. We found that reductions in SEV bacterial density obtained in the in vitro model were similar to those obtained in rabbit vegetations, indicating that the SEV model may be a valuable tool for assessing antibiotic potential in the treatment of bacterial endocarditis.  (+info)

Comparative in vitro-in vivo percutaneous absorption of the pesticide propoxur. (3/352)

In vitro and in vivo skin absorption of the pesticide propoxur (2-isopropoxyphenyl N-methyl carbamate, commercially Baygon(TM) and Unden (TM); log Po/w 1.56, MW 209.2) was investigated. In vivo studies were performed in rats and human volunteers, applying the test compound to the dorsal skin and the volar aspect of the forearm, respectively. In vitro experiments were carried out in static diffusion cells using viable full-thickness skin membranes (rat and human), non-viable epidermal membranes (rat and human) and a perfused-pig-ear model. Percutaneous penetration of propoxur in human volunteers was measured by analysis of its metabolite (2-isopropoxyphenol) in blood and urine; in all other studies radiolabeled propoxur ([ring-U-(14)C]propoxur) was used. In order to allow for direct comparison, experimental conditions were standardized with respect to dose (150 microg propoxur per cm(2)), vehicle (60% aqueous ethanol) and exposure time (4 h). In human volunteers, it was found that approximately 6% of the applied dose was excreted via the urine after 24 h, while the potential absorbed dose (amount applied minus amount washed off) was 23 microg/cm(2). In rats these values were 21% and 88 microg/cm(2), respectively. Data obtained in vitro were almost always higher than those obtained in human volunteers. The most accurate in vitro prediction of the human in vivo percutaneous absorption of propoxur was obtained on the basis of the potential absorbed dose. The absorbed dose and the maximal flux in viable full-thickness skin membranes correlated reasonably well with the human in vivo situation (maximal overestimation by a factor of 3). Epidermal membranes overestimated the human in vivo data up to a factor of 8, but the species-differences observed in vivo were reflected correctly in this model. The data generated in the perfused-pig-ear model were generally intermediate between viable skin membranes and epidermal membranes.  (+info)

Prediction of eye irritation from organic chemicals using membrane-interaction QSAR analysis. (4/352)

Eye irritation potency of a compound or mixture has traditionally been evaluated using the Draize rabbit-eye test (Draize et al., 1944). In order to aid predictions of eye irritation and to explore possible corresponding mechanisms of eye irritation, a methodology termed "membrane-interaction QSAR analysis" (MI-QSAR) has been developed (Kulkarni and Hopfinger 1999). A set of Draize eye-irritation data established by the European Center for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) (Bagley et al., 1992) was used as a structurally diverse training set in an MI-QSAR analysis. Significant QSAR models were constructed based primarily upon aqueous solvation-free energy of the solute and the strength of solute binding to a model phospholipid (DMPC) monolayer. The results demonstrate that inclusion of parameters to model membrane interactions of potentially irritating chemicals provides significantly better predictions of eye irritation for structurally diverse compounds than does modeling based solely on physiochemical properties of chemicals. The specific MI-QSAR models reported here are, in fact, close to the upper limit in both significance and robustness that can be expected for the variability inherent to the eye-irritation scores of the ECETOC training set. The MI-QSAR models can be used with high reliability to classify compounds of low- and high-predicted eye irritation scores. Thus, the models offer the opportunity to reduce animal testing for compounds predicted to fall into these two extreme eye-irritation score sets. The MI-QSAR paradigm may also be applicable to other toxicological endpoints, such as skin irritation, where interactions with cellular membranes are likely.  (+info)

Pathology of ocular irritation with acetone, cyclohexanol, parafluoroaniline, and formaldehyde in the rabbit low-volume eye test. (5/352)

The ocular irritation responses to 11 different surfactants and two concentrations of acetic acid and sodium hydroxide have been shown to depend on the extent of initial injury, despite marked differences in the processes leading to tissue damage. The purpose of these studies was to determine the extent to which this fundamental relationship applies to other nonsurfactants. Ten microl of acetone (ACT). cyclohexanol (CY), parafluoroaniline (PF), or 37% formaldehyde (FA) was directly applied to the cornea of the right eye of each rabbit. Eyes and eyelids were macroscopically scored for signs of irritation beginning 3 hours after dosing and periodically until recovery or 35 days. Tissues were obtained for light microscopic examination after 3 hours and on days 1, 3, and 35. Initial corneal injury was characterized quantitatively at 3 hours and I day using in vivo confocal microscopy (CM) and by postmortem quantitation of dead corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes using a Live Dead Assay (L/D, Molecular Probes) and scanning laser CM. Corneal changes over time were characterized quantitatively using in vivo CM performed at 3 hours and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 35 days. The changes with ACT were consistent with mild irritation. Corneal injury was limited to the epithelium and superficial stroma, with the mean normalized depth of injury (NDI) being less than 10% with the majority of regions showing no stromal injury. Changes with CY and PF were consistent with moderate to severe irritation, and FA caused severe irritation. Specifically, corneal injury by CY and PF tended to involve the epithelium and anterior stroma, with the mean NDI being 10.4% to 23.8%, while injury with FA involved the epithelium, deep stroma, and at times the endothelium. Interestingly, with FA significantly less injury was observed at 3 hours with a dramatic increase in injury observed at 1 day and thereafter. In conclusion, these results continue to support and extend our hypothesis that ocular irritation is principally defined by the extent of initial injury despite clear differences in the means by which irritants cause tissue damage. We believe this approach can be applied to developing alternative assays based on injury to ex vivo eyes or injury to an in vitro corneal equivalent system.  (+info)

TestSmart-high production volume chemicals: an approach to implementing alternatives into regulatory toxicology. (6/352)

This article examines the status and application of alternatives defined as replacements, refinements, and reduction for screening high production volume (HPV) chemicals. It specifically focuses on the Screening Information Data Set (SIDS), a series of toxicological tests recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to screen such chemicals. Alternative tests associated with acute, repeat-dose, genetic, and reproductive and developmental toxicity were examined at 2 meetings of academic, industry, and regulatory scientists and their status determined. Tests were placed in 1 of 3 categories: ready for immediate use, in need of or currently undergoing validation, or needing research/developmental work. With respect to traditional acute toxicity testing, the basal cytotoxicity approach was placed in the category of research with the up-and-down, fixed-dose, limit test, and the acute toxic class categorized as available for immediate use and the neutral red assay under validation. Cell culture methods that could provide information on acute target organ toxicity were all categorized in the research stage. Studies of the Ah receptor were placed under validation. All alternative tests for repeat-dose toxicity were placed in the category of research. With regard to genetic toxicity, the Ames, mouse lymphoma, and Chinese hamster ovary methods were considered ready for immediate use, while the in vitro micronucleus and Syrian hamster ovary assays were placed in the validation category. All alternatives for developmental toxicity, with the exception of gene chip technology, were placed in the category of validation. Gene chip technology is considered to be in the research stage. For reproductive toxicity, sperm motility and morphology were considered as ready for immediate use, with the other assays categorized as needing validation or in the research stage. Follow-up to these results is obvious. Work needs to be conducted to move those tests from the research stage to the validation and use stage. This is one approach to the development of alternatives to SIDS. Progress along these lines would apply not only to SIDS but also to toxicology in general.  (+info)

A reply to Joseph Bernstein. (7/352)

Dr. Bernstein suggests that anti-vivisectionists should be able to fill in a directive requesting that they receive no medical treatment developed through work on animals. It is replied that this would only be reasonable if research not using animals had long been funded as adequately and its results were currently available.  (+info)

DNA repair-deficient Xpa and Xpa/p53+/- knock-out mice: nature of the models. (8/352)

