Aniline Hydroxylase
Biodegradation, Environmental
Harmine
Aminopyrine
Molecular Structure
Microsomes, Liver
Benzphetamine
Amination
Delftia
Methemoglobinemia
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System
Structure-Activity Relationship
Delftia acidovorans
Sulfur Compounds
Amines
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Volatile Organic Compounds
Carcinogens
Mixed Function Oxygenases
Ethylmorphine
Palladium
Water Pollutants
Stereoisomerism
Oxidative Coupling
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxygenases
Chemistry, Organic
Acinetobacter
Hydroxylation
Rubber
Acetone
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Cyclization
Biotransformation
Relationship between L-type Ca2+ current and unitary sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events in rat ventricular myocytes. (1/1809)
1. The time courses of Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence were determined in single rat ventricular myocytes voltage clamped with patch pipettes containing 0.1 microM fluo-3. Acquisition of line-scan images on a laser scanning confocal microscope was synchronized with measurement of Cd2+-sensitive Ca2+ currents. In most cells, individual Ca2+ sparks were observed by reducing Ca2+ current density with nifedipine (0.1-8 microM). 2. Ca2+ sparks elicited by depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses had a peak [Ca2+] amplitude of 289 +/- 3 nM with a decay half-time of 20.8 +/- 0.2 ms and a full width at half-maximum of 1.40 +/- 0.03 microm (mean +/- s. e.m., n = 345), independent of the membrane potential. 3. The time between the beginning of a depolarization and the initiation of each Ca2+ spark was calculated and data were pooled to construct waiting time histograms. Exponential functions were fitted to these histograms and to the decaying phase of the Ca2+ current. This analysis showed that the time constants describing Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence at membrane potentials between -30 mV and +30 mV were not significantly different. At +50 mV, in the absence of nifedipine, the time constant describing Ca2+ spark occurrence was significantly larger than the time constant of the Ca2+ current. 4. A simple model is developed using Poisson statistics to relate macroscopic Ca2+ current to the opening of single L-type Ca2+ channels at the dyad junction and to the time course of Ca2+ spark occurrence. The model suggests that the time courses of macroscopic Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence should be closely related when opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel initiates a Ca2+ spark. By comparison with the data, the model suggests that Ca2+ sparks are initiated by the opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel at all membrane potentials encountered during an action potential. (+info)RSR13, an allosteric effector of haemoglobin, and carbogen radiosensitize FSAII and SCCVII tumours in C3H mice. (2/1809)
Pre-clinical evaluation has demonstrated that 2-[4-(((3,5-dimethylanilino)carbonyl)methyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropi onic acid (RSR13) acts as an allosteric effector of haemoglobin (Hb). RSR13 binding to Hb results in decreased haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) affinity, improved tumour oxygenation, and enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in several experimental tumour systems. In the present work, ex vivo clonogenic survival analyses are applied in two murine tumour systems to characterize the relationship between the magnitude of decrease in Hb-O2 affinity and radiosensitization, the influence of inspired pO2 upon this effect, and the efficacy of combining RSR13 and radiation during a course of repeated radiation exposures. For FSaII tumours in C3H mice breathing air, 100 mg kg(-1) RSR13 administered intraperitoneally produced an enhancement ratio (ER) of 1.3, but there was marked desensitization at a RSR13 dose of 300 mg kg(-1) (ER 0.6). The most likely reason for the increased radioresistance was insufficient oxygen loading of Hb in the pulmonary circulation due to reduced haemoglobin-oxygen affinity because carbogen breathing combined with 300 mg kg(-1) RSR13 reversed the effect and produced an ER of 1.8. In SCCVII tumours in C3H mice irradiated with eight fractions of 2.5 Gy over 4 days, the surviving fraction was reduced to 58-67% of control values when RSR13 was combined with radiation on days 1 and 2, days 3 and 4, or days 1-4. These results confirm that combining RSR13 and irradiation within a fractionated course of clinically relevant low-dose exposures provides significant radiosensitization. Additional preclinical experimentation is needed to define better the optimum dose-scheduling conditions for clinical applications. (+info)Preservation of canine myocardial high-energy phosphates during low-flow ischemia with modification of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. (3/1809)
