By Michael S. Ritsner. This is the 1st finished two-volume assortment on anhedonia, a illness that performed an immense function in psychopathology theories firstly of the 20 th century. Anhedonia is a during which the skill of enjoyment is partly or thoroughly misplaced, and it refers to either a character trait, and a "state symptom" in numerous neuropsychiatric and actual issues. It has a putative neural substrate, originating within the dopaminergic mesolimbic and mesocortical present circuit. over the last 3 many years cognitive psychology and behavioral neuroscience have multiplied our knowing of anhedonia and different reward-related approaches. the purpose of this new two-volume assortment on anhedonia is to focus on the contributions of eminent scientists during this box in addition to to supply readers with finished debts of contemporary advancements as perceived through the authors. This monograph is split into 5 elements. quantity I includes components one and (Conceptual concerns ...

Reduced capacity to experience pleasure, also known as anhedonia, is a key feature of the depressive state and is associated with poor disease prognosis and treatment outcome. Various behavioral readouts (e.g., reduced sucrose intake) have been employed in animal models of depression as a measure of anhedonia. However, several aspects of anhedonia are poorly represented within the repertoire of current preclinical assessments. We recently adopted the social defeat-induced persistent stress (SDPS) paradigm that models a maintained depressive-like state in the rat, including social withdrawal and deficits in short-term spatial memory. Here we investigated whether SDPS elicited persistent deficits in natural reward evaluation, as part of anhedonia. We examined cue-paired operant sucrose self-administration, enabling us to study acquisition, motivation, extinction, and relapse to sucrose seeking following SDPS. Furthermore, we addressed whether guanfacine, an α2-adrenergic agonist that reduces stress

The inability to feel pleasure from any kind of activity that is normally enjoyed by the individual is present in many psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and depression. The Greeks named this symptom anhedonia. From music, eating, playing and even sex, anhedonia can cause those who have it to feel no pleasure from those activities.. The specific causes to anhedonia are unknown, but there has been a lot of ongoing research to diminish this symptom in most people with depression. According to Stanford scientist and doctor, Robert Malenka, MD, PhD, the feelings of anhedonia and depression are typically associated with being in a stress-inducing environment, and the hormone melanocortin is also associated with depression-related syndromes. Another Stanford scientist, Emily Ferenczi, links anhedonia and depression with the malfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is a part of the brain that mediates decision making, supports memory consolidation, and is now speculated to ...

The term anhedonia is derived from the Greek an-, "without" and hēdonē, "pleasure".[29] Interest in the nature of pleasure and its absence dates back to ancient Greek philosophers such as Epicurus.[7] The symptoms of anhedonia were introduced to the realm of psychopathology in 1809 by John Haslam, who characterized a patient suffering from schizophrenia as indifferent to "those objects and pursuits which formerly proved sources of delight and instruction.".[30] The concept was formally coined by Théodule-Armand Ribot and later used by psychiatrists Paul Eugen Bleuler and Emil Kraepelin to describe a core symptom of schizophrenia.[7] In particular, Rado postulated that schizotypes, or individuals with the schizophrenic phenotype, have two key genetic deficits, one related to the ability to feel pleasure (anhedonia) and one related to proprioception. In 1962 Meehl furthered Rados theory through the introduction of the concept of schizotaxia, a genetically-driven neural integrative defect ...

Human beings are social organisms with an intrinsic desire to seek and participate in social interactions. Social anhedonia is a personality trait characterized by a reduced desire for social affiliation and reduced pleasure derived from interpersonal interactions. Abnormally high levels of social anhedonia prospectively predict the development of schizophrenia and contribute to poorer outcomes for schizophrenia patients. Despite the strong association between social anhedonia and schizophrenia, the neural mechanisms that underlie individual differences in social anhedonia have not been studied and are thus poorly understood. Deficits in face emotion recognition are related to poorer social outcomes in schizophrenia, and it has been suggested that face emotion recognition deficits may be a behavioral marker for schizophrenia liability. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to see whether there are differences in the brain networks underlying basic face ...

Theory of mind (ToM), the ability to attribute and reason about the mental states of others, is a strong determinant of social functioning among individuals with schizophrenia. Identifying the neural bases of ToM and their relationship to social functioning may elucidate functionally relevant neurobiological targets for intervention. ToM ability may additionally account for other social phenomena that affect social functioning, such as social anhedonia (SocAnh). Given recent research in schizophrenia demonstrating improved neural functioning in response to increased use of cognitive skills, it is possible that SocAnh, which decreases ones opportunity to engage in ToM, could compromise social functioning through its deleterious effect on ToM-related neural circuitry. Here, twenty individuals with schizophrenia and 18 healthy controls underwent fMRI while performing the False-Belief Task. Aspects of social functioning were assessed using multiple methods including self-report (Interpersonal ...