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disease in which repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage is impaired or is totally absent due to mutations in genes controlling the DNA repair pathway known as nucleotide excision repair (NER). XP is characterized, in part, by extreme sensitivity of the skin to sunlight, and XP patients have a more than 1000-fold increased risk of developing cancer at sun-exposed areas of the skin. To study the role of NER in chemical-induced tumorigenesis in more detail, the authors developed Xpa-/- homozygous knockout mice with a complete defect in NER (designated as Xpa mice or XPA model). Xpa mice develop skin tumors at high frequency when exposed to UV light, and as such, they mimic the phenotype of human XP. Moreover, the Xpa mice also appear to be susceptible to genotoxic carcinogens given orally. Based on these phenotypic characteristics, the Xpa mice were considered to be an attractive candidate mouse model for use in identifying human carcinogens. In an attempt to further increase both the sensitivity and specificity of the XPA model in carcinogenicity testing, the authors crossed Xpa mice with mice having a heterozygous defect in the tumor suppressor gene p53. Xpa/p53+/- double knockout mice develop tumors earlier and with higher incidences upon exposure to carcinogens as compared to their single knockout counterparts. Here the authors describe the development and features of the Xpa mouse and present some examples of the Xpa and Xpa/p53+/- mouse models' sensitivity towards genotoxic carcinogens. It appeared that the Xpa/p53+/- double knockout mouse model is favorable over both the Xpa and p53+/- single knockout models in short-term carcinogenicity testing. In addition to the fact that the double knockout mice respond more robustly to carcinogens, they also appear to respond in a very discriminative way. All compounds identified thus far are true (human) carcinogens, and, therefore, the authors believe that the Xpa/p53+/- mouse model is an excellent candidate for a future replacement of the chronic mouse bioassay, at least for certain classes of chemicals.  (+info)

May 14th Webinar on Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative MethodsMay 14th Webinar on Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Methods
The Mid-Atlantic Society of Toxicology will present a webinar on "Regulatory Acceptance of Alternative Methods: Current Status and Future Directions." NICEATM Director Warren Casey will speak on "Predicting in vivo effects using in vitro data: the future of alternatives." Other speakers include George DeGeorge of MB Research Labs, Rodger Curren of the Institute for In Vitro Sciences, and Thomas Hartung of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing. The webinar will be presented on May 14, 2015 from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.. Full Details and Registraton ...
Petition · Stop Animal Testing: Replace Animals in Research with Non-Animal Alternative Methods · Change.orgPetition · Stop Animal Testing: Replace Animals in Research with Non-Animal Alternative Methods · Change.org
The validation and regulatory acceptance of non-animal alternative tests is critical to the adoption of more humane scientific methodologies. Virtually all federally funded research is paid for with your tax dollars. Two of the main funders of animal-based research in North America, the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, need to hear that you dont want your tax dollars used to underwrite animal experiments and urge them to stop requiring cruel and obsolete animal tests for pharmaceuticals and allow companies to substitute in vitro tests. (Government funded animal testing costs U.S. taxpayers $12 billion annually) Alternatives to animal tests are effective, reliable, affordable and humane. Proponents of non-animal testing methods in the scientific community have shown that these methods are quicker and cost-effective. Unlike crude, archaic animal tests, non-animal methods usually take less time to complete, cost only a fraction of what the animal ...
The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) - Alternatives to Animal Testing: New Ways in the...The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) - Alternatives to Animal Testing: New Ways in the...
At the end of 1991, the Commission of the European Communities informed the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament of its decision to set up a European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), in line with its responsibilities under Directive 86/609/EEC. The main goal of ECVAM is to coordinate, at the European level, activities designed to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. ECVAM is assisted by a Scientific Advisory Committee representative of all parties concerned with the validation of alternative methods, namely the Member States, and European industries, animal welfare organizations and academia. ECVAM is currently establishing information services and a series of workshops, task forces and symposia. It supports interlaboratory pre-validation and formal validation studies, and will itself also be practically involved in ...
Skin sensitisation: the Colipa strategy for developing and evaluating non-animal test methods for risk assessment. - PubMed -...Skin sensitisation: the Colipa strategy for developing and evaluating non-animal test methods for risk assessment. - PubMed -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Who Scientific Group On Cardiovascular D | LibraryThingWho Scientific Group On Cardiovascular D | LibraryThing
Who Scientific Group On Cardiovascular D, author of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: New Areas for Research (Technical…, on LibraryThing
Stem cell therapies needing more regulatory acceptance | EvaluateStem cell therapies needing more regulatory acceptance | Evaluate
As historic events go the approval of Osiris Pharmaceuticals stem cell treatment Prochymal in Canada, making it the first regulatory approval for the technology outside of China, received a relatively muted response both in the wider pharma community and the financial one.
Presentations at SOT 2010Presentations at SOT 2010
Authors: S Fitzpatrick, M Wind, A Jacobs, D Hattan, J Kulpa-Eddy, V Malshet, M Mumtaz, M Snyder, D McCarley, S Morefield, C Sprankle, D Allen, W Stokes. Abstract - Poster - Text-only version of poster. Abstract Number 1810A: Establishment of the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM) and Its Role in the Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Globally Harmonized Safety Assessment ...
Development of an Alternative Test for Skin Sensitization Using a Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Consisting of Dendritic...Development of an Alternative Test for Skin Sensitization Using a Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Consisting of Dendritic...
In order to evaluate water-insoluble chemicals using the skin model which is more similar to real skin and detectable interaction among three kind cells, we established a test method which is a three-dimensional human skin model consisting of normal fibroblasts, normal keratinocytes and normal dendritic cells utilizing a collagen vitrigel membrane (VG-KDF-Skin). Nine sensitizers and five non-sensitizers were then examined. After 24 hr, the amount of IL-1α and IL-4 release was measured, and then positive/negative outcomes were evaluated (VG-KDF-Skin method ...
ICCVAM Recommends Non-animal Endocrine Disruptor ScreeningICCVAM Recommends Non-animal Endocrine Disruptor Screening
The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) has recommended a non-animal test method to identify estrogen agonist and antagonist activity. In addition to recommending the test, ICCVAM also found the method to provide a number of benefits over the method currently employed in the United States.
ICCVAM Recommends Non-animal Endocrine Disruptor ScreeningICCVAM Recommends Non-animal Endocrine Disruptor Screening
The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) has recommended a non-animal test method to identify estrogen agonist and antagonist activity. In addition to recommending the test, ICCVAM also found the method to provide a number of benefits over the method currently employed in the United States.
Federal Register :: Recent Postings of Broadly Applicable Alternative Test MethodsFederal Register :: Recent Postings of Broadly Applicable Alternative Test Methods
This notice announces the broadly applicable alternative test method approval decisions that EPA has made under and in support of New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) in 2010.
Startup creates alternative test for cancer, Companies & Markets - THE BUSINESS TIMESStartup creates alternative test for cancer, Companies & Markets - THE BUSINESS TIMES
THE BUSINESS TIMES Companies & Markets - CURRENT cancer screening methods are invasive and costly. Think of the mammographies, endoscopies, or biopsies that are presently done to detect cancer. Local biotechnology start-up Mirxes Pte Ltd is looking to revolutionise cancer detection methods by offering blood tests in place of current diagnostic methods to detect early stage cancer.. Read more at The Business Times.
Colonoscopy Risks: Side Effects, Alternative Tests, ComplicationsColonoscopy Risks: Side Effects, Alternative Tests, Complications
Colonoscopies are highly effective screening tools used to detect colon cancer, rectal cancer, and other conditions. They are very safe, but not completely without risk. Learn more here.
