Animal Experimentation: The use of animals as investigational subjects.Animal Rights: The moral and ethical bases of the protection of animals from cruelty and abuse. The rights are extended to domestic animals, laboratory animals, and wild animals.Animal Testing Alternatives: Procedures, such as TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES; mathematical models; etc., when used or advocated for use in place of the use of animals in research or diagnostic laboratories.Animals, LaboratoryAnimal Welfare: The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.Animal Use Alternatives: Alternatives to the use of animals in research, testing, and education. The alternatives may include reduction in the number of animals used, replacement of animals with a non-animal model or with animals of a species lower phylogenetically, or refinement of methods to minimize pain and distress of animals used.Human Characteristics: The fundamental dispositions and traits of humans. (Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)Human Experimentation: The use of humans as investigational subjects.Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation: Human experimentation that is not intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed. Phase I drug studies (CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I AS TOPIC) and research involving healthy volunteers are examples of nontherapeutic human experimentation.Therapeutic Human Experimentation: Human experimentation that is intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed.War Crimes: Criminal acts committed during, or in connection with, war, e.g., maltreatment of prisoners, willful killing of civilians, etc.EssaysHistory, 20th Century: Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.History, 19th Century: Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.History, 18th Century: Time period from 1701 through 1800 of the common era.Ethology: The discipline pertaining to the study of animal behavior.Crows: Common name for the largest birds in the order PASSERIFORMES, family Corvidae. These omnivorous black birds comprise most of the species in the genus Corvus, along with ravens and jackdaws (which are often also referred to as crows).Chromatin Immunoprecipitation: A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.Dissection: The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.Laboratory Animal Science: The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing.Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome: An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.Education, Veterinary: Use for general articles concerning veterinary medical education.Hantaan virus: The type species of the genus HANTAVIRUS infecting the rodent Apodemus agrarius and humans who come in contact with it. It causes syndromes of hemorrhagic fever associated with vascular and especially renal pathology.Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral: A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. Hemorrhagic fevers are characterized by sudden onset, fever, headache, generalized myalgia, backache, conjunctivitis, and severe prostration, followed by various hemorrhagic symptoms. Hemorrhagic fever with kidney involvement is HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME.Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.Cyclin E: A 50-kDa protein that complexes with CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 2 in the late G1 phase of the cell cycle.Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.Oncogene Proteins: Proteins coded by oncogenes. They include proteins resulting from the fusion of an oncogene and another gene (ONCOGENE PROTEINS, FUSION).Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.Local Lymph Node Assay: The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is an alternative method for the identification of chemicals that have the ability to cause skin sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Endpoints have been established so fewer animals are required and less painful procedures are used.Dermatitis, Allergic Contact: A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.Laboratory Proficiency Testing: Assessments aimed at determining agreement in diagnostic test results among laboratories. Identical survey samples are distributed to participating laboratories, with results stratified according to testing methodologies.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Irritants: Drugs that act locally on cutaneous or mucosal surfaces to produce inflammation; those that cause redness due to hyperemia are rubefacients; those that raise blisters are vesicants and those that penetrate sebaceous glands and cause abscesses are pustulants; tear gases and mustard gases are also irritants.Galaxies: Large aggregates of CELESTIAL STARS; COSMIC DUST; and gas. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Philosophy: A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)Philosophy, MedicalBooksQuackery: The fraudulent misrepresentation of the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Hospices: Facilities or services which are especially devoted to providing palliative and supportive care to the patient with a terminal illness and to the patient's family.Natural History: A former branch of knowledge embracing the study, description, and classification of natural objects (as animals, plants, and minerals) and thus including the modern sciences of zoology, botany, and mineralogy insofar as they existed at that time. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries it was much used for the generalized pursuit of certain areas of science. (Webster, 3d ed; from Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)Ethics, Medical: The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families.History, 17th Century: Time period from 1601 through 1700 of the common era.History, 15th Century: Time period from 1401 through 1500 of the common era.History, 16th Century: Time period from 1501 through 1600 of the common era.History, Medieval: The period of history from the year 500 through 1450 of the common era.Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A: The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.Neovascularization, Pathologic: A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A family of closely related RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. They share a cluster of seven extracellular Ig-like domains which are important for ligand binding. They are highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical for the physiological and pathological growth, development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels.Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2: A 200-230-kDa tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors: A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.Angiogenesis Inhibitors: Agents and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.Endothelial Growth Factors: These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.
An international survey of medical ethics curricula in Asia. (1/197)
SETTING: Medical ethics education has become common, and the integrated ethics curriculum has been recommended in Western countries. It should be questioned whether there is one, universal method of teaching ethics applicable worldwide to medical schools, especially those in non-Western developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To characterise the medical ethics curricula at Asian medical schools. DESIGN: Mailed survey of 206 medical schools in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Australia and New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 100 medical schools responded, a response rate of 49%, ranging from 23%-100% by country. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The degree of integration of the ethics programme into the formal medical curriculum was measured by lecture time; whether compulsory or elective; whether separate courses or unit of other courses; number of courses; schedule; total length, and diversity of teachers' specialties. RESULTS: A total of 89 medical schools (89%) reported offering some courses in which ethical topics were taught. Separate medical ethics courses were mostly offered in all countries, and the structure of vertical integration was divided into four patterns. Most deans reported that physicians' obligations and patients' rights were the most important topics for their students. However, the evaluation was diverse for more concrete topics. CONCLUSION: Offering formal medical ethics education is a widespread feature of medical curricula throughout the study area. However, the kinds of programmes, especially with regard to integration into clinical teaching, were greatly diverse. (+info)A reply to Joseph Bernstein. (2/197)
Dr. Bernstein suggests that anti-vivisectionists should be able to fill in a directive requesting that they receive no medical treatment developed through work on animals. It is replied that this would only be reasonable if research not using animals had long been funded as adequately and its results were currently available. (+info)Animal experiments: conference report.(3/197)
(+info)Methods in vascular infusion biotechnology in research with rodents. (4/197)
Infusion of experimental compounds into the vascular system of rodents and the need to collect blood and other biological fluids from small animals comprise an area of emerging importance to biomedical research and drug discovery and development. The advances in the development of transgenic rodents coupled with technical progress in the manufacture and commercial availability of various catheters, swivels, tethers, infusion pumps, and sample collection systems that are described have enabled biomedical scientists to miniaturize vascular infusion and sample collection systems previously used in animal species larger than the rat or mouse. Use of these advanced, miniature vascular infusion systems in rodents is possible only when careful planning of experimental design, expert surgical technique, adequate postoperative care, and fundamental animal welfare considerations are meticulously taken into consideration. Use of these vascular infusion systems in rodents promotes animal welfare and scientific progress through the reduction and refinement of animal models. (+info)Animal experimentation in sciences: sadistic nonsense or indispensable necessity? (5/197)
The history of biomedical research clearly shows that, with exception of a very few, scientific findings could be realised only with the help of animal experiments. Unfortunately, in the past the life of animals was treated negligently and, at times, in fact criminally. Only the researchers' willingness to apply ethical principles toward laboratory animals could create a climate in which research is opening up to constructive, active animal protection and is ready to co-operate through the implementations of such programmes as the 3R-principle into daily practice. Using a number of examples, the article at hand tries to show that the dimensions concerning animal protection is very old indeed and that only a change of consciousness by the public and in research has created a situation in which a gentler treatment of life and life conditions of laboratory animals could be realised. A further development of "constructive" animal protection within the industrialised nations is only possible with this back ground. Without such a development, biomedical research is bound for deficits in one way or another. It will be loosing it's medical and economical opportunities and with it, it's meaning for man. (+info)Use of animals in research: a science--society controversy? The American perspective: animal welfare issues. (6/197)
My paper will focus on those events happening within the United States during the last year. The issue of including or excluding rats, birds and mice from inclusion under the Animal Welfare Act has been a difficult battle for both those that wish to exclude them and those that wish to include these animals under this legislation. As of the writing of this abstract, the Senate, which originally intended to include rats, birds and mice under the Animal Welfare Act, has passed an amendment which will permanently exclude their listing under this Act. During the last several years it has become clear that refinement, as one of the 3Rs, has and will become the most important set of activities to add humanness to animal experimentation. It is clear that refinement approaches provide the opportunity to possibly eliminate or significantly minimize any pain or distress in animal protocol. My presentation will focus on CAAT's (http://caat.jhsph.edu) activities in this important area. Understanding potential health hazards to environmental industrial chemicals has become a major focus of activity both in the US, Europe and Japan. These programs offer the first opportunity to provide information, in the public domain, on these chemicals. One of the consequences, however, is the potential requirement for large numbers of animals. In the presentation, I will focus on two approaches to significantly including the 3Rs in these important programs. Although it is common practice in Japan to recognize contributions of laboratory animals through a day of memorialization, this has not been the case in the United States. During the last year, several activities have been initiated to begin to institutionalize memorial services for animals used in research. As the host institution of Altweb (http://altweb.jhsph.edu), the alternative web site internationally, current statistics and accomplishments will be provided on its worldwide utilization. (+info)An ergonomics process for the care and use of research animals. (7/197)
Personnel who work with laboratory animals incur potential occupational health risks that can lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Demanding manual tasks may also result in increased errors, worker fatigue, poor human performance, and decreased productivity. Studies have shown that a comprehensive ergonomics program that utilizes a systematic risk management approach can reduce the likelihood of exposure to musculoskeletal disorder risk factors and remove barriers to human performance. Research has characterized the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorder exposure in terms of force, frequency, posture, and muscle exertion. Ergonomic risk factors for typical animal handling tasks and work areas are identified, and a method is suggested for prioritizing interventions using interrelated data indicators. An initial review of potential control measures is offered to improve the health, safety, and effectiveness of people involved in the care and use of research animals. (+info)Occupational medicine programs for animal research facilities. (8/197)
Occupational medicine is a key component of a comprehensive occupational health and safety program in support of laboratory animal research and production facilities. The mission of the department is to maximize employee health and productivity utilizing a population health management approach, which includes measurement and analysis of health benefits utilization. The department works in close cooperation with other institutional health and safety professionals to identify potential risks from exposure to physical, chemical, and biological hazards in the workplace. As soon as exposures are identified, the department is responsible for formulating and providing appropriate medical surveillance programs. Occupational medicine is also responsible for targeted delivery of preventive and wellness services; management of injury, disease, and disability; maintenance of medical information; and other clinic services required by the institution. Recommendations are provided for the organization and content of occupational medicine programs for animal research facilities. (+info)The study of hearing in animals. In: W Gay, ed., Methods of Animal Experimentation, IV. Academic Press, London, pp 43-143. RR ... Several animal species are able to hear frequencies well beyond the human hearing range. Some dolphins and bats, for example, ... Hearing range describes the range of frequencies that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the ... A similar technique can be used when testing animals, where food is used as a reward for responding to the sound. Physiological ...
Applying alcohol myopia to animal experimentation". Alcohol Alcohol. 40 (5): 373-8. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh177. PMID 15996970. ... However, non-mammalian animal models have also been employed; in particular, the Ulrike Heberlein group at UC San Francisco has ... Animal models using mammals and invertebrates have been informative in studying the effects of ethanol on not only ... Ethanol-induced intoxication is not uncommon in the animal kingdom, as noted here: "Many of us have noticed that bees or yellow ...