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A chronic stress paradigm comprising exposure to predation, tail suspension and restraint induces a depressive syndrome in C57BL/6J mice that occurs in some, but not all, animals. Here, we sought to extend our behavioural studies to investigate how susceptibility (sucrose preference|65%) or resilience (sucrose preference|65%) to stress-induced anhedonia affects the 5HT system and the expression of inflammation-related genes. All chronically stressed animals, displayed increased level of anxiety, but susceptible mice exhibited an increased propensity to float in the forced swim test and demonstrate hyperactivity under stressful lighting conditions. These changes were not present in resilient or acutely stressed animals. Compared to resilient animals, susceptible mice showed elevated expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and the 5-HT transporter (SERT) in the pre-frontal area. Enhanced expression of 5HT(2A) and COX-1 in the pre-frontal area was observed in all stressed animals. In turn,

Major depressive disorder (MDD) during adolescence is a common and disabling psychiatric condition; yet, little is known about its neurobiological underpinning. Evidence indicates that MDD in adults involves alterations in white and gray matter; however, sparse research has focused on adolescent MDD. Similarly, little research has accounted for the wide variability of symptom severity among depressed teens. Here we aimed to investigate white matter (WM) microstructure between seventeen adolescents with MDD compared to sixteen matched healthy controls (HC) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We further assessed within the MDD group relationships between WM integrity and depression severity, as well as anhedonia and irritability-two core symptoms of adolescent MDD. As expected, adolescents with MDD manifested decreased WM integrity compared to HC in the anterior cingulum and anterior corona radiata. Within the MDD group, greater depression severity was correlated with reduced WM integrity in the genu of

I am experiencing difficulty experiencing pleasure. Little things that I used to like, such as, taking walks in the evening, looking at a nice view, eating dessert, are just much less intense. My sex drive is also greatly reduced. I want to know what to do about this. My history: I was depress

I am experiencing difficulty experiencing pleasure. Little things that I used to like, such as, taking walks in the evening, looking at a nice view, eating dessert, are just much less intense. My sex drive is also greatly reduced. I want to know what to do about this. My history: I was depress

Hi Im male 35 and have battled with low mood and anxiety most of my life. I had a big breakdown just over 2 years ago and have not been the same since. I have tried to battle the depression and anhedonia on my own without medication until now, I got prescribed Fluoxetine just over 2 weeks ago Im on day 16. My depression got so bad i started to consider suicide, I am also paying privately for therapy and I am signed off work sick. I am currently staying at my mothers house because i do not like to be alone This being my third week on flux I am really struggling. I have no appetite, insomnia and no energy. I constantly have gloomy thoughts about the past and the future. Suicide often makes sense but Im not going to act but I cant go on much longer. The depression and anhedonia seems worse but Im hoping i did the right thing by going on these tablets. I have spoken to my doctor and as i expected they said you just need to wait, and gave me the number of the crisis team and samaritans Any ...

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I have been om t bol for 7 days 20-30 mg taken pils every 24 hour , i decided to drop cycle and continue naturally Because i got depressed just by an idea that im doing steroids and they can permanently destroy my natural t , i have been of for over 30

I love that screenshot so much. The whole game is great, but that screenshot is like a terribly formatted but amazing haiku loaded with nostalgia and wistful joy and regret. The best kind of nostalgia!. ...

Since we have not found any direct mention of gender differences in treatment in the notes we have from Friends Asylums medical staff, this data is a way to understand the different medical experiences of men and women. Interesting trends among these statistics for each diagnosis, such as the similarity of the dementia and melancholia gender comparisons or the resemblance of the mania data to the total data, are telling of how people thought about medicine and mental illness in the 1800s. Perhaps the fact that female patients afflicted with dementia and melancholia, the two diagnoses defined in terms of emotion, were more easily discharged as cured than women with other illnesses suggests that physicians at the time expected such emotional behavior from women more than from men. And, as the most common diagnosis, mania patients perhaps experienced a more standardized treatment. Intentional or not, these patterns are just two of many ways in which treatment at Friends Asylum may have been ...

In 2016, COA art faculty member Sean Foley explored the qualities of wonder in art. Currently, and for the last four years, hes also been exp...

Mycelex - As you perhaps know, emotional states will affect the processes of bodily nutrition, for example, fear will depress the circulation and respiration; secretions and excretions are lessened, and that metabolism is also affected is shown by forms of auto-intoxication The cases of melancholia are many, and you will meet a large number of them in your ordinary practice, and you will find this disease more frequently in women than in men, more often among the well to do than among the poor classes, and more frequently as Leaving out of consideration for the present hereditary predisposition, and previous attacks, the real primary cause in most of the cases of melancholia is of a purely physical nature.

