Angiotensins: Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized.Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.Angiotensin II: An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.Renin: A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A: A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.Renin-Angiotensin System: A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.Receptors, Angiotensin: Cell surface proteins that bind ANGIOTENSINS and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Blood Pressure: PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.Peptide Fragments: Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1: An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.Encyclopedias as Topic: Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists: Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2: An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.Copyright: It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)Physiology: The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.Societies, Scientific: Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.History, 20th Century: Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.History, 21st Century: Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.Cimicidae: A family of wingless, blood-sucking insects of the suborder HETEROPTERA, including the bedbugs and related forms. Cimex (BEDBUGS), Heamatosiphon, and Oeciacus are medically important genera. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Teratology: A branch of embryology for the study of congenital malformations and developmental abnormalities.Bromeliaceae: A plant family of the order Bromeliales, subclass Zingiberidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).HistoryFamous PersonsPsychoanalysis: The separation or resolution of the psyche into its constituent elements. The term has two separate meanings: 1. a procedure devised by Sigmund Freud, for investigating mental processes by means of free association, dream interpretation and interpretation of resistance and transference manifestations; and 2. a theory of psychology developed by Freud from his clinical experience with hysterical patients. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996).Aldosterone: A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.Dictionaries, MedicalDictionaries as Topic: Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.Amides: Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)PubMed: A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central.Periodicals as Topic: A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.BooksPublishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.MEDLINE: The premier bibliographic database of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MEDLINE® (MEDLARS Online) is the primary subset of PUBMED and can be searched on NLM's Web site in PubMed or the NLM Gateway. MEDLINE references are indexed with MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH).Atrial Fibrillation: Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to and block the activation of MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTORS by MINERALOCORTICOIDS such as ALDOSTERONE.Pseudogenes: Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.
The subtype 2 of angiotensin II receptors and pressure-natriuresis in adult rat kidneys. (1/383)
The present work examined the effects of the subtype 2 of angiotensin II (AT2) receptors on the pressure-natriuresis using a new peptide agonist, and the possible involvement of cyclic guanosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in these effects. In adult anaesthetized rats (Inactin, 100 mg kg(-1), i.p.) deprived of endogenous angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (quinapril, 10 mg kg(-1), i.v.), T2-(Ang II 4-8)2 (TA), a highly specific AT2 receptor agonist (5, 10 and 30 microg kg(-1) min(-1), i.v.) or its solvent was infused in four groups. Renal functions were studied at renal perfusion pressures (RPP) of 90, 110 and 130 mmHg and urinary cyclic GMP excretion when RPP was at 130 mmHg. The effects of TA (10 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) were reassessed in animals pretreated with PD 123319 (PD, 50 microg kg(-1) min(-1), i.v.), an AT2 receptor antagonist and the action of the same dose of PD alone was also determined. Increases in RPP from 90 to 130 mmHg did not change renal blood flow (RBF) but induced 8 and 15 fold increases in urinary flow and sodium excretion respectively. The 5 microg kg(-1) min(-1) dose of TA was devoid of action. The 10 and 30 microg kg(-1) min(-1) doses did not alter total RBF and glomerular filtration rate, but blunted pressure-diuresis and natriuresis relationships. These effects were abolished by PD. TA decreased urinary cyclic GMP excretion. After pretreatment with PD, this decrease was reversed to an increase which was also observed in animals receiving PD alone. In conclusion, renal AT2 receptors oppose the sodium and water excretion induced by acute increases in blood pressure and this action cannot be directly explained by changes in cyclic GMP. (+info)Cardiac growth factors in human hypertrophy. Relations with myocardial contractility and wall stress. (2/383)
