Aniline compounds, also known as aromatic amines, are organic chemicals derived from aniline (aminobenzene), characterized by the substitution of hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring with amino groups (-NH2).
A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.
Alkylating anti-neoplastic agent.
Toluidines are a group of organic compounds consisting of various derivatives of toluene with an amine group (-NH2) attached to the benzene ring, which have been used in chemical synthesis and historical medical research but are not currently utilized as therapeutic agents due to their carcinogenic properties.
Phenols substituted in any position by an amino group.
Aminopyrine N-Demethylase is an enzyme, specifically a cytochrome P450 isoform, involved in the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics, responsible for catalyzing the N-demethylation reaction.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Alkaloid isolated from seeds of Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic Parkinson disease in the 1920's.
A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.
A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222)
The creation of an amine. It can be produced by the addition of an amino group to an organic compound or reduction of a nitro group.
A genus of gram-negative, strictly aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria, in the family COMAMONADACEAE.
A group of 1,2-benzenediols that contain the general formula R-C6H5O2.
The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Azo compounds are organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups, -N=N-, linking two aromatic rings, which can impart various colors and are used in dyes, pharmaceuticals, and chemical research.
A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
A superfamily of hundreds of closely related HEMEPROTEINS found throughout the phylogenetic spectrum, from animals, plants, fungi, to bacteria. They include numerous complex monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES). In animals, these P-450 enzymes serve two major functions: (1) biosynthesis of steroids, fatty acids, and bile acids; (2) metabolism of endogenous and a wide variety of exogenous substrates, such as toxins and drugs (BIOTRANSFORMATION). They are classified, according to their sequence similarities rather than functions, into CYP gene families (>40% homology) and subfamilies (>59% homology). For example, enzymes from the CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 gene families are responsible for most drug metabolism.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
A species of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria found ubiquitously and formerly called Comamonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas acidovorans. It is the type species of the genus DELFTIA.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
Organic compounds that have a relatively high VAPOR PRESSURE at room temperature.
An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.
A chlorinated anilide that is used as an herbicide.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Widely distributed enzymes that carry out oxidation-reduction reactions in which one atom of the oxygen molecule is incorporated into the organic substrate; the other oxygen atom is reduced and combined with hydrogen ions to form water. They are also known as monooxygenases or hydroxylases. These reactions require two substrates as reductants for each of the two oxygen atoms. There are different classes of monooxygenases depending on the type of hydrogen-providing cosubstrate (COENZYMES) required in the mixed-function oxidation.
A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.
Imines are organic compounds containing a functional group with a carbon-nitrogen double bond (=NH or =NR), classified as azomethines, which can be produced from aldehydes or ketones through condensation with ammonia or amines.
A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The reaction of two molecular entities via oxidation usually catalyzed by a transition metal compound and involving dioxygen as the oxidant.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Oxidases that specifically introduce DIOXYGEN-derived oxygen atoms into a variety of organic molecules.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The study of the structure, preparation, properties, and reactions of carbon compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A genus of gram-negative bacteria of the family MORAXELLACEAE, found in soil and water and of uncertain pathogenicity.
Placing of a hydroxyl group on a compound in a position where one did not exist before. (Stedman, 26th ed)
A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (LATEX) of HEVEA brasiliensis and other trees and plants. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to at least twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retract rapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully.
A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.
An azo dye with carcinogenic properties.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Changing an open-chain hydrocarbon to a closed ring. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.
Nitrogen mustard analog of quinacrine used primarily as a stain in the studies of chromosomes and chromatin. Fluoresces by reaction with nucleic acids in chromosomes.

Relationship between L-type Ca2+ current and unitary sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release events in rat ventricular myocytes. (1/1809)

1. The time courses of Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence were determined in single rat ventricular myocytes voltage clamped with patch pipettes containing 0.1 microM fluo-3. Acquisition of line-scan images on a laser scanning confocal microscope was synchronized with measurement of Cd2+-sensitive Ca2+ currents. In most cells, individual Ca2+ sparks were observed by reducing Ca2+ current density with nifedipine (0.1-8 microM). 2. Ca2+ sparks elicited by depolarizing voltage-clamp pulses had a peak [Ca2+] amplitude of 289 +/- 3 nM with a decay half-time of 20.8 +/- 0.2 ms and a full width at half-maximum of 1.40 +/- 0.03 microm (mean +/- s. e.m., n = 345), independent of the membrane potential. 3. The time between the beginning of a depolarization and the initiation of each Ca2+ spark was calculated and data were pooled to construct waiting time histograms. Exponential functions were fitted to these histograms and to the decaying phase of the Ca2+ current. This analysis showed that the time constants describing Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence at membrane potentials between -30 mV and +30 mV were not significantly different. At +50 mV, in the absence of nifedipine, the time constant describing Ca2+ spark occurrence was significantly larger than the time constant of the Ca2+ current. 4. A simple model is developed using Poisson statistics to relate macroscopic Ca2+ current to the opening of single L-type Ca2+ channels at the dyad junction and to the time course of Ca2+ spark occurrence. The model suggests that the time courses of macroscopic Ca2+ current and Ca2+ spark occurrence should be closely related when opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel initiates a Ca2+ spark. By comparison with the data, the model suggests that Ca2+ sparks are initiated by the opening of a single L-type Ca2+ channel at all membrane potentials encountered during an action potential.  (+info)

RSR13, an allosteric effector of haemoglobin, and carbogen radiosensitize FSAII and SCCVII tumours in C3H mice. (2/1809)

Pre-clinical evaluation has demonstrated that 2-[4-(((3,5-dimethylanilino)carbonyl)methyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropi onic acid (RSR13) acts as an allosteric effector of haemoglobin (Hb). RSR13 binding to Hb results in decreased haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) affinity, improved tumour oxygenation, and enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in several experimental tumour systems. In the present work, ex vivo clonogenic survival analyses are applied in two murine tumour systems to characterize the relationship between the magnitude of decrease in Hb-O2 affinity and radiosensitization, the influence of inspired pO2 upon this effect, and the efficacy of combining RSR13 and radiation during a course of repeated radiation exposures. For FSaII tumours in C3H mice breathing air, 100 mg kg(-1) RSR13 administered intraperitoneally produced an enhancement ratio (ER) of 1.3, but there was marked desensitization at a RSR13 dose of 300 mg kg(-1) (ER 0.6). The most likely reason for the increased radioresistance was insufficient oxygen loading of Hb in the pulmonary circulation due to reduced haemoglobin-oxygen affinity because carbogen breathing combined with 300 mg kg(-1) RSR13 reversed the effect and produced an ER of 1.8. In SCCVII tumours in C3H mice irradiated with eight fractions of 2.5 Gy over 4 days, the surviving fraction was reduced to 58-67% of control values when RSR13 was combined with radiation on days 1 and 2, days 3 and 4, or days 1-4. These results confirm that combining RSR13 and irradiation within a fractionated course of clinically relevant low-dose exposures provides significant radiosensitization. Additional preclinical experimentation is needed to define better the optimum dose-scheduling conditions for clinical applications.  (+info)

Preservation of canine myocardial high-energy phosphates during low-flow ischemia with modification of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity. (3/1809)

Conventional approaches for the treatment of myocardial ischemia increase coronary blood flow or reduce myocardial demand. To determine whether a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve would reduce the metabolic and contractile effects of a myocardial oxygen-supply imbalance, we studied the impact of a potent synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, a 2-[4-[[(3,5-disubstituted anilino)carbonyl]methyl] phenoxy] -2-methylproprionic acid derivative (RSR13), during low-flow ischemia. Changes in myocardial high-energy phosphate levels and pH were studied by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in 12 open-chest dogs randomized to receive RSR13 or vehicle control during a reversible reduction of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery blood flow. Changes in cardiac metabolites and regional ventricular function studied by pressure segment-length relations were also investigated in additional animals before and after RSR13 administration during low-flow LAD ischemia. The intravenous administration of RSR13 before ischemia resulted in a substantial increase in the mean hemoglobin p50 and attenuated the decline in cardiac creatine phosphate/adenosine triphosphate (PCr/ATP), percent PCr, and pH during ischemia without a change in regional myocardial blood flow, heart rate, or systolic blood pressure. RSR13 given after the onset of low-flow ischemia also improved cardiac PCr/ATP ratios and regional function as measured by fractional shortening and regional work. Thus, synthetic allosteric reduction in hemoglobin-oxygen affinity may be a new and important therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the metabolic and functional consequences of cardiac ischemia.  (+info)

Transient and steady-state kinetics of the oxidation of substituted benzoic acid hydrazides by myeloperoxidase. (4/1809)