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Every episode of depression Ive experienced included early-morning insomnia (sometimes Ive had sleep-onset insomnia also, but that might not have been related to the depression its hard to figure out exactly where to draw the line between depression and anxiety, for example), and over the years the insomnia stopped going away even when I wasnt depressed. By this time its chronic. While my mood has been generally okay, anhedonia and lack of motivation are still problems, though mild compared to full-blown depression. I still havent been able to work or return to school. (I was at university, working on a graduate degree, when I had to drop out because of depression.) Ive spent most of the intervening years helping my mother take care of my father, who died recently; while Im glad I was able to be with him during his final years, it hasnt exactly been a fulfilling life.. Im not sure what in particular has led me to this (rather abrupt) reconsideration, although I hope Ive made it clear ...

Hi.. Of course, you know that I am just trying to help. I apologize for sounding too reprimanding. I am just frustrated for you, and thought that you might have been just 10 mg/day of Parnate short of greatly improving your quality of life.. I can certainly understand your being sensitive to the side effects of medications at higher dosages, and that you might obtain the best result at dosages that are generally considered to be subtherapeutic. A good friend of mine is in the same category.. I cannot predict how you would react to 40 mg/day of Parnate with certainty, and I can appreciate that you cannot take the chance of dropping out of work.. I found that Nardil was more of a mood brightener than Parnate, and produced an improvement in interest, motivation, and reward (a reduction of anhedonia). It is not true that Parnate is always better for mental energy than is Nardil. For me, it is quite the opposite. Unfortunately, Nardil does not produce a stable improvement for me for any length of ...

The patient was originally hospitalized secondary to dizziness and disequilibrium. Extensive workup during her first hospitalization was all negative, but a prominent feature was her very blunted affect and real anhedonia.

Maes, Michael, Mihaylova, Ivana, Kubera, Marta and Ringel, Karl 2012, Activation of cell-mediated immunity in depression : association with inflammation, melancholia, clinical staging and the fatigue and somatic symptom cluster of depression, Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 169-175, doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.006. ...

(KudoZ) French to English translation of L ACEDIE: acedia (A mental disorder characterized by apathy and melancholia) [MEDICAL - Medical (general) (Medical)].

It is recommended that patients be screened for depression and anxiety at diagnosis, at regular intervals thereafter, and as needed. Assessments should be a shared responsibility of a clinical team. Concerns such as risk of harm to self and/or others, severe depression or agitation, or the presence of psychosis or confusion warrant immediate referral to a psychiatrist, psychologist, physician, or equivalently trained professional.. The recommended assessment instruments are the nine-item Personal Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 for depression and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)-7 scale for anxiety. The adapted guideline lists other assessment instruments that can be used.. Depression. Initial assessment should be performed with two items from the PHQ-9 regarding whether the patient has felt little interest or pleasure in activities (anhedonia) and has felt down, depressed, or helpless (depressed mood). Patients with scores indicating presence of anhedonia or depressed mood should ...

I have had an incredible reversal of my long term sexual anhedonia using Gastrodin which enables the brain to heal itself. I now feel that orgasmic dysfunction was just a brain problem. It took a while for it to work and reversing my anhedonia was not at all expected. I bought it for its brain healing effects. I have occasional insomnia and thought it might help with that. It increases the amount of gabba receptors which allows the brain to relax and heal. Normalizing excitatory transmitters and inhibiting neurotransmitters in my brain has no doubt caused this healing to occur. If the brain has too much stimulation it cant heal. I never thought I would recover from this horrible curse. Its been 3 weeks of complete orgasmic satisfaction like that I experienced as a much younger man. The product is Life Extension Brain Shield Gastrodin. I doubled up on the daily dose for 30 days because I read that 600 mg.would be needed for that period to initiate a healthy repair process. Now I take 300 mg per ...

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I bought two books over the weekend: Salman Rushdies Shalimar the Clown and David Eggerss A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. Shalimar I bought because, well, its Rushdie, man. I have always been in awe of this guy, whose works are NEVER in Booksale and therefore require considerable monetary commitment, ever since I bought my first Rushdie book, The Ground Beneath Her Feet, which led me to his other works. In fact I credit Salman Rushdie with killing all illusions I have of ever becoming a writer of fiction. (Dan Brown later saved those illusions. The trick, Ive learned, is never to go for greatness when mediocrity would suffice.) A.H.W.S.G. I bought because of the sheer audacity of the title. Ive heard of this book before and ignored it because I normally dont go for memoirs. What makes these people think their lives are any more interesting than those of the rest of us that they would foist it upon the world at large? Besides, memoirs are almost always depressing. But I gave this ...