"The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT)". Retrieved 2009-06-24. PETA. "Animals in Experimentation - ... "Animal research and medical progress". About animal testing. "Scientists Against Animal Testing". The Society for Neuroscience ... Animal Experimentation Issues PCRM "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2015-04-06. " ... Some animal rights supporters believe that alternatives exist for animal models in research; however the vast majority of ...
The Politics of Animal Experimentation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. "Protecting Animals versus the Pursuit of Knowledge: The ... Animals, 19, 2011, pp. 356-367. "Animal Ethics and Public Policy", Centre for Animals and Social Justice, July 2011. "Founding ... Lyons specializes in the study of animal research, the philosophy of animal rights, and the political representation of animals ... The Politics of Animal Experimentation, Palgrave Macmillan. "Imutran Ltd v. Uncaged Campaigns Ltd and Daniel Louis Lyons", High ...
... used as a pejorative catch-all term for experimentation on live animals by organizations opposed to animal experimentation but ... American Anti-Vivisection Society Animal testing regulations Bionics Cruelty to animals Dissection Experimentation on prisoners ... Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 2007 Brozan, Nadine. Out of Death, a ... Ethics and animal experimentation: what is debated? Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, 2007" Yarri, Donna. The Ethics of ...
Gruber, Franz P.; Hartung, Thomas (2004). "Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in Basic Research" (PDF). ALTEX. 21 (Suppl 1 ... Animal protection groups fought for years to end MAb production in mice because it causes intense suffering for the animals ... Even more startling, at least ten percent of the general population has been observed to carry some form of animal-derived ... It took considerable, sustained pressure from animal welfare groups, led by legal efforts initiated by the American Anti- ...
Akhtar, Aysha (7 December 2014). "The Flaws and Human Harms of Animal Experimentation". Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare ... Critics of animal testing have cited the case to argue that experiments on nonhuman animals, even in species closely related to ... Animals raised in a sterile lab would presumably have no 'memory' of previous illnesses, thus would not exhibit the severe ... It has been reported that the initial dose was one five-hundredth of that which the animal studies indicated was a maximum safe ...
"Sacrificial Symbolism in Animal Experimentation: Object or Pet?". Anthrozoös: A Multidisciplinary Journal of the Interactions ... In social philosophy, objectification is the act of treating a person, or sometimes an animal, as an object or a thing. ... of People and Animals. 2 (2): 98-117. doi:10.2752/089279389787058091. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Nussbaum, Martha (1995). " ...
1994). Animal Experimentation: The Legacy of Claude Bernard. International studies in the Philosophy of Science, 8, 3. ... New technologies, experimental methods and animal experimentation have led to an increased understanding of the workings of ... Although there is no single ideal animal model of a human, for each problem of interest there is an animal upon which it can be ... How can one show that an animal has a good memory? There are many confounds when breeding for behaviours, however if animals ...
Animal experimentation has become something that is debated about publicly. Those who do not believe in animal experimentation ... Some statistics about animal experimentation: 20 million animals are experimented on and are killed annually, an estimated 8 ... questions arise about animal experimentation being morally right or wrong. Labs that abuse the ability to conduct animal ... discovery to advance-but some feel that those who support animal experimentation are selfish to inflict pain on other animals ...
"Senate Gets Committee Bill On Animal Experimentation". Toledo Blade. 7 June 1966. Retrieved 1 January 2011. Thompson, Richard C ... The dog was thought to be the same animal as it was traced to a farm which supplied two Dalmatians to that hospital, but by the ... Historically in the United States, dogs had been stolen and sold on for medical research, but the introduction of the Animal ... The United States Congress was already working on legislation to restrict the handling and sale of animals for research when a ...
He also initiated animal experimentation during those early years. In 1918, Wilson went overseas as the assistant director of ...
... ; M. Tariq Salman (2017). "A Guide to the Alternatives to Animal Experimentation" (fourth ed.). Aligarh, India ... "Alternatives to Animal Experimentation" in the Department of Pharmacology at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College. This was a first ... India and Romania A Guide to the Alternatives of Animal Experimentation (ISBN 978-81-906070-4-9). Eds. Syed Ziaur Rahman and ... He even translated few papers into Urdu in the field of Alternatives to animal testing. Rahman also works in the field of ...
The book became a standard polemic against experimentation on animals. Elizabeth (August 31, 1844 - January 28, 1911) was born ... She then wrote a novella about animal rights titled Loveliness. Phelps said she wrote The Gates Ajar to comfort a generation of ... A Journal of Human/Animal Interface Studies. 4 (2). Kelly, Lori Duin (2010). "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Trixy, and the ...
60:488-499). Animals, Science and Animal Science: Shanks has explored the role played by animal experimentation in the contexts ... He has argued that animal experimentation provided a crucial driving force behind the method of analysis and synthesis that ... dilemmas of animal experimentation (co-authored with Hugh LaFollette; London : Routledge, 1996). Idealization in Contemporary ... In the course of his explorations of the implications of the study of animals for the modern scientific view of the world, ...
It was used for animal experimentation and the production of reagents. The reagents produced there were provided to the ... Some sweepers were trained to feed and look after the animals. Gradually, the dependence on the use of animals had been ... During this period, a proper animal house was also constructed and a Departmental of Experiment Pathology was established. ...
Law, Animals, and Professors Instituto Abolicionista Animal Animal Experimentation in Brazil. ... Pensata Animal, v. 17, p. 01-06, 2008. - SILVA, T. T. A. ou TRAJANO, Tagore . Direito animal e hermenêutica jurídica da mudança ... Fundamentos do direito animal constitucional. Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal, v. 10, p. 235-276, 2012. - SILVA, T. T. A. ... Template:Citar news Trajano, Tagore (2013-12-31). "O Ensino Do Direito Animal: Um Panorama Global (Teaching Animal Law: A ...
"Animal Experimentation". BBC. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.. ... Further information: Lists of animals. Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are ... "Animal". The American Heritage Dictionary (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.. *^ "animal". English Oxford Living ... but in colloquial use the term animal often refers only to non-human animals. The study of non-human animals is known as ...
In most cases, it is a transfer of blood between a non-human animal and a human. However, further experimentation has been done ... To come up with this answer they tested many animals to see which one was the best candidate for blood donation. As a result, ... Xenotransfusion uses non-human animals to aid in the shortage of blood for blood transfusion in humans. Although there needs to ... Only 10% of the animal's blood volume will be used each time, therefore, it is ethically acceptable to raise pigs for ...
At this point, Gorham decided to avoid experimentation that involved harming animals. In 1947, he received an Overseas Science ...
Hewson had documented experimentation on the lymphatic system using both substances and animals. He died on 1 May 1774 as a ... His Copley work came when he showed the existence of lymph vessels in animals and explained their function by hypothesizing the ...
The group's purpose is to oppose practices of perceived unnecessary animal exploitation and experimentation. SAFE actively ... World Animal Protection, Animals Australia, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Compassion in World Farming and the ... This group was renamed Save Animals from Experiments in 1972 and renamed again to Save Animals from Exploitation in 1987. The ... Leading up to the 2008 General Election, SAFE's Animal Welfare Policy Survey 2008 rated the country's political parties' animal ...
Rollins depicts unsanitary and inhumane conditions at the zoo, and inhumane animal experimentation there. In the "Author's Note ... The zoo and its aquarium have over 450 species of land animals and over 500 species of marine animals; in all, it is home to ... The restaurant manager commented that its dishes were within the law, as the animal products were supplied by exotic animal ... The Viceroy of Liangjiang, Duanfang, purchased a batch animals from Germany and deposited them there. The animal collection ...
However, Leatherhead's animal rages, already dangerous, were made more so by Bishop's experimentation. While in blind animal ... Peter Renaday voiced him in the episode "Night of the Rogues". Leatherhead starts as an animal mutated by mutagen in most ... Leatherhead later reappeared, surviving because of his tough skin, as a prisoner and object of experimentation in the lab of ...
Under the impulse of the public shocked by the conditions of experimentation on animals and the suffering that engenders, a ... the absence of animal testing of finished products -the absence of animal testing of the ingredients -the absence of animal ... "absolute right of animals to respect". He certifies: -the absence of animal testing of finished products -the absence of animal ... Moreover, manufacturers must provide an attestation affirming that they do not practice the animal experimentation. Finally, ...
Other animal species. See also: Tool use by animals, Structures built by animals, and Ecosystem engineer ... Science is systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.[16] ... The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans. These include primates such as ... evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before 1 Ma;[26] ...
... animal disease: Animals in research: the biomedical model: …more than 1,200,000 species of animals thus far identified, only a ... an identical or similar disease exists in at least one other animal species. Veterinary medicine plays an ever-increasing role ... In animal disease: Animals in research: the biomedical model. …more than 1,200,000 species of animals thus far identified, only ... In vitamin: Animal assay. All of the vitamins, with the exception of vitamin B12, can be estimated by the animal-assay ...
Animal Rights. Animal. Animal experimentation. Animal welfare. Animals, Treatment of. Laboratory animals. Nature / Animal ... animal experimentation animal experiments animal models Animal Procedures Committee animal research Animal Rights animal ... studies animal suffering animal tests Animal Welfare animal-welfare Animals in Research Animals Scientific Procedures ... experimentation.html?id=k6pqAAAAMAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareAnimal experimentation. ...
Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in DOAJ. DOAJ is an online directory that indexes and provides access to quality open ... Publishers keywords: in vitro methods, alternatives to animal experiments, toxicology, bioethics. Language of fulltext: ...
Early experimentation with animals was originally born out... ... For centuries mankind has experimented on animals for a number ... Definition Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, is the use of non-human test subjects for experimentation and ... Biomedical research on animals Essay. 1734 Words , 7 Pages. *. Essay on Should Animal Experimentation Ever Be Permitted?. 1926 ... Essay on Should Animal Experimentation Ever Be Permitted?. 1926 Words , 8 Pages. performed vivisection on animals for hundreds ...
Although animal experimentation still exists today, the number of animals that are used for experimentation has decreased about ... animals as a food source, and zoos. A good reason as to why the debate not just on animal experimentation but all around animal ... Animal experimentation is a controversial topic that is debated by many people; each year many animals are experimented on for ... Why continue using animals when theres alternatives ? Animal experimentation is a significant subject that deals with the many ...
... looks at some of the regulations in place which protect experimental animals from unnecessary suffering. ... sixth in a series on the use of animals in science, ... Animal Experimentation: Uses of Animals in Research. *Animal ... Animal Experimentation: Alternatives to the Use of Animals in Research. *Animal Experimentation: Regulations for the Use of ... Animal Experimentation: Regulations for the Use of Animals in Research. written by: Emma Lloyd•edited by: Leigh A. Zaykoski• ...
Read this full essay on Animal Experimentation in Scientific Research. For many years, scientists have conducted research to ... Using Animals in Research and Experimentation. 851 words - 4 pages Animals should be used for research and Experimentation ... Needless Animal Research, Testing, And Experimentation Is Wrong. 964 words - 4 pages Needless Animal Experimentation is Wrong ... Animal Testing in the Research Field. 1385 words - 6 pages Animal research, or animal testing, is the use of animals in ...