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether and which cardiac growth factors are involved in human hypertrophy, whether growth factor synthesis is influenced by overload type and/or by the adequacy of the hypertrophy, and the relationships between cardiac growth factor formation and ventricular function. Cardiac growth factor formation was assessed by measuring aorta-coronary sinus concentration gradient in patients with isolated aortic stenosis (n=26) or regurgitation (n=15) and controls (n=12). Gene expression and cellular localization was investigated in ventricular biopsies using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Cardiac hypertrophy with end-systolic wall stress <90 kdyne/cm2 was associated with a selective increased formation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in aortic regurgitation and of IGF-I and endothelin (ET)-1 in aortic stenosis. mRNA levels for IGF-I and preproET-1 were elevated and mainly expressed in cardiomyocytes. At stepwise analysis, IGF-I formation was correlated to the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (r=0.86, P<0.001) and ET-1 formation to relative wall thickness (r=0.82, P<0. 001). When end-systolic wall stress was >90 kdyne/cm2, IGF-I and ET-1 synthesis by cardiomyocytes was no longer detectable, and only angiotensin (Ang) II was generated, regardless of the type of overload. The mRNA level for angiotensinogen was high, and the mRNA was exclusively expressed in the interstitial cells. Ang II formation was positively correlated to end-systolic stress (r=0.89, P<0.001) and end-diastolic stress (r=0.84, P<0.001). Multivariate stepwise analysis selected end-systolic stress as the most predictive variable and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure as the independent variable for Ang II formation (r=0.93, P<0.001). In conclusion, the present results indicate that the course of human left ventricular hypertrophy is characterized by the participation of different cardiac growth factors that are selectively related both to the type of hemodynamic overload and to ventricular function. (+info)Angiotensin regulates the selectivity of the Na+-K+ pump for intracellular Na+. (3/383)
Treatment of rabbits with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors increases the apparent affinity of the Na+-K+ pump for Na+. To explore the mechanism, we voltage clamped myocytes from control rabbits and rabbits treated with captopril with patch pipettes containing 10 mM Na+. When pipette solutions were K+ free, pump current (Ip) for myocytes from captopril-treated rabbits was nearly identical to that for myocytes from controls. However, treatment caused a significant increase in Ip measured with pipettes containing K+. A similar difference was observed when myocytes from rabbits treated with the ANG II receptor antagonist losartan and myocytes from controls were compared. Treatment-induced differences in Ip were eliminated by in vitro exposure to ANG II or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or inclusion of the protein kinase C fragment composed of amino acids 530-558 in pipette solutions. Treatment with captopril had no effect on the voltage dependence of Ip. We conclude that ANG II regulates the pump's selectivity for intracellular Na+ at sites near the cytoplasmic surface. Protein kinase C is implicated in the messenger cascade. (+info)Central lead administration inhibits water intake and sodium appetite in rats. (4/383)
We have demonstrated that acute third ventricle injections of lead acetate (PbAc) exert a powerful antidipsogenic effect and induce a significant increase in renal sodium excretion. In the present study we confirm the antidipsogenic effect of lead and demonstrate that central administration of this metal, in minute amounts, significantly reduces salt intake both during dehydration and after central angiotensinergic stimulation. Adult male Wistar rats had the third ventricle cannulated seven days before the experiments. During this period they had free access to distilled water and hypertonic saline solution (1.5%). After a 24-h period of fluid deprivation, experimental animals received third ventricle injections of PbAc (0.3, N = 8 and 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 14) while controls received sodium acetate (NaAc; 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 10). Rats treated with PbAc at the highest dose showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) both in water and hypertonic saline intake when compared to controls. When the effect of lead administration on angiotensin II-induced water and salt intake was studied, normohydrated animals received third ventricle injections of angiotensin II (9.6 nmol/rat) after pretreatment with 3.0 nmol/rat of PbAc (experimental group, N = 10) or NaAc (controls, N = 8). The group pretreated with PbAc presented a significant reduction (P<0.05) in both water and salt intake compared to controls. Thus, this study confirms the antidipsogenic effect of central lead injections and demonstrates that the presence of lead in the brain exerts a significant inhibition of sodium appetite. (+info)Self-protection by cardiac myocytes against hypoxia and hyperoxia. (5/383)