A number of different genes have been associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia. One such gene is DISC1. A study of 4,651 people in Finland looked into the links between variations in DISC1 and some of the symptoms of schizophrenia and found that it was linked to social anhedonia - the inability to enjoy social interaction - which is one of the main symptoms of the condition ...

Yes, when you are grieving, it is necessary to feel sadness and other so-called dark emotions. But why is it necessary? Why does emotional pain have to exist at all? Couldnt we just move from loss to shock to acceptance without all that pain in the middle?. The answer is that sadness plays an essential role. It forces us to regroup-physically, cognitively, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. When we are sad, we instinctively turn inward. We withdraw. We slow down. Its as if our soul presses the pause button and says, "Whoa, whoa, whoaaa. Time out. I need to acknowledge whats happened here and really consider what I want to do next.". In fact, many of the acute symptoms of grief force us to slow down. We experience "anhedonia," which means the inability to find pleasure in activities that we used to enjoy. In other words, we dont feel like doing anything. We also tend to feel tired and sluggish. We are listless emotionally as well as physically. This is called "the lethargy of ...

However, several lines of evidence indicate that IFN-MDD may successfully inform us about MDD in general. First, a variety of studies have found. a robust relationship between IFN-α and MDE, including those demonstrating a dose-response relationship,19,20 studies with control groups,16,19-21 and prospective documentations of worsening depression during IFN-a treatment with a return to baseline mood after discontinuation.23-25 Thus, IFN-MDD is a replicable finding Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in prospective studies. Second, IFNMDD has phenomenological resemblance to MDD diagnosed in other situations.21-24 That is, IFN-MDD is not simply selleck Crenolanib fatigue and malaise but - similarly to MDD - involves anhedonia, depressed mood, irritability, anxiety, social withdrawal, poor concentration, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical altered sleep, personality- changes, and suicidal ideation (Table I). Third, MDD and IFN-MDD may share similar pathophysiologic mechanisms, as indicated ...

Clinical lecturer UWA, Lundbeck teaching fellow ... as: alogia, avolition, anhedonia, attentional impairment, affective bluntening) ... – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as a Flash slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: f0fd1-ZDYxY

A commentary on: EEG-neurofeedback and psychodynamic psychotherapy in a case of adolescent anhedonia with substance misuse: Mood/thetarelations. ...

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Its important that both starting and ending breastfeeding are seen as part of a loving, reciprocal relationship between mum and baby.

Americas opioid epidemic is part of a deep and deadly social crisis that is only getting worse--and the roots of both lie in the profit system.

Cain's Fate are a set of items with a required character level of 23. Gathering pieces of the set and equipping them will bestow the player with bonuses, depending on how many set items are equipped.

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This study compared the efficacy of agomelatine, desvenlafaxine and bupropion XR for treating anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe form of depression that can significantly interfere with an individuals thoughts, behavior, mood, and physical health. People who suffer from MDD may experience anhedonia, or the inability to gain pleasure from normally pleasurable experiences. Such individuals do not respond to motivational rewards in the same way as do individuals who are not depressed. Anhedonia has been recognized as a core symptom of depression and it is not always remedied with antidepressant medication. Abnormal brain activity and processing may be the underlying cause of depression and specifically anhedonia. A better understanding of the brain mechanisms of depression may lead to the development of new effective medications or psychological treatments.. Event-related potential (ERP), which measures electrical activity in the brain, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which uses scanned images to illustrate changes in brain activity, are two techniques that can ...

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe form of depression that can significantly interfere with an individuals thoughts, behavior, mood, and physical health. People who suffer from MDD may experience anhedonia, or the inability to gain pleasure from normally pleasurable experiences. Such individuals do not respond to motivational rewards in the same way as do individuals who are not depressed. Anhedonia has been recognized as a core symptom of depression and it is not always remedied with antidepressant medication. Abnormal brain activity and processing may be the underlying cause of depression and specifically anhedonia. A better understanding of the brain mechanisms of depression may lead to the development of new effective medications or psychological treatments.. Event-related potential (ERP), which measures electrical activity in the brain, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which uses scanned images to illustrate changes in brain activity, are two techniques that can ...

Victims of childhood physical abuse are more than twice as likely to develop ulcers than people who were not abused as children, according to a new study from researchers at the University of Toronto.

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An actual freedom from the Human Condition, surpassing Spiritual Enlightenment or any other Altered State Of Consciousness, challenging all philosophy, psychiatry, metaphysics (including quantum physics and its mystic cosmogongy) anthropology, sociology ... and any religion along with its paranormal theology

Im innately hostile to medicalised descriptions of behaviour and feelings, terms like pathology and of course illness, disease, etc. Are these words meant to be taken literally here? For example, if I looked up depression in a textbook of pathology would I be likely to find it? I mean a real textbook of pathology, a medical one, not the DSM.... ...

