Animal care committees. Medical search

Committees established by professional societies, health facilities, or other institutions to consider decisions that have bioethical implications. The role of these committees may include consultation, education, mediation, and/or review of policies and practices. Committees that consider the ethical dimensions of patient care are ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL; committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects are ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH.

The composition of a committee; the state or status of being a member of a committee.

Groups set up to advise governmental bodies, societies, or other institutions on policy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

Hospital or other institutional committees established to protect the welfare of research subjects. Federal regulations (the "Common Rule" (45 CFR 46)) mandate the use of these committees to monitor federally-funded biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects.

Committees of professional personnel who have responsibility for determining policies, procedures, and controls related to professional matters in health facilities.

Hospital or other institutional ethics committees established to consider the ethical dimensions of patient care. Distinguish from ETHICS COMMITTEES, RESEARCH, which are established to monitor the welfare of patients or healthy volunteers participating in research studies.

Institutional committees established to protect the welfare of animals used in research and education. The 1971 NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals introduced the policy that institutions using warm-blooded animals in projects supported by NIH grants either be accredited by a recognized professional laboratory animal accrediting body or establish its own committee to evaluate animal care; the Public Health Service adopted a policy in 1979 requiring such committees; and the 1985 amendments to the Animal Welfare Act mandate review and approval of federally funded research with animals by a formally designated Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

A formal process of examination of patient care or research proposals for conformity with ethical standards. The review is usually conducted by an organized clinical or research ethics committee (CLINICAL ETHICS COMMITTEES or RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEES), sometimes by a subset of such a committee, an ad hoc group, or an individual ethicist (ETHICISTS).

An advisory group composed primarily of staff physicians and the pharmacist which serves as the communication link between the medical staff and the pharmacy department.

Committees established to review interim data and efficacy outcomes in clinical trials. The findings of these committees are used in deciding whether a trial should be continued as designed, changed, or terminated. Government regulations regarding federally-funded research involving human subjects (the "Common Rule") require (45 CFR 46.111) that research ethics committees reviewing large-scale clinical trials monitor the data collected using a mechanism such as a data monitoring committee. FDA regulations (21 CFR 50.24) require that such committees be established to monitor studies conducted in emergency settings.

Societies whose membership is limited to physicians.

Services provided by an individual ethicist (ETHICISTS) or an ethics team or committee (ETHICS COMMITTEES, CLINICAL) to address the ethical issues involved in a specific clinical case. The central purpose is to improve the process and outcomes of patients' care by helping to identify, analyze, and resolve ethical problems.

The use of humans as investigational subjects.

The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.

The principles of professional conduct concerning the rights and duties of the physician, relations with patients and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the physician in patient care and interpersonal relations with patient families.

The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.

Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.

The use of animals as investigational subjects.

Recommendations for directing health planning functions and policies. These may be mandated by PL93-641 and issued by the Department of Health and Human Services for use by state and local planning agencies.

Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.

Human experimentation that is not intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed. Phase I drug studies (CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE I AS TOPIC) and research involving healthy volunteers are examples of nontherapeutic human experimentation.

The moral and ethical obligations or responsibilities of institutions.

Persons trained in philosophical or theological ethics who work in clinical, research, public policy, or other settings where they bring their expertise to bear on the analysis of ethical dilemmas in policies or cases. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.

Professional society representing the field of medicine.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

Control which is exerted by the more stable organizations of society, such as established institutions and the law. They are ordinarily embodied in definite codes, usually written.

Voluntary authorization, by a patient or research subject, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures, and for medical and surgical treatment.

A situation in which an individual might benefit personally from official or professional actions. It includes a conflict between a person's private interests and official responsibilities in a position of trust. The term is not restricted to government officials. The concept refers both to actual conflict of interest and the appearance or perception of conflict.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.

Differences of opinion or disagreements that may arise, for example, between health professionals and patients or their families, or against a political regime.

The protection of animals in laboratories or other specific environments by promoting their health through better nutrition, housing, and care.

The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.

Works about controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children.

Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)

Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct.

Clusters of topics that fall within the domain of BIOETHICS, the field of study concerned with value questions that arise in biomedicine and health care delivery.

The guidelines and policy statements set forth by the editor(s) or editorial board of a publication.

Organized groups serving in advisory capacities related to health planning activities.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Identifies, for study and analysis, important issues and problems that relate to health and medicine. The Institute initiates and conducts studies of national policy and planning for health care and health-related education and research; it also responds to requests from the federal government and other agencies for studies and advice.

Human experimentation that is intended to benefit the subjects on whom it is performed.

A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

General agreement or collective opinion; the judgment arrived at by most of those concerned.

A voluntary organization concerned with the prevention and treatment of heart and vascular diseases.

A course or method of action selected, usually by an organization, institution, university, society, etc., from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions and positions on matters of public interest or social concern. It does not include internal policy relating to organization and administration within the corporate body, for which ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION is available.

The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.

The evaluation by experts of the quality and pertinence of research or research proposals of other experts in the same field. Peer review is used by editors in deciding which submissions warrant publication, by granting agencies to determine which proposals should be funded, and by academic institutions in tenure decisions.

Fundamental claims of patients, as expressed in statutes, declarations, or generally accepted moral principles. (Bioethics Thesaurus) The term is used for discussions of patient rights as a group of many rights, as in a hospital's posting of a list of patient rights.

The promotion and support of consumers' rights and interests.

Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

The legal authority or formal permission from authorities to carry on certain activities which by law or regulation require such permission. It may be applied to licensure of institutions as well as individuals.

A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.

International collective of humanitarian organizations led by volunteers and guided by its Congressional Charter and the Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross Movement, to provide relief to victims of disaster and help people prevent, prepare for, and respond to emergencies.

An organized procedure carried out by a select committee of professionals in evaluating the performance of other professionals in meeting the standards of their specialty. Review by peers is used by editors in the evaluation of articles and other papers submitted for publication. Peer review is used also in the evaluation of grant applications. It is applied also in evaluating the quality of health care provided to patients.

Documents describing a medical treatment or research project, including proposed procedures, risks, and alternatives, that are to be signed by an individual, or the individual's proxy, to indicate his/her understanding of the document and a willingness to undergo the treatment or to participate in the research.

The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)

A specialized agency of the United Nations designed as a coordinating authority on international health work; its aim is to promote the attainment of the highest possible level of health by all peoples.

An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)

A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The obligations and accountability assumed in carrying out actions or ideas on behalf of others.

The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.

Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.

Those individuals engaged in research.

Financial support of research activities.

Decisions, usually developed by government policymakers, for determining present and future objectives pertaining to the health care system.

Facilities equipped to carry out investigative procedures.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by viruses in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE. It includes both killed and attenuated vaccines. The composition of the vaccines is changed each year in response to antigenic shifts and changes in prevalence of influenza virus strains. The vaccine is usually bivalent or trivalent, containing one or two INFLUENZAVIRUS A strains and one INFLUENZAVIRUS B strain.

The identification, analysis, and resolution of moral problems that arise in the care of patients. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.

Certification as complying with a standard set by non-governmental organizations, applied for by institutions, programs, and facilities on a voluntary basis.

The informal or formal organization of a group of people based on a network of personal relationships which is influenced by the size and composition, etc., of the group.

Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar.

That segment of commercial enterprise devoted to the design, development, and manufacture of chemical products for use in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, disability, or other dysfunction, or to improve function.

Organizations representing specialized fields which are accepted as authoritative; may be non-governmental, university or an independent research organization, e.g., National Academy of Sciences, Brookings Institution, etc.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The process by which decisions are made in an institution or other organization.

An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.

Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.

"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The enactment of laws and ordinances and their regulation by official organs of a nation, state, or other legislative organization. It refers also to health-related laws and regulations in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.

Research that involves the application of the behavioral and social sciences to the study of the actions or reactions of persons or animals in response to external or internal stimuli. (from American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed)

The circulation or wide dispersal of information.

A medical specialty concerned with the use of physical agents, mechanical apparatus, and manipulation in rehabilitating physically diseased or injured patients.

The principles of proper conduct concerning the rights and duties of the professional, relations with patients or consumers and fellow practitioners, as well as actions of the professional and interpersonal relations with patient or consumer families. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of neoplasms.

The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.

Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.

Activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program. The concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.

Works about lists of drugs or collections of recipes, formulas, and prescriptions for the compounding of medicinal preparations. Formularies differ from PHARMACOPOEIAS in that they are less complete, lacking full descriptions of the drugs, their formulations, analytic composition, chemical properties, etc. In hospitals, formularies list all drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions.

Formularies concerned with pharmaceuticals prescribed in hospitals.

An agency of the UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE that conducts and supports programs for the prevention and control of disease and provides consultation and assistance to health departments and other countries.

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

A legal concept for individuals who are designated to act on behalf of persons who are considered incapable of acting in their own behalf, e.g., minors and persons found to be not mentally competent.

Conformity in fulfilling or following official, recognized, or institutional requirements, guidelines, recommendations, protocols, pathways, or other standards.

Revealing of information, by oral or written communication.

Management of the internal organization of the hospital.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Activities concerned with governmental policies, functions, etc.

Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug.

A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.

The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development).

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

Combined vaccines consisting of DIPHTHERIA TOXOID; TETANUS TOXOID; and an acellular form of PERTUSSIS VACCINE. At least five different purified antigens of B. pertussis have been used in various combinations in these vaccines.

The state or quality of being kind, charitable, or beneficial. (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). The ethical principle of BENEFICENCE requires producing net benefit over harm. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

The level of governmental organization and function at the national or country-wide level.

Societies whose membership is limited to dentists.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The act or practice of killing or allowing death from natural causes, for reasons of mercy, i.e., in order to release a person from incurable disease, intolerable suffering, or undignified death. (from Beauchamp and Walters, Contemporary Issues in Bioethics, 5th ed)

The profession of writing. Also the identity of the writer as the creator of a literary production.

An operating division of the US Department of Health and Human Services. It is concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research. Until 1995, it was an agency of the United States PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

The purposes, missions, and goals of an individual organization or its units, established through administrative processes. It includes an organization's long-range plans and administrative philosophy.

Laws and regulations, pertaining to the field of medicine, proposed for enactment or enacted by a legislative body.

A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

The planning and managing of programs, services, and resources.

Violation of laws, regulations, or professional standards.

Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.

The quality or state of relating to or affecting two or more nations. (After Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)

Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities.

A branch of applied ethics that studies the value implications of practices and developments in life sciences, medicine, and health care.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.

A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.

Community or individual involvement in the decision-making process.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Medical specialty concerned with the promotion and maintenance of the physical and mental health of employees in occupational settings.

The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of bacteria, and BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.

A course of study offered by an educational institution.

Information centers primarily serving the needs of hospital medical staff and sometimes also providing patient education and other services.

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Accountability and responsibility to another, enforceable by civil or criminal sanctions.

The study of NUTRITION PROCESSES as well as the components of food, their actions, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease.

Societies having institutional membership limited to hospitals and other health care institutions.

Annual statements reviewing the status of the administrative and operational functions and accomplishments of an institution or organization.

The science and technology dealing with the procurement, breeding, care, health, and selection of animals used in biomedical research and testing.

The use of one's knowledge in a particular profession. It includes, in the case of the field of biomedicine, professional activities related to health care and the actual performance of the duties related to the provision of health care.

The rights of the individual to cultural, social, economic, and educational opportunities as provided by society, e.g., right to work, right to education, and right to social security.

A system of medical care regulated, controlled and financed by the government, in which the government assumes responsibility for the health needs of the population.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with hepatitis A virus (HEPATOVIRUS).

International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services.

Members of a religious denomination founded in the United States during the late 19th century in which active evangelism is practiced, the imminent approach of the millennium is preached, and war and organized government authority in matters of conscience are strongly opposed (from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed). Jehovah's Witnesses generally refuse blood transfusions and other blood-based treatments based on religious belief.

The commitment in writing, as authentic evidence, of something having legal importance. The concept includes certificates of birth, death, etc., as well as hospital, medical, and other institutional records.

Men and women working in the provision of health services, whether as individual practitioners or employees of health institutions and programs, whether or not professionally trained, and whether or not subject to public regulation. (From A Discursive Dictionary of Health Care, 1976)

A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.

Informed consent given by a parent on behalf of a minor or otherwise incompetent child.

Hospital department responsible for the receiving, storing, and distribution of pharmaceutical supplies.

Self-directing freedom and especially moral independence. An ethical principle holds that the autonomy of persons ought to be respected. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

The process of keeping pharmaceutical products in an appropriate location.

A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Compliance with a set of standards defined by non-governmental organizations. Certification is applied for by individuals on a voluntary basis and represents a professional status when achieved, e.g., certification for a medical specialty.

Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.

Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of medicine.

An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The expected function of a member of the medical profession.

Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc.

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence.

Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.

The interaction of two or more persons or organizations directed toward a common goal which is mutually beneficial. An act or instance of working or acting together for a common purpose or benefit, i.e., joint action. (From Random House Dictionary Unabridged, 2d ed)

A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to health and human services.

The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit.

Presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject.

Duties that are based in ETHICS, rather than in law.

The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures.

The absence of a useful purpose or useful result in a diagnostic procedure or therapeutic intervention. The situation of a patient whose condition will not be improved by treatment or instances in which treatment preserves permanent unconsciousness or cannot end dependence on intensive medical care. (From Ann Intern Med 1990 Jun 15;112(12):949)

Health planning and resources development agencies which function in each health service area of the United States (PL 93-641).

The study of animals - their morphology, growth, distribution, classification, and behavior.

Intentional falsification of scientific data by presentation of fraudulent or incomplete or uncorroborated findings as scientific fact.

Systematic organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of specialized information, especially of a scientific or technical nature (From ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983). It often involves authenticating or validating information.

Requirements for the selection of students for admission to academic institutions.

An international agreement of the World Medical Association which offers guidelines for conducting experiments using human subjects. It was adopted in 1962 and revised by the 18th World Medical Assembly at Helsinki, Finland in 1964. Subsequent revisions were made in 1975, 1983, 1989, and 1996. (From Encyclopedia of Bioethics, rev ed, 1995)

A United States organization of distinguished scientists and engineers established for the purpose of investigating and reporting upon any subject of art or science as requested by any department of government. The National Research Council organized by NAS serves as the principal operating agency to stimulate and support research.

Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. Through basic and clinical biomedical research and training, it conducts and supports research with the objective of cancer prevention, early stage identification and elimination. This Institute was established in 1937.

The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct. Also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality.

Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.

Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.

Payment, or other means of making amends, for a wrong or injury.