Conventional approaches for the treatment of myocardial ischemia increase coronary blood flow or reduce myocardial demand. To determine whether a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve would reduce the metabolic and contractile effects of a myocardial oxygen-supply imbalance, we studied the impact of a potent synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, a 2-[4-[[(3,5-disubstituted anilino)carbonyl]methyl] phenoxy] -2-methylproprionic acid derivative (RSR13), during low-flow ischemia. Changes in myocardial high-energy phosphate levels and pH were studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in 12 open-chest dogs randomized to receive RSR13 or vehicle control during a reversible reduction of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery blood flow. Changes in cardiac metabolites and regional ventricular function studied by pressure segment-length relations were also investigated in additional animals before and after RSR13 administration during low-flow LAD ischemia. The intravenous administration of RSR13 before ischemia resulted in a substantial increase in the mean hemoglobin p50 and attenuated the decline in cardiac creatine phosphate/adenosine triphosphate (PCr/ATP), percent PCr, and pH during ischemia without a change in regional myocardial blood flow, heart rate, or systolic blood pressure. RSR13 given after the onset of low-flow ischemia also improved cardiac PCr/ATP ratios and regional function as measured by fractional shortening and regional work. Thus, synthetic allosteric reduction in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity may be a new and important therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the metabolic and functional consequences of cardiac ischemia. (+info)Transient and steady-state kinetics of the oxidation of substituted benzoic acid hydrazides by myeloperoxidase. (4/1809)
Myeloperoxidase is the most abundant protein in neutrophils and catalyzes the production of hypochlorous acid. This potent oxidant plays a central role in microbial killing and inflammatory tissue damage. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) is a mechanism-based inhibitor of myeloperoxidase that is oxidized to radical intermediates that cause enzyme inactivation. We have investigated the mechanism by which benzoic acid hydrazides (BAH) are oxidized by myeloperoxidase, and we have determined the features that enable them to inactivate the enzyme. BAHs readily reduced compound I of myeloperoxidase. The rate constants for these reactions ranged from 1 to 3 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 (15 degrees C, pH 7.0) and were relatively insensitive to the substituents on the aromatic ring. Rate constants for reduction of compound II varied between 6.5 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for ABAH and 1.3 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 for 4-nitrobenzoic acid hydrazide (15 degrees C, pH 7.0). Reduction of both compound I and compound II by BAHs adhered to the Hammett rule, and there were significant correlations with Brown-Okamoto substituent constants. This indicates that the rates of these reactions were simply determined by the ease of oxidation of the substrates and that the incipient free radical carried a positive charge. ABAH was oxidized by myeloperoxidase without added hydrogen peroxide because it underwent auto-oxidation. Although BAHs generally reacted rapidly with compound II, they should be poor peroxidase substrates because the free radicals formed during peroxidation converted myeloperoxidase to compound III. We found that the reduction of ferric myeloperoxidase by BAH radicals was strongly influenced by Hansch's hydrophobicity constants. BAHs containing more hydrophilic substituents were more effective at converting the enzyme to compound III. This implies that BAH radicals must hydrogen bond to residues in the distal heme pocket before they can reduce the ferric enzyme. Inactivation of myeloperoxidase by BAHs was related to how readily they were oxidized, but there was no correlation with their rate constants for reduction of compounds I or II. We propose that BAHs destroy the heme prosthetic groups of the enzyme by reducing a ferrous myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide complex. (+info)A comparison of electron-capture GLC, electrolytic-conductivity GLC and UV-absorption HPLC for the analysis of some herbicides in foods. (5/1809)
A comparison of gas chromatography with electron-capture or electrolytic-conductivity (nitrogen mode) detection, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-absorption detection (254 nm) was carried out for the analysis of several herbicides in foods. Linuron, propanil, terbacil, benzoylprop-ethyl, and the fungicide DCNA in samples of cabbage, corn, potato, and wheat spiked at 2 and 0.2 ppm were examined. The pesticides were extracted with acetone, partitioned into petroleum ether-methylene chloride, and cleaned up on a 2% deactivated Florisil column before direct chromatographic analysis. Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was most suitable for DCNA and benzoylprop-ethyl while UV-absorption HPLC was best for terbacil analysis. Linuron and propanil gave similar results for both electron-capture GLC and HPLC. Electrolytic-conductivity GLC could detect all pesticides at the 0.2 ppm level and exhibited the least number of extraneous peaks in the chromatograms. (+info)Effects of NTE-122, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification and secretions of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein and bile acids in HepG2. (6/1809)