Este sitio web utiliza cookies de forma anónima para realizar estadísticas del uso de la web. Si continúas navegando consideramos que aceptas su uso. OK , Más información. ...
... SAMS » Portrait » Commissions » Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation ... 23.05.2019: The focus article of the SAMS Bulletin 2/2019 is dedicated to the topic of ethics of animal experimentation (in ... The Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (ECAE) is a body jointly operated by the SAMS and the Swiss Academy of Sciences ... By-laws of the Ethics Committee for Animal Experimentation (in German) PDF, 116 KB ...
Home » Information Centers » Food Safety Research Information Office » Animal Experimentation and Animal Use Alternatives ... Organizes information on the Animal Welfare Act. Includes the full-text of the 1966 Animal Welfare Act, the Animal Welfare Act ... Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals. American Psychological Association; Committee on Animal Research ... Presents the text for the "U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, ...
Animal experimentation essay in sample resume for management students. National Autism Center life under water essay cuny ... research paper content › thesis hooks full width › thesis for cause essay ›Animal experimentation essay for free pdf books on ... Paper editor websites ca with animal experimentation essay. *Heart of darkness paper ... things arent that stupid essay experimentation animal. (ericksen, 2003, p. 37) note how efficiently truslow followed all six ...
The reality and existence of animal minds, animal pain, and animal suffering provide the foundation for animal rights, and ... Specifically, both the practice of animal experimentation and ethical concerns about it have a long history, going virtually ... Concrete suggestions are offered with regard to more humane animal legislation, improved animal husbandry conditions, as well ... The ultimate result is a more humane practice in experimentation, modeled somewhat on the practice of pet keeping, in which ...
nbsp10 Facts on Animal Experimentation for a Debate How to Debate about Animal Experimentation → ... Alternatives to Animal Experimentations. *Failures of Animal Experimentation in Improving Human Health and Scientific Discovery ... In the previous guide we explored animal experimentation and revealed some very disturbing facts. Study our 10 facts on animal ... Inconclusive Research of Spinal Cord Injury Recovery from Animal Experimentation. *Failure of Research Gained from Animal ...
Animal Action Animal Action Report Art for Animals NAVS News Science First Take Action for Dogs Take Action Thursday ... research will ultimately need to be validated in animal models. Ironically, these animal models have not been formally ... One thing is certain, though: researchers agree that organoid models will reduce the number of animals that are experimented on ... Many researchers, however, seem hesitant to say that organoids will be able to fully replace animal research, with many viewing ...
Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in Basic Research. . Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. ,. 21. , pp. 3. -. 31. . ... Science and Society: Different Bioethical Approaches Towards Animal Experimentation. . Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. ... Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in Basic Research. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation21 pp. 3-31. ... Alternatives to Animal Experimentation25(1) pp. 3-9.. Hartung. T.. (. 2008. ). Food for Thought … On Animal Tests. . ...
Alternatives to Animal Experimentation in Basic Research. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation21 pp. 3-31. ... HartungT. (2008). Food for Thought … On Animal Tests. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation25(1) pp. 3-9. ... Different Bioethical Approaches Towards Animal Experimentation. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation19 pp. 78-82. ... ObrinkK.J. and C.Rehbinder (2000). Animal Definition: A Necessity for the Validity of Animal Experiments?. Laboratory Animals34 ...
Control animals may represent up to 50% of the animals in a study. The investigator should try to minimize the number of ... The answers are presented as arguments for animal use, in terms of what is done to the animals, and in terms of how many are ... Targeted animal models: In the past, it was difficult to find animal models that accurately mimicked human conditions like many ... Such precisely targeted animal models will result in an overall reduction in animal use through a reduction in the variability ...
An Expose of the Medical Futility of Animal Experimentation by Tony Page (Paperback, 1997). Shop with confidence on eBay! ... item 4 VIVISECTION UNVEILED: AN EXPOSE OF MEDICAL FUTILITY OF ANIMAL By Tony Page *NEW* -VIVISECTION UNVEILED: AN EXPOSE OF ... item 3 Vivisection Unveiled: An Expose of the Medical Futility of Animal Experimentat, -Vivisection Unveiled: An Expose of the ... item 5 Vivisection Unveiled: An Expose of the Medical Futility of Animal Experimentatio -Vivisection Unveiled: An Expose of the ...
Animal Experimentation - All of Gods creatures have rights, includes both human and non-human animals ... The Multi-Billion Dollar Lie: Animal Experimentation. An Animal Rights Article from All-Creatures.org. FROM. Kinship Circle. ... Return to Animal Rights Articles. Read more at Alternatives to Animal Testing, Experimentation and Dissection ... Animal research is not about "saving the rat or the child" as the anti-animal rights contingent likes to say. Animal research ...
Animal Experiments do not inform on human healthcare. In reply to the article Does animal experimentation inform human. ... Does animal.... *Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? Observations from a systematic review of international ... international animal experiments on fluid resuscitation. fails to mention the ethical consideration of animal. experimentation ... Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? Observations from a systematic review of international animal experiments ...
A hidden legacy of animal experimentation. Features. Behind closed doors: A hidden legacy of animal experimentation. An ... In Canada, animal experimentation was formally regulated in 1968, when the Canadian Council for Animal Care (CACC) was ... "But people can be assured that those of us in animal research are also animal lovers and we want to make sure that the animals ... Its a sentiment echoed by Stein, who believes that the reason animal experimentation remains so heavily used is due to ...
... and Experimentation. The debate about using animals for medica... ... essay on Its Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal ... Needless Animal Research, Testing, And Experimentation Is Wrong. 964 words - 4 pages Needless Animal Experimentation is Wrong ... and Experimentation. The Cruelty of Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation. 1391 words - 6 pages The Cruelty of Animal ... We Need More Animal Research, Testing, And Experimentation. 1477 words - 6 pages We Need More Animal Research, Testing, and ...
Experimentation and Dissection - All of Gods creatures have rights, includes both human and non-human animals ... Alternatives to Animal Testing, Experimentation and Dissection - An Animal Rights Article from All-Creatures.org. FROM. ... Citizens for Alternatives to Animal Research and Experimentation (CAARE). December 2015. These advances are ushering in a new ... surrounds animal experimentation. Our frequent action alerts provide a platform for compassionate people to speak up.. But none ...
This includes the protection of wildlife, zoo animals, farm animals, animals in transport and animals used for scientific ... EU regulationsThe protection and welfare of animals is an area covered by a wide range of EU legislation. ... This includes the protection of wildlife, zoo animals, farm animals, animals in transport and animals used for scientific ... Furthermore, the animal experimentation follows the European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for ...
Scientists are coming under increasing pressure from activist groups to stop animal experimentation, branded as cruel and ... The necessity of animal experimentation in tumor immunology Guido Forni, Patrizia Caretto, Paola Ferraiorni, Maria Carla Bosco ... The need for animal experimentation in drug and vaccine development against tropical diseases ... The need for animal experimentation in studying the carcinogenic risk of substances ...
SpeciesHumansBiomedicalRatsResearchAlternatives to animalVivisection2016EssayDiseasesWelfare ActExperiments on animalsHumanLaboratoriesExperimentalExperimentResearchersSufferMiceCruelty to AnimCommitteesMethodsVertebrate animalsTumorCuresMedicalDissectionModelsPigsControversyPurpose-bredEthics of animalProceduresSubjectsNonhumanClinicalPain and distressLaboratory animalFailure1986Practice of animalDiseaseExtentActivistsCagesInhumaneIntroductory courseLegislationSentient
- more than 1,200,000 species of animals thus far identified, only a few have been utilized in research, even though it is likely that, for every known human disease, an identical or similar disease exists in at least one other animal species. (britannica.com)
- Here in the US, research communities are committed to supporting techniques that reduce the number of higher species used, replace animals with other models wherever/whenever possible, and refine tests to ensure the most humane conditions possible. (bartleby.com)
- However, the act specifically excludes any rats, mice, and birds purpose-bred for experimentation - and this is a fatal flaw, because it is highly unusual for wild animals of these species to be used in medical research. (brighthub.com)
- Incidence, transmission, clinical signs, pathology, and augment descriptions are included to serve as a basic reference for veterinarians, veterinary students, and residents involved in the care of animal species used in research. (usda.gov)
- Differences between species can cause issues when extrapolating data from animal models to people. (navs.org)
- There is no question that most medical progress - perhaps all, in fac- has been attained through knowledge derived initially from experiments in various animal species. (springer.com)
- Species differences in anatomy, organ structure and function, toxin metabolism, chemical and drug absorption, and mechanisms of DNA repair, can give us inadequate or erroneous information when we attempt to apply animal data to human diseases and drug responses. (bartleby.com)
- Often more than one species of animal is used. (encyclopedia.com)
- Because of the differences in the multiplicity and substrate specificity of CYP2D family members among species, it is difficult to predict pathways of human CYP2D6-dependent drug metabolism on the basis of animal studies. (aspetjournals.org)
- A major challenge in the extrapolation of animal data to humans lies in species differences in the structure and function of the major xenobiotic receptors, transporters, and drug-metabolizing enzymes ( Lin, 2008 ). (aspetjournals.org)
- These edicts included the provision of medical treatment for animals and bans on animal sacrifice, the castration of roosters, and hunting of many species. (wikipedia.org)
- the size depends on the species of animal. (ostatic.com)
- He would use the servants as care takers of the animals, they would feed, water, bathe, and take care of the animals when they were sick or injured.Rainsford would have atleast two of these endangered species delivered to his island. (ostatic.com)
- Exotic animal - An animal which belongs to a species not indigenous to the geographical area where it lives or is kept. (ifaw.org)
- Exotic pet - An animal not yet fully domesticated which belongs to a species not indigenous to that area where it is kept, but which nevertheless is kept in captivity by humans for the purpose of companionship, decoration, emotional and/or physical support. (ifaw.org)
- Several animal species are able to hear frequencies well beyond the human hearing range. (wikipedia.org)
- If not for the existence of animals, humans would be left to experiment on themselves at a high rate which would create a worldwide moral dilemma. (bartleby.com)
- Animal testing has not only benefit humans, but animals as well. (bartleby.com)
- The Moral Equality of Animals vs Humans The discretion between animal versus human equality has been a controversial subject for many years. (bartleby.com)
- The studies regarding medicines developed using that model needs to go through a lot of careful testing before they are approved to be used by humans and animals. (customwritings.com)
- He discovered that a number of anatomical structures believed to exist, following animal dissections, were unexpectedly absent in humans. (brill.com)
- Animal research is about flawed science that delays medical progress and harms humans. (all-creatures.org)
- Shouldn't medical products be labeled, "WARNING: This product is proven safe for use in animal experiments - but may cause disability or death in humans. (all-creatures.org)
- Blanket assertions that we can not learn from animals are naive but equally, many generalisations about humans fall when we start to look at ethnic differences and, increasingly,genetic predisposition. (bmj.com)
- Experiments on animals waste time and money which could be much better spent.Funding the implementation and development of non-animal methods of research and testing, directly applicable to humans, would result in better therapies and more effective medications. (bmj.com)
- This regulation ensures that persons working with animals are qualified, educated and knowledgeable, that the number of animals used for experiments is minimised and that any suffering of animals have been weighed against the potential benefits to humans or animals. (infrafrontier.eu)
- Strike 1: Artificially inducing stroke in animals does not recreate the complex physiology that causes the natural disease in humans, which may develop over decades. (huffpost.com)
- Strike 3: Artificially inducing in animals the underlying conditions that lead to human stroke does not replicate the processes that occur in humans. (huffpost.com)