Animal experiments: conference report.(1/47)

(+info)

Best practices for animal care committees and animal use oversight. (2/47)

Regulatory authorities around the world with oversight responsibility for the welfare of research animals have placed heavily reliance on local oversight committees. These animal care committees (ACCs) are part of an institutional animal welfare team that includes the institutional administration, principal investigators, attending veterinarian and animal care staff, as well as regulatory organizations and authorities. As a key component of this team, most ACCs function as an agent of the institution to ensure regulatory animal welfare compliance. Although regulatory testing involving animals presents some unique circumstances, the focus of all animal care committees is to minimize animal pain and distress. Federal requirements are often couched within a regulatory framework that is performance based and therefore very flexible. Thus, it is important for ACCs to establish very simple and specific institutional requirements and procedures and to work at promoting a broad understanding of them within their respective institutions. Experience suggests that ambiguity at the local level results in many unintended side effects and confusion. There are many "best practices" that can help the ACC promote institutional compliance and good animal welfare. These practices, although not universally appropriate for all institutions or activities, include ACC coordinator or administrator, designated protocol reviewer, alternate or duel ACC members, generic protocols and standard operating procedures, centralized controls and animal care facilities, conducting pilot studies, and ensuring the most humane endpoints. (+info)

Ethical issues concerning animal research outside the laboratory. (3/47)

Unique ethical issues can be associated with research outside the customary laboratory setting. Protocols involving wild animals must consider that any infringement on the wild nature of the species can be disruptive and may involve pain, fear, anxiety, and frustration, all of which constitute ethical harm that must be balanced with anticipated benefit. Agricultural and companion animal research, however, take place in a human-engineered environment and involves domesticated species adapted to human contact. Special animal welfare issues can be related to agricultural production goals that fail to deal adequately with moral concerns. Human/companion animal relationships, on the other hand, present unique moral obligations to animal owners. Other factors may present additional ethical issues when research is performed outside the laboratory. These factors include a required sensitivity to the environment of wild animals and an awareness that this outside research may to quite public and, therefore, vulnerable to community perception. The institutional animal care and use committee(IACUC) has the responsibility to ensure that research in outside settings is ethical and properly implemented. This responsibility requires that IACUC members have knowledge of the needs of a wide range of species and that a process is in place to allow effective monitoring of research in remote locations. Finally, and most important, there must be a sensitivity to the unique ethical considerations outlined here. Armed with these strengths, the IACUC will be effective in what may be unfamiliar surroundings and will have a significant opportunity to cause improvements in animal welfare. (+info)

Agricultural (nonbiomedical) animal research outside the laboratory: a review of guidelines for institutional animal care and use committees. (4/47)

Challenges and published guidelines associated with appropriate care and use of farm animals in agricultural research conducted outside the laboratory are briefly reviewed. The Animal Welfare Act (Title 9 of the 2000 Code of Federal Regulations), which regulates the care and use of agricultural animals in biomedical research, does not include livestock and poultry used in agricultural research. Farm animal research funded (and thereby regulated) by the US Public Health Service is further discussed in the National Research Council's 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. However, neither of these guidelines adequately addresses the unique attributes of research and teaching designed to improve production agriculture. That information is contained in the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching (the Ag Guide), published by the Federation of Animal Science Societies in 1999. The Ag Guide provides excellent general recommendations for agricultural animal research. It serves as an invaluable resource for institutional animal care and use committees, which attempt to balance the welfare of farm animals and the needs of those working to improve animal agriculture. (+info)

Does the Animal Welfare Act apply to free-ranging animals? (5/47)

Despite the long-standing role that institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) have played in reviewing and approving studies at academic institutions, compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is not always complete for government natural resource agencies that use free-ranging animals in research and management studies. Even at universities, IACUCs face uncertainties about what activities are covered and about how to judge proposed research on free-ranging animals. One reason for much of the confusion is the AWA vaguely worded exemption for "field studies." In particular, fish are problematic because of the AWA exclusion of poikilothermic animals. However, most university IACUCs review studies on all animals, and the Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC) has published the "IRAC Principles," which extend coverage to all vertebrates used by federal researchers. Despite this extended coverage, many scientists working on wild animals continue to view compliance with the AWA with little enthusiasm. IACUCs, IACUC veterinarians, wildlife veterinarians, and fish and wildlife biologists must learn to work together to comply with the law and to protect the privilege of using free-ranging animals in research. (+info)

Opportunistic research and sampling combined with fisheries and wildlife management actions or crisis response. (6/47)

Currently most of the activities of state, federal, first nation, and private conservation agencies, including management of and field research on free-ranging wildlife, are not regulated under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and thus not subject to National Institutes of Health guidelines or routine institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) review. However, every day thousands of fish and wildlife management activities occur across North America that provide an opportunity to take observations, measurements, biological specimens, or samples that may have research value. Most of these opportunities are secondary to ongoing and often mandated wildlife management or conservation actions. Strange as it may seem to the academic and research community, the full research potentials of these opportunities are rarely utilized. IACUCs and research institutions should strive to facilitate such research, which by its very nature is often more opportunistic than designed. They can do this by ensuring that their policies do not unnecessarily impede the rapid research responses needed, or over burden researchers with inappropriate reporting requirements designed for laboratory research. The most prominent reasons for failures to utilize wildlife research opportunities include lack of the following: personnel and expertise to collect and use the information; preparation for inevitable (or predictable) events (e.g., oil spills); resources to preserve and curate specimens; a mandate to conduct research; and recognition of the value in data or sample collection. IACUC support of open protocols and generic sampling plans can go a long way toward improving the development of useful knowledge from animals that will otherwise be lost. Opportunities to sample wildlife are categorized generally as dead sampling (road kill surveys, harvest sampling, lethal collection, and "die-offs"); live sampling (handling for marking, relocation or restocking; and captures for field or biological studies); and crisis response (e.g., population salvage operations or oil spills). Examples of the many unique situations in each category serve to illustrate how valuable research and sampling can be accomplished opportunistically. Several unique limitations of sample collection situation are described. It is recommended that IACUCs have mechanisms in place to facilitate good research in all of these circumstances. (+info)

Fish research and the institutional animal care and use committee. (7/47)

Fish represent the most diverse group of animals in the vertebrate phylum. The more than 25,000 species are characterized by an array of anatomical, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral repertoires. For this reason, it is difficult to develop a comprehensive guideline on the care and use of fishes. Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) meet the challenge of ensuring adequate fish welfare using guidelines (Animal Welfare Act [AWA] and Public Health Service [PHS] Policy and their guides) derived mainly from the care and use of mammalian species, which may not be optimal for regulating fish research, teaching, or extension activities. Discussion focuses on various issues that often confront IACUCs in meeting regulatory requirements while assuring proper fish welfare. Issues include questions concerning animal tracking and inventory, utilization of fisheries bycatch, facility inspections in remote locations, and euthanasia. Common sense solutions appropriate for field and laboratory fish activities are suggested, which should help investigators, IACUCs, and regulatory agencies meet PHS and AWA objectives. (+info)

Surgical implantation of transmitters into fish. (8/47)

Although the Animal Welfare Act does not cover poikilotherms, individual institutions and policies and legal requirements other than the Animal Welfare Act (e.g., the US Public Health Service and the Interagency Research Animal Committee's Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training) require the review of projects involving fish by institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs). IACUCs may, however, lack the knowledge and experience to evaluate fish projects judiciously, especially when the projects are in field settings. Surgeries involving implantation of transmitters and other instruments into the coelom, which now comprise a very common research tool in the study of free-ranging fishes, are examples of surgeries that use a broad spectrum of surgical and anesthetic techniques, some of which would not be considered acceptable for similar work on mammals. IACUCs should apply the standards they would expect to be used for surgeries on homeotherms to surgeries on fish. Surgeons should be carefully trained and experienced. Surgical instruments and transmitters should be sterile. Regulations and laws on the use of drugs in animals should be followed, particularly those concerned with anesthetics and antibiotics used on free-ranging fish. Exceptions to surgical procedures should be made only when circumstances are extreme enough to warrant the use of less than optimal procedures. (+info)

Symptoms of influenza include:

* Fever (usually high)
* Cough
* Sore throat
* Runny or stuffy nose
* Headache
* Muscle or body aches
* Fatigue (tiredness)
* Diarrhea and nausea (more common in children than adults)

Influenza can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections. These complications are more likely to occur in people who have a weakened immune system, such as the elderly, young children, and people with certain chronic health conditions (like heart disease, diabetes, and lung disease).

Influenza is diagnosed based on a physical examination and medical history. A healthcare provider may also use a rapid influenza test (RIT) or a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for influenza typically involves rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) to relieve fever and body aches. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza), may also be prescribed to help shorten the duration and severity of the illness. However, these medications are most effective when started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.

Prevention is key in avoiding influenza. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza, as well as practicing good hygiene such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and staying home when you are sick.

1. Meniscal tears: The meniscus is a cartilage structure in the knee joint that can tear due to twisting or bending movements.
2. Ligament sprains: The ligaments that connect the bones of the knee joint can become stretched or torn, leading to instability and pain.
3. Torn cartilage: The articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the knee joint can tear due to wear and tear or trauma.
4. Fractures: The bones of the knee joint can fracture as a result of a direct blow or fall.
5. Dislocations: The bones of the knee joint can become dislocated, causing pain and instability.
6. Patellar tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.
7. Iliotibial band syndrome: Inflammation of the iliotibial band, a ligament that runs down the outside of the thigh and crosses the knee joint.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition in which a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the end of a bone in the knee joint.
9. Baker's cyst: A fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee, usually as a result of a tear in the meniscus or a knee injury.

Symptoms of knee injuries can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. Treatment for knee injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may range from conservative measures such as physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

There are several types of melanoma, including:

1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.

The risk factors for developing melanoma include:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma

The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole

If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.

In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.

Symptoms of whooping cough typically appear within 7-14 days after exposure and may include:

* Mild fever
* Runny nose
* Sneezing
* Dry, irritating cough that progresses to spasmodic, convulsive coughing fits
* Vomiting after coughing
* Apnea (pause in breathing)

In infants, the symptoms may be milder and include:

* Mild fever
* Lack of appetite
* Irritability
* Cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin)

If left untreated, whooping cough can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, seizures, and brain damage. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention measures include immunization with the pertussis vaccine, which is routinely given to infants and children in early childhood, as well as booster shots during adolescence and adulthood. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with people who are sick, can also help prevent the spread of the disease.

The symptoms of tetanus can develop anywhere from 3 days to 3 weeks after exposure to the bacteria, and they can include:

* Muscle stiffness and spasms, especially in the neck, jaw, and limbs
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Fever and sweating
* Headache and fatigue
* Rigidity and spasticity of muscles
* Abdominal cramps and diarrhea
* In severe cases, tetanus can cause serious complications such as pneumonia, heart problems, and death.

Tetanus is diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves administering antitoxin medication to neutralize the effects of the bacterial toxins, as well as providing supportive care such as pain management and wound care.

Prevention is key in avoiding tetanus, and this can be achieved through:

* Vaccination: Tetanus vaccines are available and recommended for individuals of all ages, especially for those who have open wounds or injuries.
* Proper wound care: Keeping wounds clean and covered can help prevent the entry of bacteria into the body.
* Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding activities that can cause injury, such as playing contact sports or engaging in dangerous hobbies, can reduce the risk of developing tetanus.

Overall, tetanus is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment and prevention measures to avoid complications and ensure a full recovery.

The exact cause of RMS is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations that occur during fetal development. These mutations can lead to the growth of abnormal cells that can eventually form a tumor.

There are several subtypes of RMS, including:

1. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: This is the most common type of RMS and typically affects children under the age of 6.
2. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: This type of RMS is more aggressive than embryonal RMS and tends to affect older children and teenagers.
3. Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma: This is the least common subtype of RMS and can occur in any age group.

The symptoms of RMS vary depending on the location of the tumor, but may include:

* Lumps or swelling in the neck, abdomen, or extremities
* Painless lumps or swelling in the scrotum (in boys)
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing (if the tumor is located in the throat)
* Abdominal pain (if the tumor is located in the abdomen)
* Fever
* Fatigue
* Weight loss

If RMS is suspected, a doctor may perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and order imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to confirm the diagnosis. A biopsy, in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the body and examined under a microscope, may also be performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for RMS typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In some cases, the tumor may be completely removed with surgery, while in other cases, the cancer cells may be difficult to remove and may require ongoing treatment to manage the disease.

Overall, RMS is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that can affect children and adults. While the prognosis for RMS varies depending on the location and size of the tumor, early diagnosis and treatment are critical for improving outcomes.

There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:

1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.

While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.

The symptoms of diphtheria typically develop within 2-5 days after exposure and may include:

* Sore throat and difficulty swallowing
* Fever and chills
* Swollen and tender lymph nodes in the neck
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Skin lesions or rashes
* Nerve damage, leading to weakness, paralysis, and other neurological symptoms.

If left untreated, diphtheria can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, heart failure, and death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and prevent further damage. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to provide supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation or cardiac support.

Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable disease, and immunization programs have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of this disease worldwide. However, outbreaks still occur in some areas, particularly among unvaccinated individuals or those living in areas with low vaccination coverage.

In addition to its clinical features, diphtheria has several key characteristics that are important to note:

* It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through respiratory droplets, close contact with an infected person, or by touching contaminated surfaces and objects.
* The bacteria can survive for weeks outside the body, making it a significant risk for transmission through fomites.
* Immunity to diphtheria is not lifelong, and booster doses of the vaccine are recommended every 10 years to maintain protection.

There are several different types of leukemia, including:

1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): This is the most common type of leukemia in children, but it can also occur in adults. It is characterized by an overproduction of immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts.
2. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): This type of leukemia affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): This type of leukemia affects older adults and is characterized by the slow growth of abnormal white blood cells called lymphocytes.
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): This type of leukemia is caused by a genetic mutation in a gene called BCR-ABL. It can occur at any age but is most common in adults.
5. Hairy Cell Leukemia: This is a rare type of leukemia that affects older adults and is characterized by the presence of abnormal white blood cells called hairy cells.
6. Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS): This is a group of disorders that occur when the bone marrow is unable to produce healthy blood cells. It can lead to leukemia if left untreated.

Treatment for leukemia depends on the type and severity of the disease, but may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or stem cell transplantation.

Once infected, a person will usually develop symptoms within 2-3 weeks after exposure. The symptoms can be mild or severe, and may include:

* Fever (usually low grade)
* Headache
* Sore throat
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Itchy skin rash

The rash typically appears as small, fluid-filled blisters that are highly contagious and can spread to others through direct contact with the rash. The rash may appear on any part of the body, including the face, scalp, arms, legs, and torso. As the rash progresses, it may become crusted over and form scabs.

In some cases, complications can arise from chickenpox, such as:

* Bacterial infections (e.g. strep throat)
* Pneumonia
* Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
* Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord)
* Blood infections (sepsis)
* Shingles (a painful rash that occurs in adults who have had chickenpox before)

There is no specific treatment for chickenpox, but antiviral medications can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) can be used to relieve fever and pain. Home remedies such as cool baths, calamine lotion, and chickenpox creams may also provide relief from itching and discomfort.