Although there are certain core symptoms of depression the precise way in which people suffer from the condition can vary from individual to individual. A study of 4,856 people with depression in Virginia, U.S. looked at their symptoms and the bad things that had happened to them over a period of 12 years and found that different negative events were associated with different symptoms. Deaths of loved ones and break-ups of relationships were both associated with high levels of sadness, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) and appetite loss and romantic break-ups were also associated with guilt. Chronic stress and failures were associated more with fatigue and sleepiness. Those who felt that no adverse event had caused their depression were more likely to suffer from fatigue, weight gain and thoughts of self-harm. Different individuals who had experienced the same events tended to suffer from similar symptoms while people who had suffered from a variety of negative experiences tended to suffer from ...

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Related to How to Be a Good Depressive Citizen, this tumblr post and also this one]. I want to talk about something that plays out in the communities I love.. But first, I want to talk about schizophrenia.*. --. Theres this feature of the onset schizophrenia that makes it extraordinarily hard to treat. We call the before-full-blown-schizophrenia stage prodromal, and if you can catch it right in that stage, or close to it, your outcomes are much better.. Except.. Except that the big obvious signs of schizophrenia in that stage are negative symptoms: speaking in monosyllables, emotional flatness, anhedonia, disinterest in activities and relationships and friendships. And in most cases, this part plays out in relative silence.. Your friend stops reaching out to spend time with you, flakes out on group plans, seems bored in conversation. After a while, you stop being the one to call. Theyve found other friends, they just arent that into you, youve got other friends who put more work into the ...

14] Miura, S., H. Kida, J. Nakajima, K. Noda, K. Nagasato, M. Ayabe, H. Aizawa, M. Hauser, and T. Taniwaki (2012). "Anhedonia in Japanese patients with Parkinsons disease: analysis using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale" Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 114, 352-355. ...

Having less ability to experience pleasure More Information: People with Schizophrenia may hear voices in their head that others do not hear. They also may think that others are reading their minds, controlling what they are thinking, and/or planning some sort of harm towards them. The cause of Schizophrenia is unknown. There is no single cause for Schizophrenia. It seems to be the outcome of multiple causes: genetic factors, environmental and psychological assaults. ~ Mediates: goes between ~Sensory Neurons: a neuron that conducts impulses to the brain or spinal cord. The Nervous System: The nervous system is the bodys central control system. It basically controls how the whole body functions, how it reacts to certain temperatures, the movements it does, and the how it sensors everything. The nervous system helps function the body by sending electrochemical impulses through nerves to muscles and glands. *Most doctors think the most common cause for Schizophrenia is drugs. ~ The positive ...

What do you suppose will come of the boy victim in this story? One of the things mentioned in the article is that after years of abuse, the boy became an active and ready participant in the sexual activity. Heres a fact. Children experience pleasure by the manipulation of their sexual organs regardless of their…

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|p||/p| |p|Ginger White, who dealt the death blow to Herman Cains campaign by alleging a 13-year relationship, talks to Leslie Bennetts about:|/p| |ul| |li|How Cains arrogance persuaded her to go public|/li| |li|The time she thought about grocery shopping during sex|/li| |li|How Cain thought the man was always right|/li| |li|The time Cain asked her to get rid of her family dog while giving her financial aid|/li| |li|Why she thinks Cains wife Gloria engaged in willful self-denial, and more.|/li| |/ul| |p||/p|

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Gods Good Pleasure May 3, 2009 Lesson: Ephesians 1:3-14 Key Verse: Ephesians 1:5 Introduction It is our Fathers good pleasure to bless us with all spiritual

Not to argue with Chance [cuz hes armed] but I loved that Papa Szorny still saw her as a beautiful child. [never thought they were related] People are often frozen in time at a certain place in our lives and thats how we remember them. For her, she had lived and grown to adulthood, for him, she was still a child...and I think for him that was what made making her fear him even as an adult more fun. Playing to the child still in her. Hes a sick bastard. What can I say?. ReplyDelete ...

Who writes these things? Honestly, since when was it a sin to despair? Dont the brokenhearted, poor and homeless despair? What about the starving and dying?

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GAVI ranks fifth out of 38 bilateral and multilateral donors in a study measuring donors performance against best practices established at the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.

Whales and dolphins squeal when they receive a reward, but do they squeal to inform nearby members of the pod that they have found food, or are the squeals expressions of delight? Sam Ridgway analyzed the time delay between dolphins and whales receiving a reward and their squeals and realized that the delay is the same as the delay between a pleasant experience and dopamine release in the brain, suggesting that the animals experience pleasure.