Products for non-animal specific by Shiny HardwareProducts for non-animal specific by Shiny Hardware
Buy Products for non-animal specific by Shiny Hardware for your Non-Animal Specific from VioVet. FREE UK DELIVERY available over £29. Great prices and super easy to use website, see for yourself now.
New webinar series will highlight benefits of animal-free antibodies for COVID-19 | EurekAlert! Science NewsNew webinar series will highlight benefits of animal-free antibodies for COVID-19 | EurekAlert! Science News
As scientists around the world race to create COVID-19 therapeutics, the PETA International Science Consortium Ltd. -- an organization dedicated to promoting human-relevant, non-animal testing strategies -- has co-launched a free, publicly available six-part webinar series focusing on the applications and benefits of animal-free recombinant antibodies. Antibodies are molecules produced by an organisms immune system in order to fight viruses, bacteria, or other foreign particles in the body.
Animal Use Protocols - Animal Use Protocols - Western UniversityAnimal Use Protocols - Animal Use Protocols - Western University
Anyone who wishes to use live animals in research or teaching at Western University and its affliates must disclose all procedures in an approved Animal Use Protocol (AUP). All AUPs are reviewed by the ACC, consisting of animal-using researchers, research lab animal technicians, grad students, non-animal-using researchers, a veterinarian, and members of the community at large who have never worked in animal research. Any subsequent changes to the AUP post-approval must also be reviewed and approved by the ACC via Protocol Modification. For more information on Animal Use Protocols, please visit the ACC Website.. To begin an AUP at Western, please contact [email protected] for more information.. ...
TGF-β1 PLUS - the first truly animal-free TGF-β1 - Doron ScientificTGF-β1 PLUS - the first truly animal-free TGF-β1 - Doron Scientific
To date, recombinant human TGF-β1 has only been expressed in mammalian cell lines. Our protein experts have optimised TGF-β1, allowing us to produce highly bioactive protein in an E. coli expression system. This allows us to produce the first truly animal-free TGF-β1 for chemically-defined stem cell media.. As with Qkines other products, we provide full quantitative bioassay and biochemical data. Qkines TGF-β1 PLUS has also been validated for its ability to effectively maintain iPSC pluripotency by the specialist stem cell biotechnology company, Stemnovate, Cambridge, UK.. Benefits:. ...
APPLICATION OF ANIMAL-FREE RECOMBINANT BIOACTIVE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS T by Kenneth Bertram, Marina Ross et al."APPLICATION OF ANIMAL-FREE RECOMBINANT BIOACTIVE PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS T" by Kenneth Bertram, Marina Ross et al.
Animal cell culture for the production of viral vaccines has been performed for more than 50 years, and currently this technology is expanding rapidly to meet present and future demands of the health sector. The development and regulatory approval of continuous cell lines for manufacturing viral vaccines has brought numerous benefits to production processes. However, greater advances in the last decade have been achieved in mammalian cell production of biological therapeutics, including monoclonal antibodies, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and clotting factors. We and others have contributed to these upstream advances by improving cell culture media with the development of animal-free and chemically-defined recombinant protein supplements. The supplements we have developed include recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (LONG®R3IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (LONG®EGF), transforming growth factor-á (LONG®TGF-á), transferrin (CellPrime™ rTransferrin AF), and albumin (CellPrime™ rAlbumin
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Human, Recombinant, E. coli, Animal-Free | 407251Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Human, Recombinant, E. coli, Animal-Free | 407251
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Human, Recombinant, E. coli, Animal-Free CAS - Find MSDS or SDS, a COA, data sheets and more information.
Unilevers pathway-based, non-animal approaches to toxicity testing - Human Toxicology Project ConsortiumUnilever's pathway-based, non-animal approaches to toxicity testing - Human Toxicology Project Consortium
A new article by scientists at Unilever, a corporate member of the HTPC, describes several areas of safety science in which they are using a pathway-based approach to replace traditional animal tests with a combination of human cell-based in vitro assays and computational models. The article, Toxicity testing - non-animal approaches and safety science (by…
Animal advocates fear more tests : Tobacco ReporterAnimal advocates fear more tests : Tobacco Reporter
The U.S. Food and Drug Administrations insistence on keeping its 2007 predicate date has drawn protests not only from vapor companies but also from animal lovers.. "Countless animals will suffer and die now that newer tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, will be required to FDA approval in order to enter or remain on the market," wrote the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in response the new regulations.. To obtain FDA approval, tobacco manufacturers will be required to show that their products reduce the risk to current tobacco users and do not increase the risk to non-users. In a guidance document accompanying the rule, the FDA encourages manufacturers of electronic nicotine-delivery systems to meet with its Center for Tobacco Products (CTP) early in the development process to discuss what, if any, animal testing the agency considers "appropriate" or whether non-animal tests may be acceptable.. "The FDA has stated that animal tests will still be required for toxicological ...
L-Valine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino AcidsL-Valine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino Acids
Buy and get information for L-Valine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested, TC132, 72-18-4, Animal Cell Culture, Cell Culture Tested Chemicals, Amino Acids
L-Histidine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino AcidsL-Histidine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino Acids
Buy and get information for L-Histidine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested, TC076, 71-00-1, Animal Cell Culture, Cell Culture Tested Chemicals, Amino Acids
NICEATM Support of the Tox21 ProgramNICEATM Support of the Tox21 Program
The Tox21 partner agencies work together to develop, validate, and translate innovative in vitro HTS methods to characterize the impact of chemicals on key steps in toxicity pathways.. Data collected in the Tox21 initiative has been used to prioritize uncharacterized compounds for regulatory testing using both traditional and novel test methods. To more broadly address challenges in the field of toxicology, in 2018 Tox21 released a new strategic and operational plan (Thomas et al. 2018) that expands the focus of its research activities. New focus areas include expanding its portfolio of alternative test systems, addressing technical limitations of in vitro test systems, curating legacy in vivo toxicity testing data, establishing scientific confidence in in vitro test systems, and refining alternative methods for characterizing pharmacokinetics and in vitro assay disposition. The eventual goal of Tox21 is to use HTS methods to generate data that will allow risk assessors to more accurately ...
Risk ranking of pathogens in ready-to-eat unprocessed foods of non-animal origin (FoNAO) in the EU: Initial evaluation using...Risk ranking of pathogens in ready-to-eat unprocessed foods of non-animal origin (FoNAO) in the EU: Initial evaluation using...
Foods of non-animal origin (FoNAO) are consumed in a variety of forms, being a major component of almost all meals. These food types have the potential to be associated with large outbreaks as seen in 2011 associated with VTEC O104. In order to identify and rank specific food/pathogen combinations most often linked to human cases originating from FoNAO in the EU, a semi-quantitative model was developed using seven criteria: strength of associations between food and pathogen based on the foodborne outbreak data from EU Zoonoses Monitoring (2007-2011), incidence of illness, burden of disease, dose-response relationship, consumption, prevalence of contamination and pathogen growth potential during shelf life. The top ranking food/pathogen combination was Salmonella spp. and leafy greens eaten raw followed by (in equal rank) Salmonella spp. and bulb and stem vegetables, Salmonella spp. and tomatoes, Salmonella spp. and melons, and pathogenic Escherichia coli and fresh pods, legumes or grains. ...
Vegans can improve their omega-3 levels by taking non-animal formsof DHA - ArticleVegans can improve their omega-3 levels by taking non-animal formsof DHA - Article
Vegans can improve their omega-3 levels by taking non-animal formsof DHA. Also, browse our large selection of articles and products available at VitaNet®, LLC
Ocular irritation assayOcular irritation assay
The implementation of the SkinEthic™ HCE method, as a validated reference method in the OECD test guidelines TG 492 is already considered.. The draft of TG492 on Reconstructed human Cornea-like Epithelium test method for eye hazard potential is currently under review by the states members of OECD with an approval expected by summer 2017. Our corneal model and corresponding protocols (for liquids and for solids) are designed to comply with regulatory purposes to classify and label chemicals regarding in vitro ocular irritation assessment. ...