Prevention is key in avoiding chickenpox, and the best way to do this is through vaccination. The varicella vaccine is recommended for children ages 12-15 months, with a second dose given before entering kindergarten (around age 4-6 years). The vaccine is also recommended for individuals who have not had chickenpox and are over the age of 13. Adults who have not had chickenpox or been vaccinated can take steps to avoid exposure, such as avoiding contact with infected individuals and practicing good hygiene (e.g. washing hands frequently).

In conclusion, chickenpox is a highly contagious illness that can cause discomfort and complications. Prevention through vaccination is the best way to avoid getting sick, and antiviral medications and home remedies can help reduce symptoms if infected. If you suspect you or your child has chickenpox, it's important to contact a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

* Bladder cancer
* Kidney cancer
* Prostate cancer
* Testicular cancer
* Ureteral cancer
* Uterine cancer
* Vaginal cancer
* Penile cancer

These types of cancers are typically diagnosed and treated by urologists, who specialize in the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these.

Note: This definition is intended for use in medical and scientific contexts, and may not be suitable for general or non-expert audiences.

Hepatitis A is typically spread through contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone who has the infection. The virus can also be spread through sexual contact or sharing of needles.

Symptoms of hepatitis A usually appear two to six weeks after exposure and can last for several weeks or months. In some cases, the infection can lead to complications such as liver failure, which can be life-threatening.

There is a vaccine available for hepatitis A, which is recommended for individuals traveling to areas where the virus is common, people who engage in high-risk behaviors, and those with chronic liver disease. Treatment for hepatitis A typically focuses on relieving symptoms and supporting the liver as it recovers. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of hepatitis A infection include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially before eating or preparing food; avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters; and avoiding close contact with people who have the infection.

Types of candidiasis:

1. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): a common infection that affects the vagina and vulva; symptoms include itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
2. Oral thrush (OT): an infection that affects the mouth, often seen in infants and people with weakened immune systems; symptoms include white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks.
3. Invasive candidiasis (IC): a severe infection that can spread throughout the body, often seen in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy; symptoms include fever, chills, and difficulty breathing.
4. Candidal balanitis: an infection of the foreskin and glans of the penis; symptoms include redness, swelling, and pain.
5. Diaper rash: a common skin infection that affects infants who wear diapers; symptoms include redness, swelling, and irritability.

Causes and risk factors:

1. Overgrowth of Candida fungus due to an imbalance of the normal flora.
2. Use of antibiotics or steroids that can disrupt the balance of the body's natural flora.
3. Weakened immune system, such as in people with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.
4. Poor hygiene and sanitation.
5. Diabetes mellitus.
6. Pregnancy.
7. Obesity.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Microscopic examination of a scraping or biopsy specimen.
3. Cultures of skin, blood, or other body fluids.
4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other molecular diagnostic techniques to detect the presence of the fungus.

Treatment:

1. Topical antifungal medications, such as clotrimazole, miconazole, or terbinafine, applied directly to the affected area.
2. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole or itraconazole, for more severe infections or those that do not respond to topical treatment.
3. Antibiotics if there is a secondary bacterial infection.
4. Supportive care, such as pain management and wound care.
5. Proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
6. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous antifungal medications and close monitoring.

Prevention:

1. Practice good hygiene and sanitation.
2. Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels or clothing.
3. Wash hands before touching the affected area.
4. Keep the affected area clean and dry.
5. Use of antifungal powders or sprays on the affected area.
6. Avoid using harsh soaps or cleansers that can irritate the skin.
7. Wear shoes in public areas to prevent exposure to fungal spores.
8. Avoid sharing bathing or showering facilities with others.
9. Dry thoroughly after bathing or swimming.
10. Use of antifungal medications as a prophylactic measure in high-risk individuals, such as those with weakened immune systems.

It's important to note that the best treatment and prevention strategies will depend on the specific type of fungus causing the infection, as well as the severity and location of the infection. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The most common form of this disease is Meningococcal Group B (MenB). Symptoms often develop within hours or days after exposure, but can be nonspecific, such as fever, headache, and muscle aches.

Early signs that are more specific and suggestive of the diagnosis include neck stiffness, confusion, seizures, and rash. Diagnosis is by culture or PCR of a sterile site. Treatment consists of antibiotics that cover Neisseria meningitidis, which should be initiated promptly after recognition of the signs and symptoms.

Prevention with vaccines is recommended for infants at 2 months of age; boosters are given at 4 months, 6 months, and 12 to 15 months of age.

There are several types of drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, including:

1. Common side effects: These are side effects that are commonly experienced by patients taking a particular medication. Examples include nausea, dizziness, and fatigue.
2. Serious side effects: These are side effects that can be severe or life-threatening. Examples include allergic reactions, liver damage, and bone marrow suppression.
3. Adverse events: These are any unwanted or harmful effects that occur during the use of a medication, including side effects and other clinical events such as infections or injuries.
4. Drug interactions: These are interactions between two or more drugs that can cause harmful side effects or reduce the effectiveness of one or both drugs.
5. Side effects caused by drug abuse: These are side effects that occur when a medication is taken in larger-than-recommended doses or in a manner other than as directed. Examples include hallucinations, seizures, and overdose.

It's important to note that not all side effects and adverse reactions are caused by the drug itself. Some may be due to other factors, such as underlying medical conditions, other medications being taken, or environmental factors.

To identify and manage drug-related side effects and adverse reactions, healthcare providers will typically ask patients about any symptoms they are experiencing, perform physical exams, and review the patient's medical history and medication list. In some cases, additional tests may be ordered to help diagnose and manage the problem.

Overall, it's important for patients taking medications to be aware of the potential for side effects and adverse reactions, and to report any symptoms or concerns to their healthcare provider promptly. This can help ensure that any issues are identified and addressed early, minimizing the risk of harm and ensuring that the patient receives the best possible care.

Lymphatic metastasis occurs when cancer cells enter the lymphatic vessels and are carried through the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. This can happen through several mechanisms, including:

1. Direct invasion: Cancer cells can invade the nearby lymphatic vessels and spread through them.
2. Lymphatic vessel embolization: Cancer cells can block the flow of lymphatic fluid and cause the formation of a clot-like structure, which can trap cancer cells and allow them to grow.
3. Lymphatic vessel invasion: Cancer cells can infiltrate the walls of lymphatic vessels and spread through them.

Lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer, particularly in the breast, melanoma, and other cancers that have a high risk of lymphatic invasion. The presence of lymphatic metastasis in a patient's body can indicate a more aggressive cancer and a poorer prognosis.

Treatment for lymphatic metastasis typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgery may be used to remove any affected lymph nodes or other tumors that have spread through the lymphatic system. Chemotherapy may be used to kill any remaining cancer cells, while radiation therapy may be used to shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

In summary, lymphatic metastasis is a common mechanism for the spread of cancer through the body, particularly in cancers that originate in organs with a high lymphatic drainage. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy to remove or shrink the tumors and relieve symptoms.

There are two types of hypertension:

1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.

Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:

* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use

There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:

* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress

Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:

* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease

Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.

A laboratory infection is an infection that occurs in a healthcare worker or laboratory personnel while working in a laboratory setting, typically with infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi. These infections can be acquired through exposure to infected samples, equipment, or surfaces in the laboratory.

The risk of laboratory infection is higher in settings where high-risk agents are handled, such as in the study of highly infectious diseases like Ebola or SARS. The transmission of infectious agents in laboratories can occur through various routes, including:

1. Direct contact with infected samples or materials.
2. Contact with contaminated surfaces or equipment.
3. Inhalation of aerosols generated during procedures such as centrifugation or pipetting.
4. Exposure to infected personnel or animals in the laboratory.

To prevent laboratory infections, healthcare workers and laboratory personnel must follow strict safety protocols, including wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, and masks, and adhering to proper sterilization and decontamination techniques. Laboratories should also have ventilation systems that filter out infectious agents and should be designed with containment levels to minimize the risk of exposure.

Laboratory infections can have serious consequences for both the individuals involved and the broader community, including the potential for transmitting infectious diseases to others outside of the laboratory setting. Therefore, it is essential to have strict safety protocols and proper training for laboratory personnel to minimize the risk of laboratory-acquired infections.

Mumps is typically diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and physical examination findings. Laboratory tests such as PCR or IgG antibody testing may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. There is no specific treatment for mumps, but supportive care such as pain management and hydration may be provided to alleviate symptoms. Vaccines are available to prevent mumps, and they are most effective when given before exposure to the virus.

The medical field has a clear definition of mumps, which is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mumps as "a contagious viral infection that affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid gland." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also provides guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mumps.

In conclusion, mumps is a viral infection that affects the salivary glands and can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious complications. The medical field has a clear definition of mumps, which is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Vaccines are available to prevent mumps, and they are most effective when given before exposure to the virus.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several types of knee dislocations, including:

1. Lateral dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the thigh bone (femur) becomes dislocated from the lateral (outer) aspect of the knee joint.
2. Medial dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the thigh bone becomes dislocated from the medial (inner) aspect of the knee joint.
3. Posterior dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the tibia (shin bone) becomes dislocated from the back of the knee joint.
4. Anterior dislocation: This occurs when the lower end of the tibia becomes dislocated from the front of the knee joint.

Knee dislocations are often accompanied by other injuries, such as fractures or tears to the ligaments and tendons that surround the knee joint. Treatment for a knee dislocation usually involves reducing the dislocation back into place, followed by immobilization in a cast or brace to allow the joint to heal. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair any damaged ligaments or tendons.

Disease progression can be classified into several types based on the pattern of worsening:

1. Chronic progressive disease: In this type, the disease worsens steadily over time, with a gradual increase in symptoms and decline in function. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and Parkinson's disease.
2. Acute progressive disease: This type of disease worsens rapidly over a short period, often followed by periods of stability. Examples include sepsis, acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), and stroke.
3. Cyclical disease: In this type, the disease follows a cycle of worsening and improvement, with periodic exacerbations and remissions. Examples include multiple sclerosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Recurrent disease: This type is characterized by episodes of worsening followed by periods of recovery. Examples include migraine headaches, asthma, and appendicitis.
5. Catastrophic disease: In this type, the disease progresses rapidly and unpredictably, with a poor prognosis. Examples include cancer, AIDS, and organ failure.

Disease progression can be influenced by various factors, including:

1. Genetics: Some diseases are inherited and may have a predetermined course of progression.
2. Lifestyle: Factors such as smoking, lack of exercise, and poor diet can contribute to disease progression.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, allergens, and other environmental stressors can influence disease progression.
4. Medical treatment: The effectiveness of medical treatment can impact disease progression, either by slowing or halting the disease process or by causing unintended side effects.
5. Co-morbidities: The presence of multiple diseases or conditions can interact and affect each other's progression.

Understanding the type and factors influencing disease progression is essential for developing effective treatment plans and improving patient outcomes.

The most common types of mycoses include:

1. Ringworm: This is a common fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, torso, and face.
2. Athlete's foot: This is a common fungal infection that affects the feet, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
3. Jock itch: This is a fungal infection that affects the groin area and inner thighs, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
4. Candidiasis: This is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a type of yeast. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and vagina.
5. Aspergillosis: This is a serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.

Symptoms of mycoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and cracking of the skin. Treatment for mycoses usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Preventive measures for mycoses include practicing good hygiene, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and using antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment of mycoses can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type of this cancer, accounting for about 60% of all cases. It typically develops in the head and neck, genitourinary tract, or extremities (arms or legs) and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

The symptoms of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma vary depending on the location of the tumor, but they may include:

* Lump or swelling in the affected area
* Painless lump or swelling in the neck, abdomen, or extremities
* Difficulty swallowing or breathing (if the tumor is located in the throat)
* Difficulty urinating (if the tumor is located in the genitourinary tract)
* Weakness or paralysis of the affected limb (if the tumor is located in the extremities)

The diagnosis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, along with a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma usually involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the location and size of the tumor, as well as the age and overall health of the patient. In some cases, a clinical trial may also be an option.

Overall, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that primarily affects children but can occur in adults as well. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and minimizing the risk of complications.

Sarcomas can arise in any part of the body, but they are most common in the arms and legs. They can also occur in the abdomen, chest, or head and neck. There are many different types of sarcoma, each with its own unique characteristics and treatment options.

The causes of sarcoma are not fully understood, but genetic mutations, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals have been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease. Sarcomas can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they often grow slowly and may not cause symptoms until they are advanced.

Treatment for sarcoma typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type of sarcoma, its location, and the stage of the disease. In some cases, amputation may be necessary to remove the tumor.

Prognosis for sarcoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the size and location of the tumor, and the stage of the disease. In general, the prognosis is best for patients with early-stage sarcoma that is confined to a small area and has not spread to other parts of the body.

Overall, sarcoma is a rare and complex form of cancer that requires specialized treatment and care. While the prognosis can vary depending on the specific type of cancer and the stage of the disease, advances in medical technology and treatment options have improved outcomes for many patients with sarcoma.

The infection is usually caused by an overgrowth of Candida, which is a normal flora in the mouth, but can become pathogenic under certain conditions. Risk factors for developing OC include taking antibiotics, wearing dentures, pregnancy, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS.

OC can be diagnosed by examining the mouth and throat with a mirror and torch, as well as through laboratory tests such as cultures or PCR. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, good oral hygiene practices, and addressing any underlying conditions. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Preventative measures include practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding smoking, and managing any underlying medical conditions. In addition, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream or heart.

In medical contexts, exsanguination is often used to describe the loss of blood from a specific area of the body, such as the chest or abdomen. It may also be used to describe the amount of blood lost during surgery or other medical procedures.

Examples of how 'exsanguination' might be used in a medical context:

1. "The patient suffered severe exsanguination due to a gunshot wound to the chest."
2. "The surgeon carefully monitored the amount of blood lost during the procedure to avoid exsanguination."
3. "The patient's vital signs deteriorated rapidly due to exsanguination, requiring immediate intervention."
4. "The patient underwent a hemostatic procedure to control the bleeding and prevent exsanguination."
5. "The patient died from exsanguination due to a ruptured aortic aneurysm."

In summary, 'exsanguination' is a medical term that refers to the loss of blood from the body, often as a result of trauma or surgery. It can be used to describe the amount of blood lost during medical procedures and is a serious condition that requires prompt treatment to avoid complications and death.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

Smallpox symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue, followed by a characteristic rash that spreads from the face to other parts of the body. The disease is highly infectious and can be fatal, especially among young children and immunocompromised individuals. There is no specific treatment for smallpox, and vaccination is the most effective method of prevention.

The last naturally occurring case of smallpox was reported in 1977, and since then, there have been only a few laboratory-confirmed cases, all related to research on the virus. The WHO declared that smallpox had been eradicated in 1980, making it the first and only human disease to be completely eliminated from the planet.

While the risk of smallpox is currently low, there is concern that the virus could be used as a bioterrorism agent, and efforts are being made to maintain surveillance and preparedness for any potential outbreaks.