Myeloperoxidase is the most abundant protein in neutrophils and catalyzes the production of hypochlorous acid. This potent oxidant plays a central role in microbial killing and inflammatory tissue damage. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) is a mechanism-based inhibitor of myeloperoxidase that is oxidized to radical intermediates that cause enzyme inactivation. We have investigated the mechanism by which benzoic acid hydrazides (BAH) are oxidized by myeloperoxidase, and we have determined the features that enable them to inactivate the enzyme. BAHs readily reduced compound I of myeloperoxidase. The rate constants for these reactions ranged from 1 to 3 x 10(6) M-1 s-1 (15 degrees C, pH 7.0) and were relatively insensitive to the substituents on the aromatic ring. Rate constants for reduction of compound II varied between 6.5 x 10(5) M-1 s-1 for ABAH and 1.3 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 for 4-nitrobenzoic acid hydrazide (15 degrees C, pH 7.0). Reduction of both compound I and compound II by BAHs adhered to the Hammett rule, and there were significant correlations with Brown-Okamoto substituent constants. This indicates that the rates of these reactions were simply determined by the ease of oxidation of the substrates and that the incipient free radical carried a positive charge. ABAH was oxidized by myeloperoxidase without added hydrogen peroxide because it underwent auto-oxidation. Although BAHs generally reacted rapidly with compound II, they should be poor peroxidase substrates because the free radicals formed during peroxidation converted myeloperoxidase to compound III. We found that the reduction of ferric myeloperoxidase by BAH radicals was strongly influenced by Hansch's hydrophobicity constants. BAHs containing more hydrophilic substituents were more effective at converting the enzyme to compound III. This implies that BAH radicals must hydrogen bond to residues in the distal heme pocket before they can reduce the ferric enzyme. Inactivation of myeloperoxidase by BAHs was related to how readily they were oxidized, but there was no correlation with their rate constants for reduction of compounds I or II. We propose that BAHs destroy the heme prosthetic groups of the enzyme by reducing a ferrous myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide complex.  (+info)

A comparison of electron-capture GLC, electrolytic-conductivity GLC and UV-absorption HPLC for the analysis of some herbicides in foods. (5/1809)

A comparison of gas chromatography with electron-capture or electrolytic-conductivity (nitrogen mode) detection, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-absorption detection (254 nm) was carried out for the analysis of several herbicides in foods. Linuron, propanil, terbacil, benzoylprop-ethyl, and the fungicide DCNA in samples of cabbage, corn, potato, and wheat spiked at 2 and 0.2 ppm were examined. The pesticides were extracted with acetone, partitioned into petroleum ether-methylene chloride, and cleaned up on a 2% deactivated Florisil column before direct chromatographic analysis. Electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) was most suitable for DCNA and benzoylprop-ethyl while UV-absorption HPLC was best for terbacil analysis. Linuron and propanil gave similar results for both electron-capture GLC and HPLC. Electrolytic-conductivity GLC could detect all pesticides at the 0.2 ppm level and exhibited the least number of extraneous peaks in the chromatograms.  (+info)

Effects of NTE-122, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification and secretions of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein and bile acids in HepG2. (6/1809)

We studied the effect of NTE-122 (trans-1,4-bis[[1-cyclohexyl-3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl) ureido]methyl]cyclohexane), a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, on intracellular cholesterol esterification and the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 (apoB)-containing lipoprotein and bile acids in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. NTE-122 markably inhibited [3H]oleate incorporation into cholesteryl esters in HepG2 cells incubated with 5 microg/ml 25-hydroxycholesterol as a stimulus for ACAT (IC50=6.0 nM). On the other hand, NTE-122 did not affect [3H]oleate incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids and [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol. The stimulation of ACAT by 25-hydroxycholesterol caused significant increases in the secretion of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters, radiolabeled triglycerides and apoB mass. NTE-122 pronouncedly inhibited the secretion of radiolabeled cholesteryl esters in proportion to the inhibition of cellular cholesterol esterification, and it significantly reduced the secretion of radiolabeled triglycerides and apoB mass in HepG2 cells incubated with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, NTE-122 increased the secretion of bile acids synthesized from [14C]-cholesterol. These results suggest that NTE-122 is capable of exhibiting anti-hyperlipidemic effects by reducing both the cholesterol content and the amount of secreted very low-density lipoprotein and enhancing the excretion of bile acid from the liver.  (+info)

Effects of NTE-122, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification and high-density lipoprotein-induced cholesterol efflux in macrophages. (7/1809)

We investigated the effects of a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, NTE-122 (trans-1,4-bis[[1-cyclohexyl-3-(4-dimethylamino phenyl)ureido]methyl]cyclohexane), on ACAT activities in macrophages originating from several species and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-induced cholesterol efflux in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-treated THP-1 cells. NTE-122 inhibited cell-free ACAT activities in human PMA-treated THP-1 cells and mouse J774.1 cells with IC50 values of 0.88 and 360 nM, respectively. NTE-122 competively inhibited the ACAT activity in PMA-treated THP-1 cells. NTE-122 also inhibited cellular ACAT activities in PMA-treated THP-1 cells, rat peritoneal macrophages and J774.1 cells with IC50 values of 3.5, 84 and 6800 nM, respectively. Furthermore, NTE-122 prevented cholesterol accumulation in PMA-treated THP-1 cells incubated with acetylated low density lipoprotein, simultaneously with HDL, while it caused accumulation of a significant amount of free cholesterol in the absence and even in the presence of HDL. NTE-122 also enhanced HDL-induced cholesterol efflux from established foam cells converted from PMA-treated THP-1 cells. These results suggest that NTE-122, capable of inhibiting macrophage ACAT activity in humans more strongly than those in the other species, exhibits anti-atherogenic effects by preventing the foam cell formation and enhancing the foam cell regression in humans.  (+info)

Regulation of Ca2+ transport by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase at limiting [Ca2+]. (8/1809)

The factors regulating Ca2+ transport by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles have been studied using the fluorescent indicator Fluo-3 to monitor extravesicular free [Ca2+]. ATP, in the presence of 5 mM oxalate, which clamps intravesicular [Ca2+] at approximately 10 microM, induced a rapid decline in Fluo-3 fluorescence to reach a limiting steady state level. This corresponds to a residual medium [Ca2+] of 100 to 200 nM, and has been defined as [Ca2+]lim, whilst thermodynamic considerations predict a level of less than 1 nM. This value is similar to that measured in intact muscle with Ca2+ fluophores, where it is presumed that sarcoplasmic free [Ca2+] is a balance between pump and leaks. Fluorescence of Fluo-3 at [Ca2+]lim was decreased 70% to 80% by histidine, imidazole and cysteine. The K0.5 value for histidine was 3 mM, suggesting that residual [Ca2+]lim fluorescence is due to Zn2+. The level of Zn2+ in preparations of SR vesicles, measured by atomic absorption, was 0.47+/-0.04 nmol/mg, corresponding to 0.1 mol per mol Ca-ATPase. This is in agreement with findings of Papp et al. (Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 243 (1985) 254-263). Histidine, 20 mM, included in the buffer, gave a corrected value for [Ca2+]lim of 49+/-1.8 nM, which is still higher than predicted on thermodynamic grounds. A possible 'pump/leak' mechanism was tested by the effects of varying active Ca2+ transport 1 to 2 orders with temperature and pH. [Ca2+]lim remained relatively constant under these conditions. Alternate substrates acetyl phosphate and p-NPP gave similar [Ca2+]lim levels even though the latter substrate supported transport 500-fold slower than with ATP. In fact, [Ca2+]lim was lower with 10 mM p-NPP than with 5 mM ATP. The magnitude of passive efflux from Ca-oxalate loaded SR during the steady state of [Ca2+]lim was estimated by the unidirectional flux of 45Ca2+, and directly, following depletion of ATP, by measuring release of 40Ca2+, and was 0.02% of Vmax. Constant infusion of CaCl2 at [Ca2+]lim resulted in a new steady state, in which active transport into SR vesicles balances the infusion rate. Varying infusion rates allows determination of [Ca2+]-dependence of transport in the absence of chelating agents. Parameters of non-linear regression were Vmax=853 nmol/min per mg, K0.5(Ca)=279 nM, and nH(Ca)=1.89. Since conditions employed in this study are similar to those in the sarcoplasm of relaxed muscle, it is suggested that histidine, added to media in studies of intracellular Ca2+ transients, and in the relaxed state, will minimise contribution of Zn2+ to fluophore fluorescence, since it occurs at levels predicted in this study to cause significant overestimation of cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] in the relaxed state. Similar precautions may apply to non-muscle cells as well. This study also suggests that [Ca2+]lim in the resting state is a characteristic feature of Ca2+ pump function, rather than a balance between active transport and passive leakage pathways.  (+info)

Aniline compounds, also known as aromatic amines, are organic compounds that contain a benzene ring substituted with an amino group (-NH2). Aniline itself is the simplest and most common aniline compound, with the formula C6H5NH2.

Aniline compounds are important in the chemical industry and are used in the synthesis of a wide range of products, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and rubber chemicals. They can be produced by reducing nitrobenzene or by directly substituting ammonia onto benzene in a process called amination.

It is important to note that aniline compounds are toxic and can cause serious health effects, including damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. They can also be absorbed through the skin and are known to have carcinogenic properties. Therefore, appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling aniline compounds.

Aniline hydroxylase is an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of aromatic compounds, including aniline and other related substances. The enzyme catalyzes the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to the aromatic ring of these compounds, which helps to make them more water-soluble and facilitates their excretion from the body.

Aniline hydroxylase is found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, lung, and kidney. It is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which are known for their role in drug metabolism and other xenobiotic-metabolizing reactions.