ClindaMed Oral Drops for Animal Use - ClindaMed Oral Drops for Animal Use Manufacturer,ExporterClindaMed Oral Drops for Animal Use - ClindaMed Oral Drops for Animal Use Manufacturer,Exporter
MEDICO REMEDIES PVT. LTD. - Manufacturer and Exporter of ClindaMed Oral Drops for Animal Use at most reasonable prices from India.
Cobalt-Free Zinc and Zinc-Alloy Passivation | Products FinishingCobalt-Free Zinc and Zinc-Alloy Passivation | Products Finishing
REACh" is the regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals. It entered into force on June 1, 2007. It streamlines and improves the former legislative framework on chemicals of the European Union (EU). The main aims of REACh are to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals, the promotion of alternative test methods, the free circulation of substances on the internal market and the enhancement of competitiveness and innovation. REACh makes industry responsible for assessing and managing the risks posed by chemicals and providing appropriate safety information to their users. In parallel, the European Union can take additional measures on highly dangerous substances, where there is a need for complementing action at EU level."4 As a result of REACh, the production and use of chemicals is regulated. Substances that are produced and/or used in amounts of more than 1000 kg/year must be ...
Formaldehyde Testing - GA 6000 | Quality Measurement | GreConFormaldehyde Testing - GA 6000 | Quality Measurement | GreCon
Formaldehyde Emissions Testing - GA 6000 uses EN717-2 gas analysis method that is approved by CARB as an Alternative test method.
ALTEX Issue 31.1ALTEX Issue 31.1
This issue of ALTEX includes a Food for thought article from Joanne Zurlo, two t4 workshop reports, an article about an alternative QSAR-based approach for predicting the bioconcentration factor for regulatory purposes, and much more.
Phase III Study Showed Rituxan in Combination With Chemotherapy Improved Progression-Free Survival in Patients With Relapsed...Phase III Study Showed Rituxan in Combination With Chemotherapy Improved Progression-Free Survival in Patients With Relapsed...
Genentech, Inc. (NYSE:DNA) and Biogen Idec (Nasdaq:BIIB) today announced that a global Phase III study of Rituxan(R) (rituximab) in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy met its primary endpoint of improving progression-free survival (PFS), as assessed by investigators, in patients with previously treated CD20-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) compared to chemotherapy alone. There were no new or unexpected safety signals reported in the study. An independent review of the primary endpoint is being conducted for U.S. regulatory purposes. Data from the study, REACH, will be submitted for presentation at a future medical meeting. Earlier this year, another European Phase III study, CLL-8, showed a similar treatment combination improved PFS in patients with CLL who had not previously received treatment. "REACH, the largest relapsed CLL trial ever conducted, is the first Phase III study of this treatment combination to show an improvement in progression-free ...
UM Carey Law | Diane HoffmannUM Carey Law | Diane Hoffmann
A Proposed Definition of Microbiota Transplantation for Regulatory Purposes, Gut Microbes, Mar. 20, 2017 (with others).. Stopping Deceptive Health Claims: The Need for a Private Right of Action Under Federal Law, 42 American Journal of Law & Medicine 53 (2016) (with Jack Schwartz). [Full Text]. The Importance of Including the Deans, Journal of Law, 41 Medicine & Ethics 81 (Supp. 2016).. Access to Essential Medicines in African Countries: An Introduction, 31 Maryland Journal of International Law 1 (2016) (with Peter Danchin). [Full Text]. Increasing Access to Dental and Medical Care by Allowing Greater Flexibility in Scope of Practice, 105 American Journal of Public Health 1755 (2015) (with Richard J. Manski and Virginia Rowthorn).. Laying the Foundation for an Interprofessional, Comparative Health Law Clinic, 42 Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 392 (2014) (with Chikosa Banda and Kassim Amuli). [Abstract]. Probiotics: Achieving a Better Regulatory Fit, 69 Food & Drug Law Journal 237 (2014) (with ...
HKU Scholars Hub: Browsing DSpaceHKU Scholars Hub: Browsing DSpace
Proceeding/Conference:Preprints of the 4th Workshop on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, Belgium, May 1996 ...
ABRSM Alternative Aural Tests For Deaf And Hearing Impaired: Grade 1-8ABRSM Alternative Aural Tests For Deaf And Hearing Impaired: Grade 1-8
... Alternatives to aural tests for deaf and hearing-impaired Piano candidates. Alternative tests for other instruments, for blind and par
Animal-free skin allergy testing - Human Toxicology Project ConsortiumAnimal-free skin allergy testing - Human Toxicology Project Consortium
With the recent approval of the human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) for skin sensitization (allergy), toxicologists now have a battery of methods that allows them to test for sensitization without using animals. Testing a chemical substance for skin irritation or corrosion is pretty straight-forward: the substance is applied to a skin sample (there are…
Prostate Biopsy Alternatives: Understand Your OptionsProstate Biopsy Alternatives: Understand Your Options
Your doctor may be able to rule out prostate cancer without a biopsy. Learn about alternative tests that can be used to determine your risk.
post by ghaleon12post by ghaleon12
I think that the subjectee (i dont know if thats a word), even if they have no rights, should still be able to consent to this, this should be given as an option or as an alternative, if presented at all. For example, if someone is about to get the electric chair, they can opt for an alternative test subject. Put on max security, no contact by outside source, and the only contact they get is the docs that work on them. But i can only assume this would turn out to be a pointlessly small number of people ...
Job Announcement: ASSOCIATE PLANNER - City of MilwaukeeJob Announcement: ASSOCIATE PLANNER - City of Milwaukee
THE SELECTION PROCESS will be job related and will consist of one or more of the following: education and experience evaluation; written, oral, or performance tests, or other assessment methods. The Department of Employee Relations and the Department of City Development reserve the right to call only the most qualified candidates to oral and performance examinations. Oral examinations may include written exercises. Selection process component weights will be determined by further analysis of the job.. INITIAL FILING DATE - The examination will be held as soon as practical after Tuesday, October 10, 2017. Receipt of applications may be discontinued at any time after this date without prior notice. However, recruitment may continue until the needs of the City have been met. Qualified applicants will be notified of the date, time, and place of the examination. Unless otherwise required by law, the City of Milwaukee will not provide alternative test administration. The applicant is responsible for ...
News - Rapid Microbiology and Rapid Microbiological MethodsNews - Rapid Microbiology and Rapid Microbiological Methods
Believed by Great Basin to be superior to alternative tests on the market, the Companys Shiga Toxin Direct Test offers true sample-to-result testing with less than three minutes of hands-on time, no specimen enrichment step, and presents much higher sensitivity than either non-molecular or antigen-based rapid tests, thereby simplifying workflow for laboratory technicians and providing cost savings while facilitating better patient care. The Shiga Toxin Direct Test quickly detects Shiga toxin-producingE. coli - specifically stx1 and stx2 genes - in addition to identifying the serotype O157. E. coli O157 can lead to a life-threatening condition called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by hemolytic anemia and renal failure. By including identification of O157 in the test, a laboratory can avoid running additional tests or expensive panels to get the definitive answers clinicians need for timely and accurate course of care, providing the means to avoid health complications that may ...