The symptoms of CRS can vary widely depending on the severity of the infection and the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. Some common birth defects associated with CRS include:

1. Heart defects: CRS can cause defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect.
2. Neurological defects: CRS can lead to a range of neurological problems including microcephaly (small head size), mental retardation, and seizures.
3. Eye defects: CRS can cause eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness.
4. Ear defects: CRS can lead to ear problems such as hearing loss and deafness.
5. Thyroid disorders: CRS can cause thyroid problems including cretinism, a condition characterized by mental retardation and physical deformities.
6. Bone and joint defects: CRS can cause bone and joint problems such as arthrogryposis (a condition characterized by joint contractures) and clubfoot.
7. Skin defects: CRS can lead to skin problems such as macular rash, which is a red, itchy rash that appears on the skin.
8. Other defects: CRS can also cause other birth defects such as deafness, mutism, and cognitive impairment.

CRS is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no specific treatment for CRS, but management of the condition involves supportive care to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Prevention of CRS relies on vaccination of pregnant women against rubella, which has led to a significant decline in the incidence of the condition.

The prognosis for children with CRS varies depending on the severity of the infection and the presence of any underlying medical conditions. Some children may have mild symptoms and recover fully, while others may experience more severe complications that can result in long-term disability or death. Early diagnosis and management are essential to improve outcomes for affected children.

Epidemiology:
Febrile seizures are relatively common in children under the age of five. They affect approximately 2-5% of children in this age group and account for nearly one-third of all seizures in childhood. Febrile seizures are more common in boys than girls and tend to occur more frequently between 12 and 18 months of age.

Causes:
The exact cause of febrile seizures is not known, but they are believed to be triggered by a rapid increase in body temperature. This can occur due to an infection such as a viral or bacterial infection, or due to other factors such as dehydration or an allergic reaction.

Symptoms:
During a febrile seizure, the child may experience a variety of symptoms including:

* Convulsions or shaking of the arms and legs
* Loss of consciousness or confusion
* Stiffness or rigidity of the body
* Confusion or disorientation after the seizure has ended

Diagnosis:
Febrile seizures are typically diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and medical history. A doctor may perform a physical examination and order additional tests such as blood work or imaging studies to rule out other conditions that could be causing the fever and seizure.

Treatment:
There is no specific treatment for febrile seizures, but there are steps parents can take to help their child feel more comfortable and reduce the risk of future seizures. These include:

* Providing plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
* Keeping the child cool with a cool compress or bath
* Medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce fever
* Home remedies such as ginger or chamomile tea to help soothe the child and reduce inflammation

Prevention:
While there is no surefire way to prevent febrile seizures, parents can take steps to reduce the risk of their child experiencing one. These include:

* Keeping the child's immunizations up to date to prevent infections that can cause fever and seizures
* Monitoring the child's temperature and seeking medical attention if it reaches 104°F (40°C) or higher
* Providing plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
* Avoiding overdressing the child and keeping them in a cool, well-ventilated environment to prevent overheating

Prognosis:
In most cases, febrile seizures are not a cause for concern and do not indicate any underlying medical condition. However, if your child experiences a second seizure or if the first seizure lasts for more than 15 minutes, it is important to seek immediate medical attention. Additionally, if your child has a fever that does not come down with treatment or if they experience other symptoms such as stiffness or confusion, you should also seek medical help.

In rare cases, febrile seizures can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition such as a brain infection or a congenital disorder. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of these conditions and to seek medical attention if you suspect that your child may have one.

In conclusion, while febrile seizures can be alarming for parents, they are generally not a cause for concern and can be treated effectively with home remedies and over-the-counter medications. However, it is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of more serious underlying conditions and to seek medical attention if you suspect that your child may have one.

1. Coronary artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart.
2. Heart failure: A condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be too fast, too slow, or irregular.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves that control blood flow through the heart.
5. Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy): Disease of the heart muscle that can lead to heart failure.
6. Congenital heart disease: Defects in the heart's structure and function that are present at birth.
7. Peripheral artery disease: The narrowing or blockage of blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the arms, legs, and other organs.
8. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg.
9. Pulmonary embolism: A blockage in one of the arteries in the lungs, which can be caused by a blood clot or other debris.
10. Stroke: A condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels.

Acute wounds and injuries are those that occur suddenly and heal within a relatively short period of time, usually within a few days or weeks. Examples of acute wounds include cuts, scrapes, and burns. Chronic wounds and injuries, on the other hand, are those that persist over a longer period of time and may not heal properly, leading to long-term complications. Examples of chronic wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and chronic back pain.

Wounds and injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, sports injuries, violence, and medical conditions such as diabetes or circulatory problems. Treatment for wounds and injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may include cleaning and dressing the wound, applying antibiotics, immobilizing broken bones, and providing pain management. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or restore function.

Preventive measures for wounds and injuries include wearing appropriate protective gear during activities such as sports or work, following safety protocols to avoid accidents, maintaining proper hygiene and nutrition to prevent infection, and seeking medical attention promptly if an injury occurs.

Overall, wounds and injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper treatment and management of wounds and injuries can help to promote healing, reduce the risk of complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Acute pain is different from chronic pain, which is persistent and ongoing, lasting more than 3 months. Acute pain is typically treated with medication, physical therapy, or other forms of therapy aimed at managing the underlying cause. In some cases, acute pain may be a symptom of an underlying condition that requires further evaluation and treatment.

Here are some examples of acute pain:

1. Post-surgical pain: Pain that occurs after surgery is a common example of acute pain. This type of pain is usually managed with pain medication and subsides as the body heals.
2. Injury pain: Pain that occurs as a result of an injury, such as a sprain or strain, is another example of acute pain. This type of pain is often treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) and may also be managed with pain medication.
3. Headache pain: Some types of headaches, such as tension headaches or migraines, are examples of acute pain. These types of headaches are typically treated with over-the-counter pain medication and may also involve lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers or practicing relaxation techniques.
4. Menstrual cramps: Cramps that occur during menstruation are a common example of acute pain. This type of pain is often managed with over-the-counter pain medication and may also be treated with heat or cold therapy.
5. Childbirth pain: Pain that occurs during childbirth is another example of acute pain. This type of pain is typically managed with breathing techniques, relaxation methods, and medical pain management options such as epidural anesthesia.

In summary, acute pain is a type of pain that is sudden and lasts for a limited period of time, often resolving once the underlying cause is treated or heals. It can be managed with a variety of techniques, including medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Source: 'Rubella' in Duane Gubler (ed.), up-to-date online clinical reference, retrieved on March 14, 2023 from

There are three main forms of poliomyelitis:

1. Non-paralytic polio, which causes symptoms such as fever, headache, and sore throat, but does not lead to paralysis.
2. Paralytic polio, which can cause partial or complete paralysis of the muscles in the limbs, trunk, and respiratory system. This form is more severe and can be fatal.
3. Post-polio syndrome, which occurs in some individuals years after they have recovered from a paralytic polio infection. It is characterized by new muscle weakness, pain, and fatigue.

Poliomyelitis was once a major public health problem worldwide, but widespread immunization campaigns have led to a significant decline in the number of cases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a goal of eradicating polio by 2018.

Treatment for poliomyelitis typically focuses on managing symptoms and supporting respiratory function. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intensive care, such as mechanical ventilation. Physical therapy and rehabilitation are also important in helping individuals recover from paralysis.

Prevention is key to controlling the spread of poliomyelitis. This includes vaccination with the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which has been shown to be safe and effective in preventing polio. In addition, good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly, can help reduce the risk of transmission.

Types of Pneumococcal Infections:

1. Pneumonia: This is an infection of the lungs that can cause fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Meningitis: This is an infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, which can cause fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
3. Septicemia (bloodstream infection): This is an infection of the blood that can cause fever, chills, and low blood pressure.
4. Sinusitis: This is an infection of the sinuses, which can cause headache, facial pain, and difficulty breathing through the nose.
5. Otitis media (middle ear infection): This is an infection of the middle ear, which can cause ear pain, fever, and hearing loss.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Pneumococcal infections are caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria can be spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching or sharing food and drinks. People who are at high risk for developing pneumococcal infections include:

1. Children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 65.
2. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking medications that suppress the immune system.
3. Smokers and people with chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
4. People who have recently had surgery or have a severe injury.
5. Those who live in long-term care facilities or have limited access to healthcare.

Prevention and Treatment:

Preventing pneumococcal infections is important, especially for high-risk individuals. Here are some ways to prevent and treat pneumococcal infections:

1. Vaccination: The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 65, as well as for people with certain medical conditions.
2. Hand washing: Frequent hand washing can help prevent the spread of pneumococcal bacteria.
3. Good hygiene: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick and regularly cleaning surfaces that may be contaminated with bacteria can also help prevent infection.
4. Antibiotics: Pneumococcal infections can be treated with antibiotics, but overuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when necessary and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
5. Supportive care: Those with severe pneumococcal infections may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion:

Pneumococcal infections can be serious and even life-threatening, especially for high-risk individuals. Prevention and prompt treatment are key to reducing the risk of complications and improving outcomes. Vaccination, good hygiene practices, and appropriate antibiotic use are all important in preventing and treating pneumococcal infections. If you suspect that you or a loved one has a pneumococcal infection, it is essential to seek medical attention right away. With proper care and support, many people with pneumococcal infections can recover fully and resume their normal lives.

There are several types of diabetes mellitus, including:

1. Type 1 DM: This is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, resulting in a complete deficiency of insulin production. It typically develops in childhood or adolescence, and patients with this condition require lifelong insulin therapy.
2. Type 2 DM: This is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all cases. It is caused by a combination of insulin resistance (where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin) and impaired insulin secretion. It is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and a diet high in sugar and unhealthy fats.
3. Gestational DM: This type of diabetes develops during pregnancy, usually in the second or third trimester. Hormonal changes and insulin resistance can cause blood sugar levels to rise, putting both the mother and baby at risk.
4. LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): This is a form of type 1 DM that develops in adults, typically after the age of 30. It shares features with both type 1 and type 2 DM.
5. MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young): This is a rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations that affect insulin production. It typically develops in young adulthood and can be managed with lifestyle changes and/or medication.

The symptoms of diabetes mellitus can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Increased thirst and urination
2. Fatigue
3. Blurred vision
4. Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
5. Tingling or numbness in hands and feet
6. Recurring skin, gum, or bladder infections
7. Flu-like symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and stomach pain
8. Dark, velvety skin patches (acanthosis nigricans)
9. Yellowish color of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
10. Delayed healing of cuts and wounds

If left untreated, diabetes mellitus can lead to a range of complications, including:

1. Heart disease and stroke
2. Kidney damage and failure
3. Nerve damage (neuropathy)
4. Eye damage (retinopathy)
5. Foot damage (neuropathic ulcers)
6. Cognitive impairment and dementia
7. Increased risk of infections and other diseases, such as pneumonia, gum disease, and urinary tract infections.

It is important to note that not all individuals with diabetes will experience these complications, and that proper management of the condition can greatly reduce the risk of developing these complications.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

Measles is caused by a virus that is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also be spread through direct contact with an infected person's saliva or mucus.

The symptoms of measles usually appear about 10-14 days after exposure to the virus, and may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Runny nose
* Red, watery eyes
* Small white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots)
* A rash that starts on the head and spreads to the rest of the body

Measles can be diagnosed through a physical examination, laboratory tests, or by observing the characteristic rash. There is no specific treatment for measles, but it can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to relieve fever and pain.

Complications of measles can include:

* Ear infections
* Pneumonia
* Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
* Seizures
* Death (rare)

Measles is highly contagious and can spread easily through schools, workplaces, and other communities. Vaccination is the best way to prevent measles, and the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all children and adults who have not been previously infected with the virus or vaccinated.

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Hematologic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that affect the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic system. These types of cancer can originate from various cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and lymphoid cells.

There are several subtypes of hematologic neoplasms, including:

1. Leukemias: Cancers of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, which can lead to an overproduction of immature or abnormal white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
2. Lymphomas: Cancers of the immune system, which can affect the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, or other organs. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
3. Multiple myeloma: A cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow that can lead to an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells.
4. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an overproduction of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Examples include polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia.
5. Myelodysplastic syndromes: Cancers that affect the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to an underproduction of normal blood cells.

The diagnosis of hematologic neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests (such as complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies), and imaging studies (such as CT scans or PET scans). Treatment options for hematologic neoplasms depend on the specific type of cancer, the severity of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. These may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, or targeted therapy with drugs that specifically target cancer cells.

There are several types of joint instability, including:

1. Ligamentous laxity: A condition where the ligaments surrounding a joint become stretched or torn, leading to instability.
2. Capsular laxity: A condition where the capsule, a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a joint, becomes stretched or torn, leading to instability.
3. Muscular imbalance: A condition where the muscles surrounding a joint are either too weak or too strong, leading to instability.
4. Osteochondral defects: A condition where there is damage to the cartilage and bone within a joint, leading to instability.
5. Post-traumatic instability: A condition that develops after a traumatic injury to a joint, such as a dislocation or fracture.

Joint instability can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful injury to a joint, such as a fall or a blow.
2. Overuse: Repeated stress on a joint, such as from repetitive motion or sports activities.
3. Genetics: Some people may be born with joint instability due to inherited genetic factors.
4. Aging: As we age, our joints can become less stable due to wear and tear on the cartilage and other tissues.
5. Disease: Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, can cause joint instability.

Symptoms of joint instability may include:

1. Pain: A sharp, aching pain in the affected joint, especially with movement.
2. Stiffness: Limited range of motion and stiffness in the affected joint.
3. Swelling: Swelling and inflammation in the affected joint.
4. Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensations in the affected joint.

Treatment for joint instability depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Rest and ice: Resting the affected joint and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling.
2. Physical therapy: Strengthening the surrounding muscles to support the joint and improve stability.
3. Bracing: Using a brace or splint to provide support and stability to the affected joint.
4. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged tissues and improve joint stability.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Neoplastic metastasis can occur in any type of cancer but are more common in solid tumors such as carcinomas (breast, lung, colon). It is important for cancer diagnosis and prognosis because metastasis indicates that the cancer has spread beyond its original site and may be more difficult to treat.

Metastases can appear at any distant location but commonly found sites include the liver, lungs, bones, brain, and lymph nodes. The presence of metastases indicates a higher stage of cancer which is associated with lower survival rates compared to localized cancer.

There are two types of heart arrest:

1. Asystole - This is when the heart stops functioning completely and there is no electrical activity in the heart.
2. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation - This is when the heart is still functioning but there is no pulse and the rhythm is abnormal.

Heart arrest can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood tests, and echocardiography. Treatment options for heart arrest include cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation, and medications to restore a normal heart rhythm.

In severe cases of heart arrest, the patient may require advanced life support measures such as mechanical ventilation and cardiac support devices. The prognosis for heart arrest is generally poor, especially if it is not treated promptly and effectively. However, with proper treatment and support, some patients can recover and regain normal heart function.