In the research domain framework (RDoC), dysfunctional reward expectation has been proposed to be a cross-diagnostic domain in psychiatry, which may contribute to symptoms common to various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as anhedonia or apathy/avolition. We used a modified version of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) paradigm to obtain functional MRI images from 22 patients with schizophrenia, 24 with depression and 21 controls. Anhedonia and other symptoms of depression, and overall positive and negative symptomatology were also measured. We hypothesized that the two clinical groups would have a reduced activity in the ventral striatum when anticipating reward (compared to anticipation of a neutral outcome) and that striatal activation would correlate with clinical measures of motivational problems and anhedonia. Results were consistent with the first hypothesis: two clusters in both the left and right ventral striatum were found to differ between the groups in reward anticipation. Post-hoc ...

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What happens in your brain when you experience pleasure? Why are fantasies so powerful? Why do our brains love dopamine so much? Why do some images arouse, while others turn us off? Why are the most attractive people often not the ones we are most drawn to sexually? How can you create the longest neurological orgasm possible?

9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 helps clinicians provide a DSM-IV criteria-based diagnosis of depression (AV 2)3 and then monitor patients symptoms throughout the course of treatment.4 The 1-page PHQ-9 is developed from the depression portion of the PRIME-MD, a diagnostic tool for common mental disorders. In practice, the PHQ-9 is relatively quick for patients to complete, is available in several languages, and generally takes clinicians less than 2 minutes to review. The patient rates the frequency of each item from not at all (0) to nearly every day (3), and the clinician totals the scores to confirm the patients depression severity, which ranges from none or minimal (,5) to severe (≥20). A diagnosis of major depression is suspected if the patient answers "more than half the days" for 5 or more of the 9 "A" DSM criteria-based questions, including having a depressed mood or anhedonia. A proposed threshold for treatment response is achieving a score of less than 10 and ...

Although animals demonstrate sickness behavior mediated by cytokines in the same way as humans, only conscious animals such as humans can suffer from the distinctive existential state of depression, with feelings such as nihilism, worthlessness, guilt and suicidal ruminations. The state of malaise which prevails in sickness behavior interacts with memories of the past and anticipations of the future such that a demotivated, exhausted and profoundly dysphoric state of malaise fills and colors past, present, and the anticipations of future mental life.. Prolonged sickness behavior therefore creates a nihilistic mental state where life seems devoid of gratifying possibilities (ie. pessimism) because emotional feedback registers a physiological state that is locked-into sickness behavior, and unresponsive to the usual appetites (ie. a state of anhedonia). Another factor is that the sufferer from SB does not know that they are sick, and often interpret their lack of energy, lack of motivation, and ...

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Use of Stimulant Drugs: Stimulant drugs appear to be another variable of the rapid progression of chemical dependency in adolescents. This is due to the fact that these drugs tend to cause dopamine to be released and depleted in very large amounts. As a result of this "rush" in dopamine, tolerance develops quickly and the user starts to loose the ability to experience pleasure unless they are intoxicated.. · School Environment: Easy access to drugs at school significantly contributes to the progression of drug use. Many schools have become a "drug supermarket" where adolescents can buy and sell drugs as well as join in the camaraderie of sharing their fun drug experiences and planning new times to get "high." I am not saying that the schools are the problem, but it is the meeting place for kids to congregate Monday through Friday. Ive treated several drug dealing teens whove told me that summer time is their slow season.. · For drug-using adolescents, intoxication is their social event. ...

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What are pain and pleasure, in relation to systemic properties of the brain? E.g., what principles could be used to examine a brain and predict whether its experiencing pain or pleasure? If we knew someone was experiencing pain or pleasure, what principles could we apply to predict whats going on in their brain? ...

He has taken the long way home from Vietnam: For 23 years now -- through grueling pain, through 15 operations, through alcoholism, through suicidal despair, through profound physical diminution and

Well you know youve reached a different plateau of "suckitude" when the worst Superman of all time, i.e. Dean Cain, thinks you suck. In an appearance on the KTLA morning show ( you can watch the video HERE if you can stand the vapid, tedious morning show banter), Cain was on talking about his guest appearance on an upcoming episode of Smallville as well as his time in the tights, when the subject of Singerman was breached by one of the douchebag morning news anchors (who himself even called the film "not very good"). He kind of puts Cain on the spot about his impressions of the film. Cains response: Um it didnt do very well at the box office...but it was umm "visually stunning," Ill tell you that ...

Core symptoms The severity of symptoms varies greatly, but all people with autism have some core symptoms in the areas of: Social interactions and...

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PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.