Difference between revisions of Chance News 15 - ChanceWikiDifference between revisions of "Chance News 15" - ChanceWiki
Joseph Stalins famous quote regarding elections, "The people who count the votes decide everything" has an analogy to the bizarre world of the No Child Left Behind Act. Regardless of the merits of the act, it is in the interests of those who will be judged by this law to look good. As a consequence, it appears that there are several ways, other than outright cheating or the students actually testing higher, to make the numbers come out better. In Minnesota, according to James Walsh of the Minneapolis Star Tribune (March 6, 2006), the trick is to have the low-scoring students take a different test. "To some, it may look like were gaming the system" says Tim Vansickle, the Minnesota director of assessments. Minnesota does have many students whose native language is not English and Vansickle denies that the alternative test is not meant to help schools keep off "the list" of schools deemed failing. Another technique according to Jay Mathews of the Washington Post (February 28, 2006), is to engage ...
College Surgery (Culm Valley)College Surgery (Culm Valley)
CVS is estimated to give a definitive result in around 99% of cases. However, it cannot test for every birth defect and its not always possible to get a conclusive result.. In a very small number of cases, the results of CVS cannot establish with certainty that the chromosomes in the baby are normal or not. This might be because the sample of cells removed was too small or theres a possibility the abnormality is just in the placenta and not the baby.. If this happens, it may be necessary to have amniocentesis (an alternative test, in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the mother) a few weeks later to confirm a diagnosis.. ...
15th Meeting of the GST Council to be held tomorrow, 3rd June, 2017 - Approval of amendments to the draft GST Rules and related...15th Meeting of the GST Council to be held tomorrow, 3rd June, 2017 - Approval of amendments to the draft GST Rules and related...
The Union Minister for Finance, Defence and Corporate Affairs, Shri Arun Jaitley will chair the 15th Meeting of the GST Council scheduled to be held tomorrow, i.e., Saturday, 3rd June, 2017 at Vigyan Bhavan in the national capital. This meeting is important because it is likely to finalize the rates of tax and cess to be levied on the commodities remaining after the fitment exercise in the 14th GST Council Meeting. Besides it, approval of amendments to the draft GST Rules and related Forms are also on the agenda among others of the aforesaid one day meeting. The meeting is likely to be attended by the Finance Ministers of different States/UTs being the member of the GST Council along with the senior officers. ...
Comunicaciones a congresos > 36th meeting of the ebmt 2010 - Servicio de Hematologia Hospital...Comunicaciones a congresos > 36th meeting of the ebmt 2010 - Servicio de Hematologia Hospital...
36th meeting of the european group for blood and marrow transplantation 201 lugar: viena. fecha: 21-24 marzo. miembros del servicio participaron como autor
8th Meeting of The American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair | WoundSource8th Meeting of The American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair | WoundSource
The American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair will hold its 8th meeting on October 11-12, 2019, in Chicago, Il. It will be a two-day event featuring three unique tracks.
Protease Inhibitor Cocktail III, Animal-Free, DMSO-Free | AG Scientific, Inc.Protease Inhibitor Cocktail III, Animal-Free, DMSO-Free | AG Scientific, Inc.
Check out our best-in-class prices for Protease Inhibitor Cocktail III at AG Scientific, Inc. With more than 20 years of experience in the life science industry, we can supply the chemicals you need to accelerate your scientific discoveries.
Fondation Recherches 3R / 3R Info Bulletins / Animal-free screening of biological materials for their contamination by rodent...Fondation Recherches 3R / 3R Info Bulletins / Animal-free screening of biological materials for their contamination by rodent...
In order to validate the IMPAT, it was compared with the MAP test. Samples of known concentration (tissue culture infective dose) were generated for each of the 14 viruses on the screening panel (Table 1). For each virus four 100-fold serial dilutions were made.. MAP test: Groups of 2 mice were inoculated with each virus at each of the dilutions. After 30 days the animals were euthanized and exsanguinated. The serum was tested for antibodies specific to the respective viruses using immunofluoresence assays.. IMPAT: To mimic routine conditions, the virus dilutions were not analyzed directly by IMPAT, but rather used to inoculate a standard tumor cell suspension. The tumor cells were incubated with the virus samples for 1 hour (DNA viruses) or 5 minutes (RNA viruses) before DNA or RNA extraction. Nucleic acids isolated from the contaminated tumor material were analyzed using standard PCR and the TaqMan method.. Sensitivity: The three methods were equally sensitive in detecting two of the 14 ...
Going vegan, family style: New vegan fare makes an animal-free diet tastier than ever - Article Comments - View topic - Arts &...Going vegan, family style: New vegan fare makes an animal-free diet tastier than ever - Article Comments - View topic - Arts &...
Article Discussion on [quote=JPS:1ln2girj][quote=old enough:1ln2girj][quote=JPS:1ln2girj]I am really getting tire of all these people who talk about animal cruelty because they read it in a book. These people really dont have a clue what the vast majority of livestock producers do for their animals. I grew up on a dairy farm. Everything revolved around the cows. They were fed and taken care of before we ate. At the time we were one of the larger dairies in the area. All the cows had a name and we knew each and everyone by their name, their habits and manor when milking them. People who think that animal cruelty is theis the rule rather than the exception just dont get it. If you are cruel to the animals, they will not perform to their maximum and if they dont perform to their maximum you dont make money. You can be a vegan or vegatarian, thats your choice. Dont try to justify it with claims that animal cruelty is widespread because it isnt. I know people who are vegans or
Celliance Enters Agreement with Novozymes A/S to Develop Animal-Free Recombinant human AlbuminCelliance Enters Agreement with Novozymes A/S to Develop Animal-Free Recombinant human Albumin
Serologicals Corporation (NASDAQ:SERO), announced today that Celliance Corporation, its wholly-owned subsidiary, has entered into an exclusive agreement with Novozymes A/S
Animal-Free Recombinant Human/Murine/Rat Activin A (E.coli derived)Animal-Free Recombinant Human/Murine/Rat Activin A (E.coli derived)
Activin A is a TGF-β family member that exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including regulation of cellular proliferation
AltbibAltbib
Cell cultureCell culture
Leslie Turnberg, Baron TurnbergLeslie Turnberg, Baron Turnberg
Wilhelm RouxWilhelm Roux
Deborah RudacilleDeborah Rudacille
Fixed-dose procedureFixed-dose procedure
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History of Queen Mary University of LondonHistory of Queen Mary University of London
Median lethal doseMedian lethal dose
Up-and-down procedureUp-and-down procedure
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Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
Michael BallsMichael Balls
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Monique AdolpheMonique Adolphe
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Absorption (skin)Absorption (skin)
Magnet schoolMagnet school
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EbolaEbola
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ادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادادرار کردن - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
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Times Beach, MissouriTimes Beach, Missouri
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Talk:Artificial consciousness/NPOV Version/discussTalk:Artificial consciousness/NPOV Version/discuss
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List of atheists in science and technologyList of atheists in science and technology
پرتو کیهانی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزادپرتو کیهانی - ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Romani peopleRomani people
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Platelet-derived growth factorPlatelet-derived growth factor
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SIDA, a enciclopedia libreSIDA, a enciclopedia libre
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John Bingham, 7th Earl of LucanJohn Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
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HerbalismHerbalism