It's important to note that exposure to aniline and its derivatives can be harmful and may cause various health effects, including damage to the liver and other organs. Therefore, it is essential to handle these substances with care and follow appropriate safety precautions.

I'm not a medical expert, but I can try to provide you with some information about "aniline mustard" that might be helpful. However, it's essential to consult appropriate medical resources or professionals for accurate and reliable information.

The term "aniline mustard" is not typically used in the medical field. Instead, it seems like a combination of two different concepts: aniline (an organic compound) and mustard gas (a chemical warfare agent). I'll briefly explain both terms to help you understand any possible connection.

1. Aniline: It is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2, also known as phenylamine or aminobenzene. Aniline is used in manufacturing various chemical products, such as dyes, pharmaceuticals, and rubber processing chemicals. Exposure to aniline can cause harmful health effects, including skin irritation, respiratory issues, and damage to the liver and kidneys.

2. Mustard gas: It is a chemical warfare agent with the formula (ClCH2CH2)2S, also known as sulfur mustard or HS(CH2CH2Cl)2. Mustard gas can cause severe burns and blistering of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract upon exposure. It is a potent chemical weapon that has been banned by international treaties.

There might be some confusion regarding "aniline mustard" because aniline was used in the production of mustard gas during World War I. However, there isn't any specific medical definition or application associated with the term "aniline mustard." If you have more context or information about where this term is being used, I could try to provide a more accurate answer.

Toluidines are a group of organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring with two methyl groups and an amine group. They are derivatives of toluene, hence the name. There are three isomers of toluidines, depending on the position of the amino group: ortho-toluidine, meta-toluidine, and para-toluidine.

In a medical context, toluidines may be used as chemical reagents for diagnostic tests or in research. For example, they have been used in histology to stain tissues for microscopic examination. However, exposure to toluidines has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, so appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling these chemicals.

Aminophenols are organic compounds that consist of an amino group (-NH2) attached to a phenol group (aromatic ring with a hydroxyl group, -OH). There are two primary aminophenols: para-aminophenol (PAP) and ortho-aminophenol (OAP), which differ in the position of the amino group on the aromatic ring.

Para-aminophenol (PAP):
Chemical formula: C6H5NOH
IUPAC name: 4-Aminophenol

Ortho-aminophenol (OAP):
Chemical formula: C6H5NOH
IUPAC name: 2-Aminophenol

These compounds have various applications, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and chemical intermediates. However, they can also be toxic and pose health risks if not handled properly. For instance, PAP is a metabolite of the analgesic drug paracetamol (acetaminophen), and overexposure to it can lead to liver damage.

Aminopyrine N-demethylase is an enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. It is primarily found in the liver and is responsible for catalyzing the N-demethylation of aminopyrine, a compound with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.

The enzyme works by transferring a methyl group from the aminopyrine molecule to a cofactor called NADPH, resulting in the formation of formaldehyde and dimethylaniline as products. This reaction is an important step in the biotransformation of many drugs and other foreign substances, allowing them to be more easily excreted from the body.

Aminopyrine N-demethylase is classified as a cytochrome P450 enzyme, which is a group of heme-containing proteins that are involved in oxidative metabolism. The activity of this enzyme can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, and exposure to certain drugs or chemicals.

In addition to its role in drug metabolism, aminopyrine N-demethylase has also been used as a marker of liver function and as a tool for studying the regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

Harmine is defined medically as an alpha-carboline derivative that is present in various plants including the seeds of Peganum harmala and the bark of Banisteriopsis caapi. It functions as an monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) and has been used in traditional medicine for its psychoactive properties. It has also been studied for potential anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects.

Aminopyrine is a type of medication known as a non-opioid analgesic, which is used to relieve pain and reduce fever. It is an antipyretic and analgesic drug that was widely used in the past, but its use has been limited or discontinued in many countries due to the risk of rare but serious side effects such as agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cells), which can make individuals more susceptible to infections.

Chemically, aminopyrine is an aromatic heterocyclic compound containing a pyridine ring substituted with an amino group and a phenyl group. It works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that mediate pain and inflammation. By reducing prostaglandin levels, aminopyrine helps to alleviate pain and reduce fever.

It's important to note that due to its potential side effects, aminopyrine is not commonly used in modern medical practice, and other safer and more effective medications are available for pain relief and fever reduction.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Microsomes, liver refers to a subcellular fraction of liver cells (hepatocytes) that are obtained during tissue homogenization and subsequent centrifugation. These microsomal fractions are rich in membranous structures known as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly the rough ER. They are involved in various important cellular processes, most notably the metabolism of xenobiotics (foreign substances) including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens.

The liver microsomes contain a variety of enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, that are crucial for phase I drug metabolism. These enzymes help in the oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of xenobiotics, making them more water-soluble and facilitating their excretion from the body. Additionally, liver microsomes also host other enzymes involved in phase II conjugation reactions, where the metabolites from phase I are further modified by adding polar molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetyl groups.

In summary, liver microsomes are a subcellular fraction of liver cells that play a significant role in the metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics, contributing to the overall protection and maintenance of cellular homeostasis within the body.

Benzphetamine is a sympathomimetic amine, which is a type of drug that stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. It is a central nervous system stimulant and an appetite suppressant. Benzphetamine is used as a short-term supplement to diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity.

The medical definition of benzphetamine is:

A CNS stimulant and anorectic, structurally related to amphetamines, but pharmacologically related to the phenylethylamines. It has a longer duration of action than other amphetamines because it is absorbed more slowly and is excreted more slowly. Benzphetamine is used as an appetite suppressant in the treatment of obesity.

It's important to note that benzphetamine, like other weight-loss medications, should be used in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise. It also has a risk for abuse and dependence, so it is usually prescribed for short-term use only.

Amination is a chemical process or reaction that involves the addition of an amino group (-NH2) to a molecule. This process is often used in organic chemistry to create amines, which are compounds containing a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons.

In the context of biochemistry, amination reactions play a crucial role in the synthesis of various biological molecules, including amino acids, neurotransmitters, and nucleotides. For example, the enzyme glutamine synthetase catalyzes the amination of glutamate to form glutamine, an essential amino acid for many organisms.

It is important to note that there are different types of amination reactions, depending on the starting molecule and the specific amino group donor. The precise mechanism and reagents used in an amination reaction will depend on the particular chemical or biological context.

'Delftia' is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and clinical samples. The name 'Delftia' comes from the city of Delft in the Netherlands, where the bacterium was first isolated and studied.

Some species of Delftia have been known to cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions. These infections can include urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). However, such infections are relatively rare, and the majority of Delftia species are not considered to be harmful to humans.

In addition to their potential role in human health, Delftia species have also been studied for their ability to break down various pollutants and contaminants in the environment, making them potentially useful in bioremediation efforts.

Catechols are a type of chemical compound that contain a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to it in the ortho position. The term "catechol" is often used interchangeably with "ortho-dihydroxybenzene." Catechols are important in biology because they are produced through the metabolism of certain amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and are involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and hormones. They also have antioxidant properties and can act as reducing agents. In chemistry, catechols can undergo various reactions, such as oxidation and polymerization, to form other classes of compounds.

Methemoglobinemia is a medical condition characterized by an increased level of methemoglobin in the blood. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that cannot effectively transport oxygen throughout the body due to the iron atom within its structure being oxidized from the ferrous (Fe2+) state to the ferric (Fe3+) state.

Under normal circumstances, methemoglobin levels are kept below 1% of total hemoglobin. However, when these levels rise above 10%, it can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, headache, fatigue, and cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes). Severe methemoglobinemia, with levels exceeding 50%, can result in life-threatening complications, including seizures, coma, and even death.

Methemoglobinemia can be congenital or acquired. Congenital methemoglobinemia is caused by genetic defects affecting the enzymes responsible for reducing methemoglobin back to its functional form, hemoglobin. Acquired methemoglobinemia can result from exposure to certain medications, chemicals, or toxins that oxidize hemoglobin and increase methemoglobin levels. Treatment typically involves administering methylene blue, a reducing agent that helps convert methemoglobin back to functional hemoglobin. In severe cases or when methylene blue is contraindicated, alternative treatments such as exchange transfusions or hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be considered.

Azo compounds are organic compounds characterized by the presence of one or more azo groups (-N=N-) in their molecular structure. The term "azo" is derived from the Greek word "azō," meaning "to boil" or "to sparkle," which refers to the brightly colored nature of many azo compounds.

These compounds are synthesized by the reaction between aromatic amines and nitrous acid or its derivatives, resulting in the formation of diazonium salts, which then react with another aromatic compound containing an active methylene group to form azo compounds.

Azo compounds have diverse applications across various industries, including dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. They are known for their vibrant colors, making them widely used as colorants in textiles, leather, paper, and food products. In addition, some azo compounds exhibit unique chemical properties, such as solubility, stability, and reactivity, which make them valuable intermediates in the synthesis of various organic compounds.

However, certain azo compounds have been found to pose health risks due to their potential carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. As a result, regulations have been imposed on their use in consumer products, particularly those intended for oral consumption or direct skin contact.