- Yet, over 150 stroke drugs found effective in animal stroke models failed in humans (1). (huffpost.com)
- Because humans respond so differently to other animals, using other animals to test on is unreliable at best, and fatally dangerous at worst, for humans. (animal-rights-action.com)
- vivisection hinders medical advancement and is risky for humans because the results of this sadistic research cannot be applied to animals. (animal-rights-action.com)
- Problems of extrapolation, applying information from animal research to humans, are inevitable when researchers use animal models to study human diseases. (bartleby.com)
- For example, penicillin is toxic to guinea pigs, aspirin is poisonous to cats, and the recalled diet drug phen-fen caused no heart damage in animals, while it did in humans. (bartleby.com)
- however, the use of animals is cruel and unnecessary because they do not have a similar body system as humans do. (bartleby.com)
- ANIMAL TESTING IS WRONG The words 'animal testing' mean to perform procedures on living animals for the research of basic human biology and diseases, finding out the effectiveness of new medical products, and testing the human health and environmental safety of consumer and industry products like cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial/agro-chemicals and means using other living organisms except humans for testing. (bartleby.com)
- This means animals are very close to humans, only lacking one step which is reason. (ultimedescente.com)
- The above-mentioned incidents and others illustrate the harm to humans from the use of substances that have not been first tested on animals and underline the importance of animal experimentation to avert or prevent human tragedy.Aristotle would indeed not approve of experiments performed on animals. (ultimedescente.com)
- Aristotle argued that animals are below humans because only humans can reason and therefore we can use animals without the consideration we would give to people. (ultimedescente.com)
- Many codes regulating animal experimentation instruct regulating committees to assume that procedures that would cause pain in humans also will cause pain in vertebrate animals unless there is evidence to the contrary. (encyclopedia.com)
- To end animal experimentation and the harmful use of animals for research, testing and teaching in Aotearoa - for animals, humans and science. (nzavs.org.nz)
- Ferrets share many anatomical, metabolic and physiologic features with humans which has promoted their use as an animal model. (answers.com)
- Referring to any procedure or experiment where, from start to finish, no whole animals, cells, or samples have been used in the methodology -using strictly humans or alternatives means. (frame.org.uk)
- Animals used in experiments to represent either humans or other animals (e.g. rats with high blood pressure may be used to try to learn more about the condition in humans). (frame.org.uk)
- Throughout this paper I will be talking about how cancer does not just affect humans it affects animals also. (exampleessays.com)
- I will be talking about how cancer affect animals the same way it affects humans. (exampleessays.com)
- The process for animals and the process for humans and how closely related they are. (exampleessays.com)
- The question then arises as to whether or not the absence of language also implies the absence of either consciousness or thought, or in fact whether the communication between animals is in fact related closely enough to that of humans that language ceases to be an issue when investigating the difference between human and animal consciousness, (Lea & Kiley-Worthington, 1996). (exampleessays.com)
- There is reasonably strong evidence to suggest that not only can animals communicate with each other, but they can in fact learn to communicate with humans. (exampleessays.com)
- Though the wolf is a very strong and agile animal, there numbers are declining due to humans hunting them and lack of food.The Lion PrideLiving deep in the grasslands of the Sahara in Africa, the Lion pride lives in its own territory that it has claimed. (ostatic.com)
- Hiding from Animals", talked about observing animal behavior without humans being involved, to see if the animal's behavior will change. (ostatic.com)
- Indeed, some have suggested that "[a]ll human viral infections were initially zoonotic in origin,"[ p6) although the precise animal source and route of transmission to humans is often a matter of some dispute. (organicconsumers.org)
- Although some zoonoses are probably unavoidable, much human suffering resulting from zoonotic diseases could probably have been avoided had humans treated animals better. (organicconsumers.org)
- The concentration of animals, their overlapping sojourns in the markets (allowing disease to spread through vast numbers of animals), and their interactions with humans (facilitating human infection) make these markets ripe for zoonoses. (organicconsumers.org)
- If humans did not eat wet market animals, there would be fewer of them (because fewer would be bred), the animals would not suffer from being housed in close quarters, and they would not be slaughtered. (organicconsumers.org)
- There is now an ample body of philosophical literature that compellingly demonstrates that the ways in which most humans treat animals is wrong. (organicconsumers.org)
- 9-Almost all humans can now not only survive but also thrive without consuming animal flesh or using animal skins and furs. (organicconsumers.org)
- Even those who deny that there is anything wrong with treating animals in this way should now recognize that thwarting important animal interests sometimes causes considerable harm to humans, even if some minor human interests are satisfied along the way. (organicconsumers.org)
- It is curious, therefore, that changing the way humans treat animals - most basically, ceasing to eat them or, at the very least, radically limiting the quantity of them that are eaten - is largely off the radar as a significant preventive measure. (organicconsumers.org)
- A principle of science that prescribes caution or conservative action in the face of scientific uncertainty or lack of data in order to reduce or alleviate threats of harm to the wellbeing of humans, animals or the environment pending further scientific investigation. (ifaw.org)
- The use of nature, including animals, by humans, for any purpose in a manner that does not cause or contribute to its depletion or degradation. (ifaw.org)
- Domestic animals - Animals that have been selectively bred over many generations by humans for companionship, food, fibre, or work. (ifaw.org)
- Hearing range describes the range of frequencies that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the range of levels. (wikipedia.org)
- Behavioural hearing tests or physiological tests can be used to find hearing thresholds of humans and other animals. (wikipedia.org)
- Fifth, scores of recalled drugs prove that the animal model does not keep bad drugs off market, and sixth and most importantly, when results from animals are extrapolated to humans, humans are harmed, even fatally. (k9magazine.com)
- Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? (bmj.com)
- What Is the Predictive Value of Animal Models for Vaccine Efficacy in Humans? (bmj.com)
- fur (see nutria and chinchilla), test animals for biomedical and genetic research (especially mice and rats), pleasure as household pets (see golden hamster, guinea pig, and gerbil), and insight on mammalian biology and evolutionary history. (britannica.com)
- In the nineteenth century a rise in biomedical research subsequently increased the number of animals used in experiments. (brightkite.com)
- Animal Experimentation is when scientific researchers use animals in biomedical and veterinary research aimed at understanding diseases, developing new medicines, testing the safety of chemicals, improving the health of other animals and improving human health. (writework.com)
- Research using animals comprise only about 5% of total biomedical research and uses about 10% of research funds. (writework.com)
- Animals are used to test the products used in cosmetics, for biomedical research, for military defense and food production. (bartleby.com)
- The National Association for Biomedical Research (NABR) and Americans for Medical Progress (AMP) are funded by the pharmaceutical, vivisection, laboratory animal breeding and related industries. (sourcewatch.org)
- Brute Science investigates whether biomedical research using animals is, in fact, scientifically justified. (routledge.com)
- Domestic Ferrets are used in many broad areas of research and have been since the early 1900's to study the pathogenesis and treatment in a variety of human disease as animal models in biomedical research, including studies of cardiovascular disease, nutrition, respiratory diseases (such as SARS and human influenza), airway physiology, cystic fibrosis and gastrointestinal disease (such as peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori). (answers.com)
- A moral dilemma exists in biomedical research relating to the use of animal or human tissue when conducting. (animalsandsociety.org)
- Many biomedical research studies use captive animals to model human health and disease. (animalsandsociety.org)
- Is animal research sufficiently evidence based to be a cornerstone of biomedical research? (bmj.com)
- Imagining a world where thousands upon thousands of animals no longer suffer in biomedical research and drugs actually help the people they're meant to save may not be as far off a dream as it seems with the development of 'organ chips. (care2.com)
- The project isn't just exciting for the scientific community and patients who are waiting for that medical breakthrough they desperately need to live either, but is also a welcome advance from those who want to see the end of the suffering of animals used in biomedical research. (care2.com)
- Animals commonly used in medical research are rats and chimpanzees. (bartleby.com)
- The Animal Welfare Act(AWA) which is under the U.S. Department Of Agriculture(USDA), which is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act, only provides a minimal protection against certain animals which does not include the animals that make up an estimated ninety to ninety-five percent of animals that are experimented on which is mice, rats, and birds. (smore.com)
- Finally it makes the usual assumption that research in animals is synonymous with studies in laboratory animals, mainly rats. (bmj.com)
- The most common of these, rats and mice, are not protected under the Animal Welfare Association. (brightkite.com)
- No accurate figures are kept on the exact number of rats and mice used regardless of the fact they make up eighty-five to ninety percent of all animals used (hsus). (brightkite.com)
- We took great pains to hear evidence from all interested parties, but the amount of evidence that bore on the welfare of unattractive animals, or on pests like rats, was negligible. (animalresearch.info)
- Infection of laboratory rats can occur by transferring animals from contaminated to other facility. (nii.ac.jp)
- Supply of the rats from contaminated colonies is the important and actual causes of infection of rats in animal facilities. (nii.ac.jp)
- Eradication of HFRS virus from contaminated can be achieved best by elimination of all animals, especially when human HFRS is associated with an infected laboratory rats. (nii.ac.jp)
- Mostly small animals are used in animal testing rats and mice are popular but also cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs and more. (answers.com)
- Office of Technology) Of the many animals used for experiments, about 90 percent of the animals used are rats, mice and other rodents. (exampleessays.com)
- Thanks to animal research, many diseases that once killed millions of people are now either treatable or curable. (bartleby.com)
- The focus of animal research has been characterized by three criteria, The Three R's. (bartleby.com)
- Every research laboratory is required to have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, consisting of research experts, licensed vets and members of the public. (bartleby.com)
- performed vivisection on animals for hundreds of years, and nowadays animal testing remains an essential element of research in medicine and pharmacology. (bartleby.com)
- Since the late 1800s vivisection which is also known as animal research has become greatly prevalent along with the animal rights movement. (smore.com)
- This act excludes a great amount of cold-blooded animal and farm animals which are raised and experimented on known as agricultural research. (smore.com)
- The cosmetic research experiments that are done on animals are quite expensive and can cause great complications to the animals. (smore.com)
- Animals that are tested on for cosmetic and product research have a risk for liver problems, swollen and irritated eyelids, ulceration and bleeding. (smore.com)
- The products of household cleaners are just as harmful to animals during experimentation as medical research and cosmetic. (smore.com)
- Invertebrates-such as flies and worms-are used in greater number in research than are vertebrates, but there are few if any regulations which control their use, or are designed to protect the animals. (brighthub.com)
- A six-part series which examines practical and ethical issues involved in the use of animals for scientific research. (brighthub.com)
- It is estimated that more than 100 million animals are used in America "as models biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology" (AAVS). (brightkite.com)
- Millions of animals are given these diseases and injuries to be studied for medical research in hopes of insight to a treatment or cure. (brightkite.com)
- Of the 100 million animals used as models, 13 million animals are being used in research projects each year in America (AAVS). (brightkite.com)
- Treatment of animals is only the beginning of the issues surrounding animal research. (brightkite.com)
- 1628 words - 7 pages It's Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation The debate about using animals for medical testing has been raging for years. (brightkite.com)
- The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. (brightkite.com)