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Alternative SplicingComplement Pathway, AlternativeAnimal Testing AlternativesExonsMolecular Sequence DataComplementary TherapiesBase SequenceProtein IsoformsAmino Acid SequenceRNA, MessengerRNA Splice SitesRNA SplicingIntronsRNA PrecursorsComplement Factor BTreatment OutcomeComplement ActivationCloning, MolecularTranscription, GeneticMutationTime FactorsRNA-Binding ProteinsCell LinePolymerase Chain ReactionDNA, ComplementaryComplement C3Models, GeneticSequence AlignmentModels, BiologicalReproducibility of ResultsPolyadenylationAlgorithmsGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionSequence Analysis, DNASensitivity and SpecificitySequence Homology, Amino AcidComplement C3 Convertase, Alternative PathwayDNA PrimersDNAComplement Pathway, ClassicalPromoter Regions, GeneticOxidoreductasesProtein BindingEvolution, MolecularProperdinOrgan SpecificityRNA IsoformsComplement Factor DPhylogenyGene Expression ProfilingCells, CulturedBinding SitesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtein Structure, TertiaryComplement C3-C5 ConvertasesComputer SimulationComputational BiologyHeLa CellsTransfectionNuclear ProteinsPhenotypeGene ExpressionChoice BehaviorGenetic VariationRecombinant ProteinsModels, MolecularExpressed Sequence TagsSpecies SpecificityKineticsModels, StatisticalTranscription FactorsSignal TransductionComplement C3bConserved SequenceBacterial ProteinsRNACost-Benefit AnalysisProteinsEscherichia coliCell Line, TumorDNA-Binding ProteinsSequence Analysis, RNABrainHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsFollow-Up StudiesComplement Factor HPlant ProteinsSoftwarePhytotherapyRetrospective StudiesMitochondrial ProteinsProtein BiosynthesisOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisTissue DistributionRegulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic AcidMice, Inbred C57BL5' Untranslated RegionsComplement System ProteinsPolypyrimidine Tract-Binding ProteinComplement C3b Inactivator ProteinsChromosome MappingProspective StudiesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsMembrane ProteinsNeoplasmsGene LibraryBlotting, NorthernBiological EvolutionBlotting, WesternSigma FactorAnimal Use AlternativesIsoenzymesPlasmidsOpen Reading FramesUnited StatesNucleic Acid ConformationHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BModels, TheoreticalRibonucleoproteinsGenes3' Untranslated RegionsGenomicsRestriction MappingData Interpretation, StatisticalDrosophila melanogasterCarrier ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGenetic VectorsTumor Cells, CulturedCell DifferentiationCattleDisease Models, AnimalAnti-Bacterial AgentsDose-Response Relationship, DrugGene Expression Regulation, BacterialRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalTranscription Initiation SiteEquipment DesignCodon, InitiatorGenomeDrosophila ProteinsCOS CellsGenome, HumanSpliceosomesEvaluation Studies as TopicFeasibility StudiesColumbidaeProtein ConformationCell NucleusAllelesResearch DesignMitochondriaQuestionnairesMice, Inbred BALB CSequence DeletionComplement Inactivator ProteinsPregnancyReading FramesGene DeletionMice, KnockoutGenotypePoly AHEK293 CellsFaith HealingDatabases, GeneticToxicity TestsNerve Tissue ProteinsComplement C2ChickensBayes TheoremSubstrate SpecificityPeptidesClinical Trials as TopicCricetinaePlant ExtractsAmino Acid MotifsAnimal WelfareMultigene FamilyCodon, NonsenseReinforcement (Psychology)LiverAnalysis of VarianceRabbitsRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTemperatureIntegrative MedicineDatabases, Nucleic AcidMutagenesis, Site-DirectedAdministration, OralAntibodies, MonoclonalGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBlotting, SouthernPostoperative ComplicationsDecision MakingBreast NeoplasmsGenes, ReporterArabidopsisSwineCluster AnalysisInternet
Petition · Stop Animal Testing: Replace Animals in Research with Non-Animal Alternative Methods · Change.orgPetition · Stop Animal Testing: Replace Animals in Research with Non-Animal Alternative Methods · Change.org
The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) - Alternatives to Animal Testing: New Ways in the...The European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) - Alternatives to Animal Testing: New Ways in the...
Development of an Alternative Test for Skin Sensitization Using a Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Consisting of Dendritic...Development of an Alternative Test for Skin Sensitization Using a Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Consisting of Dendritic...
Animal advocates fear more tests : Tobacco ReporterAnimal advocates fear more tests : Tobacco Reporter
Skin sensitisation: the Colipa strategy for developing and evaluating non-animal test methods for risk assessment. - PubMed -...Skin sensitisation: the Colipa strategy for developing and evaluating non-animal test methods for risk assessment. - PubMed -...
L-Valine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino AcidsL-Valine From non-animal source Cell Culture Tested | Animal Cell Culture | Cell Culture Tested Chemicals | Amino Acids
TGF-β1 PLUS - the first truly animal-free TGF-β1 - Doron ScientificTGF-β1 PLUS - the first truly animal-free TGF-β1 - Doron Scientific
Unilevers pathway-based, non-animal approaches to toxicity testing - Human Toxicology Project ConsortiumUnilever's pathway-based, non-animal approaches to toxicity testing - Human Toxicology Project Consortium
Applied In Vitro ToxicologyApplied In Vitro Toxicology
Alternatives to animal testing | News | CORDIS | European CommissionAlternatives to animal testing | News | CORDIS | European Commission
Animal Testing AlternativesAnimal Testing Alternatives
Plan Expedites Alternatives To Animal Testing | EmaxHealthPlan Expedites Alternatives To Animal Testing | EmaxHealth
Cell-based alternative to animal testingCell-based alternative to animal testing
Animal Testing Alternatives | Foundation for Biomedical ResearchAnimal Testing Alternatives | Foundation for Biomedical Research
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing - WikipediaCenter for Alternatives to Animal Testing - Wikipedia
Colipa Approves Animal Testing AlternativesColipa Approves Animal Testing Alternatives
Alternatives to Animal Testing | National Anti-Vivisection SocietyAlternatives to Animal Testing | National Anti-Vivisection Society
In alternative animal testing, a pessimist really is a well-informed optimist | ScienceBlogsIn alternative animal testing, a pessimist really is a well-informed optimist | ScienceBlogs
First lab-grown epidermis points to animal testing alternativesFirst lab-grown epidermis points to animal testing alternatives
European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing - WikipediaEuropean Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing - Wikipedia
Alternatives to Animal Testing: A Review of Trends and PerspectivesAlternatives to Animal Testing: A Review of Trends and Perspectives
Scientific Alternatives to Animal Testing - Advocacy for AnimalsScientific Alternatives to Animal Testing - Advocacy for Animals
Dasgip and Fraunhofer IZI to Find Alternatives to Animal Models in Drug Testing | GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology...Dasgip and Fraunhofer IZI to Find Alternatives to Animal Models in Drug Testing | GEN - Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology...
AWIC Tips for Searching for Alternatives to Animal Research and Testing | Animal Welfare Information Center| NAL | USDAAWIC Tips for Searching for Alternatives to Animal Research and Testing | Animal Welfare Information Center| NAL | USDA
Chip-chip Hooray!: Alternatives to Animal Testing, Experimentation and Dissection - An Animal Rights Article from all...Chip-chip Hooray!: Alternatives to Animal Testing, Experimentation and Dissection - An Animal Rights Article from all...
Alternative method to animal experiments used for testing Botulinum Neurotoxin-containing medical products - BfRAlternative method to animal experiments used for testing Botulinum Neurotoxin-containing medical products - BfR
Altweb: Alternatives to Animal Testing - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthAltweb: Alternatives to Animal Testing - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Newsletter - Altweb: Alternatives to Animal Testing - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthNewsletter - Altweb: Alternatives to Animal Testing - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Stemnovate: using new technologies as an alternative to animal testingStemnovate: using new technologies as an alternative to animal testing
European Union approves new alternatives to animal testing of drugs and chemicals | Times Higher Education (THE)European Union approves new alternatives to animal testing of drugs and chemicals | Times Higher Education (THE)
Workshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety TestingWorkshop on Alternative Methods to Reduce, Refine, and Replace the Use of Animals in Vaccine Potency and Safety Testing
Qlucore Omics Explorer Helps Researchers to Find Alternatives to Animal Testing for Allergen Studies - Drug Development...Qlucore Omics Explorer Helps Researchers to Find Alternatives to Animal Testing for Allergen Studies - Drug Development...