Hexobarbital is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs called barbiturates. It is primarily used as a short-acting sedative and hypnotic agent, which means it can help induce sleep and reduce anxiety. Hexobarbital works by depressing the central nervous system, slowing down brain activity and causing relaxation and drowsiness.

It's important to note that hexobarbital is not commonly used in modern medical practice due to the availability of safer and more effective alternatives. Additionally, barbiturates like hexobarbital have a high potential for abuse and dependence, and their use is associated with several risks, including respiratory depression, overdose, and death, particularly when taken in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or opioids.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

The Cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) enzyme system is a group of enzymes found primarily in the liver, but also in other organs such as the intestines, lungs, and skin. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism and biotransformation of various substances, including drugs, environmental toxins, and endogenous compounds like hormones and fatty acids.

The name "Cytochrome P-450" refers to the unique property of these enzymes to bind to carbon monoxide (CO) and form a complex that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nm, which can be detected spectrophotometrically.

The CYP450 enzyme system is involved in Phase I metabolism of xenobiotics, where it catalyzes oxidation reactions such as hydroxylation, dealkylation, and epoxidation. These reactions introduce functional groups into the substrate molecule, which can then undergo further modifications by other enzymes during Phase II metabolism.

There are several families and subfamilies of CYP450 enzymes, each with distinct substrate specificities and functions. Some of the most important CYP450 enzymes include:

1. CYP3A4: This is the most abundant CYP450 enzyme in the human liver and is involved in the metabolism of approximately 50% of all drugs. It also metabolizes various endogenous compounds like steroids, bile acids, and vitamin D.
2. CYP2D6: This enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of many psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and beta-blockers. It also metabolizes some endogenous compounds like dopamine and serotonin.
3. CYP2C9: This enzyme plays a significant role in the metabolism of warfarin, phenytoin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. CYP2C19: This enzyme is involved in the metabolism of proton pump inhibitors, antidepressants, and clopidogrel.
5. CYP2E1: This enzyme metabolizes various xenobiotics like alcohol, acetaminophen, and carbon tetrachloride, as well as some endogenous compounds like fatty acids and prostaglandins.

Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 enzymes can significantly affect drug metabolism and response, leading to interindividual variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. Understanding the role of CYP450 enzymes in drug metabolism is crucial for optimizing pharmacotherapy and minimizing adverse effects.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

"Delftia acidovorans" is a species of gram-negative, motile, aerobic bacteria that is commonly found in various environments such as soil, water, and clinical settings. It is a rod-shaped bacterium that is known to be able to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons and other pollutants.

In clinical settings, "Delftia acidovorans" has been isolated from various types of human infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and bacteremia. However, it is considered to be a rare cause of infection, and its clinical significance is not well understood.

It's worth noting that the genus "Delftia" was previously classified as part of the genus "Comamonas," but was reclassified based on genetic and biochemical evidence. Therefore, some older literature may refer to this bacterium as "Comamonas acidovorans."

Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).

In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.

However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.

Amines are organic compounds that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons. They are derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. The nomenclature of amines follows the substitutive type, where the parent compound is named as an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon, and the functional group "amine" is designated as a suffix or prefix.

Amines are classified into three types based on the number of carbon atoms attached to the nitrogen atom:

1. Primary (1°) amines: One alkyl or aryl group is attached to the nitrogen atom.
2. Secondary (2°) amines: Two alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.
3. Tertiary (3°) amines: Three alkyl or aryl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom.

Quaternary ammonium salts have four organic groups attached to the nitrogen atom and a positive charge, with anions balancing the charge.

Amines have a wide range of applications in the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, polymers, and solvents. They also play a significant role in biological systems as neurotransmitters, hormones, and cell membrane components.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.

VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.

It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.

Proadifen is not typically referred to as a medical term or definition in modern medicine. However, it is an old antihistamine drug that was used in the past for its properties as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). MAOIs were used primarily in the treatment of depression but have largely been replaced by newer classes of drugs due to their potential for serious side effects.

Here is a brief medical definition of Proadifen as an MAOI:

Proadifen (SKF-525A): An older, nonselective and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that was used in the past for its antidepressant effects. Its use has been largely discontinued due to the risk of serious adverse reactions, such as hypertensive crises, when combined with certain foods or medications containing tyramine.

Propanil is not a medical term, but a pesticide. It's a type of herbicide used to control weed growth in crops such as rice. Propanil works by inhibiting the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which is essential for the production of chlorophyll in plants. This leads to the death of the plant cells and ultimately the death of the weed.

However, it's important to note that exposure to propanil can have harmful effects on humans and other animals. It can cause skin and eye irritation, and prolonged or repeated exposure can lead to more serious health problems such as damage to the nervous system and internal organs. Therefore, it is essential to follow proper safety precautions when handling this chemical.

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Mixed Function Oxygenases (MFOs) are a type of enzyme that catalyze the addition of one atom each from molecular oxygen (O2) to a substrate, while reducing the other oxygen atom to water. These enzymes play a crucial role in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds, including drugs, carcinogens, and environmental pollutants.

MFOs are primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells and consist of two subunits: a flavoprotein component that contains FAD or FMN as a cofactor, and an iron-containing heme protein. The most well-known example of MFO is cytochrome P450, which is involved in the oxidation of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds such as steroids, fatty acids, and vitamins.

MFOs can catalyze a variety of reactions, including hydroxylation, epoxidation, dealkylation, and deamination, among others. These reactions often lead to the activation or detoxification of xenobiotics, making MFOs an important component of the body's defense system against foreign substances. However, in some cases, these reactions can also produce reactive intermediates that may cause toxicity or contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer.

Ethylmorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid drug, which is derived from morphine and ethanol. It is also known as dionine or 3-ethylmorphine. Ethylmorphine has analgesic (pain-relieving) and cough suppressant properties. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which reduces the perception of pain and decreases the cough reflex.

Ethylmorphine is used as a prescription medication for the treatment of moderate to severe pain and as an antitussive (cough suppressant) in some countries. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and solutions for oral administration.

Like other opioids, ethylmorphine can produce side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and respiratory depression. It also has a potential for abuse and addiction, and its use should be monitored closely by a healthcare provider.

In the field of organic chemistry, imines are a class of compounds that contain a functional group with the general structure =CR-NR', where C=R and R' can be either alkyl or aryl groups. Imines are also commonly referred to as Schiff bases. They are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a primary amine, resulting in the loss of a molecule of water.

It is important to note that imines do not have a direct medical application, but they can be used as intermediates in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and bioactive compounds. Additionally, some imines have been found to exhibit biological activity, such as antimicrobial or anticancer properties. However, these are areas of ongoing research and development.

I'm sorry for the confusion, but "Palladium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. It's used in various applications, including jewelry, dental work, electronics, and chemical reactions. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.

There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.

Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.

"Oxidative coupling" is not a widely recognized medical term, but it does have applications in the field of biochemistry and pharmacology. It generally refers to a chemical reaction between two molecules where one or both of them undergo oxidation, leading to the formation of a new covalent bond between them.

In a biological context, "oxidative coupling" can refer to enzymatic reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as part of their function. For example, in the electron transport chain during cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation results in the production of ATP, but also generates superoxide radicals as byproducts. These ROS can then undergo further oxidative coupling reactions to form other types of reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide or hydroxyl radicals.

In some cases, these oxidative coupling reactions may contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, in other contexts, oxidative coupling reactions may play important roles in cellular signaling pathways or in the detoxification of harmful substances.

Overall, while "oxidative coupling" is not a medical term per se, it does have relevance to various physiological and pathophysiological processes that are of interest to medical researchers and healthcare professionals.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Oxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of many natural products, as well as the detoxification and degradation of xenobiotics (foreign substances).

There are two main types of oxygenases: monooxygenases and dioxygenases. Monooxygenases introduce one atom of molecular oxygen into a substrate while reducing the other to water. An example of this type of enzyme is cytochrome P450, which is involved in drug metabolism and steroid hormone synthesis. Dioxygenases, on the other hand, incorporate both atoms of molecular oxygen into their substrates, often leading to the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds or the cleavage of existing ones.

It's important to note that while oxygenases are essential for many life-sustaining processes, they can also contribute to the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) during normal cellular metabolism. An imbalance in ROS levels can lead to oxidative stress and damage to cells and tissues, which has been linked to various diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular disease.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon-containing compounds, their synthesis, reactions, properties, and structures. These compounds can include both naturally occurring substances (such as sugars, proteins, and nucleic acids) and synthetic materials (such as plastics, dyes, and pharmaceuticals). A key characteristic of organic molecules is the presence of covalent bonds between carbon atoms or between carbon and other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The field of organic chemistry has played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of chemical processes and has led to numerous technological and medical innovations.

'Acinetobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, including water, soil, and healthcare settings. They are known for their ability to survive in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels, as well as their resistance to many antibiotics.

Some species of Acinetobacter can cause healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients who are hospitalized, have weakened immune systems, or have been exposed to medical devices such as ventilators or catheters. These infections can include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and meningitis.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common species associated with human infection and is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, making it a significant public health concern. Infections caused by Acinetobacter can be difficult to treat and may require the use of last-resort antibiotics.