- 2006 words - 8 pages We Must Put an End to Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Without animal research, cures for such diseases as typhoid, diphtheria, and polio might never have existed. (brightkite.com)
- Without animal research, the development of antibiotics and insulin would have been delayed. (brightkite.com)
- Without animal research, many human beings would now be dead. (brightkite.com)
- 1391 words - 6 pages The Cruelty of Animal Testing and the Need for Alternative Methods In his book Inhumane Society: The American Way of Exploiting Animals, Dr. Michael W. Fox estimates that twenty-five to thirty-five million animals are used in the United States each year for laboratory testing and research (58). (brightkite.com)
- Research involving tests done on animals is unnecessary and cruel. (brightkite.com)
- The ECAE serves as an expert and advisory body in the area of animal experimentation, with members drawn from various disciplines - basic research, veterinary medicine, animal welfare, law and ethics. (samw.ch)
- Presents the text for the " U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training" as well as the "Health Research Extension Act of 1985" (Public Law 99-158, "Animals in Research," November 20, 1985), which provides the statutory mandate for the PHS Policy. (usda.gov)
- Categorizes diseases and conditions affecting common research animals from most to least prevalent. (usda.gov)
- Lists criteria for establishing codes of practice or legislation around the use of animals in scientific research. (usda.gov)
- States the American Veterinary Medical Association's positions on the use of research animals including antimicrobial use, euthanasia, abuse, pain, and other important animal welfare concerns. (usda.gov)
- Assembles links to internet resources on animals in research and education including government agencies. (usda.gov)
- Committee on Animal Research and Ethics. (usda.gov)
- Study our 10 facts on animal experimentation for a debate speech in detail to find out various arguments regarding the disgraced research community. (customwritings.com)
- Major alternatives to animal experimentation are vitro cell culture techniques and computer simulation based research. (customwritings.com)
- An area of study that scientists believe will see a reduction in animal use is toxicology research. (navs.org)
- Many researchers, however, seem hesitant to say that organoids will be able to fully replace animal research, with many viewing the models as simply complementary to animal studies. (navs.org)
- Some scientists even expressed concerns that the push to use organoids will make it more challenging to conduct animal research. (navs.org)
- Many commented that while organoids are proving to be powerful research tools, research will ultimately need to be validated in animal models. (navs.org)
- The use of animals as investigative models increased in the second half of the nineteenth century, often in highly-invasive research and still predating most forms of anesthesia or analgesia. (brill.com)
- The questions posed represent two of the more contentious issues in animal based research, teaching and testing: the numbers of animals being used, and the pain and suffering being experienced by these animals. (ccac.ca)
- The question of pain and distress in animals used for research, teaching and testing has concerned the general public and thoughtful researchers for a long time. (ccac.ca)
- It was this concern, together with increasing use of animals in fundamental and applied research, that motivated W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch to examine how decisions should be made about such use of animals. (ccac.ca)
- In the book The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique , published in 1959, the authors Russell and Burch proposed that all research using animals should be evaluated to see if the Three Rs could be applied. (ccac.ca)
- They recognized that while the replacement of animals as research subjects was a desirable goal, considerable gains could be made in humane science through reducing the numbers of animals used and by refining the techniques that were applied to animals. (ccac.ca)
- The word "alternatives" came into use after 1978 following the publication by David Smyth, a physiologist and President of the UK Research Defence Society, of Alternatives to Animal Experiments . (ccac.ca)
- If you are an animal advocate, watch Kinship Circle's film to reframe your messaging and promote animal-free research systems. (all-creatures.org)
- But if I told you that "something" is animal research, chances are you'd tell me about "necessary sacrifices. (all-creatures.org)
- According to C. Glenn Begley, former head of global cancer research at Amgen, many landmark "discoveries" published in prestigious journals, most gleaned from animal experiments, cannot even be reproduced a second time! (all-creatures.org)
- If too many "discoveries done in animals are wrong," as Begley and others from the research industry admit - why does National Institutes of Health annually lavish $12-18 billion taxpayer dollars on medical schools, mostly for animal experimentation? (all-creatures.org)
- Perhaps the WHY does not count as much as the IS: Animal research IS awarded more funding, more quickly, than sophisticated animal-free technologies. (all-creatures.org)
- Animal research is not about "saving the rat or the child" as the anti-animal rights contingent likes to say. (all-creatures.org)
- Singh is one of dozens of researchers at the University of Alberta who use animals for biological research, a practice that has been legally recognized since the 1870s. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- According to a 2005 study from the journal Alternatives to Research Animals, an estimated 115 million animals are used in medical experiments every year. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- Not everyone is comfortable using animals in research. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- 95 different institutions in Canada use animals in their research programs, including major Canadian universities such as the University of Toronto, McGill University, and the University of Alberta. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- However, there are no legislations or policies in Canada requiring any of these institutions to release statistics on research animals. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- The nature of the animal's role in medical research and the experiences of the animals themselves remain behind closed doors. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- Most students are not aware, unless they're directly involved in those research projects, how animal experimentation takes place at the U of A campus," says Susan Hamilton, one of the U of A's associate vice-presidents of research. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- Animal research was brought into England from neighbouring countries in the 1870s. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- The animal rights activists believe animals should never be used for research, and the scientists believe any use of animals is acceptable. (brightkite.com)
- Millions of animals are used each year for medical research, product testing and education in the United States. (brightkite.com)
- Animal research is a multi-billion dollar industry. (all-creatures.org)
- Many scientists, companies and institutions - including government - sustain established programs and careers based on animal research. (all-creatures.org)
- Because I know that it will take more than innovations in science to end the standard of using animals in research. (all-creatures.org)
- CAARE demonstrates every day that research without animals is not just some hypothetical goal, but is happening right now in universities, labs and corporations around the world, yielding exciting new results that surpass animal research. (all-creatures.org)
- Our message to the world is that it's time to stop apologizing for animal research as a necessary evil. (all-creatures.org)
- With your support, we can smash the myth that animal research is necessary for medical progress, and expose the cruel and painful world of animal experimentation. (all-creatures.org)
- The second is the Ministry of Research and Science's Advisory Committee for Animal Experiments. (infrafrontier.eu)
- Research institutes that use animals in Czech Republic comply with the Czech and European laws and regulations relating to the transport, housing and use of animals in research. (infrafrontier.eu)
- This book presents the proceedings of an international symposium organized in Strasbourg (October 24-25, 1988), with the aim of assessing present-day requirements as regards animal experimentation in research related to major medical and toxicological problems still awaiting solutions. (springer.com)
- Animals are only used when no other research technique will provide the required information. (writework.com)
- animal rights: scientists and animal-rights activists clash over the use of animals for medical research. (writework.com)
- In this article in my medical research series , I discuss the second major reason (click here for the first reason) why animal experimentation is unreliable for understanding human health and disease. (huffpost.com)
- When I say "properly conducted" I do not only mean pro-perly conducted in respect of experiments on animals (although that happens to be the particular theme of this lecture), but properly conducted in respect of every research activity that could reasonably cause misgivings. (animalresearch.info)
- In saying that medical research workers should be required to give a fair account of themselves to the general public, I am talking as if the gene-ral public were a sort of all-wise body into whose care the well-being of animals could perfectly safely be entrusted. (animalresearch.info)
- Somebody should make the general public familiar with modern research on the dynamics of natural populations of animals: for example, the work in which Professor Lack has shown that the annual adult mortality of the European robin is as high as 60 per cent, of the starling 50 per cent and of the sparrow no less than 45 per cent. (animalresearch.info)
- The nature of the research proposal (whether focused on animal research, clinical research or social research) determines the appropriate Committee (see below). (ucc.ie)
- Cruel beyond words, the torturing and sacrificing of animals is what goes on in hidden laboratories in Research Facilities every day. (animal-rights-action.com)
- Relying on animal research and testing to protect and improve human health is not only unsafe, but also expensive, time-consuming, and unreliable. (bartleby.com)
- And despite millions of animals used and billions of taxpayer dollars spent on cancer research, roughly 95 percent of cancer drugs that enter human clinical testing fail while our incidences of cancer have continued to rise. (bartleby.com)
- How will animal research tell us the outcomes of the human body? (bartleby.com)
- The Controversy of Testing on Animals Facilities that use animals for teaching, experimentations, surgery or testing purposes are known as research facilities. (bartleby.com)
- There are many different reasons why animals are used for research. (bartleby.com)
- By employing the 3Rs when continuing to use animals for scientific research, the scientific community can affirm its moral conscience as well as uphold its obligation to humanity to further the advancement of science for civilization and humanity. (ultimedescente.com)
- Inevitably, a research environment that makes the life of an animal used in research a pleasant one can do a great deal to counterbalance the issues that arise from invasive animal use. (ultimedescente.com)
- Home Science Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Animal Research: II. (encyclopedia.com)
- Ethical problems related to research on nonhuman animals are grounded in the assertion that animals have conscious experiences and that their lives can go well or badly. (encyclopedia.com)
- In 1986 the U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, estimated that "at least 17 million to 22 million" animals are used in research annually (U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment). (encyclopedia.com)
- The following list provides links to some of our favourite research papers and other resources that will help you learn more about animal experimentation, the solutions and why the use of animal models to try and predict the human response to drugs and disease is fundamentally flawed. (nzavs.org.nz)
- Any in vivo or in vitro research conducted on non-human animals or their cells and/or tissues. (frame.org.uk)
- Specified how and where animals can be used for scientific research and testing, and also required that scientists using animals provided yearly reports for the British Government. (frame.org.uk)
- This is a graduate level introductory course on the care and use of research animals. (uthsc.edu)
- Animal research was essential for the discovery of Herceptin, a humanized mouse protein which has helped increase the survival rate of those with breast cancer that could not have been obtained without animal testing on mice. (exampleessays.com)
- When animals are used to further medical research it can be somewhat justified, but when animals are used to test cosmetics it is considered cruelty to animals. (exampleessays.com)
- Animal testing should be illegal for the following reasons:each year millions of innocent animals are killed during painfull tests and research. (exampleessays.com)
- Animal research and testing takes lives,both people and animals. (exampleessays.com)
- Animal Models in Forensic Science Research: Justified Use or Ethical Exploitation? (animalsandsociety.org)
- The use of animals in experiments and research remains highly contentious. (animalsandsociety.org)
- The Breeding of and Experiments on Animals (Control and Supervision) Rules, 1998 sets general requirements for breeding and using animals for research. (wikipedia.org)
- Hieronder staan het programma en de vakomschrijvingen van MSc Marine Biology: Research Klik op de naam van een vak in een schema om naar de omschrijving te gaan. (rug.nl)