Promoting the Uptake of Alternatives to Animal Testing Through the Development of eLearning ToolsPromoting the Uptake of Alternatives to Animal Testing Through the Development of eLearning Tools
The fish embryo toxicity test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research - EcetocThe fish embryo toxicity test as an animal alternative method in hazard and risk assessment and scientific research - Ecetoc
How effective does animal testing alternatives work such as computer modelling and human tissue cultures? | ArticliciousHow effective does animal testing alternatives work such as computer modelling and human tissue cultures? | Articlicious
Regulations for Animal Alternative Testing in the Cosmetic Industry - invitrointlRegulations for Animal Alternative Testing in the Cosmetic Industry - invitrointl
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsAnthropology, Education, Sociology and Social PhenomenaInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Alternative SplicingComplement Pathway, AlternativeAnimal Testing AlternativesExonsMolecular Sequence DataComplementary TherapiesBase SequenceProtein IsoformsAmino Acid SequenceRNA, MessengerRNA Splice SitesRNA SplicingIntronsRNA PrecursorsComplement Factor BTreatment OutcomeComplement ActivationCloning, MolecularTranscription, GeneticMutationTime FactorsRNA-Binding ProteinsCell LinePolymerase Chain ReactionDNA, ComplementaryComplement C3Models, GeneticSequence AlignmentModels, BiologicalReproducibility of ResultsPolyadenylationAlgorithmsGene Expression RegulationReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionSequence Analysis, DNASensitivity and SpecificitySequence Homology, Amino AcidComplement C3 Convertase, Alternative PathwayDNA PrimersDNAComplement Pathway, ClassicalPromoter Regions, GeneticOxidoreductasesProtein BindingEvolution, MolecularProperdinOrgan SpecificityRNA IsoformsComplement Factor DPhylogenyGene Expression ProfilingCells, CulturedBinding SitesSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidProtein Structure, TertiaryComplement C3-C5 ConvertasesComputer SimulationComputational BiologyHeLa CellsTransfectionNuclear ProteinsPhenotypeGene ExpressionChoice BehaviorGenetic VariationRecombinant ProteinsModels, MolecularExpressed Sequence TagsSpecies SpecificityKineticsModels, StatisticalTranscription FactorsSignal TransductionComplement C3bConserved SequenceBacterial ProteinsRNACost-Benefit AnalysisProteinsEscherichia coliCell Line, TumorDNA-Binding ProteinsSequence Analysis, RNABrainHeterogeneous-Nuclear RibonucleoproteinsFollow-Up StudiesComplement Factor HPlant ProteinsSoftwarePhytotherapyRetrospective StudiesMitochondrial ProteinsProtein BiosynthesisOligonucleotide Array Sequence AnalysisTissue DistributionRegulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic AcidMice, Inbred C57BL5' Untranslated RegionsComplement System ProteinsPolypyrimidine Tract-Binding ProteinComplement C3b Inactivator ProteinsChromosome MappingProspective StudiesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsMembrane ProteinsNeoplasmsGene LibraryBlotting, NorthernBiological EvolutionBlotting, WesternSigma FactorAnimal Use AlternativesIsoenzymesPlasmidsOpen Reading FramesUnited StatesNucleic Acid ConformationHeterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Group A-BModels, TheoreticalRibonucleoproteinsGenes3' Untranslated RegionsGenomicsRestriction MappingData Interpretation, StatisticalDrosophila melanogasterCarrier ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalGenetic VectorsTumor Cells, CulturedCell DifferentiationCattleDisease Models, AnimalAnti-Bacterial AgentsDose-Response Relationship, DrugGene Expression Regulation, BacterialRNA Processing, Post-TranscriptionalTranscription Initiation SiteEquipment DesignCodon, InitiatorGenomeDrosophila ProteinsCOS CellsGenome, HumanSpliceosomesEvaluation Studies as TopicFeasibility StudiesColumbidaeProtein ConformationCell NucleusAllelesResearch DesignMitochondriaQuestionnairesMice, Inbred BALB CSequence DeletionComplement Inactivator ProteinsPregnancyReading FramesGene DeletionMice, KnockoutGenotypePoly AHEK293 CellsFaith HealingDatabases, GeneticToxicity TestsNerve Tissue ProteinsComplement C2ChickensBayes TheoremSubstrate SpecificityPeptidesClinical Trials as TopicCricetinaePlant ExtractsAmino Acid MotifsAnimal WelfareMultigene FamilyCodon, NonsenseReinforcement (Psychology)LiverAnalysis of VarianceRabbitsRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicTemperatureIntegrative MedicineDatabases, Nucleic AcidMutagenesis, Site-DirectedAdministration, OralAntibodies, MonoclonalGene Expression Regulation, EnzymologicBlotting, SouthernPostoperative ComplicationsDecision MakingBreast NeoplasmsGenes, ReporterArabidopsisSwineCluster AnalysisInternet
MethodsChemicalsExperimentsRatsTissuesValidationHumanHumaneStudiesSkinLaboratoryExperimentationToxicologyCosmeticsRabbitsCrueltyHumanResearchDirectiveDistressPreclinicalReductionMiceECVAMScientificallyVertebrate animalsScientistsWelfare ActDevelop in vitroSpeciesVaccines2016PharmaceuticalDraizeReplaceDiseasesEthicalRabbit pyrogen testModelsToxicologicalDrugsRegulationsInhumaneDissectionChemicalInvolvesPredictEliminateHarmSafetySearchWorld Congress on Alternatives
Methods7
Chemicals3
  • Currently, the sensitising potential and potency of new chemicals is usually characterised using data generated via animal studies, such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA). (nih.gov)
  • There are, however, increasing public and political concerns regarding the use of animals for the testing of new chemicals. (nih.gov)
  • Knowledge gained from this research is being used to support the development and evaluation of novel alternative approaches for the identification and characterisation of skin sensitizing chemicals. (nih.gov)
Experiments1
  • Two of the main funders of animal-based research in North America, the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, need to hear that you don't want your tax dollars used to underwrite animal experiments and urge them to stop requiring cruel and obsolete animal tests for pharmaceuticals and allow companies to substitute in vitro tests. (change.org)
Rats1
Tissues2
  • For example, Pharmagene Laboratories, based in Royston, England, is the first company to use only human tissues and sophisticated computer technologies in the process of drug development and testing. (change.org)
  • While some companies have used animal tissues for this purpose, Pharmagene scientists believe that the discovery process is much more efficient with human tissues. (change.org)
Validation1
Human3
  • Alternatives for Research Comparative studies of human populations allow doctors and scientists to discover the root causes of human diseases and disorders so that preventive action can be taken. (change.org)
  • Animal experimenters face the unavoidable fact that their artificially created "animal model" can never fully reflect the human condition, whereas clinical investigators know that the results of their work are directly relevant to people. (change.org)
  • A new article by scientists at Unilever, a corporate member of the HTPC, describes several areas of safety science in which they are using a pathway-based approach to replace traditional animal tests with a combination of human cell-based in vitro assays and computational models. (humantoxicologyproject.org)
Humane1
Studies1
  • Cell and tissue culture (in vitro) studies are used to screen for anti-cancer, anti-AIDS, and other types of drugs, and they are also a means of producing and testing a number of other pharmaceutical products, including vaccines, antibiotics, and therapeutic proteins. (change.org)
Skin1
  • This publication represents the current viewpoint of the cosmetics industry on the feasibility of replacing the need for animal test data for informing skin sensitisation risk assessment decisions. (nih.gov)
Laboratory33
Experimentation9
Toxicology5
Cosmetics23
Rabbits8
Cruelty14
Human64
Research48
Directive8
Distress5
  • Burch and Russell 139) Distress is an aversive state in which an animal is unable to adapt completely to stressors and, as a result, shows maladaptive behavior. (mirznanii.com)
  • It is argued, we have a responsibility toward animals and a moral obligation to not cause them pain or distress (jhsph). (brightkite.com)