We studied the effect of NTE-122 (trans-1,4-bis[[1-cyclohexyl-3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl) ureido]methyl]cyclohexane), a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, on intracellular cholesterol esterification and the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB)-containing lipoprotein and bile acids in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. NTE-122 markably inhibited [3H]oleate incorporation into cholesteryl esters in HepG2 cells incubated with 5 microg/ml 25-hydroxycholesterol as a stimulus for ACAT (IC50=6.0 nM). On the other hand, NTE-122 did not affect [3H]oleate incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids and [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol. The stimulation of ACAT by 25-hydroxycholesterol caused significant increases in the secretion of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters, radiolabeled triglycerides and apoB mass. NTE-122 pronouncedly inhibited the secretion of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters in proportion to the inhibition of cellular cholesterol esterification, and it significantly reduced the secretion of radiolabeled triglycerides and apoB mass in HepG2 cells incubated with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, NTE-122 increased the secretion of bile acids synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. These results suggest that NTE-122 is capable of exhibiting anti-hyperlipidemic effects by reducing both the cholesterol content and the amount of secreted very low-density lipoprotein and enhancing the excretion of bile acid from the liver. (+info)Effects of NTE-122, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification and high-density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux in macrophages. (7/1809)
We investigated the effects of a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, NTE-122 (trans-1,4-bis[[1-cyclohexyl-3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl)ureido]methyl]cyclohexane), on ACAT activities in macrophages originating from several species and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-induced cholesterol efflux in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated THP-1 cells. NTE-122 inhibited cell-free ACAT activities in human PMA-treated THP-1 cells and mouse J774.1 cells with IC50 values of 0.88 and 360 nM, respectively. NTE-122 competively inhibited the ACAT activity in PMA-treated THP-1 cells. NTE-122 also inhibited cellular ACAT activities in PMA-treated THP-1 cells, rat peritoneal macrophages and J774.1 cells with IC50 values of 3.5, 84 and 6800 nM, respectively. Furthermore, NTE-122 prevented cholesterol accumulation in PMA-treated THP-1 cells incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein, simultaneously with HDL, while it caused accumulation of a significant amount of free cholesterol in the absence and even in the presence of HDL. NTE-122 also enhanced HDL-induced cholesterol efflux from established foam cells converted from PMA-treated THP-1 cells. These results suggest that NTE-122, capable of inhibiting macrophage ACAT activity in humans more strongly than those in the other species, exhibits anti-atherogenic effects by preventing the foam cell formation and enhancing the foam cell regression in humans. (+info)Regulation of Ca2+ transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase at limiting [Ca2+]. (8/1809)
The factors regulating Ca2+ transport by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles have been studied using the fluorescent indicator Fluo-3 to monitor extravesicular free [Ca2+]. ATP, in the presence of 5 mM oxalate, which clamps intravesicular [Ca2+] at approximately 10 microM, induced a rapid decline in Fluo-3 fluorescence to reach a limiting steady state level. This corresponds to a residual medium [Ca2+] of 100 to 200 nM, and has been defined as [Ca2+]lim, whilst thermodynamic considerations predict a level of less than 1 nM. This value is similar to that measured in intact muscle with Ca2+ fluophores, where it is presumed that sarcoplasmic free [Ca2+] is a balance between pump and leaks. Fluorescence of Fluo-3 at [Ca2+]lim was decreased 70% to 80% by histidine, imidazole and cysteine. The K0.5 value for histidine was 3 mM, suggesting that residual [Ca2+]lim fluorescence is due to Zn2+. The level of Zn2+ in preparations of SR vesicles, measured by atomic absorption, was 0.47+/-0.04 nmol/mg, corresponding to 0.1 mol per mol Ca-ATPase. This is in agreement with findings of Papp et al. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 243 (1985) 254-263). Histidine, 20 mM, included in the buffer, gave a corrected value for [Ca2+]lim of 49+/-1.8 nM, which is still higher than predicted on thermodynamic grounds. A possible 'pump/leak' mechanism was tested by the effects of varying active Ca2+ transport 1 to 2 orders with temperature and pH. [Ca2+]lim remained relatively constant under these conditions. Alternate substrates acetyl phosphate and p-NPP gave similar [Ca2+]lim levels even though the latter substrate supported transport 500-fold slower than with ATP. In fact, [Ca2+]lim was lower with 10 mM p-NPP than with 5 mM ATP. The magnitude of passive efflux from Ca-oxalate loaded SR during the steady state of [Ca2+]lim was estimated by the unidirectional flux of 45Ca2+, and directly, following depletion of ATP, by measuring release of 40Ca2+, and was 0.02% of Vmax. Constant infusion of CaCl2 at [Ca2+]lim resulted in a new steady state, in which active transport into SR vesicles balances the infusion rate. Varying infusion rates allows determination of [Ca2+]-dependence of transport in the absence of chelating agents. Parameters of non-linear regression were Vmax=853 nmol/min per mg, K0.5(Ca)=279 nM, and nH(Ca)=1.89. Since conditions employed in this study are similar to those in the sarcoplasm of relaxed muscle, it is suggested that histidine, added to media in studies of intracellular Ca2+ transients, and in the relaxed state, will minimise contribution of Zn2+ to fluophore fluorescence, since it occurs at levels predicted in this study to cause significant overestimation of cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] in the relaxed state. Similar precautions may apply to non-muscle cells as well. This study also suggests that [Ca2+]lim in the resting state is a characteristic feature of Ca2+ pump function, rather than a balance between active transport and passive leakage pathways. (+info)There are several possible causes of methemoglobinemia, including:
1. Exposure to certain medications or chemicals, such as nitrates or aniline dyes.
2. Genetic disorders that affect the production or function of hemoglobin.
3. Infections, such as bacterial infections of the blood or respiratory tract.
4. Poor nutrition or malnutrition.
5. Certain chronic medical conditions, such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia.
Methemoglobinemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:
1. Complete blood count (CBC) to measure the levels of methemoglobin in the blood.
2. Blood gas analysis to measure the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
3. Co-oximetry to measure the levels of methemoglobin and other forms of hemoglobin.
4. Urine tests to check for the presence of abnormal hemoglobin.
5. Genetic testing to identify inherited disorders that may be causing the condition.
Treatment of methemoglobinemia depends on the underlying cause and may include:
1. Administration of oxygen therapy to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
2. Use of medications to reduce the levels of methemoglobin and increase the levels of normal hemoglobin.
3. Transfusions of red blood cells to replace abnormal hemoglobin with normal hemoglobin.
4. Management of underlying medical conditions, such as infections or genetic disorders.
5. Dietary changes to address any nutritional deficiencies that may be contributing to the condition.
In severe cases of methemoglobinemia, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy and other treatments. In some cases, patients with methemoglobinemia may require long-term management and follow-up care to prevent complications and manage the underlying cause of the condition.
Silver nitrite
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Results of search for 'su:{Aniline compounds}'
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A multisite analysis of the concordance between visual image interpretation and quantitative analysis of [18F]flutemetamol...
EPIDEMIOLOGIC NOTES AND REPORTS
ANGIOSARCOMA OF THE LIVER AMONG POLYVINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS --
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Just For Men Chemical Burn Problems Reported by Users of Beard Dye - AboutLawsuits.com
Resistance to Grape Powdery Mildew (PM) - Department of Biology - Missouri State
Reactions of Acyl Chlorides Involving Nitrogen Compounds - Chemistry LibreTexts
Gary O. Rankin, PhD, 1979 Research Starter Grant in Pharmacology/Toxicology - PhRMA Foundation
Occupational Health Supplement, 1988
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Toxicity3
- Sampling method: Per sampling interval, two flasks of the samples containing the test article or the reference compound, one flask of the inoculum blank and one flask of the toxicity control were taken and analysed for DOC in triplicate. (europa.eu)
- Structure-toxicity work on succinimide-based compounds, which demonstrated how structural modification can allow chemicals to be used as fungicides or anti-epileptic drugs while removing the risk of kidney toxicity. (phrmafoundation.org)
- Mechanisms of bioactivation and cellular toxicity of halogenated anilines, common intermediates in the synthesis of many compounds [including pharmaceuticals], and their metabolites. (phrmafoundation.org)
Metabolites3
- Citation: Ress NB, Witt KL, Xu J, Haseman JK, Bucher JR. Micronucleus induction in mice exposed to diazoaminobenzene or its metabolites, benzene and aniline: implications for diazoaminobenzene carcinogenicity. (nih.gov)
- In a previous study, the metabolite identification (MetID) of LDN-193189 provided very valuable information on the major metabolic "soft" spots of this compound, especially on the formation of metabolites that are known to be associated with safety concerns. (nih.gov)
- To perform the MetID, the compounds BD1, BD2 and BD3 were incubated in mouse and human microsomes and cytosols, their metabolites were elucidated using LC/UV and mass spectral techniques. (nih.gov)
Derivative3
- Some suspect that the culprit of the severe skin reactions is p-Phenylenediamine, an organic compound that is a derivative of aniline. (aboutlawsuits.com)
- 2-Hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzaldehyde 2 was treated with aromatic amines to get new cardanol aldehyde derivative of Schiff base compounds. (hindawi.com)
- The aniline formation was avoided by substituting the piperizine moiety for (piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy in BD1, no aniline derivative was observed in its MetID. (nih.gov)
Hydrochloride3
- Aniline hydrochloride and ortho -anisidine hydrochloride were also classified as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A) because they are in equilibrium with the parent compounds in the body. (who.int)