- A major new investigation by The Intercept examines the poorly regulated and highly profitable industry of breeding dogs for the sole purpose of experimenting on them in the U.S. The investigation reveals the horrors of the dog experimentation industry at one of the three largest firms in the U.S. that sells beagles to research labs: Ridglan Farms. (democracynow.org)
- Jean-Marie Lux Bio 121 10-1-12 Research Paper: Animal Cloning Cloning has been going on in the natural world for thousands of years. (antiessays.com)
- Historically in the United States, dogs had been stolen and sold on for medical research, but the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 reduced these occurrences. (wikipedia.org)
- During this period, research laboratories would purchase "bootleg" dogs for experimentation, and patterns of thefts were apparent with specific types of dogs going missing at certain times. (wikipedia.org)
- The United States Congress was already working on legislation to restrict the handling and sale of animals for research when a pet Dalmatian was taken in Pennsylvania during June 1965, and ten days later a Dalmatian was reported to have died during experimental heart surgery in a New York hospital. (wikipedia.org)
- Opponents to the bill argued that very few research animals were stolen, while Clark argued that it was natural to make dognapping a federal crime as it was already illegal to transport stolen cars and cattle across state lines. (wikipedia.org)
- Medical research organisations sought to change the bill by removing references to animals other than cats or dogs, saying that: "It would impose a well-nigh impossible burden to regulate traffic in fish, frogs, turtles, reptiles, birds and the many other mammalian forms used in laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
- And finally I wanted to reinforce on alternatives that had already been taken to prevent non-human animals from being subjected to the brutality of scientific research. (frithwilliams.com)
- Anti-Vivisection Coalition and I could make life much easier for ourselves by going along with the current animal welfare demands made by other organisations regarding animals used for research. (frithwilliams.com)
- Animal experimentation is a term used to describe the use of non-human animals in scientific research, tests, or experiments. (frithwilliams.com)
- It is also known as animal research and in vivo testing. (frithwilliams.com)
- As a member of the Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC), we support the principle of using animals in research when it is necessary to advance understanding and to develop better treatments, although only where there is no alternative. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- We support research involving animals because it has been fundamental to understanding how the human body functions and how diseases occur, and has led to the development of many of the medicines and procedures that we use today. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- The majority of people in the UK believe that it is appropriate to use animals in medical research as long as suffering is minimised and there is no alternative. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- All research proposals are therefore rigorously peer reviewed and the use of animals approved by an ethics panel. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- The UK is widely considered to have the best regulations on the welfare of animals used in research in the world. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and accompanying Home Office guidance set out the safeguards of animal welfare whilst allowing important research that requires animal experimentation. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- We not only support and adhere to these regulations in all the research work we fund, but also actively insist on the efforts to develop techniques that will allow medical research without requiring the use of animals. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- The AMRC is working closely with the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) to address this issue, and continues, with the support of its members, to maintain a responsible dialogue with all relevant parties involved in the debate about the use of animals in medical research. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- A booklet examining the impact of animal experimentation on research into cancer, AIDS, neurological disorders and others, as well as outlining more valid human-based methods of research. (safermedicines.org)
- Examples like this could be expanded if society stopped funding research with animals and instead funded human-based research. (k9magazine.com)
- It would be in the best interest of people suffering from diseases for society and researchers to abandon dogs and other animals in research and testing. (k9magazine.com)
- As animal-based research does not lead to cures it should be abandoned, regardless of so-called (misnamed) alternatives. (k9magazine.com)
- Third, the animal model diverts valuable funds away from viable research modalities and fourth, it misleads researchers. (k9magazine.com)
- Much of the information in this chapter can be found in Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 1996) and Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals (NRC 1997) and is restated here for ease of use. (nap.edu)
- Most believe that alternatives to animal testing is a much better way to go due to the fact that it's not cruel and harmful to animals. (smore.com)
- Alternatives to animal experimentation play a very significant role in which the number of animals used in experiments annually decreases. (smore.com)
- Some alternatives to animal testing are scanning techniques, cell cultures, and synthetic membranes. (smore.com)
- Not only is this malicious treatment a cruel way to treat animals, but it is also unnecessary, being that there are now other alternatives to animal testing. (brightkite.com)
- Due to the ever growing existence of organizations such as PETA and BUAV, the medical community is under heavy pressure to find alternatives to animal experimentation such as sophisticated computer models. (customwritings.com)
- It is both a legal requirement and laboratory best practice to ensure, firstly, that the welfare of animals is maintained at all times and secondly, that alternatives to animal experimentation are used wherever possible. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- Thanks to vivisection industry lobbying, over 90% of all laboratory animals receive no protection under the law. (sourcewatch.org)
- The New Zealand Anti-Vivisection Society (NZAVS) is New Zealand's primary non-profit organisation defending animals used in science. (nzavs.org.nz)
- Experimental Animals , by Thalia Field, a professor of literary arts at Brown University, revolves around Claude Bernard, a renowned French physiologist who became one of science's most famous vivisectors, conducting brutal experiments on unanesthesized animals just as the anti-vivisection movement was beginning to gain steam. (slate.com)
- The Indian branches of the Humanitarian League, an English organization which opposed vivisection and the mistreatment and killing of animals, focused on vegetarianism and cow protection while ignoring vivisection. (wikipedia.org)
- 1 edition of What animal experimentation or so-called vivisection has done for humanity found in the catalog. (frithwilliams.com)
- In this book, Animal Experimentation: A Harvest of Shame, I will make the case that the current scientific emphasis on the vivisection of animals-inducing injury and disease in previously healthy animals-has not only done tremendous harm to the animals, it has worked to the detriment of patients as by: 5. (frithwilliams.com)
- Vivisection is probably the best and longest established form of organised, officially acknowledged animal cruelty. (frithwilliams.com)
- Vivisection is symbolic of the way we treat animals. (frithwilliams.com)
- I believe that when vivisection is banned other forms of animal cruelty will quickly disappear too. (frithwilliams.com)
- These groups include: International League of Doctors for the Abolition of Vivisection (ILDAV), Doctors in Britain Against Animal Experimentation (DBAE) and League of German Doctors Against Vivisection. (frithwilliams.com)
- The Department of Agriculture reports that nearly 61,000 dogs were used in the U.S. for experimentation in 2016 alone, and the total reported number of animals used for experimentation was more than 820,000. (democracynow.org)
- Essay on Should Animal Experimentation Ever Be Permitted? (bartleby.com)
- Online Help: Animal experimentation essay FREE Formatting! (nationalautismcenter.org)
- For example, a poorly conducted literature review and behaviour which are, of course, things aren't that stupid essay experimentation animal. (nationalautismcenter.org)
- This is an essay on animal experimentation, specializing in the Cosmetic section. (writework.com)
- This essay discusses advantages of animal experimentation. (writework.com)
- Wells' island essay the city of charleston, south carolina essay reimporting the the risks with using animals for medical experimentation ally linguistically. (colcafe.info)
- Vassili, intromisive and of the risks with using animals for medical experimentation skin of hood, wakes up to its purity, wakes up and without children language acquisition essay being sworn zonally. (colcafe.info)
- Animals are often given diseases, injuries, and traumas in these studies and suffer greatly in order to replicate human conditions. (brightkite.com)
- Recently, scientists have been genetically engineering animals to generate animals that represent human diseases more accurately (AAVS). (brightkite.com)
- Many scientists believe that animal experimentation remains a crucial tool for the investigation and treatment of serious diseases such as cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and heart disease. (writework.com)
- Charles Cornelius, a vet, has compiled a list of about 350 diseases found in animals, which also occurs in a similar form in people. (writework.com)
- Since there is a similarity between animal and human diseases the same medicines can often be used to treat both. (writework.com)
- Not only do animal models fail to help us better understand human diseases, they often lead us down the wrong path of investigation. (huffpost.com)
- The inability to recreate human diseases accurately in other animals is an inherent and fundamental flaw in the use of animal experiments. (huffpost.com)
- Recognition of each difference between animal models and human diseases leads to renewed efforts to eliminate these differences. (huffpost.com)
- Stroke is probably one of the easiest human diseases to try to recreate in animals. (huffpost.com)
- Even when human genes are inserted into animals, the diseases that develop are still notably different from human diseases. (huffpost.com)
- However animals are dissected, infected with diseases, burned and blinded to name but a few of the atrocities that are inflicted on these poor defenseless animals. (animal-rights-action.com)
- This is a graduate level course covering the biology, anatomy, husbandry and diseases in the laboratory animals. (uthsc.edu)
- Animal Welfare Act only covers animal that's are warm-blooded like nonhuman primates, rabbits, cats and dogs, along with hamsters and guinea pigs. (smore.com)
- In the U.S., vertebrate animal testing on is regulated by the 1966 Animal Welfare Act. (brighthub.com)
- The Animal Welfare Act contains provisions requiring that care and welfare reach a certain standard. (brighthub.com)
- Organizes information on the Animal Welfare Act. (usda.gov)
- Includes the full-text of the 1966 Animal Welfare Act, the Animal Welfare Act and Regulations "Blue Book" (September 2013), amendments to the act, quick reference, and the background of the act. (usda.gov)
- See also NABR & the Animal Welfare Act . (sourcewatch.org)
- The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service/Animal Care (USDA/APHIS/AC) is responsible for inspections, reporting and enforcing the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). (sourcewatch.org)
- The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) has been amended several times. (exampleessays.com)
- once introduced, it became the Animal Welfare Act of 1966. (wikipedia.org)
- After the introduction of the Animal Welfare Act in 1966, the trade in dognapping simply moved on to other revenue sources. (wikipedia.org)
- Aristotle and Galen both conducted experiments on animals in an effort to contribute to our understanding of science and medicine.1 Claude Bernard later established animal experimentation as part of the scientific method. (ultimedescente.com)
- Animal rights activists sent a letter to the European Commission on 3rd March this year, in which they requested that experiments on animals be banned. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
- A large portion of the International community is now questioning the very legitimacy of animal experimentation, appealing to the cruel nature of these experiments, the condition in which the animals are kept and the amount of misleading and inconclusive animal models which have yet to serve the human medical needs. (customwritings.com)
- But non-human animals (hereinafter referred to as animals), were not so revered or feared. (brill.com)
- But in recent years, at least 1734 drugs proven safe for human use in animal studies were recalled due to Adverse Drug Reactions (U.S. Food and Drug Administration records). (all-creatures.org)
- Never mind that many findings are absurd, a lot of "curiosity experiments" about how animal response to stimuli (that a human would never encounter) might somehow relate to human behavior. (all-creatures.org)
- Does animal experimentation inform human healthcare? (bmj.com)
- To understand the reason behind this lack of transparency, Hamilton has dedicated her career to studying 19th century scientific literature, when physiologists would dissect human and animal bodies to understand how they worked. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- if this is so, the experimenter must agree human and non-human animals are similar in crucial respects (p. 65). (brightkite.com)
- We want to demonstrate the possibility of leveraging microengineered physiological organ models to challenge a century-long tradition of using animals as human surrogates in life sciences. (all-creatures.org)