Preventing the spread of Acinetobacter in healthcare settings is important and includes practices such as hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and contact precautions for patients with known or suspected infection.

Hydroxylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a molecule, typically a steroid or xenobiotic compound. This process is primarily catalyzed by enzymes called hydroxylases, which are found in various tissues throughout the body.

In the context of medicine and biochemistry, hydroxylation can have several important functions:

1. Drug metabolism: Hydroxylation is a common way that the liver metabolizes drugs and other xenobiotic compounds. By adding a hydroxyl group to a drug molecule, it becomes more polar and water-soluble, which facilitates its excretion from the body.
2. Steroid hormone biosynthesis: Hydroxylation is an essential step in the biosynthesis of many steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through a series of enzymatic reactions that involve hydroxylation at various steps.
3. Vitamin D activation: Hydroxylation is also necessary for the activation of vitamin D in the body. In order to become biologically active, vitamin D must undergo two successive hydroxylations, first in the liver and then in the kidneys.
4. Toxin degradation: Some toxic compounds can be rendered less harmful through hydroxylation. For example, phenol, a toxic compound found in cigarette smoke and some industrial chemicals, can be converted to a less toxic form through hydroxylation by enzymes in the liver.

Overall, hydroxylation is an important biochemical process that plays a critical role in various physiological functions, including drug metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and toxin degradation.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rubber" is not a medical term, but rather a common term used to describe a type of material that is elastic and can be stretched or deformed and then return to its original shape when the force is removed. It is often made from the sap of rubber trees or synthetically.

However, in a medical context, "rubber" might refer to certain medical devices or supplies made from rubber materials, such as rubber gloves used for medical examinations or procedures, or rubber stoppers used in laboratory equipment. But there is no medical definition specifically associated with the term 'Rubber' itself.

Acetone is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3)2CO. It is the simplest and smallest ketone, and its molecules consist of a carbonyl group linked to two methyl groups. Acetone occurs naturally in the human body and is produced as a byproduct of normal metabolic processes, particularly during fat burning.

In clinical settings, acetone can be measured in breath or blood to assess metabolic status, such as in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, where an excess production of acetone and other ketones occurs due to insulin deficiency and high levels of fatty acid breakdown. High concentrations of acetone can lead to a sweet, fruity odor on the breath, often described as "fruity acetone" or "acetone breath."

O-Aminoazotoluene is not typically defined in a medical context, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in the manufacturing of dyes and pigments. It is also known as Orange I and has the molecular formula C7H9N3O.

In terms of its potential health effects, o-Aminoazotoluene can be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or if it comes into contact with the skin. It may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Long-term exposure has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly bladder cancer. However, its use in consumer products is limited due to these potential health hazards.

It's important to note that medical professionals typically do not use this term in a clinical setting, and any concerns about exposure to this chemical should be directed to a healthcare provider or poison control center for further evaluation and guidance.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Cyclization is a chemical process that involves forming a cyclic structure or ring-shaped molecule from a linear or open-chain compound. In the context of medicinal chemistry and drug design, cyclization reactions are often used to synthesize complex molecules, including drugs, by creating rings or fused ring systems within the molecule's structure.

Cyclization can occur through various mechanisms, such as intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, or radical reactions. The resulting cyclized compounds may exhibit different chemical and biological properties compared to their linear precursors, making them valuable targets for drug discovery and development.

In some cases, the cyclization process can lead to the formation of stereocenters within the molecule, which can impact its three-dimensional shape and how it interacts with biological targets. Therefore, controlling the stereochemistry during cyclization reactions is crucial in medicinal chemistry to optimize the desired biological activity.

Overall, cyclization plays a significant role in the design and synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, enabling the creation of complex structures that can interact specifically with biological targets for therapeutic purposes.

Biotransformation is the metabolic modification of a chemical compound, typically a xenobiotic (a foreign chemical substance found within an living organism), by a biological system. This process often involves enzymatic conversion of the parent compound to one or more metabolites, which may be more or less active, toxic, or mutagenic than the original substance.

In the context of pharmacology and toxicology, biotransformation is an important aspect of drug metabolism and elimination from the body. The liver is the primary site of biotransformation, but other organs such as the kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract can also play a role.

Biotransformation can occur in two phases: phase I reactions involve functionalization of the parent compound through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, while phase II reactions involve conjugation of the metabolite with endogenous molecules such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, or acetate to increase its water solubility and facilitate excretion.

Quinacrine Mustard is not a recognized or established medical term. However, I can provide you with information about its individual components:

1. Quinacrine: Quinacrine is an antimalarial and anti-inflammatory drug that was used in the past to treat various conditions such as amoebic dysentery, giardiasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. It belongs to a class of compounds called acridines. Quinacrine has been largely replaced by other medications due to its side effects, which can include nausea, vomiting, and potential neuropsychiatric symptoms.

2. Mustard: In the context of medical terminology, "mustard" usually refers to a class of chemical warfare agents known as nitrogen mustards. These are highly reactive alkylating agents that can interact with DNA and other cellular components, leading to damage and cell death. They have been used in chemotherapy for various types of cancer due to their ability to inhibit the growth of rapidly dividing cells.

Quinacrine Mustard is not a standard or recognized medical term; therefore, it's difficult to provide an accurate definition without more context. It may refer to a chemical compound derived from quinacrine and mustard gas, but there is no established medical use or definition for this term.