  • An explanation of the procedures producing pain or distress in these animals and the justification for not using appropriate anesthetic, analgesic or tranquilizing drugs must be provided in Kuali. (umass.edu)
  • If any procedures fall into USDA's Classification D or E, causing more than momentary or slight pain or distress to the animals, describe your consideration of alternatives and your determination that alternatives are not available. (umass.edu)
  • that no valid alternative was identified to any described procedures which may cause more than momentary pain or distress, whether relieved or not. (umass.edu)
Preclinical1
  • About 50% of preclinical tests are performed to explore the bone harming and thus the embryotoxic potential of drug candidates, the collorators note. (genengnews.com)
Reduction7
Mice7
ECVAM6
  • A number of replacement tests, validated by ECVAM and its partners or by other agencies, are now in use or are being discussed at European and OECD levels. (europa.eu)
  • Tests validated by ECVAM must be approved by its Scientific Advisory Committee, composed of representatives of the 25 member states, academia, industry and animal welfare organizations before they can be used in labs across Europe. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • By using advances in scientific knowledge, ECVAM will help to increase patient safety and animal welfare. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • At the end of the 1980s, no scientific concept existed for the formal validation of in vitro toxicity tests, so a small group of European and American scientists met to develop a set of principles for experimental validation, which were first adopted by ECVAM in Europe in 1995, and, after harmonisation with experts from the USA and Japan, accepted internationally by the OECD in 1996. (atla.org.uk)
  • ECVAM has directly funded a number of validation studies, and a major breakthrough in the year 2000 was the acceptance for regulatory purposes in the EU of cientifically validated in vitro toxicity tests for phototoxic potential and for skin corrosivity. (atla.org.uk)
  • These, and other examples which are discussed, confirm that the internationally harmonised ECVAM/ICCVAM/OECD validation concept is a practical and effective way of making possible the replacement of regulatory testing in animals. (atla.org.uk)
Scientifically3
Vertebrate animals1
  • It is estimated that six million vertebrate animals are dissected in high schools each year, and another 5.7 million are used in college laboratories. (123helpme.com)
Scientists11
Welfare Act1
Develop in vitro2
Species3
  • Hendriksen and Koeter 99) This is also accomplished by careful consideration of animal disease status and genotype, appropriateness of strain or species and the quality of the animal husbandry, all to minimize experimental variation. (mirznanii.com)
  • All animal species are unique, particularly at the cellular level where diseases occur. (lcanimal.org)
  • The new EU law contemplates inescapable electric shocks (to induce helplessness), complete isolation for prolonged periods of social species like dogs or primates, forced swimming or exercise tests to exhaustion, destruction of animals' immune system - and so much more. (envirolink.org)
Vaccines5
  • Cell and tissue culture (in vitro) studies are used to screen for anti-cancer, anti-AIDS, and other types of drugs, and they are also a means of producing and testing a number of other pharmaceutical products, including vaccines, antibiotics, and therapeutic proteins. (change.org)
  • The routine testing of biological medicines, excluding vaccines and pyrogen tests, is examined. (atla.org.uk)
  • Commission adopted revised versions of its monographs on tetanus vaccines from which three animal tests have been suppressed. (edqm.eu)
  • The decision to remove the tests was taken following a re-assessment of toxicity testing requirements for these vaccines. (edqm.eu)
  • As part of the same revision exercise, the test for irreversibility of pertussis toxoid and the requirement to test the final lot for residual pertussis toxin have been removed from individual monographs on acellular pertussis vaccines. (edqm.eu)
20161
  • 2.6.30) since 2010 and since the revision in 2016 recommendations have been given to replace the rabbit test with the MAT, wherever possible and after product specific validation (Ph. (tentamus.com)
Pharmaceutical2
Draize2
  • It should be noted that the traditional Draize and LD50 tests were never subjected to a validation process). (navs.org)
  • The inaccuracy of the Draize test has been recognized for many years, but its replacement has not been a simple matter, and the development of better in vitro techniques has taken nearly a decade. (britannica.com)
Replace4
Diseases2
  • Even though we are very similar to animals in many levels we are still very different, especially when it comes to complex systemic diseases. (caareusa.org)
  • Specific zoonotic diseases like cat scratch fever and bird flu can be found in the consumer health area, but not in the veterinary search strategy unless it involves the health of the animal. (nih.gov)
Ethical2
  • Contractors who carry out animal testing for Roche are also expected to apply the same ethical standards. (roche.com)
  • Quite apart from the moral and ethical concerns, animals are simply very expensive and need looking after, including nights and weekends - who would not prefer a tissue culture? (envirolink.org)
Rabbit pyrogen test2
  • This rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) is still the benchmark test for pyrogens (Ph. (tentamus.com)
  • MIVT:OTCBB), Vancouver, has announced that its proprietary Hydroxyapatite (HAp) ultra-thin "passive" stent coating has successfully passed the Rabbit Pyrogen Test (Material Mediated) - ISO confirming that the coating is non- pyrogenic and does not induce fever. (thefreedictionary.com)
Models4
Toxicological1
  • Furthermore, toxicological properties of substances may be predicted using information from test data on analogues by the 'read-across' approach or for a group of substances using the 'category' approach. (europa.eu)
Drugs5
Regulations2
Inhumane3
Dissection9
Chemical5
Involves2
Predict2
Eliminate1
  • If it's approved in all the countries where Botox is sold, Allergan expects to eliminate the need for at least 95% of its animal testing within three years. (latimes.com)
Harm1
  • CAARE works daily to deliver the best and the latest information on breakthroughs in science and medicine that don't harm animals. (all-creatures.org)
Safety9
  • Since this section of our website addresses product safety and toxicity testing, the focus here will be on animal testing alternatives intended for toxicity testing applications that are being considered for acceptance by regulatory agencies. (navs.org)
  • There are a number of incentives for moving away from animal safety and toxicity testing and toward animal testing alternatives. (navs.org)
  • Stemnovate is a biotech company which delivers innovative drug-screening and safety-testing platforms, and has recently been awarded $1 million Innovate UK funding to advance 'Liver on a chip' technology. (pwc.co.uk)
  • The technology will improve drug testing and help patients by increasing drug safety, effectiveness, with the potential to develop individually tailored medicine. (pwc.co.uk)
  • Animals are still widely used in drug development and safety tests, despite evidence for their lack of predictive value. (atla.org.uk)
  • "This next chapter will place our country on the forefront of future medical discoveries and safety testing and I am honoured to play an integral part in its inception," Margolis continued. (livekindly.co)
  • So before bringing a new product to market, they test it for safety - often by feeding it or applying it to animals and seeing how it affects them. (moneycrashers.com)
  • The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) , which is in charge of regulating safety for personal care products, requires companies to test the ingredients they use for safety, but they can use any test that's "appropriate and effective. (moneycrashers.com)
  • Thalidomide, which came out on the German market late in the 1950s, had previously been safety tested on thousands of animals. (envirolink.org)
Search1
World Congress on Alternatives1
  • In September 1999, the Centre was the principal organiser of the 3rd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, held in Bologna, Italy. (europa.eu)