- Several drug companies, like Merck and Janssen, have signed partnerships with biotech firms that manufacture organ chips, acknowledging that animals fail to adequately model human medicine and biology. (all-creatures.org)
- the welfare cost to the animals must be balanced by the benefit of knowledge gained into gene function and the role of genes in human health and disease. (infrafrontier.eu)
- Scientists are coming under increasing pressure from activist groups to stop animal experimentation, branded as cruel and unnecessary for improving human health. (springer.com)
- As long as experimenters continue to try to recreate diabetes in animals, instead of studying human diabetes, I have little hope that my father's pain will end. (huffpost.com)
- But here's the problem: we end up better understanding animal diabetes-- in dogs and mice-- but not necessarily human diabetes. (huffpost.com)
- Strike 2: Animal stroke models don't usually include the underlying conditions, which contribute to human stroke. (huffpost.com)
- Experimenters try to recreate the underlying human conditions such as diabetes in animals. (huffpost.com)
- The general public is by no means qualified to judge whether or not our human wardenship of animals is being satis-factorily discharged. (animalresearch.info)
- Animal Experimentation IS NOT REQUIRED to advance human medical science in modern society. (animal-rights-action.com)
- Statistics show irrefutably that animal-based methods used in preclinical testing to select drugs for human use are unreliable. (bartleby.com)
- Do animals have a link to the human body that we are able to prove that trying new drugs or new cosmetics will be a benefit for us? (bartleby.com)
- Moreover, these behavioral parallels are supported by the known similarities among the nervous systems of all vertebrate animals and by the fact of common animal and human evolutionary origin (Rachels). (encyclopedia.com)
- It is difficult to believe that despite all these similarities the nervous systems of human and nonhuman animals operate in radically different ways. (encyclopedia.com)
- The Humane Movement is a general effort to alleviate or eliminate animal suffering, predominately due to industry or other human intervention. (sourcewatch.org)
- For farm animal issues in relation to human health and the environment, see also meat & dairy industry . (sourcewatch.org)
- The test is done on an animal to "prove" results in a human. (answers.com)
- The advantage to using animals is that we can control their outside exposure, but obviously something proven to be true or false on an animal doesn't necessarily hold water on a human. (exampleessays.com)
- To create animal models that reflect the human situation more closely and that allow an in vivo assessment of the consequences of differential CYP2D6 drug metabolism, we have developed a novel straightforward approach to delete the entire murine Cyp2d gene cluster and replace it with allelic variants of human CYP2D6 . (aspetjournals.org)
- Animal welfare and rights in India regards the treatment of and laws concerning non-human animals in India. (wikipedia.org)
- But on the other side, "Tracking Ivory" talked about how human activities are affecting the population of animals, and trading ivory and hunting are killing elephants. (ostatic.com)
- Not only is hunting legal murder, it creates numerous other problems concerning both our wildlife as well as ourselves.Hunting is a legal act of violence which a one living thing, a human, kills another living thing, an animal, usually for sport. (ostatic.com)
- Cloning In this paper an overview of the history of animal and human cloning is given, starting as early as the year 1885 and ending with events that have occurred within the last decade. (antiessays.com)
- Thus those who persist in these practices treat the most important animal interests - interests in continued life and the avoidance of suffering - as less important than very trivial human interests, including carnivorous gastronomic experiences. (organicconsumers.org)
- Domestication - Domestication is a process through which animals are changed genetically through selective breeding to serve a particular human purpose. (ifaw.org)
- Animal experiments are only part of a screening process and may be done before and after human studies. (frithwilliams.com)
- Whilst most of this involves using techniques such as cell culture, computer modelling, clinical trials and human tissue analysis, some advances do require animal-based studies. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- Current knowledge of genetics and evolutionary biology can explain how and why studying animals has failed - and will continue to fail - the search for human medicines. (k9magazine.com)
- More than 30 percent of promising medications have failed in human clinical trials because they are determined to be toxic despite promising pre-clinical studies in animal models. (care2.com)
- While chips are already being used in some areas, this project intends improve upon existing test measures - cell cultures, human and animal testing - and overcome the limits of individual chips by creating and combining multiple chips to emulate the entire human body, in addition to designing software that can control and analyze different functions. (care2.com)
- This is an exciting example of how modern-day innovation can produce a humane and more reliable approach to understanding the inner workings of human disease without the need for animal suffering. (care2.com)
- They are also in charge of watching the care and use of those animals by studying the laboratories, keeping track of the programs and responding to any additional concerns. (bartleby.com)
- The laboratories at K.U.Leuven and their involved staff that work with laboratory animals such as knockout mice, and the Central Animal Facility that houses these animals, have the obligatory accreditation of the authorized Belgian Ministry and report on an annual basis the use of animals in their labs to the Ministry. (infrafrontier.eu)
- They give little detailed information about the use of animals or their distribution to laboratories. (jhsph.edu)
- At the beginning of 1953, the bureau conducted a systematic survey of most animal-using laboratories in this country, who were sent a number of questions about their procurement and usage of animals during the previous year. (jhsph.edu)
- This article, sixth in a series on the use of animals in science, looks at some of the regulations in place which protect experimental animals from unnecessary suffering. (brighthub.com)
- The rules and regulations which protect experimental animals from unnecessary pain and suffering vary widely depending on their country of origin, and also depending on the animals involved. (brighthub.com)
- Many agencies responsible for setting standards for the care and use of experimental animals, including the Canadian Council on Animal Care, require investigators to consider the implementation of the Three Rs during the design of experiments that will use animals. (ccac.ca)
- This may be achieved by reducing the number of variables through good experimental design, by using genetically homogeneous animals or by ensuring that the conditions of the experiment are rigorously controlled. (ccac.ca)
- The use of laboratory animals is further specified by the ministerial decree 207 on protection, breeding, and utilization of experimental animals, which was novelized on January 15, 2009 by the decree No. 39. (infrafrontier.eu)
- In general, animal experiments can only be performed by accredited individuals or corporations and the allowance to carry out the experimental work is granted by a project licence and personal licences issued by governmental organizations, i.e. by Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Agriculture, respectively. (infrafrontier.eu)
- animal welfare, the treatment and use of experimental animals remain controversial. (writework.com)
- The Stephen Paget Lecture has as its particular theme a defence of the use of experimental animals to enlarge medical knowledge. (animalresearch.info)
- An experimental model employing small animal has been developed to study underlying mechanism. (jmbs.or.kr)
- In the process of stepping up the dose until half the experimental animals die, all of them are likely to become ill, experiencing symptoms such as nausea, thirst, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and fever. (encyclopedia.com)
- Experimental Animals, Frankenstein, and the 19th century's debates about scientific ethics. (slate.com)
- Experimental Animals is itself a bit of a strange creature-the book's subtitle is "A Reality Fiction"-weaving together narration by a lightly fictionalized version of Madame Bernard with real historical documents, including excerpts from Bernard's experimental notebook, as well as letters, articles, and reports written by scientists, activists, and intellectuals. (slate.com)
- All of the quotes from Bernard and his contemporaries in this piece are from the original primary materials included in Experimental Animals . (slate.com)
- The pursuit and use of experimental methods that refrain from and/or replace the use of animals as test subjects. (frame.org.uk)
- For example, the OSHA bloodborne pathogens standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) requires institutions to provide hepatitis B vaccinations to employees who handle blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with hepatitis B virus and to make a confidential medical evaluation available to the employee immediately after an exposure to animal tissues that are contaminated with a bloodborne pathogen. (nap.edu)
- A good reason as to why the debate not just on animal experimentation but all around animal rights is that they are not able to prevent this action against them, they are not able to give their consent for the experiment. (smore.com)
- When deciding whether a license is granted, a cost-benefit analysis weighs up the potential benefits of the experiment versus the likely suffering the test animals will experience. (brighthub.com)
- Refinement means a change in some aspect of the experiment that results in a reduction or replacement of animals or in a reduction of any pain, stress or distress that animals may experience. (ccac.ca)
- The aim is to find the dose which kills half the animal sample, which is a minimum of 50 animals per experiment. (animal-rights-action.com)
- Moreover, experimenters often err on the side of caution in making their returns, one experiment on one animal being returned as one unit. (jhsph.edu)
- The reason for this gap lies in the organization of animal experiment. (jhsph.edu)
- There is a Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals in place in Japan, which requires that researchers using animals are self-guided by the principles of the three Rs (outlined in the previous article in this series). (brighthub.com)
- However, while local-level inspections may be carried out, there are no governmental inspections, and researchers are not required to report on the number of animals they use. (brighthub.com)
- One thing is certain, though: researchers agree that organoid models will reduce the number of animals that are experimented on. (navs.org)
- Failure is blamed, in part, on animal models "irrelevant to cancers" or other disease, used in an academic setting that fosters "poor science, even fraud, as researchers compete for funding. (all-creatures.org)
- Animal studies facilitate tenure for university researchers required to churn out papers with new findings. (all-creatures.org)
- Animals have been used for centuries to help researchers understand the various organs of the body, and their functions as well as to hone their surgical skills. (brightkite.com)
- Researchers contracted HFRS more frequently than laboratory animal technicians or caretakers, although a caretaker died of HFRS. (nii.ac.jp)
- The tested animals are injured, live in pain and suffering, and sometimes are left to suffer or die with no relief (AAVS). (brightkite.com)
- Though it's never easy watching an animal suffer, Singh insists that if society wants better treatment for diabetic patients, it's the price that has to be paid. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- Bentham's question of whether or not animals suffer became the rallying cry of the animal protection movement at the time. (brightkite.com)
- We speak with The Intercept's Glenn Greenwald in Rio de Janeiro to discuss his in-depth investigation, headlined "Bred to Suffer: Inside the Barbaric U.S. Industry of Dog Experimentation. (democracynow.org)
- This is because animals can suffer from the same types of disease as people. (kidneyresearchuk.org)
- Housing and caretaking of the mice at the K.U.Leuven partner is in accordance with the Belgian and European laws, guidelines and policies for animal experimentation, housing and care (as documented in the most recent legislation, i.e. the Belgian Royal Decree of 6 April 2010 and European Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes of 20 October 2010). (infrafrontier.eu)
- accept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. (bartleby.com)
- MSTN +/- mice were mated to produce MSTN -/- (n = 9), MSTN +/+ (n = 10) and MSTN +/- (n = 10) animals. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Iowa State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures that involved mice. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Cruelty to Animals Act (1876) entered into force, becoming the first legislation to regulate animal experiments ( Franco, 2013 ). (brill.com)
- The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Great Britain and in the United States was created in the nineteenth century. (brightkite.com)
- But many alternatives have been found over the years for cosmetic testing , that all are non- cruelty to animals. (writework.com)
- India's first national animal welfare law, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, criminalizes cruelty to animals, though exceptions are made for the treatment of animals used for food and scientific experiments. (wikipedia.org)
- Moved by the suffering of Indian strays and draught animals, Colesworthey Grant founded the first Indian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in 1861 in Calcutta. (wikipedia.org)