There are several different types of penile neoplasms, including:

1. Penile squamous cell carcinoma: This is the most common type of malignant penile neoplasm, and it arises from the squamous cells that line the shaft of the penis.
2. Penile basal cell carcinoma: This is a slower-growing type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the basal cells that are found in the skin of the penis.
3. Penile melanoma: This is a rare and aggressive type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes.
4. Penile adenocarcinoma: This is a rare type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the glandular cells that are found in the penis.
5. Penile lymphoma: This is a rare type of malignant penile neoplasm that arises from the immune system's lymphoid tissue.

The symptoms of penile neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the growth, but they may include:

* A firm or hard lump on the penis
* Painless bleeding or discharge from the penis
* Redness or swelling of the skin on the penis
* Difficulty urinating or painful urination
* Pain during sexual activity

If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and may use imaging tests such as ultrasound or biopsy to diagnose the condition. Treatment for penile neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. It is important to seek medical attention if you notice any unusual changes in your penis, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

The symptoms of MS can vary widely depending on the location and severity of the damage to the CNS. Common symptoms include:

* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the limbs
* Fatigue
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision, or loss of vision
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Tremors or spasticity
* Memory and concentration problems
* Mood changes, such as depression or mood swings
* Bladder and bowel problems

There is no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments include:

* Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) - These medications are designed to reduce the frequency and severity of relapses, and they can also slow the progression of disability. Examples of DMTs include interferons, glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and alemtuzumab.
* Steroids - Corticosteroids can help reduce inflammation during relapses, but they are not a long-term solution.
* Pain management medications - Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help manage pain caused by MS.
* Muscle relaxants - These medications can help reduce spasticity and tremors.
* Physical therapy - Physical therapy can help improve mobility, balance, and strength.
* Occupational therapy - Occupational therapy can help with daily activities and assistive devices.
* Speech therapy - Speech therapy can help improve communication and swallowing difficulties.
* Psychological counseling - Counseling can help manage the emotional and psychological aspects of MS.

It's important to note that each person with MS is unique, and the best treatment plan will depend on the individual's specific symptoms, needs, and preferences. It's essential to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan.

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

1. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS): This is a breathing disorder that occurs when the baby's lungs are not fully developed, causing difficulty in breathing. RDS can be treated with oxygen therapy and other medical interventions.
2. Jaundice: Jaundice is a yellowish tint to the skin and eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. It is a common condition in newborns, but if left untreated, it can lead to brain damage. Treatment may involve phototherapy or blood exchange transfusions.
3. Neonatal jaundice: This is a milder form of jaundice that occurs in the first few days of life. It usually resolves on its own within a week, but if it persists, treatment may be necessary.
4. Premature birth: Premature babies are at risk for various health issues, including respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain), and retinopathy (eye problems).
5. Congenital heart disease: This is a heart defect that occurs during fetal development. It can range from mild to severe and may require surgical intervention.
6. Infections: Newborns are susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, such as group B strep, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. These can be treated with antibiotics if caught early.
7. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): This is a condition that occurs when the baby's blood sugar levels drop too low. It can cause seizures, lethargy, and other symptoms. Treatment involves feeding or providing glucose supplements.
8. Hyperbilirubinemia (high bilirubin levels): Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells. High levels can cause jaundice, which can lead to kernicterus, a condition that can cause brain damage and hearing loss.
9. Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain): This is a serious condition that occurs when there is bleeding in the baby's brain. It can be caused by various conditions, including premature birth, abruption, and vasculitis.
10. Meconium aspiration: This occurs when the baby inhales a mixture of meconium (a substance produced by the intestines) and amniotic fluid during delivery. It can cause respiratory problems and other complications.

It's important to note that while these conditions can be serious, many babies born at 37 weeks gestation do not experience any complications. Proper prenatal care and a healthy pregnancy can help reduce the risk of these conditions.

These disorders are caused by changes in specific genes that fail to function properly, leading to a cascade of effects that can damage cells and tissues throughout the body. Some inherited diseases are the result of single gene mutations, while others are caused by multiple genetic changes.

Inherited diseases can be diagnosed through various methods, including:

1. Genetic testing: This involves analyzing a person's DNA to identify specific genetic changes that may be causing the disease.
2. Blood tests: These can help identify certain inherited diseases by measuring enzyme levels or identifying specific proteins in the blood.
3. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans can help identify structural changes in the body that may be indicative of an inherited disease.
4. Physical examination: A healthcare provider may perform a physical examination to look for signs of an inherited disease, such as unusual physical features or abnormalities.

Inherited diseases can be treated in various ways, depending on the specific condition and its causes. Some treatments include:

1. Medications: These can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
2. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities or repair damaged tissues.
3. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to treat or prevent inherited diseases.
4. Rehabilitation: Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation can help individuals with inherited diseases manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

Inherited diseases are a significant public health concern, as they affect millions of people worldwide. However, advances in genetic research and medical technology have led to the development of new treatments and management strategies for these conditions. By working with healthcare providers and advocacy groups, individuals with inherited diseases can access the resources and support they need to manage their conditions and improve their quality of life.

There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:

1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:

1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.

Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.

Examples of communicable diseases include:

1. Influenza (the flu)
2. Measles
3. Tuberculosis (TB)
4. HIV/AIDS
5. Malaria
6. Hepatitis B and C
7. Chickenpox
8. Whooping cough (pertussis)
9. Meningitis
10. Pneumonia

Communicable diseases can be spread through various means, including:

1. Direct contact with an infected person: This includes touching, hugging, shaking hands, or sharing food and drinks with someone who is infected.
2. Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces or objects: Pathogens can survive on surfaces for a period of time and can be transmitted to people who come into contact with those surfaces.
3. Airborne transmission: Some diseases, such as the flu and TB, can be spread through the air when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes.
4. Infected insect or animal bites: Diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease can be spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes or ticks.

Prevention and control of communicable diseases are essential to protect public health. This includes:

1. Vaccination: Vaccines can prevent many communicable diseases, such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), and influenza.
2. Personal hygiene: Frequent handwashing, covering the mouth when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick can help prevent the spread of diseases.
3. Improved sanitation and clean water: Proper disposal of human waste and adequate water treatment can reduce the risk of disease transmission.
4. Screening and testing: Identifying and isolating infected individuals can help prevent the spread of disease.
5. Antibiotics and antiviral medications: These drugs can treat and prevent some communicable diseases, such as bacterial infections and viral infections like HIV.
6. Public education: Educating the public about the risks and prevention of communicable diseases can help reduce the spread of disease.
7. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has a communicable disease can help prevent further transmission.
8. Quarantine and isolation: Quarantine and isolation measures can be used to control outbreaks by separating infected individuals from those who are not infected.
9. Improved healthcare infrastructure: Adequate healthcare facilities, such as hospitals and clinics, can help diagnose and treat communicable diseases early on, reducing the risk of transmission.
10. International collaboration: Collaboration between countries and global organizations is crucial for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases that are a threat to public health worldwide, such as pandemic flu and SARS.

There are many different types of heart diseases, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, which can cause palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves, which can lead to blood leaking back into the chambers or not being pumped effectively.
5. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to weakened heart function and heart failure.
6. Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat, which can be caused by defects in the heart valves or abnormal blood flow.
7. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects present at birth, such as holes in the heart or abnormal blood vessels.
8. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.
9. Cardiac tamponade: Fluid accumulation around the heart, which can cause compression of the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
10. Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can cause fever, fatigue, and heart valve damage.

Heart diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, stress test, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

Types of Gallbladder Neoplasms:

1. Adenoma: A benign tumor that grows in the gallbladder wall and can become malignant over time if left untreated.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: A rare and aggressive malignant tumor that arises in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
3. Gallbladder cancer: A general term used to describe any type of cancer that develops in the gallbladder, including adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and other rare types.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: A family history of gallbladder disease or certain genetic conditions can increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Chronic inflammation: Long-standing inflammation in the gallbladder, such as that caused by gallstones or chronic bile duct obstruction, can increase the risk of developing cancer.
3. Obesity: Being overweight or obese may increase the risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Age: The risk of developing gallbladder neoplasms increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 50.

Symptoms and Diagnosis:

1. Abdominal pain: Pain in the upper right abdomen is a common symptom of gallbladder neoplasms.
2. Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes can occur if the cancer blocks the bile ducts.
3. Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.
4. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak can be a symptom of some types of gallbladder neoplasms.

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for gallbladder neoplasms. The type of surgery depends on the stage and location of the cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
3. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used in combination with surgery to treat advanced or aggressive cancers.
4. Watchful waiting: For early-stage cancers, a wait-and-watch approach may be taken, where the patient is monitored regularly with imaging tests to see if the cancer progresses.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for gallbladder neoplasms depends on the stage and location of the cancer at the time of diagnosis. In general, the earlier the cancer is detected and treated, the better the prognosis. For early-stage cancers, the 5-year survival rate is high, while for advanced cancers, the prognosis is poor.

Complications:

1. Bile duct injury: During surgery, there is a risk of damaging the bile ducts, which can lead to complications such as bile leakage or bleeding.
2. Infection: There is a risk of infection after surgery, which can be serious and may require hospitalization.
3. Pancreatitis: Gallbladder cancer can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis.
4. Jaundice: Cancer of the gallbladder can block the bile ducts, leading to jaundice and other complications.
5. Spread of cancer: Gallbladder cancer can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lymph nodes, which can reduce the chances of a cure.

1. Tumor size and location: Larger tumors that have spread to nearby tissues or organs are generally considered more invasive than smaller tumors that are confined to the original site.
2. Cellular growth patterns: The way in which cancer cells grow and divide can also contribute to the overall invasiveness of a neoplasm. For example, cells that grow in a disorganized or chaotic manner may be more likely to invade surrounding tissues.
3. Mitotic index: The mitotic index is a measure of how quickly the cancer cells are dividing. A higher mitotic index is generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.
4. Necrosis: Necrosis, or the death of cells, can be an indication of the level of invasiveness of a neoplasm. The presence of significant necrosis in a tumor is often a sign that the cancer has invaded surrounding tissues and organs.
5. Lymphovascular invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded lymphatic vessels or blood vessels are considered more invasive than those that have not.
6. Perineural invasion: Cancer cells that have invaded nerve fibers are also considered more invasive.
7. Histological grade: The histological grade of a neoplasm is a measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope. Higher-grade cancers are generally considered more aggressive and invasive than lower-grade cancers.
8. Immunohistochemical markers: Certain immunohistochemical markers, such as Ki-67, can be used to evaluate the proliferative activity of cancer cells. Higher levels of these markers are generally associated with more aggressive and invasive cancers.

Overall, the degree of neoplasm invasiveness is an important factor in determining the likelihood of the cancer spreading to other parts of the body (metastasizing) and in determining the appropriate treatment strategy for the patient.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees must have a way to correct problems in animal care, including fair treatment of ... The central importance of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees means that animal care and use is fundamentally ... In 1971, the Animal Welfare Act was revised, and compliance by institutions could be achieved through an animal care committee ... The animal care committee was required to have five members with expertise to regulate animal welfare at that institution, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee

... and chaired the NRC committee that investigated Animal Care & Management at the National Zoo. In 2006-2007 R. Michael Roberts ... Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo: Interim Report. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Retrieved 22 ... Committee on Defining Science-Based Concerns Associated with Products of Animal Biotechnology, addressing concerns about the ... Gold Medal and Honorable Membership of the Animal Reproduction Branch of the Chinese Association of Animal Science and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Michael_Roberts

"The Canadian Council on Animal Care's Code of Ethics: A Critical Evaluation". Medical Research Modernization Committee. ... Canadian Council on Animal Care, Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals The CCAC uses assessment panels, which meet ... 1 (2nd ed.). Canadian Council on Animal Care. Wong, James (1997). "Laboratory Animal Care Policies and Regulations". Ilar ... "investigate the care and use of experimental animals in Canada", with a mandate "to work for the improvement of animal care and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Council_on_Animal_Care

Webmaster, NSPCA (2016-12-09). "Concourt rules in favour of NSPCA". NSPCA Cares about all Animals. Archived from the original ... A committee chaired by Mr. Justice Allen Linden of the Law Reform Commission of Canada produced a Working Paper on Private ... resulting in animal abusers not being charged on charges of animal cruelty. The Constitutional Court of South Africa also ruled ... "The Private Prosecutor". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 1 October 2012. "AGC - FAQs". www.ifaq.gov.sg. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prosecution

Researchers are required to consult with the institution's veterinarian and its Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ( ... Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. nih.gov Title 9 - Animals and Animal Products. Code ... Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in ... the defining text on animal welfare regulation in animal testing is the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing

1999, June). "Should AWA coverage be broadened? Results from a survey of animal care and use committees". Lab Animal, pp. 38-40 ... he published a study that evaluated the reliability of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs), and found that ... American animal rights scholars, Animal testing in the United States, Living people, Wesleyan University faculty, Year of birth ... Plous, S. (1998). "Signs of change within the animal rights movement: Results from a follow-up survey of activists". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Plous

Mehren was on a sub-committee which developed the Canadian Council on Animal Care's 2010 guidelines on animal care as a member ... Toronto Zoo Animal Care and Research Committee; and Canadian Council on Animal Care. Mehren has worked with numerous captive ... Among the organizations she has consulted for on animal health and welfare are: Canadian Animal Health Consultative Committee; ... Mehren noted that her job had shifted from pediatrics of baby animals to care of geriatric animals as the zoo population aged ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Mehren

Animal Eye Care. Retrieved 2019-11-30. "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Herpesviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_corneal_sequestrum

"Manitoba Agriculture Research and Innovation Committee" (PDF). Manitoba.ca. Retrieved 2021-11-11. "Animal Care Appeal Board" ( ... Food and Rural Initiatives Act The Agrologists Act The Animal Care Act The Animal Diseases Act The Animal Liability Act The Bee ... The CVO regulates the following legislation: The Animal Care Act The Animal Diseases Act The Dairy Act The Livestock Industry ... Animal Care Appeal Board - independent appeal body that holds and adjudicates hearings regarding "animal seizures, orders and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Agriculture

... the Primate Sub-committee advised on issues relating to the acquisition, housing, care and use of non-human primates in ... Animal Procedures Committee. "Unhappy Anniversary: Twenty years of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986", Animal Aid, ... The Animal Procedures Committee advised the British Home Secretary on matters related to animal testing in the UK. The function ... "Report of the Animal Procedures Committee for 1993" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Website of the Animal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Procedures_Committee

"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook" (PDF). "About ORI , The Office of Research Integrity". ori.hhs.gov. ... Act of 1985 requires that all research facilities using animals establish Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs ... The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 sets standards of treatment of animals in research experiments. It requires all research ... The IACUCs report to the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare annually. The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 led to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_science

"Caring for Our Collections: Sixth Report 2006-07". Culture Media & Sport Committee: Houses of Parliament: 321. 25 June 2007. ... "Colonising Animals". Colonising Animals. "Board Games are a Blast from the Past". Yorkshire Evening Post. Coatsworth, Eilzabeth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Discovery_Centre