Reduction of this nitro compound affords the aniline. Sulfonation with oleum gives 4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic ... The compound features both amine and methoxy functional groups. It is used as an intermediate in preparation of dyes and ... The compound is obtained in several steps from 4-chlorotoluene. Nitration gives mainly 3-nitro-4-chlorotoluene, which reacts ... para-Cresidine is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H3(CH3)NH2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic ...
Notable examples include: The production of aniline compounds. General oxidizing agent. Victor Meyer type nucleophilic ... Silver nitrite is an inorganic compound with the formula AgNO2. Silver nitrite has many applications. ... substitution reactions with organobromides or organoiodides forming nitro compounds. Nitroalkene synthesis with nitryl iodide ...
Aniline derivatives are converted to a diazo compounds. Baudisch, O. (1940). "A New Chemical Reaction with the Nitrosyl Radical ...
... bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds; and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene. ...
The resulting nitro compound is reduced to the aniline. Trimethylaniline is a building block to a variety of bulky ligands. ... 2,4,6-Trimethylaniline is an organic compound with formula (CH3)3C6H2NH2. It is an aromatic amine that is of commercial ... N-heterocyclic carbenes, as found in 2nd generation Grubbs' catalyst, are also prepared from this compound. Gerald Booth (2007 ... "Nitro Compounds, Aromatic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_411. ...
Aniline 5 is converted to compound 6, in three steps; conversion to an ortho-aminothiol through the Herz-reaction (aniline 5 ... In a last step the nitrile is hydrolysed resulting in 6. This compound is converted to 7 via a ring-closing reaction and ... The compound, (thioindoxyl, 7) is an important intermediate in the organic synthesis of some dyes. Condensation with ... The Herz reaction, named after the chemist Richard Herz, is the chemical conversion of an aniline-derivative (1) to a so-called ...
The coupler compounds (couplers) are meta-substituted derivatives of aniline. They come in three major classes based on the ... 2) Reaction of this diimine with a coupler compound (more detail below). 3) Oxidation of the resulting compound to give the ... These compounds produce broad-band absorption when they react to form dyes, allowing for more natural-looking hair colors. The ... Semi-permanent hair color uses compounds of lower molecular weight than are found in temporary hair color dyes. These dyes are ...
The three compounds seriously discussed are ethylene, aniline, and dinitrophenol. Even at low levels, these organic chemical ... This phenomenon cuts off entry of carbon dioxide, thereby making the plant rely on stored compounds like sugar. If the heat ... Organic Air Pollutants: this subsection focuses on organic compounds. ... compounds have caused: abnormal dropping of foliage, twisted foliage, and killing of seedlings. This was proposed by Fritz Führ ...
Anilines, Trifluoromethyl compounds, All stub articles, Aromatic compound stubs). ... 3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline is an organic compound with the formula CF3C6H4NH2. It is one of three isomers of ...
Aniline is an organic compound with the formula C 6H 5NH 2. Aniline (data page) Aniline may also refer to: Mauveine (also known ... as aniline dye), the first synthetic organic dye Aniline leather, leather treated with aniline as a dye Aniline Yellow, a ... a mixture of methyl blue and water blue Aniline point, the temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and diesel oil are ... Look up aniline in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... yellow azo dye and an aromatic amine Aniline Blue WS, ...
... is the organic compound with the formula C6H5N(SO2CF3)2. It is a white solid. The compound ...
N,N-Dimethylaniline (DMA) is an organic chemical compound, a substituted derivative of aniline. It consists of a tertiary amine ... DMA is also used as a precursor to other organic compounds. A study of the in vitro metabolism of N,N-dimethylaniline using ... 2007) "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons: New York. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_303 ... DMA was first reported in 1850 by the German chemist A. W. Hofmann, who prepared it by heating aniline and iodomethane: C6H5NH2 ...
The reaction of the diazonium compound derived from aniline with hypophosphorus acid gives benzene. Alkyne trimerisation of ... He gave the compound the name benzin. In 1836, the French chemist Auguste Laurent named the substance "phène"; this word has ... Many important chemical compounds are derived from benzene by replacing one or more of its hydrogen atoms with another ... The aromatic compounds. Benzene.), pp. 125-129. Archived 2020-03-10 at the Wayback Machine See further: Thiele (1901) "Zur ...
Aromatic nitriles are often prepared in the laboratory from the aniline via diazonium compounds. This is the Sandmeyer reaction ... In organic chemistry, a nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group. The name of the compound is composed ... Organic compounds containing multiple nitrile groups are known as cyanocarbons. Inorganic compounds containing the −C≡N group ... The first compound of the homolog row of nitriles, the nitrile of formic acid, hydrogen cyanide was first synthesized by C. W. ...
Aniline absorbs in the K (220 - 250 nm) and the B (250 - 290 nm) bands exhibited by benzenoid compounds. The K and B bands ... See also: m-xylene (data page) p-xylene (data page) Aniline is a benzenoid compound. The NH2 group attached to the benzene ring ... When dissolved in ethanol, λmax for aniline is 230 nm, but in dilute aqueous acid λmax is 203 nm. In the latter case the ... This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. ...
The compound is obtained by azo coupling of aniline and acetoacetanilide or their derivatives. The class of compounds was ... Arylide yellow, also known as Hansa yellow and monoazo yellow, is a family of organic compounds used as pigments. They are ... and aniline (acetoacetanilide precursor) to produce medium yellows. Pigment Yellow 3 (CAS# 6486-23-3), derived from 4-chloro-2- ...
... is the organic compound N,N-diethyl-p-(phenylazo)aniline. It is an azo dye, which has the appearance of a ... and to Aniline Yellow. It is used to dye hydrocarbon solvents, oils, fats, waxes (candles), notably petrol, mineral oil and ...
Chemically, it is an organic compound consisting of an aniline derivatized with a sulfonamide group. Powdered sulfanilamide was ...
The chemistry of aniline is rich because the compound has been cheaply available for many years. Below are some classes of its ... In commerce, three brands of aniline are distinguished: aniline oil for blue, which is pure aniline; aniline oil for red, a ... Aniline is a weak base. Aromatic amines such as aniline are, in general, much weaker bases than aliphatic amines. Aniline ... Aniline (from Portuguese anil 'indigo shrub', and -ine indicating a derived substance) is an organic compound with the formula ...
The compound is a derivative of aniline, consisting of an amine bound to two phenyl groups. The compound is a colorless solid, ... Diphenylamine was discovered by A. W. Hofmann in 1864 amongst the products of dry distillation of aniline dyes; it was first ... T. Kahl, K.-W. Schröder, F. R. Lawrence, W. J. Marshall, Hartmut Höke, Rudolf Jäckh, "Aniline" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of ... Diphenylamine is manufactured by the thermal deamination of aniline over oxide catalysts: 2 C6H5NH2 → (C6H5)2NH + NH3 It is a ...
D. tsuruhatensis can degrade phenolic compounds and aniline, which are often pollutants of soil and water. D. tsuruhatensis can ... "Degradation of Aniline by Delftia tsuruhatensis 14S in Batch and Continuous Processes". Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology. ...
... is an aromatic organic chemical in the glycidyl compound family. It is used to reduce the viscosity of epoxy ... N-diglycidylaniline with aniline and substituted anilines". Polymer. 33 (11): 2392-2401. doi:10.1016/0032-3861(92)90533-3. ISSN ... This diglycidyl compound being basic and nitrogen based, does not need this type of catalyst. One of the quality control tests ... It has the empirical formula C12H15NO2 and the IUPAC name is N,N-bis(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)aniline. The CAS number is 2095-06-9. It ...
Polymerization of substituted anilines, phenols, and heterocyclic compounds by peroxidase in organic solvents. Columbus, Ohio: ... On the other hand, for an enzyme such as cytochrome c peroxidase, the compounds that donate electrons are very specific, due to ... Other studies have shown that peroxidases may be used successfully to polymerize anilines and phenols in organic solvent ... For example, horseradish peroxidase can use a variety of organic compounds as electron donors and acceptors. Horseradish ...
... is the organic compound with the formula C6H5N(Et)(CH2CH2Cl) (Et = ethyl). It is a low-melting ... The compound is a precursor to several cationic azo dyes via reaction of the chloroethyl group with tertiary amines or pyridine ...
Schomaker, Jennifer M (1998). Synthesis of aniline derivatives of 2,4,6-trihalopyrimidines: compounds with potential biological ... Her master's research involved the synthesis of aniline derivatives of trihalopyrimidines. She completed her master's research ...
... is a compound where an aniline molecule is substituted with a bromine atom on the para position. Commercially ... 4-bromoaniline can be made by reacting aniline with bromine with a protection with acetyl chloride. 4-Bromoaniline, Chemblink. ... available, this compound may be used as a building block, e.g. in the preparation of p-bromobiphenyl via the Gomberg-Bachmann ...
... (1,2-diphenylhydrazine) is an aromatic organic compound consisting of two aniline groups joined via their ...
... is a mild methylating agent, useful for dimethylation of anilines and related heterocyclic compounds. The ... It has some specialized uses in the production of other compounds. Trimethyl phosphate is prepared by treating phosphorus ... 5, p. 1085 J. Svara, N. Weferling, T. Hofmann "Phosphorus Compounds, Organic" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ...
The Doebner-Miller reaction is the organic reaction of an aniline with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to form quinolines. ... Bergström, F. W. (1944). "Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds. Part IIA. Hexacyclic Compounds: Pyridine, Quinoline, and ... β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is prepared in situ from two carbonyl compounds (via an Aldol condensation), the reaction is ... elimination of one aniline molecule through 8 and rearomatization leads to final product 9. Because α-amino protons are not ...
Electron-rich aromatic compounds, such as phenols, anilines, and various aromatic heterocycles, can be brominated using NBS. ... Side reactions include the formation of α-bromoketones and dibromo compounds. These can be minimized by the use of freshly ... 6, p. 190 Stotter, P. L.; Hill, K. A. (1973). "α-Halocarbonyl compounds. II. Position-specific preparation of α-bromoketones by ... 10, p. 128 Djerassi, Carl (1948). "Brominations with N-Bromosuccinimide and Related Compounds. The Wohl-Ziegler Reaction". Chem ...
Aniline Compounds * Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use* * Bevacizumab / therapeutic use* * ...
Aniline Compounds * Carbon Radioisotopes * Cerebral Cortex / chemistry * Cerebral Cortex / diagnostic imaging* * Cerebral ...
Reduction of this nitro compound affords the aniline. Sulfonation with oleum gives 4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic ... The compound features both amine and methoxy functional groups. It is used as an intermediate in preparation of dyes and ... The compound is obtained in several steps from 4-chlorotoluene. Nitration gives mainly 3-nitro-4-chlorotoluene, which reacts ... para-Cresidine is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H3(CH3)NH2. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic ...