Cardiac muscle must maintain a continuous balance between its energy supply and work performed. An important mechanism involved in achievement of this balance is cross talk via chemical signals between cardiac myocytes and the cardiac muscle vascular system. This has been demonstrated by incubating isolated cardiac myocytes in different concentrations of oxygen and then assaying the conditioned media for vasoactive substances on isolated aortic rings and small-resistance arteries. With increasing oxygen concentrations above 6%, cardiac myocytes produce increasing amounts of angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by the blood vessel. The angiotensin II stimulates vascular endothelial cells to secrete endothelin and increase vascular tone. Below 6% oxygen, cardiac myocytes secrete adenosine, which acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to block the effect of alpha-adrenergic agonists and reduce vascular tone. In an intact heart, the net effect of these 2 regulatory systems would be the maintenance of oxygen concentration within a narrow range at the cardiac myocytes. By acting as oxygen sensors, cardiac myocytes modulate vascular tone according to the needs of the myocytes and reduce potential problems of hypoxia and extensive formation of reactive oxygen species. (+info)Regulated expression of human angiotensinogen gene by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor. (6/383)
We previously identified various upstream and downstream regulatory elements and factors important for hepatic expression of the human angiotensinogen (ANG) gene, the precursor of vasoactive octapeptide angiotensin II. In the present study, to further investigate the molecular mechanism of human ANG transcriptional regulation, we generated transgenic mice carrying the fusion gene composed of the 1. 3-kilobase promoter of the human ANG gene, its downstream enhancer, and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Because expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was observed strongly in the liver and weakly in the kidney, we suspected that hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4 with a tissue expression pattern similar to that of the reporter gene would regulate ANG transcription. In vitro assays indicated that HNF4 bound to the promoter elements and strongly activated the ANG transcription, but that chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), a transcriptional repressor, dramatically repressed human ANG transcription through the promoter elements and the downstream enhancer core elements. Furthermore, COUP-TF dramatically decreased the human ANG transcription in the mouse liver by the Helios Gene Gun system in vivo. These results suggest that an interplay between HNF4 and COUP-TF could be important in hepatic human ANG transcription. (+info)Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (7/383)
AIMS: The performance of the experimental paradigm of angiotensin challenges with continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement was evaluated. Angiotensin dose-response relationships were characterized, along with the influence of clinical covariates. The stability of angiotensin-induced peaks and the variability of the angiotensin doses were assessed. Finally, the predictive value of studies based on angiotensin challenges to determine drug doses effective in therapeutics was evaluated. METHODS: The data were gathered from 13 clinical studies on nine angiotensin II receptor antagonists, one ACE inhibitor and one dual ACE-NEP inhibitor, using Finapres for measuring the response to exogenous angiotensin challenges. Modelling of angiotensin dose-response curves and determination of the inter and intrasubject variability were performed by nonlinear regression (NONMEM). The different sources of variations in angiotensin I and II doses and angiotensin-induced peaks were evaluated by analyses of variance. The dose of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists inhibiting blood pressure increase by at least 75%, as measured by this method, was chosen for comparison with the labelled starting dose. RESULTS: Angiotensin challenges exhibited a clear dose-response relationship which can be characterized both by an Emax or a log linear model. The log linear model gave an average systolic/diastolic response of 24+/-6/20+/-5 mmHg for a unit dose of 1 microgram of angiotensin II equivalents, and an increase of 6/6 mmHg for each doubling of the dose. The angiotensin ED50 calculated values were 0.67 microgram for systolic and 0.84 microgram for diastolic blood pressure. The angiotensin doses for eliciting a given response and the angiotensin induced peaks were fairly constant between period and subject, but vary significantly between studies. Based on an inhibition of blood pressure by 75%, the agreement was good between the doses of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists predicted from studies using the methodology of angiotensin challenges and the doses shown to be clinically efficacious, in spite of high intersubject and intrasubject variabilities. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental method represents a valid surrogate for the therapeutic target and a useful tool for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (+info)Angiotensin I-converting enzyme antisense gene therapy causes permanent antihypertensive effects in the SHR. (8/383)
The renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in the control of blood pressure (BP), and its hyperactivity is associated with the development and maintenance of hypertension. Although traditional pharmacological therapies targeted toward the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system are effective in the control of this disease, they pose significant limitations. We used an antisense gene delivery strategy to circumvent these limitations and established that a single intracardiac administration of angiotensin type 1 receptor antisense (AT(1)R-AS) causes permanent prevention of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), an animal model of primary human hypertension. Our objectives in this study were 2-fold: to determine (1) whether the targeting of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA by a similar antisense strategy would prevent the SHR from developing hypertension and (2) whether the antihypertensive phenotype is transmitted to the offspring from the antisense-treated parents. Administration of a retroviral vector containing ACE antisense (LNSV-ACE-AS) caused a modest yet significant attenuation of high BP ( approximately 15+/-2 mm Hg) exclusively in the SHR. This was associated with a complete prevention of cardiac and renovascular pathophysiological alterations that are characteristic of hypertension. Like their parents, the F(1) generation offspring of the LNSV-ACE-AS-treated SHR expressed lower BP, decreased cardiac hypertrophy, and normalization of renal arterial excitation-coupling compared with offspring derived from the LNSV-ACE-tS (truncated sense)-treated SHR. In addition, the endothelial dysfunction commonly observed in the SHR renal arterioles was significantly prevented in both parents and offspring of the LNSV-ACE-AS-treated SHR. Polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern analysis revealed that the ACE-AS was integrated into the SHR genome and transmitted to the offspring. These observations suggest that transmission of ACE-AS by retroviral vector may be responsible for the transference of normotensive phenotypes in the SHR offspring. (+info)It is a derivative of angiotensin II. Angiotensin. ... Angiotensinamide (INN; BAN and USAN angiotensin amide) is a ...
Škrbić R, *Igić R. Seven decades of angiotensin (1939-2009). Peptides 2009;30:1945-50. Igić R, Škrbić R. The renin-angiotensin ... His research career centered on the [Renin Angiotensin System , renin-angiotensin system]. While at the University in Tuzla in ... Angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in the choroid plexus and in the retinal. In: Buckley JP, Ferrario CM, eds. Central ... Metabolism of angiotensin I by guinea pig aqueous humor. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2001;79:627-30. Igić R, Behnia R. Properties ...
The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and the inactivation of bradykinin were thought to be mediated by the same ... The first breakthrough was made by Kevin K.F. Ng in 1967, when he found the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II took ... Ng, KKF; Vane, JR (1967). "Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II". Nature. 216: 762-766. doi:10.1038/216762a0. PMID ... Ng and Vane found the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II was inhibited during its passage through the pulmonary ...
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme; ARB = Angiotensin-receptor-blocker). Afterload also increases with increasing blood viscosity, ...
Reilly CF, Tewksbury DA, Schechter NM, Travis J (August 1982). "Rapid conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by ... Other functions of cathepsin G have been reported, including cleavage of receptors, conversion of angiotensin Ⅰ to angiotensin ... Klickstein LB, Kaempfer CE, Wintroub BU (December 1982). "The granulocyte-angiotensin system. Angiotensin I-converting activity ...
Ryan, Una; Ryan, James W (April 1980). "Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme: II. Pulmonary Endothelial Cells in Culture". ... taking up a Howard Hughes Fellowship at the University of Miami to study angiotensin-converting enzymes. After completion of ...
3. Renin causes production of Angiotensin I. 4. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. 5 ... Renin-angiotensin system: 1. The kidneys sense low blood pressure. 2. Release renin into the blood. ... Angiotensin II stimulates the release of Aldosterone, ADH, and thirst. 6. Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium; ADH ...
ACE inhibitor Angiotensin conversion enzyme. A class of drugs used to decrease hypertension, mainly by interfering with the ... Insulin is a hormone as are glucagon, adrenaline, and angiotensin II. Human insulin Man-made insulins that is identical to the ...
... angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, CD143); tissue factor TF (CD142, thromboplastin); decay accelerating factor (CD55); ...
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. http://edemainformation.blogspot.ca/2005/11/edema-pathophysiology-and-treatment.html ...
Angiotensin receptor blockers - e.g. Hyzaar (with losartan), Co-Diovan or Diovan HCT (with valsartan), Teveten Plus (with ...
... s have also been replaced by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in Australia due to their propensity to ... This activates the renin-angiotensin system, stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, thus activating Na+/K+-ATPase, increasing ... J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 5 (4): 155-60. doi:10.3317/jraas.2004.034. PMID 15803433. Zhu Z, Zhu S, Liu D, Cao T, ...