Purpose: Major depression and related mood disorders are the most common long-term outcomes associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Given the potentially debilitating consequences of depression, and the fact that TBI patients are frequently ref

PubMed Central Canada (PMC Canada) provides free access to a stable and permanent online digital archive of full-text, peer-reviewed health and life sciences research publications. It builds on PubMed Central (PMC), the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature and is a member of the broader PMC International (PMCI) network of e-repositories.

Bipolar disorder: Find the most comprehensive real-world symptom and treatment data on bipolar disorder at PatientsLikeMe. 23,494 patients with bipolar disorder experience depressed mood, fatigue, anxious mood, Pain, and inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia) and use Lamotrigine, Aripiprazole, Individual Therapy, Quetiapine, and Lithium Carbonate to treat their bipolar disorder and its symptoms.

The Company of Biologists. Dolphins and whales squeal with delight. Sam Ridgway has spent most of his life learning about dolphins and whales. Over his five-decade career he has asked these cetaceans various questions, including how deep they can dive and how depth affects their hearing. As he trained each animal to answer his questions, he rewarded them with tasty fish treats, and each time that they received a reward he remembers that they squealed. Initially he thought that the squeals were food signals, where animals communicate the presence of food to nearby members of their species. It was only when his wife Jeanette suggested that the squeals reminded her of delighted children that he began to ponder whether there was more to the cetaceans cries: could they be genuine expressions of delight? Ridgway publishes his discovered that the time delay between dolphins and whales receiving a reward and their squeals is the same as the delay between a pleasant experience and dopamine release - ...

Anxiety is often comorbid with depression (Zimmerman et al., 2002). In rodents, some animal models of "depression" display anxiety-like responses (Bale et al., 2000; Schramm et al., 2001; Ansorge et al., 2004; Heim et al., 2004; Wei et al., 2004), whereas others do not (Overstreet, 1993). To determine whether Vmat2 mice show anxiety-like behaviors, animals were subjected to the open field, zero maze, light-dark exploration, and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. Because behaviors of WT and Vmat2 heterozygotes were indistinguishable among these tests, these findings suggest anxiety is not a comorbid feature of the VMAT2 phenotype. Interestingly, these results are similar to those for reserpine-treated hypertensive patients, where anxiety does not appear to accompany their depressive-like states (Freis, 1954).. A core symptom of depression is anhedonia (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). This behavior is modeled as an endophenotype in Flinders rats, learned helpless mice, the chronic mild ...

TY - JOUR. T1 - Association of depressed mood and mortality in older adults with and without cognitive impairment in a prospective naturalistic study. AU - Lavretsky, Helen. AU - Zheng, Ling. AU - Weiner, Michael W.. AU - Mungas, Dan M. AU - Reed, Bruce R. AU - Kramer, Joel H.. AU - Jagust, William. AU - Chui, Helena. AU - Mack, Wendy J.. PY - 2010/5. Y1 - 2010/5. N2 - Objective: The authors examined predictors of mortality in individuals age 50 or older with or without cognitive impairment in a 12-year prospective naturalistic study of subcortical ischemic vascular disease focusing on symptoms of depressed mood, apathy, anhedonia, or anergia. Method: A total of 498 participants were recruited from the community and from memory clinics into a multicenter longitudinal study of subcortical ischemic vascular disease. For baseline cognitive status, 36% of participants were assessed as cognitively intact, 31% as cognitively impaired, and 33% as demented. All participants underwent a research protocol ...

Mutual masturbation is a sexual act that involves at least two people who stimulate each others genitals.1 If you have a partner that you feel comfortable with, having your partner manually stimulate your genitals or masturbating each other simultaneously can be a great way to explore your sexuality and to experience pleasure together. Communication is a very important factor when it comes to participating in sexual activities with a partner. It is important to be open and honest with one another and to help each other explore what the other likes.. Some couples find it enjoyable to watch each other masturbate, as it can be very sexually arousing. Couples will typically go about this by lying down next to each other or by masturbating while they face each other. This experience can serve to be very intimate and oftentimes requires communication and patience." -quote from sexinfoonline: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/male-masturbation. ...

Mutual masturbation is a sexual act that involves at least two people who stimulate each others genitals.1 If you have a partner that you feel comfortable with, having your partner manually stimulate your genitals or masturbating each other simultaneously can be a great way to explore your sexuality and to experience pleasure together. Communication is a very important factor when it comes to participating in sexual activities with a partner. It is important to be open and honest with one another and to help each other explore what the other likes.. Some couples find it enjoyable to watch each other masturbate, as it can be very sexually arousing. Couples will typically go about this by lying down next to each other or by masturbating while they face each other. This experience can serve to be very intimate and oftentimes requires communication and patience." -quote from sexinfoonline: http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/article/male-masturbation. ...