Electron-rich aniline compound; Ghost peak; In reversed-phase liquid chromatography; Mechanism and solution ... Two "ghost peaks" appeared in the process of developing an impurities analytical method for an electron-rich aniline compound ... The coupling reaction of electron-rich aniline compounds can be induced by partial or complete dissociation of the silanol ... "Ghost peaks" in reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of an electron-rich aniline compound: Mechanism and solution ...
CI: Copyright (c) 2016; JID: 9318488; 0 (Aniline Compounds); 0 (Esters); 0 (Ionic Liquids); 0 (Nanotubes, Carbon); 0 (Water ... Among 11 BADGEs and NOGEs determined, BADGE.2H2O was the predominant compound found in indoor air (detection rate [DR]: 85.5 ... and to calculate inhalation exposure to these compounds. Among eight bisphenols measured, BPA, BPF, and BPS were found in bulk ... and then was doped in PANI during the electropolymerization of aniline. The resulting coating was characterized by infrared ...
Aniline Compounds. *Aminophenols. *Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates. *Benzenaminium, 4,4-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl- ... A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid ...
Categories: Aniline Compounds Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 4 ...
3.6.1 Any compound with the same general retention time as the analytes and which also gives a detector response is a potential ... Formaldehyde reacts with nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid and aniline, or peroxyformic acid to yield explosive ... Reaction of formaldehyde with nitrogen dioxide, nitromethane, perchloric acid and aniline, or peroxyformic acid yields ... which reacts with formaldehyde vapor to form a stable oxazolidine compound. The acrolein sampling tubes contain XAD-2 adsorbent ...
The chemical changes involved in the formation of aminoazo compounds, Part II, Aniline nitrite Vol 66, Iss 2, Page 453 ... The chemical changes involved in the formation of aminoazo compounds, Part I Vol 66, Iss 1, Page 157 ...
The chemical changes involved in the formation of aminoazo compounds, Part II, Aniline nitrite Vol 66, Iss 2, Page 453 ... The chemical changes involved in the formation of aminoazo compounds, Part I Vol 66, Iss 1, Page 157 ...
Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. Consisting of an amine attached to a ... Aniline is colorless, but it slowly oxidizes and resinifies in air, giving a red-brown tint to aged samples. ... ANILINE. Find entries where: ANL. is present as a standalone ligand in 7 entries ... benzene ring, aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine. Being a precursor to many industrial chemicals, its main use is in ...
Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aniline and substituted anilines. These are organic compounds containing an ... belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aniline and substituted anilines. These are organic compounds containing an ... Aminoglutethimide is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Aminoglutethimide is a potentially toxic compound. A ... It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Most active in ...
Polarizabilities and Orientational Order Parameter in N-(p-n-Ethoxybenzylidene)- p-n-Alkoxy Anilines, 2O.Om LC Compounds ( ...
NIOSH-Author; Carcinogens; Anilines; Chlorine-compounds; Amines; Protein-biochemistry; Oxidative-phosphorylation; Arylamines ...
Inorganic compounds; Mohrs salt, potash alum.. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform ... UNIT 17: CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS. Introduction to coordination compounds. Werners theory; ligands, coordination number, ... UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS. General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; ... UNIT 24: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN. General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.. Amines: ...
Members of the benzothiazole aniline (BTA) family of compounds are characterized as a class of small molecules that have shown ... A Tetra(Ethylene Glycol) Derivative of Benzothiazole Aniline Enhances Ras-Mediated Spinogenesis. Andrea Megill, Taehee Lee, ... The tetra(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline, BTA-EG4, is a novel amyloid-binding small molecule that can ... While the effects of BTA compounds on AD pathogenesis are areas of active investigation, it is also pertinent to understand ...
The first one relied on the consecutive condensation of anilines with nitroso compounds, Baeyer-Mills reactions [13]. With a ... the photochemical properties of such compounds have not been studied yet. Going one step further, this type of compounds could ... Compound 15 (1.80 g, 4.19 mmol, 1.00 equiv), tert-butyl 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazine-1-carboxylate (1.04 g, 4.36 mmol, 1.04 ... As target compounds, tris(arylazo)benzenes (Figure 1) with an electron-neutral, electron-donating, and electron-poor (3a), or ...
The sticky compound Perkin obtained contained no quinine, so he turned to investigate the simpler related compound, aniline. A ... Synthesis of carbon compounds. Carbon compounds. simply was not attempted. Considerable amounts of data had accumulated showing ... Friedrich Wöhler found that it was possible to synthesize the clearly organic compound urea from clearly mineral compounds. The ... Carbon compounds did not fit easily into the well-established electrical picture of rocks, metals, and salts. Researchers ...
Ever wonder how they get their extra waxy texture and shine? The glossy look is the result of a compound derivative of aniline ... These food preservatives are mixtures of organic compounds, and they make some experts nervous. "BHA and BHT helps prevent ...
Certain phenylpropanoid compounds are polymerized to form defensive barriers, such as lignin, which is a crucial component of ... In accordance with these findings, the results obtained here with aniline blue staining showed a progressive thickening of the ... Nicholson, R. L., and Hammerschmidt, R. (1992). Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol ... indicating an accumulation of phenolic compounds. Thickness of lignin layer (Figure 8E) was measured using Leica LAS EZ V3.0.0 ...
... of some phenolic and anilines compounds. AOAS 2013;58(2):173-81. ... Compound No.. % RSA. IC50. (mg/ml). 2.0 mg/ml. 1.0 mg/ml. 0.5 ... Compound Ib with ethyl chain has lesser inductive effect and so follows the above two compounds. The other two compounds were ... compounds. Most effective was the compound with phenoxymethyl substitution (IVb). Out of aliphatic substituted compounds, the ... The compounds were further tested for MIC values (Figure 2C). None of the compounds were found to be as active as standard ...
Definition of Market/Industry: Aniline is an organic chemical compound that consists of a phenyl group attached to an ami... ... Aniline Market, By Application (MDI, Others), By End Uses (Insulation, Rubber Products, Consumer Goods, Automotive, Packaging, ... The global biodegradable plastic market size was valued at US$ 2.23 Billion in 2022 and is anticipated to witness a compound ... Polymers are synthetic long-chain compounds that act as the basic building blocks of the chemical industry. These are mainly ...
... aromatic compounds (benzol, toluene, xylene, aniline, etc.), arsenic compounds, carbon bisulphide, carbon dioxide, carbon ... halogenated compounds, NEC (trichlorethylene, perchlorethylene, methyl chloride, refrigerants, metallic compounds, NEC (lead, ... Chemicals, chemical compounds 39 11. Coal and petroleum products 18 14. Drugs and medicines 13 18. Food products 19 20. Glass ... 51 Soaps, detergents, cleaning compounds, NEC 52 Silica 53 Scrap, debris and waste materials, NEC 54 Steam 55 Textile items, ...
These compounds have been used most extensively as intermediates in the synthesis of aniline dyes; they are used also as ... Monomethyl aniline. 100-61-8. MA, (Methylamino)benzene, Methylphenylamine, N-Phenylmethylamine. Aromatic Amines. N- ... Dermal exposure was a more frequent route of toxicity than inhalation with these compounds. (Ellenhorn, M.J. and D.G. ... work-related episodes of methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia have been due to exposure to aromatic nitro and amino compounds ...
Inhale or handle nitrogen compounds that can induce methemoglobinemia* *Work in confined space* *Work with toxic chemicals that ... aniline, TNT, nitroglycerin, toluidine, and nitrobenzene) and working in the explosive, dye, and rubber industries; [Mullan] ... Methemoglobinemia is a sentinel health event (occupational) associated with exposure to aromatic amines and nitro compounds ( ... methemoglobin-forming compounds cause denaturation of hemoglobin (Heinz bodies) followed by hemolytic anemia. It is not known ...
The oxidation of substituted phenols, anilines, and various related electron shuttle compounds (ranging from biogenic ... The summary should be essentially independent of the main text; however, names, partial names or linear formulae of compounds ... Oxidation potentials of phenols and anilines: correlation analysis of electrochemical and theoretical values ... metabolites of insensitive munitions compounds). Applications of our QSARs for oxidation by manganese oxide, or further ...
2,6-Dibromo-4-(Trifluoromethoxy) Aniline. 2-Bromovalerophenone CAS 49851-31-2 admin@senyi-ch. 2-Hydroxy-6-(Trifluoromethyl) ... The National Compound Collection. Theodore Gray. Thermo Fisher. Thieme Chemistry. Thomson Pharma. Tobi. Tobias Schulze. Tocris ... Screening Compounds. Building Stock. D-EXP014. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE). cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA). Estrogen ... Drugs or Compounds in Development (13). Imaging Agents (3). Information Aggregators (28). Journal Publishers via MeSH (65). ...
... diamines and cyclic organic nitrogen compounds, shown together with the molecular structure of the acids. ... Aniline. 6. 7. 1. 4.61. 93.13. -6. 184. 1.025. Amine. Cyclohexylamine. 6. 13. 1. 10.66. 99.17. -18. 134. 0.819. ... Compound name. Common name. #C. #H. #N. pKa1 of the conjugate acid BH+. pKa2 of the conjugate acid BH22+. Mole. weight g/mol. ... Naming of Organic Compounds Nomenclature rules for different groups of organic compounds and functional groups, together with ...
... bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds, and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene ...
... aniline , C17H20N2O3 , CID 13333365 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, ...
  • Heterocyclic compounds are known to exhibit a variety of biological activities because of their resemblance to a number of naturally occurring metabolites. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Its utility lies in the capability of heterocyclic compounds to mimic the structure of peptides and to bind reversibly to proteins [ 1 - 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • They are used as a precursor in the synthesis of HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS and POLYMERS . (nih.gov)
  • It is reported that the compounds bearing O-H bonds behave as antioxidants but along with them, amines having N-H bond functions as the antioxidant, which have attracted much research attention because cyclic amines have always been the central structure in many currently used drugs [ 11 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Values for the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant, pKa, of the conjugated acid of amines, diamines and cyclic organic nitrogen compounds, shown together with the molecular structure of the acids. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) is pleased to announce that the IARC Monographs volume on some aromatic amines and related compounds is now available online. (who.int)
  • The compound features both amine and methoxy functional groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • The MWCNTs was firstly functionalized with amine-terminated IL (MWCNT@IL) through chemical reduction, and then was doped in PANI during the electropolymerization of aniline. (who.int)