Inagaki K, Iwanaga Y, Sarai N, Onozawa Y, Takenaka H, Mochly-Rosen D, Kihara Y (Oct 2002). "Tissue angiotensin II during ... Paul K, Ball NA, Dorn GW, Walsh RA (Nov 1997). "Left ventricular stretch stimulates angiotensin II--mediated ... angiotensin II and diastolic stretch; adenosine; hypoxia and Akt-induced stem cell factor; ROS generated via pharmacologic ...
Agapitov AV, Haynes WG; Haynes (March 2002). "Role of endothelin in cardiovascular disease". J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone ...
Renin is a component of the renin-angiotensin system which regulates blood pressure, salt and water homeostasis and is an ... Cleland SJ, Reid JL (November 1996). "The renin-angiotensin system and the heart: a historical review". Heart. 76 (3 Suppl 3): ... Martin Aurell; H. R. Ulfendahl (1999). Renin-angiotensin (Wenner-Gren International). Portland Pr. ISBN 1-85578-128-X. ... onto eminent researchers in the field of the renin-angiotensin system. Tigerstedt R & Bergman PG. Niere und Kreislauf. Scand ...
Control of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex: The role of the renin-angiotensin system: Angiotensin is involved in ... by increase in the plasma concentration of angiotensin III. by increased plasma angiotensin II, ACTH, or potassium levels. The ... Angiotensin II acts synergistically with potassium. The role of sympathetic nerves: Aldosterone production is also affected to ... Aldosterone synthase normally is not ACTH sensitive, and only activated by angiotensin II. Aldosterone causes the tubules of ...
The activated renin-angiotensin system stimulates the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex which in turn secretes the hormone ... This activates the renin-angiotensin system. Among other actions, it causes renal tubules (i.e. the distal convoluted tubules ...
... is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. It was withdrawn from FDA review by the manufacturer after phase III ... ISBN 0-12-369417-5. Dina R, Jafari M (July 2000). "Angiotensin II-receptor antagonists: an overview". Am J Health Syst Pharm. ...
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy (also referred to as AT1-antagonists or angiotensin receptor blockers), particularly ... 2001). "A randomized trial of the angiotensin-recepto blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med. 345 (23): 1667 ... CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Heran BS, Musini VM, Bassett K, Taylor RS, Wright JM (2012). "Angiotensin ... Exner DV, Dries DL, Domanski MJ, Cohn JN (2001). "Lesser response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor therapy in black ...
Hagaman, JR (1998). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme and male fertility". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95: 2552-2557. doi:10.1073/pnas ... Yamaguchi, R (2006). "Aberrant distribution of ADAM3 in sperm from both angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ace)- and calmegin (Clgn ...
Cazaubon S, Deshayes F, Couraud PO, Nahmias C (2006). "[Endothelin-1, angiotensin II and cancer]". Med Sci (Paris). 22 (4): 416 ... Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A (2007). "[Endothelin 1 and angiotensin II in preeeclampsia]". Rev. Invest. Clin. 59 (1): 48- ...
This leads to the product angiotensin I (Ang I) which is a decapeptide. Ang I is broken down by the angiotensin-converting ... Ferrario, C. M.; Iyer, S. N. (1998). "Angiotensin-(1-7): A bioactive fragment of the renin-angiotensin system". Regulatory ... design Angiotensin Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Beta blocker Circulatory system Discovery and development of angiotensin ... namely the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. This leads to a totality in absence of Angiotensin II based on the ...
Segura J, Ruilope LM (October 2007). "Obesity, essential hypertension and renin-angiotensin system". Public Health Nutrition. ...
Rajapakse NW, De Miguel C, Das S, Mattson DL (Dec 2008). "Exogenous L-arginine ameliorates angiotensin II-induced hypertension ... Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 15 (1): 88-96. doi:10.1177/1470320313475910. PMID 23435582. NIST Chemistry ...