Eye Care for Animals. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. "World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress ... Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 ... "Great Dane". Animal Planet. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. Great Dane: A Comprehensive Guide to Owning and Caring ... The Great Dane is a very gentle and loving animal and with the proper care and training is great around children, especially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dane

... chair of the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee; assistant head of the Clinical Investigations and Research department; ... In September 1999, she was assigned as the director of Restorative Care at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, ... chair of the Medical Records Committee, and Command Intern Coordinator. She has also served as the Specialty Leader for Intern ... and a Trauma and Critical Care fellowship at the Eastern Virginia Graduate School of Medicine in Norfolk, Virginia. Shortly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raquel_C._Bono

"Purebred Dog Health Survey Results". Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. ... 3 (1): 2. Isberg, Caroline (2009). "The Leonberger Health Foundation: Who Are These People? Why Should I Care?". The LeoLetter ... Leonberger Animal stamps "The Leonberger: A special supplement". The New Zealand Kennel Gazette. Vol. 36, no. 3. April 1996. ... 4 The legend is that the dogs were bred to be to be an homage of the lion in the town crest and coat-of-arms animal of Leonberg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonberger

... health care professionals, and agricultural professionals. The committee meets at least four times per year, holds regular ... The Community Liaison Committee to the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health was struck by the ministers of ... The committee's first meeting took place in January 2000. It was to create a basis for and to maintain an atmosphere of public ... This ensures that the committee and others are apprised of incidents of any significance in a timely manner plus they have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Science_Centre_for_Human_and_Animal_Health

"Home - NSPCA Cares about all Animals". NSPCA Cares about all Animals. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Tigerli (15 July 2009). "TigerLi ... Livestock Welfare Co-ordinating Committee. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017. (Use dmy ... "Animal Care Expo 2012 : Humane Society International". www.hsi.org. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Webmaster, NSPCA (10 June 2016). " ... The award was created in Canada by the World Animal Protection in 1996 "in recognition of someone's life devoted to animal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Meredith

As of 2007, she serves on the Brandon University Animal Care Committee. She had previously served on Brandon's Board of ... Brandon University Standing Committees Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine, Brandon University, accessed 26 January 2007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Manitoba_municipal_elections

"We treated our animals in accordance with our local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee." Diversity, equity, and ... Leung V, Rousseau-Blass F, Beauchamp G, Pang DS (2018-05-24). "ARRIVE has not ARRIVEd: Support for the ARRIVE (Animal Research ... International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08. ... International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) released the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD

He voted in favor of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (both ... on Water and Power Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship Select Committee on Intelligence Special Committee on Aging ... Voted to strengthen prohibitions against animal fighting in January 2007. Bayh introduced the Medicare Prescription Drug ... Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Airland Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities Subcommittee on Readiness ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Bayh

Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. ... Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the ... "Appendix C: Some Federal Laws Relevant to Animal Care and Use", Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996), ... Animal-industrial complex Animal rights Cruelty to animals Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations

The CALAS Registry Committee certifies technicians to ensure quality care possible for laboratory animals. The certification ... A Registered Laboratory Animal Technician has an animal science education, training in the care and use of laboratory animals ... The RLAT is employed by an animal facility, they have an animal science education, training in the care and use of laboratory ... An ARLAT is trained for the care and use of laboratory animals. Registered Laboratory Animal Technician The Registered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Laboratory_Animal_Science

James Alcock, Chairman, Fife Local Medical Committee. For services to General Practice and to Health Care. Gillian Mary, Mrs ... John Glaser, President, Animals in Distress. For services to Animal Welfare. Phyllis, Mrs Glidewell. For services to the War ... David Bryan Wilkins, Director, Eurogroup for Animal Welfare. For services to Animal Welfare. Eric Wilkins. For services to the ... Mavis Pauline, Mrs Watson, Clinical Nurse Specialist (Stoma Care), Bradford Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Health Care. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_New_Year_Honours

The committee found that most animals were well cared-for, and there was little to question regarding large mammal deaths from ... care, suggesting that the publicized animal deaths were not indicative of a wider, undiscovered problem with animal care at the ... Committee on the Review of the Smithsonian (January 2005). Animal Care and Management at the National Zoo: Final Report (PDF). ... The committee concluded that in a majority of cases, the animal received appropriate care throughout its lifetime. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)

Huron Towers Preschool/Kindergarten Child Care Centre caters for 44 children. In 2010 the Child Care Center moved to a new, ... Common animals are eastern grey squirrels and skunks. There are two ways in which wildlife might be viewed here: as a control ... YourNepean.com: Committee recommends school amalgamations, May 20 2009. Ottawapolice.ca: Friendly against Des Laurier HS ... Luke's Child Care Center also caters for 47 children . This center operates various childcare programs and outside visits. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkwood_Hills

... continuing education for the animal care professional and to support zoo and aquarium personnel in their roles as animal care ... The ICZ evolved from AAZK's now-extinct International Outreach Committee (IOC). A major accomplishment of the IOC was procuring ... The foundation's chief goal is "the improvement of care and well-being of non-domestic animals in the broadest sense of the ... Association of British Wild Animal Keepers (ABWAK) The Association of British Wild Animal Keepers is a non-profit organization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Congress_of_Zookeepers

5 (1989) Issue 4. "Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees: A New Set of Clothes for the Emperor?", Journal of Medicine ... "Animal Rights, Animal Liberation: Seminal Ideas in the Movement to Extend Moral Consideration to Nonhuman Animals," Studies in ... Animal ethicists, Historians of animal rights, University at Buffalo alumni, All stub articles, Animal rights stubs). ... The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect. Twayne Publishers, 1994. "Comment on James Nelson's 'Animals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen

Stools of affected animals usually contain large quantities of mucus and intestinal casts or "plugs" composed of fibrin, mucus ... Treatment consists of oral rehydration therapy in addition to supportive care. Surgical removal of necrotic tissue may be ... Canine parvovirus "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Parvoviridae" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). ... In immature animals, anorexia and diarrhoea usually occur about four days after exposure to infectious material and persist for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink_enteritis_virus

Such committees regularly assess animal care, treatment, and practices during research, and are required to inspect all animal ... Animal care conducts workshops regarding minimum care standards as outlined in the AWA. Many animal welfare groups and animal ... Animal care seeks to educate the public and create a cooperative relationship with licensed and registered entities, the animal ... Prior to the Animal Welfare Act, animal welfare law was largely reactive and action could only be taken once an animal had ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966

... she serves as the chairperson committee on agriculture animal industry and fisheries. and is a member of the business committee ... She worked as project officer AIDS care education and training(ACET) Uganda from 1996 to 2001, and worked as the programme ... Retrieved 2020-04-06.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "Business committee". Parliament of the republic of Uganda. ... Retrieved 2020-04-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Henry, Lutaya (2018-08-10). "Agriculture committee strives to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowila_CD_Oketayot

Animal figures and symbols abound but images of people did not appear unless they were important or had some magical ... The exhibition was a contest organised by the executive committee of the Museum of Fine Arts, and was open to both Chilean and ... Instead, his most successful students, such as Pedro Lira and Antonio Smith, did not care for his teachings and migrated ... animals and cities by Claudio Gay, Charles Thorold Wood and the scientist Charles Darwin. Painting in the previous period was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_art

Hutterite children therefore have no close contact with farm animals any longer and are not protected from asthma through close ... Canada, Parliament, Senate, Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade & Commerce, Interim Report Concerning Taxation of ... who in most cases also takes care of the colony garden.[citation needed] His job entails training in German language studies, ... including animal, feed and crop management. As the world evolves more, however, and technology is used more and more for work ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterites

He had just returned from England and was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The ... The boy's mother was never identified, and he was placed in foster care. In 1762, the elder William Franklin married Elizabeth ... In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of "animal magnetism" which was considered offensive by many, Louis ... Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the committee,[citation needed] he made ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin

Overseeing the program is the Public Art Visioning Committee with members from the Art League of Baytown, Lee College Art ... "A Proud History of Caring for More Than 45 Years." Harris County Hospital District. Retrieved on February 9, 2012. "Clinic/ ... These layers were created by millennia of river-borne sediments which gradually incorporated plant and animal matter, creating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baytown,_Texas

In July 2007, he was appointed as a Shadow Minister for Home Affairs, with particular responsibility for animal welfare. At the ... Following an interim report on the connections between colonialism and properties now in the care of the National Trust, ... The APPFG changed its name to the Flags & Heraldry Committee in April 2010. In April 2021 Rosindell joined other Conservative ... Rosindell joined Philip Davies and Christopher Chope in repeatedly blocking a backbench bill banning the use of wild animals in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Rosindell

Animal production has a large impact on water pollution and usage. According to the Water Education Foundation, it takes 2,464 ... Massive reductions in meat consumption in industrial nations will ease the health care burden while improving public health; ... by 2030 required to meet the UK Committee on Climate Change's agricultural would also result in a roughly 15% decrease in ... Much of the world's crops are used to feed animals. With 30 percent of the earth's land devoted to raising livestock, a major ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism

Ecological studies have hypothesised that competitive forces between animals are major in high carrying capacity zones (i.e. ... The United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee report entitled "Petroleum and Poverty Paradox" states that "too often, ... less parental care, and a short time until sexual maturity), so competition is affordable for populations. Also competition ... This abundance or excess of resources, causes animal populations to have R reproduction strategies (many offspring, short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_curse

A national movement to prevent the Jews from kosher slaughter of animals, with animal rights as the stated motivation, was also ... American Jewish Committee, 1957, 1367 pogrom Poznan. Google Books S. M. Dubnow (2000). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland ... social care, cultural, and propaganda services. A countrywide Jewish Religious Community, led by Dawid Kahane, who served as ... A Jewish organization during the war that was opposed to Polish aspirations was the Komitee für den Osten (Kfdo)(Committee for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland

Monkeypox (also called mpox by the WHO) is an infectious viral disease that can occur in humans and some other animals. ... "Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country monkeypox outbreak". who ... and warned that quarantined travellers may have restricted access to health care and delays returning home. Dominican Republic ... It may spread from infected animals by handling infected meat or via bites or scratches. Human-to-human transmission can occur ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_monkeypox_outbreak_in_North_America

... great care was taken to actually make the exotic scenery a character in and of itself." Competing against ABC's Bewitched and ... animals, people and buildings were all 12 times taller. Born: Sir Robert Buckland, Welsh politician, Secretary of State for ... an outcry because a certain gentleman of colour was omitted on merit by the MCC selection committee... and from then on it was ... the show featured four costumed animal characters - Fleegle, Bingo, Drooper and Snork- who played instruments in a rock group. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1968

They started to test L-735,524 on animals a couple months later and found that it was safe for animals. Consequently, the ... A major reason for this fast approval was the presentation Merck gave to the committee with results from Study 035 (see below ... They sold it to Stadtalnder's Pharmacy and limited quantities to Veteran Administration's hospitals and some managed-care ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indinavir

Babies require a lot of care, so it is normal for mothers to be worried about, or tired from, providing that care. The feelings ... American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn; American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists Committee on ... Some animal mothers are known to eat their afterbirth, called placentophagy. In some cultures the placenta may be consumed as a ... Skin-to-skin contact (SSC), sometimes also called kangaroo care, is a technique of newborn care where babies are kept chest-to- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

While all anatomical features of equids are described in the same terms as for other animals by the International Committee on ... Web site accessed 27 July 2007 at "The Horse - Your Guide to Equine Health Care". Archived from the original on 27 September ... The eye of the horse is set to the side of its skull, consistent with that of a prey animal. The horse has a wide field of ... Horses and other equids evolved as grazing animals, adapted to eating small amounts of the same kind of food all day long. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_anatomy

... "had not been submitted for approval by the University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) as required for all ... In 2014 his lab was the subject of a complaint by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals with respect to treatment of an ... "Investigation finds no evidence to support allegations of animal mistreatment". Princeton University. August 18, 2014. " ... animal research procedures." He is a member of the Editorial Board for Current Biology. He is the head of college for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_A._Ghazanfar

Ward has served for almost 20 years on the committee of the Actors' Charitable Trust (TACT) and 10 years as a trustee. ... Her subjects are rare and endangered animals. She refers to her technique of creating fabric pictures as thread drawing, ... Alongside Richard and Sheila Attenborough, she led a successful £7.5 million redevelopment of the actors' care home Denville ... Her 2010 textiles exhibition, Stranded, was inspired by the evolution of animals on islands. In 2011, Migration featured works ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalla_Ward

These samples were examined by two investigative committees, which positively linked his DNA to three of the murders and the ... While little is known of his childhood, neighbors described the Yezhovs as caring parents who never subjected their children to ... the pleasure provided by this act prompted him to start abusing other animals on the family farm. After studying until the 8th ... Animal cruelty incidents, Male serial killers, Necrophiles, People from Smolensk Oblast, Prisoners who died in Russian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Yezhov

The UK Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance (HAIRS) group warned that the virus could reach wildlife and become ... "Monkeypox deadly with lack of care, says Vandine". Phnom Penh Post. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 25 ... "Second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of ... "Human Animal Infections and Risk Surveillance group (HAIRS)". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_monkeypox_outbreak

Wakefield was scheduled to testify before the Oregon Senate Health Care Committee on 9 March 2015, in opposition to Senate Bill ... using animal models. He continued his studies of small intestine transplantation under a Wellcome Trust travelling fellowship ... The chairman of the committee then canceled the meeting "after it became clear that" Wakefield planned to testify. She denied ... Immunization Safety Review Committee (2004). Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Institute of Medicine. ISBN 978-0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield

Nobody bothers to investigate or care about us." El-Gohary, 56, has been attacked in the street, spat at and knocked down in ... "Morocco's High Religious Committee Says Apostates Should Not Be Killed". Morocco World News. 6 February 2017. Archived from the ... "Our rights in Egypt, as Christians or converts, are less than the rights of animals," El-Gohary said. "We are deprived of ... This decree was retracted by the Moroccan High Religious Committee in February 2017 in a document titled "The Way of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country

International Committee on the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe. 2005. Amnesty International publishes policy and research on ... In 2021, a UK judge ruled that council care workers can help disabled people meet prostitutes without breaking the law. ... Prostitution among animals Prostitution statistics by country Recreation and Amusement Association Red light violations under ... "CATW submission to the OCHR Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women" (PDF). CATW. Retrieved 26 January ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution

While not as glamorous or hands-on as the other steps in this process, collections care, or preventive conservation, is ... Committee for Conservation(ICOM-CC) International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (ICC) Canadian ... Archaeological Materials Ceramics Ethnographic Artifacts Plant-based materials Animal-based materials Glass Metals Natural ... CAMEO Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) (Museum occupations, Collections care, Cultural heritage conservation). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objects_conservator

... a joint report published by the House of Commons Health and Social Care Committee and the Science and Technology Committee, as ... Hope Rescue, an animal charity in South Wales, reports that people have attempted to sell dogs they bought during lockdown on ... New guidelines for care homes in England restrict residents to three visitors and one essential care provider.[citation needed ... The Health and Social Care Levy Bill, the legislation enacting the Health and Social Care Tax, passes its third reading in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_(July–December_2021)