  • Consisting of an amine attached to a benzene ring, aniline is the prototypical aromatic amine. (rcsb.org)
  • The (2S,5S)-5-benzyl-2-tert-butylimidazolidinone amine catalyst has been found to mediate the conjugate addition of a wide variety of substituted and unsubstituted anilines to unsaturated aldehydes. (princeton.edu)
  • A Chan-Lam coupling reaction of benzylic and allylic boronic esters with primary and secondary anilines provides valuable alkyl amine products. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • These are organic compounds containing a benzenesulfonamide moiety with an amine group attached to the benzene ring. (drugbank.com)
  • This is particularly true for occupational disease, where cancer among chimney sweeps in 18th century London, osteosarcoma among female watch dial painters in the 20th century, skin cancer in farmers, bladder cancer in dye workers exposed to aniline compounds, and leukemia and lymphoma in chemical workers exposed to benzene are all examples of clusters. (emfs.info)
  • Most of the nitrobenzene produced in the United States is used to manufacture a chemical called aniline. (cdc.gov)
  • Benzanilide/Phenyl benzoate/Acetanilide from Aniline/ Phenol /Aniline by acylation reaction. (amrita.edu)
  • 1-Phenyl azo-2-napthol from Aniline by diazotization and coupling reactions. (amrita.edu)
  • To understand the mechanism(s) of aniline-induced splenic toxicity, single and multiple (four and seven) doses of 1 mmol/kg of aniline hydrochloride(AH) were given in rats. (utmb.edu)
  • ortho -anisidine and ortho -anisidine hydrochloride, ortho -nitroanisole, aniline and aniline hydrochloride, and cupferron. (who.int)
  • Both secondary and tertiary boronic esters can be used as coupling partners, with mono-alkylation of the aniline occurring selectively. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Various biologically active synthetic compounds have five membered nitrogen containing ring as the core pharmacophore [ 5 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • See also boiling and melting point of different kinds of organic compounds , boiling and melting point of organic nitrogen compounds , pKa of phenols, alcohols and carboxylic acids and pKa of inorganic acids and bases , as well as acid and base pH indicators and Acid-base properties of aqueous solutions of salts with ions from both acids and bases . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • In the fourth compound that is piperidin-2-one, there is electron withdrawing carbonyl group present on carbon atom next to nitrogen. (topperlearning.com)
  • other decomposition products include nitrogen oxides and chlorine compounds. (medscape.com)
  • Reduction of this nitro compound affords the aniline. (wikipedia.org)
  • A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. (hmdb.ca)
  • The compounds with electron donating substituents were found to be better antioxidants with IIIa to be most effective. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Polymers are synthetic long-chain compounds that act as the basic building blocks of the chemical industry. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • The aniline point is a physical characteristic of hydrocarbon compounds, such as oils, and refers to the minimum temperature at which the hydrocarbon and the same amount of the compound aniline (C 5 H 5 NH 2 ) are perfectly miscible. (allthescience.org)
  • The result of a test, called the aniline test, gives chemists this information about a hydrocarbon, including certain details about its composition, such as the relative content of aromatic chemicals and various paraffins. (allthescience.org)
  • The test for finding the aniline point of a given oil or other hydrocarbon, such as a petroleum distillate, is relatively simple. (allthescience.org)
  • Aniline, phenylamine or aminobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2. (rcsb.org)
  • These are organic compounds containing an aminobenzene moiety. (hmdb.ca)
  • Indoles also present in naturally occurring compounds like dimethyltryptamine (hallucinogen), tryptophan (amino acid) and melatonin [ 16 ] (antioxidant as free radical scavenger). (ijpsonline.com)
  • Aniline compounds that contain two amino groups. (nih.gov)
  • This compound group is defined by a substructure search of PubChem the SMILES/SMARTS string "C1(=C(C(=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)[OD1] plus C1(=C(C(=C(C(=C1Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)Cl)[O]C(C)=O". The setting "Remove any explicit hydrogens before searching" was deselected from each substructure search. (pharosproject.net)
  • This compound group is defined by the SMILES/SMARTS string "C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)O)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F" and populated from a substructure search of PubChem. (pharosproject.net)
  • The tetra(ethylene glycol) derivative of benzothiazole aniline, BTA-EG 4 , is a novel amyloid-binding small molecule that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and protect cells from Aβ-induced toxicity. (jneurosci.org)
  • Ghost peaks' in reversed-phase liquid chromatography separation of an electron-rich aniline compound: Mechanism and solution for this phenomenon. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two "ghost peaks" appeared in the process of developing an impurities analytical method for an electron -rich aniline compound by RP- HPLC . (bvsalud.org)
  • The coupling reaction of electron -rich aniline compounds can be induced by partial or complete dissociation of the silanol group to Si-O-in the stationary phase of a reversed-phase chromatographic column under neutral and basic conditions of the mobile phase. (bvsalud.org)
  • Compound groups are useful because in some cases, lists will instead identify a group of structurally similar compounds (such as lead compounds) as all having the same hazard. (pharosproject.net)
  • IARC Monograph 87 in 2006 classified inorganic lead compounds are probably carcinogenic to humans based on sufficient evidence in animals and limited evidence in humans. (who.int)
  • The Pd-catalyzed route efficiently led to the target compounds, unsymmetrical tris(arylazo)benzenes. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • An example of such compounds are 1,3,5-tris(arylazo)benzenes - 'starazos' - introduced by Cho and co-workers in 2004 ( Figure 1 ) [10] . (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Methemoglobinemia secondary to aniline exposure. (omeka.net)
  • para-Cresidine is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H3(CH3)NH2. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler found that it was possible to synthesize the clearly organic compound urea from clearly mineral compounds. (wikisummaries.org)
  • ATSDR Case Studies: Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity] In some cases, methemoglobin-forming compounds cause denaturation of hemoglobin (Heinz bodies) followed by hemolytic anemia. (haz-map.com)
  • Aniline-induced splenic toxicity is characterized by hemorrhage, capsular hyperplasia, fibrosis, and a variety of sarcomas in rats. (utmb.edu)
  • These studies establish that aniline induces lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the spleen and suggest that oxidative stress plays a role in the splenic toxicity of aniline. (utmb.edu)
  • The concept of "vitalism" began to fade as more chemists reported the successful preparation of compounds previously isolated only from plants or animals. (wikisummaries.org)
  • Light, comfortable, perfect for most health care applications giving exceptional protection against odors and VOCs (volatile organic compounds - see Link below). (buyactivatedcharcoal.com)
  • Despite their successful synthesis, using Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl halides and arylhydrazides [11] followed by Cu(I)-mediated oxidation, the photochemical properties of such compounds have not been studied yet. (beilstein-journals.org)
  • Synthesis of carbon compounds Carbon compounds simply was not attempted. (wikisummaries.org)
  • since then, use of other indium compounds [e.g., indium tin oxide (ITO), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)] has burgeoned. (who.int)
  • Heterocyclic chemistry forms an integral part of synthetic chemistry and has been a source of a number of bioactive compounds. (ijpsonline.com)
  • To a synthetic chemist, it provides an opportunity to synthesize a library of compounds based on a core scaffold and to screen the derivatives for various biological activities. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Resins are both synthetic and natural organic compounds, comprising of mainly viscous and non-crystalline liquids. (coherentmarketinsights.com)
  • Furthermore, the hydroxylated products can readily be converted into vicinal tricarbonyl compounds, which are useful synthetic precursors. (organic-chemistry.org)
  • Compound groups are groups of chemicals that share structural or chemical features. (pharosproject.net)
  • Aminoglutethimide is a strong basic compound (based on its pKa). (hmdb.ca)
  • Thus, the most basic compound among given options is 4-methyl piperidine. (topperlearning.com)
  • 1993. The effects of nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds on human health: a review. (cdc.gov)
  • It is known to undergo violent reactions with aniline, 3-bromopropyne, sodium hydroxide/alcohol solutions, sodium methoxide, and propargyl bromide. (medscape.com)
  • Aminoglutethimide, also known as cytadren or orimeten, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aniline and substituted anilines. (hmdb.ca)
  • This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as aminobenzenesulfonamides. (drugbank.com)
  • Organic chemistry, which deals with the compounds of the element carbon and is associated with living matter, hardly existed. (wikisummaries.org)
  • By using reference materials for a pure sample of a given substance and comparing the aniline point of the pure sample to that of the test sample, a chemist can calculate the amount of aromatics in the test sample with a high degree of accuracy. (allthescience.org)
  • On the production of a blue substance by the electrolysis of sulphate of aniline. (stmjournals.com)
  • A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. (harvard.edu)
  • The table below indicates how each compound group is populated, and what is the status of its population. (pharosproject.net)
  • This compound group has not yet been assigned a structural definition. (pharosproject.net)
  • This compound group has not yet been formally defined. (pharosproject.net)
  • Coumarins are the parent organic compounds that work as natural pesticides in plants such as lavender, grasses like sweet clover and food plants like strawberries and lemons. (i-sis.org.uk)
  • The potential chemical behavior of this type of compound on the column was clearly revealed in the process of RP- HPLC separation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Members of the benzothiazole aniline (BTA) family of compounds are characterized as a class of small molecules that have shown great promise in preventing Aβ-protein interactions. (jneurosci.org)
  • Similar techniques and calculations can be used to determine the level of paraffin compounds that are present. (allthescience.org)
  • In the first study, patch testing identified aniline dye (orange II) present in facial powder as the cause of the pigmented contact dermatitis, whereas the second study emphasized that photosensitizing may play an addition role in the pigmentation. (medscape.com)
  • The Pharos staff is in the process of establishing and populating compound groups, and associating warnings from the hazard lists with them. (pharosproject.net)
  • A volume of the test liquid and an equal volume of aniline are placed together in a container, such as a test tube or other laboratory vessel, and slowly heated while being gently agitated. (allthescience.org)
  • The aniline point of a liquid will vary, depending upon the relative concentration of aromatic compounds dissolved in it. (allthescience.org)
  • The odor is a distinctive warning property of this liquid compound. (medscape.com)