TRH - TSH - T3/T4 GnRH - LH/FSH - sex hormones CRH - ACTH - cortisol Renin - angiotensin - aldosterone leptin vs. insulin ... All vertebrates have some form of renin-angiotensin axis, and all tetrapods have aldosterone as primary mineralocorticoid. ... Wilson JX (1984). "The renin-angiotensin system in nonmammalian vertebrates". Endocrine Reviews. 5 (1): 45-61. doi:10.1210/edrv ...
The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ... The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to ... The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS ... angiotensin II. The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, ...
The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.. *Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, angiotensin II by angiotensin- ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from ... It is believed that angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin ... Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of ...
Central Nervous System Actions of Angiotensin II*5.1. Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components ...
... angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. There are three forms of angiotensin. Angiotensin I is produced by the ... Angiotensin: Angiotensin, a peptide, one form of which, ... Angiotensin I is transformed into angiotensin II in the blood ... renin-angiotensin system. …of 10 amino acids) called angiotensin I. An enzyme in the serum called angiotensin-converting enzyme ... ACE) then converts angiotensin I into an octapeptide (consisting of eight amino acids) called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II ...
It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that raises blood pressure. Angiotensin also ... It plays an important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin was independently isolated in Indianapolis and ... Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-... Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu , Val-Ile-... Angiotensin I (CAS# ... Angiotensin is an oligopeptide and is a hormone and a powerful dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule ...
This peptide hormone constricts blood vessels, but, oddly, blocking the so-called angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2) appeared ... for new hypertension medications unearthed a mysterious new cell receptor that responded to a hormone known as angiotensin II. ...
The product of this enzymatic hydrolysis-the N-terminal heptapeptide sequence of angiotensin-is biologically inactive. ... The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7) *Robson Augusto Souza Santos ... YANG, H., ERDÖS, E. & CHIANG, T. New Enzymatic Route for the Inactivation of Angiotensin. Nature 218, 1224-1226 (1968) doi: ... New Enzymatic Route for the Inactivation of Angiotensin. *H. Y. T. YANG1. , ...
Molecules that are dissolved in water may dissociate into charged ions. An acid is a substance that increases the number of H+ ions in a solution. A base is a substance that decreases the number of H+ ions in a solution. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution can be measured and is called the pH of the solution.. The pH of a solution can be measured using a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. A solution of pH = 7 is neutral, a solution of pH lower than 7 is acidic, and a solution of pH greater than 7 is basic (alkaline). The number of H+ ions increases as the pH number decreases (and vice versa). The difference between two successive numbers on the pH scale represents a ten-fold difference in the H+ ion concentration because the scale is a logarithmic scale (log of base 10). For example, a solution with a pH of 2 has 10 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 3. A solution with a pH of 2 has 100 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 4. ...
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Mechanoactivation Involves RGS5 (Regulator of G Protein Signaling 5) in Skeletal Muscle Arteries ... Apelin Is a Negative Regulator of Angiotensin II-Mediated Adverse Myocardial Remodeling and DysfunctionNovelty and Significance ... Vascular ADAM17 (a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase Domain 17) Is Required for Angiotensin II/β-Aminopropionitrile-Induced ...
Proteopedia Angiotensin-converting_enzyme - the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Structure in Interactive 3D Angiotensin ... Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which ... In addition, inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal ...
Angiotensin amide definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it ... A peptide analog to angiotensin II that is used as a vasopressor in the treatment of certain types of shock and circulatory ...
The controversy about whether ACE inhibitors and angiotensin blockers may affect COVID-19 infection continues, with hypotheses ... The controversy about whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may ... which in turn results in excessive production of angiotensin II and less ACE2 to convert it the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. ... They also note that ARBs enable the increase of available angiotensin II by competing with the same receptor and suggest that ...
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy.. Mastrobattista JM1.. Author information. 1. Department of Obstetrics, ... Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line ...
... angiotensin I) and two varieties (angiotensin II and angiotensin III) that elevate blood pressure and stimulate the adrenal ... Angiotensin ii definition, any of three oligopeptides occurring in plasma, an inactive form ( ... Angiotensin II is formed from inactive angiotensin I by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (or ACE). See also ACE ... angiotensin ii in Medicine Expand. angiotensin II n. An octapeptide that is a potent vasopressor and a powerful stimulus for ...