- Very little exposure information was found globally for aniline hydrochloride, which can be used as a flux in brazing or soldering operations. (who.int)
- ortho -anisidine and ortho -anisidine hydrochloride, ortho -nitroanisole, aniline and aniline hydrochloride, and cupferron. (who.int)
Aromatic amines2
- The results of the recent IARC Monographs evaluation of the carcinogenicity of some aromatic amines and related compounds have now been published in The Lancet Oncology . (who.int)
- From 25 May to 12 June 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) convened a working group of 19 scientists from 9 countries to evaluate the carcinogenicity of some aromatic amines and related compounds. (who.int)
Derivatives3
- 3. Inhibition of the action of the topoisomerase II poison amsacrine by simple aniline derivatives: evidence for drug-protein interactions. (nih.gov)
- 18. [Cytotoxicity and interaction of amsacrine derivatives with topoisomerase II: role of the 1' substitute on the aniline nucleus]. (nih.gov)
- Finally, we merged the two compounds with isolated successes into BD3, which MetID confirmed that it is not susceptible to AO activity nor forms toxic aniline derivatives. (nih.gov)
Carcinogenicity1
- Aniline was previously evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3), in IARC Monographs Volume 27, Supplement 7 . (who.int)
Synthesis2
- 194. Synthesis and biological evaluations of 4-beta-mono-, -di-, and -trisubstituted aniline-4'-O-demethyl-podophyllotoxin and related compounds with improved pharmacological profiles. (nih.gov)
- Synthesis of new heterocyclic Schiff base compounds. (hindawi.com)
Moiety1
- The LDN-193189 susceptibility on aldehyde oxidase (AO) was addressed by blocking the alfa carbon at the quinoline moiety as in BD2, the MetID confirmed the lack of AO activity for this compound. (nih.gov)
Structures2
- Right panel: Aniline blue-stained fungal structures as observed under a compound microscope. (missouristate.edu)
- The structures of all these compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and mass spectral data and have been screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity. (hindawi.com)
Carbon1
- The relations between mean cortical carbon 11 ((11)C)-labeled Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) binding potential values, proportional to the density of fibrillar Abeta binding sites in the brain, concurrent regional brain volumes as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and both concurrent and longitudinal cognitive performance in multiple domains. (nih.gov)
Results1
- Results of 45 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. (nih.gov)
Chemical2
- Scientific hazard lists sometimes specify a chemical group (such as trimethyltin compounds) without a defined list of CASRNs. (pharosproject.net)
- Aniline is a chemical with a high production volume, and its main industrial use is as a starting material for one type of isocyanate, a chemical that is used to produce polyurethane foam. (who.int)
Mixture1
- It is a mixture of saturated and unsaturated (mono-, di-, and tri-) compounds. (hindawi.com)
Chemistry1
- Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound: Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision and accuracy, significant figures. (kaysonseducation.co.in)
Exposure1
- The reference compound aniline reached complete biodegradation during the first seven exposure days. (europa.eu)
Study1
- In this study, we carried out the MetID of backup compounds that were synthesized to overcome LDN-193189 metabolic liabilities. (nih.gov)
Evidence1
- Accumulating evidence shows that urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be perturbed in many physiological and pathological states, including several diseases and different dietary exposures. (nature.com)
Activity1
- Antibacterial and antifungal activity of the tested compounds. (hindawi.com)
Effects1
- 1993. The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on human health: a review. (cdc.gov)
Group3
- 1996, 61, 6547), the synthetic potential of this reagent remained unexploited until the Waser group reported its use for the gold-catalyzed direct alkynylation of electron-rich aromatic compounds, such as indoles, thiophenes or anilines. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- See the Compound Group Population Project for more information on how these groups are determined. (pharosproject.net)
- Compounds with the structure of -C=N-(azomethine group) are known as Schiff bases, which are usually synthesized by condensation of primary amines and active carbonyl groups. (hindawi.com)
Benzene1
- Citation: Ress NB, Witt KL, Xu J, Haseman JK, Bucher JR. Micronucleus induction in mice exposed to diazoaminobenzene or its metabolites, benzene and aniline: implications for diazoaminobenzene carcinogenicity. (nih.gov)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Aniline compounds. (who.int)