The weyekin was to bestow the animal's powers on its bearer-for example; a deer might give its bearer swiftness. A person's ... wornout horses for the Indians to take care of and have fat and strong when Lewis and Clark should come back on their way home ... reservation in Idaho through a central government headquartered in Lapwai known as the Nez Perce Tribal Executive Committee ( ... "Nez Perce National Historical Park (Source for Nez Perce names for Fishes, Animals and Plants". Landeen (1999), Salmon and His ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce

The House Armed Services Committee held that the raids on North Vietnam approved by USAF General John D. Lavelle, "were not ... p. 5. Sydney Schanberg (14 September 1972). "South Vietnam's medical care found to deteriorate". The New York Times. p. 3. ... animals and vegetation. You go to church on Sundays and pray to Jesus Christ, if Jesus Christ were here tonight, you would not ... 12 June Lavelle testified before the House Armed Services committee that he was relieved in March for ordering air strikes on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_the_Vietnam_War

"Don't Make a Wave Committee" on 28 November 1969. According to the Greenpeace web site, The Don't Make a Wave Committee was ... There has never been a single confirmed case of a negative health outcome for humans or animals from their consumption. Their ... Research published in natural science journal Nature accused Greenpeace of not caring for facts when it criticized the dumping ... The Sierra Club did not like this connection and in 1970 the Don't Make a Wave Committee was established for the protest. Early ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace

Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development (AGRI) Committee of Inquiry on the Protection of Animals during Transport (ANIT ... "Cine este jurnalista Carmen Avram, cea care candidează pe locul 2 pe lista PSD pentru europarlamentare". antena3.ro. 25 March ... "Protection of transported animals: Parliament establishes inquiry committee". europarl.europa.eu. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 4 ... Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL) Committee on Fisheries (PECH) She is Vice-Chair of SEARICA Intergroup (The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Avram

It adheres to the "Three R's" of animal research and is overseen by the Canadian Council on Animal Care. Through policy ... The Sealing Committee ensures that factual information on seals and sealing in Canada is made available from primary sources, ... Fur Institute of Canada Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Canadian Council on Animal Care International Fur Trade ... Respect for people, animals and the environment. Respect for tradition, heritage and culture. Respect for the right of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_Institute_of_Canada

Executive Committee for the promotion plan for regional arts and culture in Saga , Executive Committee for the Retrospective of ... Took care of Ceramic art wall "Ceramic Road (Toji no michi)", the symbol mark of the park and the design of facilities such as ... Animal Ornament (1964) Accessory Hook (1964) Sukiyaki Pan [iron] (1984) Pine needle dishes (1964) Pine needle ricebowl (1964) ... May 1960 The 1st Good Design Award by Good Design Committee (current Japan Design Committee) 1960 Good Design (G mark) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiro_Mori_(designer)

... and that they be cared for in accordance with accepted standards in animal care. The inevitable stresses involved in training ... 2014). "The Society for Marine Mammalogy's Taxonomy Committee List of Species and subspecies" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2016. ... Surface-living animals (such as sea otters) need the opposite, and free-swimming animals living in open waters (such as ... They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They are an informal group, unified only by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal

In 2013, Shaftesbury Centre established an animal-assisted learning program for children in care. In June 2017, the program was ... When the average attendance of the school rose to more than 30, the school committee was expected to raise the requisite one- ... Since then, the Old Carbrook School has been cared for by Logan City Council and provided to various organisations that provide ... During the Christmas holidays he lived in the school building, at which time the school committee erected a slab humpy, without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Carbrook_State_School

Contact the Animal Care Committee. If you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to contact ... Animal Care Committee. Chrysler Hall North. Room 2138. 519-253-3000 ext. 3741. [email protected] ... must receive approval from the Animal Care Committee (ACC) before such research or teaching begins. The mandate of the ACC is ... All ACC policies and procedures are designed to comply with those of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). ...

https://www.uwindsor.ca/animal-care-committee/?elqTrackId=b55c85252ea7481eacd7693eb51b38ab&elq=00000000000000000000000000000000&elqaid=636&elqat=2&elqCampaignId=&elqcst=272&elqcsid=43

Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and uses the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals as a basis ... INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE. Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - New Orleans (LSUHSC-NO) ... In addition, LSUHSC-NO has established the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and authorized this board with ... The IACUC is committed to ensuring that all individuals involved in the care and use of laboratory animals understand their ...

https://www.lsuhsc.edu/administration/academic/ors/iacuc/default.aspx

Article by OLAW concerning Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee functions and the use of technological advances in ... Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Policy) describes eight basic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ... Home » Policy & Compliance » Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare » Issues for Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees ( ... Animal Welfare Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9 (Animals and Animal Subproducts), Subchapter A (Animal Welfare ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/ilar95.htm

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is a federally mandated committee that oversees our institutions ... animal program, facilities, and procedures. It provides a … Continue reading Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC ... Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC),/a,,/blockquote, ,script type=text/javascript, ,!--//--,,![CDATA ... Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)” — Research Compliance frameborder=0 marginwidth=0 ...

https://ualr.edu/researchcompliance/home/animal-research-iacuc/embed/

Any animal research conducted in the Animal Facility must first be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ... Animal Care Services. ACS Per Diem Rates. Animal Care Services is obligated to recover the unsubsidized costs associated with ... The Animal Facilities are operated by the Animal Care Services (ACS) department, which operates within the Vice President for ... established in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals or the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals ...

https://www.depts.ttu.edu/iacuc/acrc/charges.php

5. Animal care staff, researchers, and technicians completed training on working with the IACUC and essentials of animal care ... In early 2010, Alltechs risk oversight committee recognized the need for an internal review of animal care and use and, in ... encouraging compliance with newly introduced animal care requirements, and training of all animal care personnel. Additionally ... Establishing an Agricultural Animal Care and Use Committee: All Hands on Deck! ...

https://primr.org/resources/kc-library-sort/poster-abstract/establishing-an-agricultural-animal-care-and-use-c

... to potentially painful or distressful procedures when submitting applications to Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees ( ... principal investigators who propose to use animals in their research must demonstrate that they have considered alternatives ... A self-assessment survey of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Part 1: animal welfare and protocol compliance. ... Literature search strategies to comply with institutional animal care and use committee review requirements Daureen Nesdill 1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22023923

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Charge: To oversee compliance with all conditions and requirements established and ... All-University Committees. Senate of Academic Staff Committees. Faculty Senate Committees. Other Committees ... Senate of Academic Staff Committees. Committee on Committees. Charge: To present nominations of qualified academic staff to the ... This committee shall promote the purpose of exercising self-monitoring, providing adequate veterinary care (including a program ...

https://uwosh.edu/sas/membership/committees/

Model For Performing Institutional Animal Care and Use - Committee: Continuing Review of Animal Research ... Abstract: Although institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) continuing review of ongoing animal related activities ... Model For Performing Institutional Animal Care and Use - Committee: Continuing Review of Animal Research ... INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE (IACUC). CONTINUING REVIEW FORM. PROTOCOL TITLE ...

https://olaw.nih.gov/guidance/topic-index/contop96.htm

OACU Animal Care & Use Committee Member Training. *Semiannual Program Review and Facility Inspection: *OACU Semiannual Program ... NIH IC Animal Care & Use Committee Members. *Guidance Documents *ACUC Minutes REVISED ... Animal Research Advisory Committee (ARAC) Guidelines. *NIH Policies*Reporting Animal Welfare Concerns*Anonymous Reporting of ... are intended for the NIH Intramural Research Program and are not to be considered guidance from the Office of Laboratory Animal ...

https://oacu.oir.nih.gov/info-scientists-acuc-members-staff/nih-ic-animal-care-use-committee-members

Animal Care Committees. Animals, Laboratory. Animal Experimentation. NIH Animal Care and Use Committee. ... Start Over You searched for: Subjects Animal Care Committees ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Animal Care Committees ... 1. What is an animal care and use committee? Publication: [Bethesda, Md.] : NIH Animal Research Advisory Committee, [19--] ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Animal+Care+Committees

Allergies to Animals. Allergies to Animals. Allergy to animals is a significant occupational health concern for individuals who ... Care should also be taken in moving animals from one room to another via corridors or elevators. To decrease exposure to ... Animal allergens may be present in animal dander, hair, skin, urine, saliva, serum and any contaminated feed or bedding ... Certain procedures should be routinely followed to minimize the risk of developing animal allergies. Animals should be worked ...

https://iacuc.wsu.edu/allergies-to-animals/

Post-Study Research Animal Disposition, 04/27/2022. B. Animal Care and Use Procedures:. *NIH Animal Transportation Guidelines * ... Responding to Animal Care & Use Complaints from Outside NIH, 07/26/2023 REVISED *DDIR Policy Memo: Communicating Animal Care ... C. Animal Care and Use Committee:. *Classifying Deficiencies Identified During Semiannual Evaluations, 05/24/2023 REVISED ... Animal Research Advisory Committee (ARAC) Guidelines. *NIH Policies*Reporting Animal Welfare Concerns*Anonymous Reporting of ...

http://oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/index.htm

Minutes from 2022 2022 ...

https://digitalcommons.jsu.edu/unicom_iacucmins/

COMMITTEES AND OTHER SERVICES * NIMH Senior Advisory Committee (2015-present) * Member, NIMH Animal Care and Use Committee ( ... Learn about NIMH priority areas for research and funding that have the potential to improve mental health care over the short, ... Toward animal models of attention and consciousness. "Neural activity during multistable vision in the monkey". ... Learn more about NIMHs commitment to accelerating the pace of scientific progress and transforming mental health care. ...

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-conducted-at-nimh/research-areas/clinics-and-labs/ln/scni/staff/cvs/david-a-leopold-phd-curriculum-vitae

Guidelines for breeding and care of laboratory animals World Health Organization. Veterinary Public Health Unit; Pelkonen, K ... Fourth report of Committee A World Health Assembly, 28 (‏1975‎, A28/65)‏ ... The need for laboratory animals for the control of biological products and the establishment of breeding colonies World ... Draft fourth report of Committee A World Health Assembly, 28 (‏1975‎, A28/A/5)‏ ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?locale-attribute=ar&type=mesh&authority=Animals,+Laboratory

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). *Institutional Review Board (IRB). *Integrity ...

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/glossary/index.cfm

Liaisons to trans-NIH committees Animal Research Advisory Committee (ARAC). Communicates ARAC news pertinent to NIH trainees. ... For more information, visit the NIH Child Care Board website.. Committee on Scientific Conduct & Ethics (CSCE). Serves on the ... Child Care Board. Serves on the NIH Child care board to advocate on behalf of NIH postdocs and fellows. ... Social and outreach committees Health & Recreation. Promotes health and well-being by organizing running clubs, yoga, bike ...

https://www.training.nih.gov/FelCom/WALS

Sun Oct 8 - 9:00am Music Committee; 9:00am Refugee Resettlement; 9:00am LGBTQIA meeting (tentative); 9:30am Nursery Care; 10: ... the Animal Advocacy Social Justice Team has been researching organizations that help unfortunate animals injured, displaced, ... Music Committee Meeting, Sun Oct 8, 9:00am, Room 22 Attention music lovers! CUUCs Music Committee needs your support. Our ... 30am Auction Committee; 11:30am Welcome Committee; 11:45am Young Adult Gathering; 4:00pm Neighborhood Sunday ...

https://myemail.constantcontact.com/e-Communitarian--Oct-1.html?soid=1102633916597&aid=-4oytQMwXms

Animal Care and Use Committee, Main Office. Rm 101, BRF, 107 CHIEFTAN WAY. 644-0994 ... Animal CARE and Use Committee. ...

https://www.fsu.edu/directories/Departments/?A.html

Regional Center for Animal Care and Protection * Roanoke Audit Committee * Roanoke City Council Meetings ...

https://www.roanokeva.gov/Calendar.aspx?EID=6723

Do foreign institutions need a Federal Wide Assurance (FWA) and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)? ... The PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals requires that an approved Animal Welfare Assurance (AWA) be on file ... Institutions proposing vertebrate animals research must include a Vertebrate Animals Section (VAS) in the grant application. ... For human subjects research, an institutional review board (IRB) or independent ethics committee (IEC) act to ensure protection ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/node/15780

Build 2 additional animal shelter and care facilities; and, *Renovate and expand 3 animal shelter and care facilities. The ... This measure will establish oversight committees for each program. No money will be used for administrators salaries. Annual ... Health Care Member, Board of Directors; Antelope Valley Health Care District (3 Elected) *Abdallah S. Farrukh 40,492 votes ... Replace 3 animal shelter and care facilities with 3 new expanded facilities; * ...

http://smartvoter.org/2000/11/07/ca/la/ballot.html

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval: You must provide the date of your Institutional Animal Care Use ... Animal Welfare Assurance (AWA): Your institution must file an animal welfare assurance with the Office of Laboratory Animal ... For Applications with Review Committee Recommendations from Summary Statements At the end of the written critiques of your ... These materials will include other support for senior/key personnel, human and animal subjects information, and any other ...