It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin, but rather as angiotensinogen, befor... ... Angiotensin is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ... angiotensin (thing). See all of angiotensin, no other writeups ... Angiotensin is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin, but rather ... before it is cleaved into angiotensin I by renin and then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme which is ...
... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative ... Angiotensin II. 7. Angiotensin II EIA Kit. 8. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, CSF. 9. SAFE-T-FILL Serum. 10. SAFE-T-FILL Serum ... ACE Kinetic Hypertension / Cardiac Evaluation, Cardiovascular 001-KK-ACKX Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. 4. Angiotensin II RIA ... ACE Kinetic Hypertension / Cardiac Evaluation, Cardiovascular 001-KK-ACK4 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. 2. ACE Kinetic ...
Angiotensin IIIEdit. Asp , Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor activity of angiotensin II, but ... Angiotensin IIEdit. Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (AII) through removal of two ... Angiotensin IVEdit. Arg , Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin IV is a hexapeptide that, like angiotensin III, has some lesser ... See also Renin-angiotensin system#Effects. Angiotensins II, III and IV have a number of effects throughout the body:. Adipic ...
Angiotensin type-2 receptor-mediated hypotension in angiotensin type 1 receptor-blocked rats. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 1272-1277 ... The major biological actions of the renin-angiotensin system are mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II, which binds with equal ... Angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries of type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2007; 49: 341-346. ... The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100 ...
Helping you find trustworthy answers on Renin-Angiotensin System , Latest evidence made easy ... Find all the evidence you need on Renin-Angiotensin System via the Trip Database. ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cleaves angiotensin-II into the vasodilator peptide, angiotensin-(1-7), hence playing a pivotal ... role in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7) compensatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin ...
Helping you find trustworthy answers on Renin-Angiotensin System , Latest evidence made easy ... Find all the evidence you need on Renin-Angiotensin System via the Trip Database. ... Renin angiotensin system in liver diseases: Friend or foe? Full Text available with Trip Pro. Renin angiotensin system in liver ... Renin angiotensin system deregulation as renal cancer risk factor Full Text available with Trip Pro. Renin angiotensin system ...
Angiotensin II Flow attention cardiovascular clinical application hypertension pathophysiology physiology Editors and ... The Angiotensin II AT2 Receptor Subtype Marc de Gasparo, Nigel R. Levens, Bruno Kamber, Pascal Furet, Steven Whitebread, ... Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonism in an Ovine Model of Heart Failure Comparison with ACE and Renin Inhibition ... Angiotensin Receptor Stimulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β in Rat Skin and Wound Healing ...
angiotensin amide synonyms, angiotensin amide pronunciation, angiotensin amide translation, English dictionary definition of ... angiotensin amide. n. Any of several polypeptide hormones, designated by Roman numerals, that are involved in the regulation of ... angiotensin I - a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II ... angiotensin. (redirected from angiotensin amide). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. an·gi·o·ten·sin. (ăn′jē-ō- ...
Angiotensin converting enzyme (encoded by the gene DCP1, also known as ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the ... Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme.. Rieder MJ1, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA. ... Because of its key function in the renin-angiotensin system, many association studies have been performed with DCP1. Nearly all ... physiologically active peptide angiotensin II, which controls fluid-electrolyte balance and systemic blood pressure. ...
Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) with a focus on the local RAASs of the ... Newer Insights into the Biochemical Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Role of Angiotensin-(1-7), Angiotensin ... The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin ... Intracellular Accumulation and Nuclear Trafficking of Angiotensin II and the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor ...
Giving ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and hypertension may ... Angiotensin Drugs Help Advanced CKD Patients. by Todd Neale, Senior Staff Writer, MedPage Today December 17, 2013 ... Giving ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ... Source Reference: Hsu T-W, et al "Renoprotective effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in patients with ...