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: Measurement, Pleasure, and Practical Science in Platos Protagoras HENRY S. RICHARDSON 1. INTRODUCTION TOWARDS THE END OF THE PROTAGORAS Socrates suggests that the "salvation of our life" depends upon applying to pleasures and pains a science of measurement (metr$tik~techn~).Whether Plato intended to portray Socrates as putting forward sincerely the form of hedonism that makes these pleasures and pains relevant has been the subject of a detailed and probably interminable debate, to which this paper will not directly contribute. By contrast, it seems to be supposed by almost all who have written on the topic that this hedonism, whoever is espousing it, puts forward pleasure as a single, homogeneous yardstick of value to serve as the basis of a supremely simple standard of choice. This standard simply directs one to seek the maximal amount of pleasure . The underlying supposition is that the hedonism put forward in the ...

Identifying mechanisms through which individual differences in reward learning emerge offers an opportunity to understand both a fundamental form of adaptive responding as well as etiological pathways through which aberrant reward learning may contribute to maladaptive behaviors and psychopathology. One candidate mechanism through which individual differences in reward learning may emerge is variability in dopaminergic reinforcement signaling. A common functional polymorphism within the catechol-O-methyl transferase gene (COMT; rs4680, Val158Met) has been linked to reward learning, where homozygosity for the Met allele (linked to heightened prefrontal dopamine function and decreased dopamine synthesis in the midbrain) has been associated with relatively increased reward learning. Here, we used a probabilistic reward learning task to asses response bias, a behavioral form of reward learning, across three separate samples that were combined for analyses (age: 21.80 ± 3.95; n = 392; 268 female; ...

Rodents that are subjected to social defeat (being overpowered by a bigger, more aggressive animal) develop a syndrome that resembles human depression-they avoid social interaction, lose interest in sucrose, and do less exploring of new places or other animals. A recent finding showed that even witnessing the social defeat of a peer was enough to bring about the depressive behaviors. The same researchers, led by Samina Salim, recently found that young rats (aged 21-27 days) that witnessed their mother go through the trauma of social defeat showed depression-like behavior themselves as adults (at age 60 days).. The rats saw their mothers defeated by the larger rat every day for seven days. As adults, those who witnessed this abuse exhibited depression-like behavior compared to rats of the same age and gender that had not witnessed abuse. The depressive rats gave up more quickly on a test of forced swimming. Male rats showed great depression-like behavior than female rats.. It has been estimated ...

Objective: To assess classical psychometric properties of the Spanish versions of the Bech-Rafaelsens mania (MAS) and melancholia (MES) scales.. Method: Observational, prospective, and multicentric study in bipolar out-patients. Convergent validity was assessed against the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Discriminant validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change, were also assessed.. Results: One hundred and thirteen bipolar patients with a manic episode and 102 bipolar patients with a depressive episode were included. Both the MAS and the MES showed appropriate convergent validity (r , 0.90), discriminant validity (P , 0.0001), internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha ,0.80), test-retest reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.69 for the MAS and 0.94 for the MES], inter-rater reliability (ICC , 0.80), and sensitivity to change at 4 weeks since inception (P , 0.0001; within-group effect size ≥1.8).. Conclusion: The Spanish ...

Psychotic disorders and major depression, both typically adult-onset conditions, often co-occur. At younger ages psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms are often reported in the community. We used a genetically sensitive longitudinal design to investigate the relationship between psychotic experiences and depressive symptoms in adolescence. A representative community sample of twins from England and Wales was employed. Self-rated depressive symptoms, paranoia, hallucinations, cognitive disorganization, grandiosity, anhedonia, and parent-rated negative symptoms were collected when the twins were age 16 (N = 9618) and again on a representative subsample 9 months later (N = 2873). Direction and aetiology of associations were assessed using genetically informative cross-lagged models. Depressive symptoms were moderately correlated with paranoia, hallucinations, and cognitive disorganization. Lower correlations were observed between depression and anhedonia, and depression and parent-rated negative

Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE, caspase 1) is a cysteine protease that processes immature pro-IL-1β into active mature IL-1β. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that mediates many of the physiological and behavioral responses to inflammation. Genetic deletion of ICE has previously been shown to prevent some negative physiologic responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Here we used a preclinical murine model to test the hypothesis that ICE is necessary for development of depression-like behaviors following intracerebroventricular (ICV) treatment with LPS. Adult male ICE knockout (ICE KO) and congenic wild-type C57BL/6 J (WT) mice were administered LPS either ICV at 100 ng/mouse or intraperitoneally (IP) at 830 μg/kg body weight or an equal volume of saline as controls. Mice were monitored up to 48 h after treatment for both sickness and depression-like behaviors. LPS given ICV induced a loss of body weight in both WT and ICE KO mice. This sickness response was similar