- British officials and (British-led) SPCAs both opposed the introduction of the British Cruelty to Animals Act of 1876 - which established regulations on animal experimentation - to the Indian colony. (wikipedia.org)
- The Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences, swissuniversities and the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) had drawn up an argumentation with regard to the discussion of Maya Graf's parliamentary initiative 18.491 «Prohibition of heavy-burden animal experiments» in the Science, Education and Culture Committees of the National Council (SECC-N). (samw.ch)
- At the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, all animal experiments are subjected to a two-step evaluation procedure by two separate committees acting independently of each other. (infrafrontier.eu)
- All animal experiments are continuously monitored by both committees by requesting annual status- and progress reports. (infrafrontier.eu)
- What Methods Are Implemented on Animals During Induced Helplessness Tests? (customwritings.com)
- There is practically no way of replacing animals in these investigations and so-called 'alternative methods' are in reality merely complementary. (springer.com)
- Non-animal methods such as computer modelling, tissue culture and patient studies are widely used alongside animal studies but more often compliment animal studies than act as a replacement for them. (writework.com)
- Experimenters artificially induce strokes by methods such as clamping off major blood vessels in animals' brains or artificially inserting clots into their vessels. (huffpost.com)
- Current in vivo test methods for assessing DNT require the use of large numbers of laboratory animals. (altex.org)
- The focus of this leaflet is safety testing of new drugs, highlighting the dangers of using animals and the improvements in safety that could be acheived with more modern methods. (safermedicines.org)
- However, when it comes to vertebrate animals, many countries have regulations which restrict how they are used. (brighthub.com)
- For the purposes of this glossary the use of the word 'animals' refers to those vertebrate animals that are broadly recognised as sentient. (ifaw.org)
- Here we report pharmacodynamic studies testing anti- Flt-1 (VEGFR-1) and anti- KDR (VEGFR-2) ribozymes in animal models of solid tumor growth and metastasis. (aacrjournals.org)
- When the cloned animal gets older the tumor that it developed causes problems. (antiessays.com)
- 1. In considering cloning a pet, the individual would want a recreation of the beloved pet that has passed away and as we know scientists can clone animals which have success rates, The most famous cloned animal is a sheep called 'Dolly' in 1997, She was produced by reproductive cloning but died aged six which is half the normal age for a sheep due to arthritis and a lung tumor. (antiessays.com)
- Through animal testing doctors can obtain valid results regarding these medical problems and create cures for people with many other medical difficulties. (bartleby.com)
- While it is generally accepted that testing cosmetics on animals is unnecessary and immoral, there is a debate concerning the use of animals for medical purposes. (bartleby.com)
- each year many animals are experimented on for medical purposes along with things like household cleaners, and cosmetics, unfortunately, the purpose of animal experimentation comes to a side that does not please everyone. (smore.com)
- The debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. (brightkite.com)
- Animal Experimentation" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (childrensmercy.org)
- Animal testing has brought many good things to the medical world, such as the treatment various disease. (bartleby.com)
- While animals may be needed for certain medical and scientific advancements, PETA works to protect animals to the best of their abilities. (ultimedescente.com)
- The use of animals for medical and product testing is a practice that has gone on for many centuries. (ultimedescente.com)
- Both organizations lobby against welfare legislation, as does the industry funded American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and the Animal Welfare Council (AWC), which lobbies for rodeos, horse slaughter and the Premarin industry. (sourcewatch.org)
- The result is that important animal welfare, medical, safety and environmental issues are shouted down, dismissed and censored. (sourcewatch.org)
- Kristian not the risks with using animals for medical experimentation sighted and wooded receives his wrong teachings or creates an overview of evolutionary psychology heavily. (colcafe.info)
- Daniel imprecise, the risks with using animals for medical experimentation his warnings help fulfill. (colcafe.info)
- Quint linked the risks with using animals for medical experimentation to its index cosh its nests ventrally? (colcafe.info)
- Rourke, an exploitative and the pursuit of happiness in fahrenheit 451 bargained woman, withdraws the risks with using animals for medical experimentation or deregulates her commitment. (colcafe.info)
- The dazzling addresses of Jorge, his vermis illustrate the risks with using animals for medical experimentation retrograde in an insignificant the science of resilience by bari walsh way. (colcafe.info)
- Thanks to animal testing, multiple medical breakthroughs have been made such as the invention of the vaccine for polio, cure to some cancers, and kidney transplants and dialysis. (exampleessays.com)
- That is where animals were introduced to the medical profession. (exampleessays.com)
- A 2013 amendment bans the use of live animal experiments in medical education. (wikipedia.org)
- This is in stark contrast to medical treatments based on and tested on animals. (k9magazine.com)
- Animal dissection is like an autopsy. (answers.com)
- Ironically, these animal models have not been formally validated themselves. (navs.org)
- We look forward to the full potential of these continually improving models being realized, as they will make a tremendous contribution to science, and will significantly impact animal use in the process. (navs.org)
- Will Organs-in-a-Dish Ever Replace Animal Models? (navs.org)
- A synthetic derivative of the curry spice turmeric, made by scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, dramatically improves the behavioral and molecular deficits seen in animal models of ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). (opposingviews.com)
- Two new animals took charge after the death, two pigs named Snowball and Napoleon, who quickly got the animals ready to start the rebellion despite their two very different views. (exampleessays.com)
- Animal experimentation is a significant subject that deals with the many contentions and debates of whether it's morally right or wrong and can create a great amount of controversy. (smore.com)
- Many of the era's scientists found themselves drawn into the escalating debate over animal experimentation, but for Bernard, the controversy hit particularly close to home. (slate.com)
- Animal experimentation controversy. (bioethicsobservatory.org)
- The animals used are purpose-bred. (infrafrontier.eu)
- The focus article of the SAMS Bulletin 2/2019 is dedicated to the topic of ethics of animal experimentation (in German). (samw.ch)
- Nevertheless, by the end of the seventeenth century, the question of animal suffering and the acceptability of such procedures had become an increasingly prominent moral and social concern ( Maehle and Tröhler, 1990 ). (brill.com)
- In this book, Smyth provided a Three Rs definition of alternatives: "All procedures which can completely replace the need for animal experiments, reduce the numbers of animals required, or diminish the amount of pain or distress suffered by animals in meeting the essential needs of man and other animals. (ccac.ca)
- As has been noted, the word alternatives is used to describe any change from present procedures that will result in the replacement of animals, a reduction in the numbers used or a refinement of techniques that may reduce or replace animals or reduce the pain, stress or distress of the animals. (ccac.ca)
- In the United Kingdom, for instance, the annual report on scientific procedures performed on living animals under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 for the year 2000 showed that 2.71 million animals were used in that year, a significant decrease from the 1980s, when the figure topped 5 million, although the decline appears to have leveled out. (encyclopedia.com)
- Procedures that can replace the need for animal experiments, reduce the number of animals required, or diminish the amount of pain or distress suffered by animals necessarily used. (frame.org.uk)
- The use of animals as investigational subjects. (childrensmercy.org)
- All have been subjects of campaigns and investigations over animal testing and/or gross welfare violations. (sourcewatch.org)
- Formulates guidelines for use by psychologists working with nonhuman animals. (usda.gov)
- Central to this issue is the belief that nonhuman animals can experience pain and other unpleasant or distressing mental states. (encyclopedia.com)
- Technologies being used to produce nonhuman animals who are used for meat and dairy. (animalsandsociety.org)
- Just recently, two new diabetic drugs, Onglyza and aleglitazar , failed clinical trials after testing in animals. (huffpost.com)
- Of these animals, almost 100,000 experienced "unalleviated pain and distress" in 2010, which means that they were administered physical suffering and were not given drugs to ease their discomfort (AAVS). (brightkite.com)
- Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. (usda.gov)
- Currently, the most accurate evidence-based estimates of global laboratory animal use describe the year 2005. (brill.com)
- Driven by increased development and use of genetically-modified animals ( Ormandy, Schuppli and Weary, 2009 ), and by large-scale chemical-testing programs ( Knight, 2011 ), laboratory animal use has steadily increased in most developed countries, ever since. (brill.com)
- The European Union ( EU ) is the world's largest region that publishes comprehensive analyses of its laboratory animal use. (brill.com)
- After campaigns against the test by the animal rights movement, most U.S. government agencies began to discourage the use of the classical LD 50 test, and the Center for Laboratory Animal Welfare estimates that its use has fallen by as much as 90 percent (Center for Laboratory Animal Welfare). (encyclopedia.com)
- This course focuses on facility operations and special topics in laboratory animal medicine and science. (uthsc.edu)
- In 1945 the first survey of laboratory animal usage was undertaken. (jhsph.edu)
- According to the Humane Society of the United States animal cruelty can either be deliberate abuse or a simple failure to care properly for an animal. (exampleessays.com)
- Since 1986, the EU has had in place specific legislation covering the use of animals for scientific purposes. (infrafrontier.eu)
- On 22 September 2010 the EU adopted Directive 2010/63/EU which updates and replaces the 1986 Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. (infrafrontier.eu)
- The progression of medicine and the day to day life styles of the general population rely on the ethical practice of animal testing. (bartleby.com)
- It mounts an an impressive scientific and moral case against the current practice of animal experimentation, demanding that we either provide an adequate defense of that practice or radically change it. (safermedicines.org)
- To study how a disease works we have to induce it in an animal, otherwise there's nothing to study," Singh says. (thegatewayonline.ca)
- Lyme Disease was quickly understood because of animal experimentation. (writework.com)
- Genetic modification of animals to study disease. (ultimedescente.com)
- Any pain or death inflicted on an animal should only be done when there is a practical need, and the pain inflicted should be minimized to the fullest extent possible. (brightkite.com)
- Contributions to the Animals and Society Institute are tax-deductible to the extent permitted by law. (animalsandsociety.org)
- The struggle is usually between extreme animal rights activists and scientists. (brightkite.com)
- A majority of the animals that are held in captivity are locked in cages or boxes depending on the size of the animal and being deprived of socialization. (smore.com)
- They are often abused by their captors, starved and imprisoned in small, cages, only taken out for the torture of animal experimentation. (animal-rights-action.com)
- These experiments often include inhumane, abusive treatment to animals. (brightkite.com)
- Animal experimentation is not only inhumane, but it is also unreasonable in various ways. (brightkite.com)
- An introductory course on Animal Experimentation will be presented by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of the University and attendance and successful completion by all Honours students whose projects involve animals is compulsory. (edu.au)
- The protection and welfare of animals is an area covered by a wide range of EU legislation. (infrafrontier.eu)
- Animal studies, whether for the development or production of new medicines, for physiological studies, for studying environmental effects or for the testing of chemicals or new food additives, has to be carried out in compliance with EU legislation. (infrafrontier.eu)
- The aim of the new Directive is to strengthen legislation, and improve the welfare of those animals still needed to be used, as well as to firmly anchor the principle of the Three Rs, to Replace, Reduce and Refine the use of animals, in EU legislation. (infrafrontier.eu)
- At all events, the first legislation protecting animals dates from the I820's (the R.S.P.C.A. was founded in 1824). (animalresearch.info)
- For U.S. legislation, see also U.S. animal rights legislation . (sourcewatch.org)
- It can also mean the replacement of sentient animals (usually vertebrates) with less sentient animals (usually invertebrates such as worms, bacteria, etc). (ccac.ca)
- The moral aspects of the animal use testing argument involve the view of animals as sentient beings. (brightkite.com)
- It should be recognised that animals have intrinsic value and are sentient beings. (ifaw.org)