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/node/8865/

The CDC/ATSDR Tribal Advisory Committee (TAC) Meeting was held January 31 - February 1, 2012, in Atlanta, Georgia. (cdc.gov)

Betty Goldentyer, D.V.M., USDA APHIS Animal Care, will be the guest speaker for the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) Outreach Program, a free online seminar series entitled "Emerging Issues, USDA Perspective. (nih.gov)

Toward this objective the ACC has developed an On-Line Theory Course composed of 14 modules to meet the requirements of the ACC and CCAC before beginning work with vertebrate animals. (uwindsor.ca)
In addition, LSUHSC-NO has established the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and authorized this board with the primary responsibilty for ethical oversight of all activities involving the care and use of live vertebrate animals including, but not limited to, establishing policies and procedures, inspecting facilities, reviewing and approving research protocols, and monitoring adherance to approved protocols. (lsuhsc.edu)
Also included in this reprint are the U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research and Training (Principles). (nih.gov)
The U.S. Principles were promulgated in 1985 by the Interagency Research Animal Committee and adopted by U.S. Government agencies that either develop requirements for or sponsor procedures involving the use of vertebrate animals. (nih.gov)

These criteria address such factors as pain and distress, pain relief, animal husbandry, veterinary care, personnel qualifications and methods of euthanasia. (nih.gov)
Attending veterinarian and adequate veterinary care. (nih.gov)
Attending veterinarian and adequate sons who are exempted from the licens- veterinary care (dealers and exhibitors). (nih.gov)
2) On February 26, 2013, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Panel on Euthanasia released the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition (Guidelines). (nih.gov)
and "(B) appropriate pre-surgical and post-surgical veterinary medical and nursing care for animals in such research. (nih.gov)
2) Each animal care committee shall be appointed by the chief executive officer of the entity for which the committee is established, shall be composed of not fewer than three members, and shall include at least one individual who has no association with such entity and at least one doctor of veterinary medicine. (nih.gov)

The Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Policy) describes eight basic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) functions (PHS 1986, IV.B.1. (nih.gov)
The Animal Welfare Assurance (Assurance) on file with OPRR must contain a description of the procedures that the IACUC will follow to fulfill the requirements of the PHS Policy. (nih.gov)
and other matters related to the institutional animal care and use program for consideration and review by IACUC members would be regarded as appropriate. (nih.gov)
The IACUC is committed to ensuring that all individuals involved in the care and use of laboratory animals understand their individual and collective responsibilities for compliance with institutional policies and procedures as well as all other applicable laws and regulations. (lsuhsc.edu)
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) is a federally mandated committee that oversees our institution's animal program, facilities, and procedures. (ualr.edu)
Any animal research conducted in the Animal Facility must first be approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC), and by the Director of Animal Care Services. (ttu.edu)
Abstract: Although institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) continuing review of ongoing animal related activities is a requirement imposed by the Public Health Service Policy (PHS Policy) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) animal welfare regulations, there is lack of uniform understanding and application of these federal requirements. (nih.gov)
In addition to confirmation that projects are in compliance with the PHS Policy, the IACUC must also determine that the project is being conducted in a manner consistent with the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Guide), unless departure is justified. (nih.gov)
The Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) will present an IACUC Advanced workshop in Notre Dame, Indiana. (nih.gov)
IACUC-Advanced - SCAW developed this one day educational workshop for experienced IACUC members and administrators, principal investigators, attending veterinarians, regulatory personnel and laboratory animal care staff. (nih.gov)
To ensure animal safety, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) monitors and regulates the use of animals in research. (uwstout.edu)
Committee (IACUC). (nih.gov)

The Animal Welfare Division of OPRR was renamed Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) in 2000. (nih.gov)
Please note: The guidelines, policies, and resource documents featured on this page are intended for the NIH Intramural Research Program and are not to be considered guidance from the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) or any other oversight entity. (nih.gov)
The electronic version may be found on the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) website and includes hyperlinks to selected documents referred to in the text. (nih.gov)

All ACC policies and procedures are designed to comply with those of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). (uwindsor.ca)
Canadian Council on Animal Care. (awionline.org)

Institution's plan for responding to animal activist allegations, including names and phone numbers of whom to contact within the institution in case of an attack or threat of an attack. (sfn.org)

Handling animals, performing techniques such as injections, blood sampling, testing, euthanasia, feeding, and cleaning cages are examples of procedures where a person might be exposed to allergens through inhalation and contact with skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. (wsu.edu)

The USDA interprets the role and purpose of the annual continuing review as one form of monitoring the use of animals. (nih.gov)
The Scientists Center for Animal Welfare (SCAW) will present the Winter Conference on December 7 and 8, 2009 in San Antonio, Texas with support from The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, the NIH, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (nih.gov)
U.S. Animal Welfare Act and its implementing regulations from the USDA (if conducting research in the U.S. (sfn.org)

Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction, Fourth Edition offers a user-friendly guide to the unique anatomy and physiology, care, common diseases, and treatment of small mammals and nonhuman primates. (awionline.org)

b) (1) Guidelines of the Secretary under subsection (a)(3) shall require animal care committees at each entity which conducts biomedical and behavioral research with funds provided under this Act (including the National Institutes of Health and the national research institutes) to assure compliance with the guidelines established under subsection (a). (nih.gov)
2016. Principles and guidelines for the care and use of non-human primates for scientific purposes. (awionline.org)
The Principles and guidelines for the care and use of non-human primates for scientific purposes is a revision of NHMRC's Policy on the care and use of non-human primates for scientific purposes 2003 (the Policy). (awionline.org)

Animal Care Services is obligated to recover the unsubsidized costs associated with the procurement, care and support of animals used in research or teaching at Texas Tech University. (ttu.edu)
These include completion of approved training, registration with the Animal Exposure Program, obtaining approval from the NICHD ACUC for proposed studies, animal procurement, and instruction in special animal facility operating procedures. (nih.gov)

COST Action B-24 established four working groups to research and discuss issues relevant to laboratory animal science. (awionline.org)

The mandate of the ACC is to ensure that all research with animals is conducted in accordance with the highest ethical and humane standards and that the animals, the public, the researchers, and the University of Windsor are all protected from harm. (uwindsor.ca)
3) The organization and operation of animal care committees in accordance with subsection (b). (nih.gov)
advises the NICHD Scientific Director on animal care and use practices, ensures that animal use within DIR is in accordance with applicable regulatory standards, and coordinates DIR animal use, including appropriate animal model selection, support requirements, and Animal Study Proposal (ASP) review. (nih.gov)

Animal research is suitable only in carefully planned studies, which have been approved by an independent committee concerned with animal welfare, when suitable alternatives are unavailable, and only when appropriate precautions are taken to minimize distress. (sfn.org)
Research animals should not be subjected to avoidable distress or discomfort and only the smallest number of animals to produce significant results should be used. (sfn.org)

2019. A bird's-eye view of regulatory, animal care, and training considerations regarding avian flight research. (awionline.org)

Rescuing, rehabilitating and caring for Jamaica's endangered parrots, snakes and other wild species. (google.com)
Seven Oaks Sanctuary for Wildlife (SOS-Wildlife) is a non-profit wildlife rescue and rehabilitation facility in Runaway Bay, St. Ann, which receives and cares for various species of Jamaican wild animals, such as Jamaican parrots, parakeets and snakes, as well as some domestic animals and exotic species of wildlife. (google.com)
Since 1990, the sanctuary has been caring for protected species rescued or confiscated by Honorary Game Wardens or the Police. (google.com)
SOS-Wildlife is authorized under Section 22 of the Wildlife Protection Act to receive and care for protected species, but it receives NO go vernment funding. (google.com)

If investigators require specialized equipment or a dedicated procedure/laboratory non-animal space, then a negotiated charge for that space will apply. (ttu.edu)
RAMB also provides animal research support services to NICHD investigators and represents the interests of NICHD on all aspects of animal research. (nih.gov)
Investigators must meet certain criteria prior to beginning any animal-based research at NIH. (nih.gov)

This institution utilizes the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and uses the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals as a basis for establishing and maintaining an institutional program for activities involving animals. (lsuhsc.edu)
WSU offers an Occupational Health Medical Evaluation Program , where individuals working with WSU animals may enroll to be evaluated free of charge. (wsu.edu)
Manages the animal care and use program of the Institute. (nih.gov)
Participates on committees supporting the NIH intramural program of animal care and use. (nih.gov)
Prohibition on the purchase, sale, use, and swim-with-the-dolphin (SWTD) program or transportation of stolen animals. (nih.gov)
The Research Animal Medicine Branch (RAMB) directs the program of laboratory animal care and use for NICHD's Division of Intramural Research (DIR). (nih.gov)

House and Senate committees. (nih.gov)

In the US, the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) and its enabling regulations (AWAR) cover all warm-blooded animals used for research, testing, experimentation, or exhibition. (awionline.org)

1) The proper care of animals to be used in biomedical and behavioral research. (nih.gov)

Certain procedures should be routinely followed to minimize the risk of developing animal allergies. (wsu.edu)
These included the housing of animals, environmental needs, refinement of procedures, genetically modified animals, and cost-benefit analysis. (awionline.org)

Inspection for missing animals. (nih.gov)
The modules covered topics such as principles of water quality, environmental sampling methods, sanitary inspection, formation of local water committees, and household water treatment and safe storage. (cdc.gov)

It is now more than 20 years since both Council of Europe Convention ETS123 and EU Directive 86/609/EEC were introduced, to promote the implementation of the Three Rs in animal experimentation and to provide guidance. (awionline.org)

Researchers should not be responsible for defending their work against allegations made by animal activists. (sfn.org)

All research and teaching at the University of Windsor involving the use of animals (including fish and invertebrates), whether laboratory or field-based, must receive approval from the Animal Care Committee (ACC) before such research or teaching begins. (uwindsor.ca)
All personnel who will be involved in the use of animals in research (as indicated on the AUPP form) must demonstrate an understanding of the principles and theory required for vertebrate animal-based studies. (uwindsor.ca)
Nelson Garnett, D.V.M. is a former Director, Division of Animal Welfare, Office for Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health. (nih.gov)
Stephen Potkay, V.M.D. is a former Chief, Compliance Branch, Division of Animal Welfare, Office for Protection from Research Risks, National Institute of Health. (nih.gov)
The Society for Neuroscience (SfN) supports the use of animals in carefully regulated and humane scientific research. (sfn.org)
In addition to the files normally maintained for various aspects of research, members should start and regularly update a file that contains background material that would be useful in case there was an inquiry into the care and use of animals in their research. (sfn.org)
This document should describe the nature of the research, why it is being conducted, why the use of animals is necessary, how the research will benefit humans and animals (either directly or in the long run) and what official approval agencies have approved the research. (sfn.org)
Eighth Edition ( Guide ), an update of the 1996 Seventh Edition, released by the National Academy of Sciences Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) in 2011. (nih.gov)
This reprint includes the Health Research Extension Act of 1985, Public Law 99-158, "Animals in Research" (November 20, 1985), which provides the statutory mandate for the PHS Policy. (nih.gov)
2) The proper treatment of animals while being used in such research. (nih.gov)
This database, created in 2000, is updated every three months with newly published scientific articles, books, and other publications related to improving or safeguarding the welfare of animals used in research. (awionline.org)
The revised fifth edition of Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction is an accessible guide to basic information for conducting animal research safely and responsibly. (awionline.org)
The Animal Welfare Act and the conduct and publishing of wildlife research in the United States. (awionline.org)
The COST Manual of Laboratory Animal Care and Use: Refinement, Reduction, and Research (1st Ed). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (awionline.org)

Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - New Orleans (LSUHSC-NO) acknowledges and accepts responsibility for the humane care and use of laboratory animals. (lsuhsc.edu)
This 2015 reprint of the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Policy) is available in both printed and electronic formats. (nih.gov)

Institutional Animal Care and Use and cats. (nih.gov)

The Animal Facilities are operated as a conventional laboratory animal facility, or as an animal BSL II. (ttu.edu)
Laboratory animals includes rodents, and any small to medium-sized animal that the facility can safely accommodate. (ttu.edu)
Specialized equipment, work areas and work routines may also be available/practiced in the facility where an individual works with animals to further decrease exposure. (wsu.edu)

Serves as the salary review committee. (uwosh.edu)

The Animal Facilities are operated by the Animal Care Services (ACS) department, which operates within the Vice President for Research's (VPR) Administrative Unit. (ttu.edu)
mals, animal facilities, equipment, and (v) Any person who arranges for records may be inspected for compli- transportation or transports animals ance. (nih.gov)

If a scientist is the target of an attack by animal activists, keeping these documents up-to-date and organized will be of assistance in developing a timely and appropriate response. (sfn.org)

These materials will include other support for senior/key personnel, human and animal subjects information, and any other information the awarding agency requests. (nih.gov)
CUUC's Music Committee needs your support. (constantcontact.com)

Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 38(6), 495-517. (awionline.org)

Allergy to animals is a significant occupational health concern for individuals who work with laboratory animals. (wsu.edu)
WSU Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) can be contacted at 509-335-3041 or [email protected] to be evaluated for animal allergen exposure and needed PPE (e.g. respirator). (wsu.edu)
Please view the WSU Environmental Health and Safety Fact Sheet on Animal Allergies for additional information. (wsu.edu)

Other forums that provide the same opportunities for members to deliberate interactively with a quorum of other members of the committee may be functionally equivalent. (nih.gov)
SfN members should work with their institutions to ensure actions will be taken in the event of an attack by animal activists. (sfn.org)

Serves on the NIH Child care board to advocate on behalf of NIH postdocs and fellows. (nih.gov)
For more information, visit the NIH Child Care Board website . (nih.gov)

For more information, visit the Committee on Scientific Conduct & Ethics website . (nih.gov)

Institutions with PHS Animal Welfare Assurances implemented the Eighth Edition of the Guide during 2012. (nih.gov)

Committee first place award for his project on PET imaging in transgenic mice, monkeys, and humans of O -GlcNAcase, an enzyme involved in the clearance of hyperphosphorylated tau protein from the brain. (nih.gov)

U nder Jamaica's Wildlife Protection Act , t he penalty for capturing these animals, harming them or having any part of them in one's possession, living or dead, is $100,000 and/or a prison term of up to two years. (google.com)
There is much interest among the public in visiting SOS-Wildlife to see and learn about the rescued animals. (google.com)
We collaborate with the Hope Zoo, Montego Bay Animal Haven, the JSPCA, NEPA and other partners to rescue wildlife from all over the island. (google.com)

and suspending activities involving animals under certain circumstances. (nih.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms3

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment41

Psychiatry and Psychology19

Phenomena and Processes2

Disciplines and Occupations25

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena45

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Humanities27

Information Science21

Named Groups8

Health Care134

Geographicals8

Animal experiments: conference report.(1/47)

Best practices for animal care committees and animal use oversight. (2/47)

Ethical issues concerning animal research outside the laboratory. (3/47)

Agricultural (nonbiomedical) animal research outside the laboratory: a review of guidelines for institutional animal care and use committees. (4/47)

Does the Animal Welfare Act apply to free-ranging animals? (5/47)

Opportunistic research and sampling combined with fisheries and wildlife management actions or crisis response. (6/47)

Fish research and the institutional animal care and use committee. (7/47)

Surgical implantation of transmitters into fish. (8/47)

Ethics Committees

Committee Membership

Advisory Committees

Ethics Committees, Research

Professional Staff Committees

Ethics Committees, Clinical

Animal Care Committees

Ethical Review

Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

Clinical Trials Data Monitoring Committees

Societies, Medical

Ethics Consultation

Human Experimentation

Ethics, Research

United States

Ethics, Medical

Terminology as Topic

Immunization Schedule

Guidelines as Topic

Animal Experimentation

Health Planning Guidelines

Biomedical Research

Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation

Ethics, Institutional

Ethicists

Research Subjects

American Medical Association

Clinical Trials as Topic

Social Control, Formal

Informed Consent

Great Britain

Conflict of Interest

Vaccination

Practice Guidelines as Topic

Dissent and Disputes

Animal Welfare

International Cooperation

Multicenter Studies as Topic

Research

Government Regulation

Bioethical Issues

Editorial Policies

Health Planning Councils

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Institute of Medicine (U.S.)

Therapeutic Human Experimentation

Quality Control

History, 20th Century

Consensus

American Heart Association

Organizational Policy

Canada

Peer Review, Research

Patient Rights

Consumer Advocacy

Societies, Scientific

Antifungal Agents

Licensure

Research Design

Red Cross

Peer Review

Consent Forms

European Union

World Health Organization

Evidence-Based Medicine

Candida

Social Responsibility

Confidentiality

Vaccines

Animals, Laboratory

Research Personnel

Research Support as Topic

Health Policy

Laboratories

Influenza Vaccines

Ethics, Clinical

Fluconazole

Accreditation

Group Structure

Societies