PeptidesHypertensionBlockadeAngiotensinogenRenalEffects of AngiotensinEnzyme inhibitionAbstractCardiovascularInhibitionFormation of angiotensinConversion of angiotensinInhibitorAngIIDrugsSecretionMetabolismInhibit angiotensin-converInhibitors or angiotensin receptorAntagonistsHypertensiveCongestive heart fBlockerVasoconstrictionElucidated angiotensin receptorRAASKidneyAdrenal cortexKnown as angiotensinPrecursor to angiotensinBlockers and ACE inhibitorsBlood pressureActionsLiverHuman angiotensinEither angiotensinHormone angiotensinOctapeptide angiotensinModulatesPeptide hormone that causesSynthesis
- As shown, it is capable of clipping both angiotensin-I and angiotensin-II down further, to even small peptides (angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7) that have activities of their own. (sciencemag.org)
- These classical functions of RAS are mediated by angiotensin effector peptides including Ang II, III and 1-7 ( Atlas, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
- However, tissues are the main site of production of angiotensin peptides by the circulating RAS, whereby plasma-derived renin acts on plasma-derived angiotensinogen to generate Ang I, which is converted to Ang II by endothelial ACE ( 1 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The observation was then made by Vane that these peptides could also block the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II via the angiotensin converting enzyme. (bmj.com)
- ACE is a zinc- and chloride-dependent metallopeptidase that is responsible for the metabolism of key biologically active peptides, namely Angiotensin I and Bradykinin. (proteopedia.org)
- Drugs that inhibit ACE, and thus block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, are used to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension . (britannica.com)
- More than two decades ago, drugmakers searching for new hypertension medications unearthed a mysterious new cell receptor that responded to a hormone known as angiotensin II. (nature.com)
- Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line therapy for chronic hypertension in women of reproductive age owing to their efficacy and few side effects. (nih.gov)
- Intrarenal renin - angiotensin system activation in end-stage renal disease 28179627 2018 07 30 2018 12 02 1348-4214 40 4 2017 04 Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension Hypertens. (tripdatabase.com)
- Are Local Renin-Angiotensin Systems the Focal Points for Understanding Salt Sensitivity in Hypertension? (springer.com)
- Angiotensin II represents a key molecule in hypertension and cerebrovascular pathology. (hindawi.com)
- Mechanisms proposed to explain the benefit of angiotensin blockade found in the early studies included the direct effects of angiotensin blockade on the structural and electrical properties of the atria, as well as the indirect influence of improved control of heart failure and hypertension (in patients with these conditions), both of which are known risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) [ 1 ]. (uptodate.com)
- Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and RAS inhibitors are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS. (hindawi.com)
- Morganti A, Grassi G, Giannattasio C, Bolla G, Turolo L, Saino A, Sala C, Mancia G, Zanchetti A. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on cardiovascular regulation during reflex sympathetic activation in sodium replete patients with essential hypertension. (ahajournals.org)
- Angiotensin II has been investigated for the treatment, basic science, and diagnostic of Hypertension, Renin Angiotensin System, and Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. (drugbank.ca)
- The LIFE trial (Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study) compared losartan with atenolol, a beta-blocker, to determine whether selective blocking of angiotensin II improves left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) beyond reducing blood pressure over 4 years. (uspharmacist.com)
- 1 Although angiotensin-receptor blockers were effective in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with hypertension in one large trial, patients in the control group were not given an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. (cmaj.ca)
- Meta-analyses that included several randomized trials failed to show superiority of angiotensin-receptor blockers over ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension, 6 heart failure 7 or the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. (cmaj.ca)
- It exerts its various actions on the cardiovascular and renal system, mainly via interaction with the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R), which contributes to blood pressure regulation and development of hypertension but may also mediate effects on the immune system. (pnas.org)
- Furthermore, our results suggest that variable activity of the renin-angiotensin system may contribute to inconsistencies in the association between insulin resistance and hypertension. (jci.org)
- Cough occurs much less often with these agents than with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and they do not adversely affect lipid profiles or cause rebound hypertension after discontinuation. (aafp.org)
- Clinical trials indicate that angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are effective and safe in the treatment of hypertension. (aafp.org)
- Since the first angiotensin-II receptor antagonists were introduced a few years ago, numerous clinical trials have been conducted on their use in patients with hypertension and their potential use in patients with congestive heart failure. (aafp.org)
- The angiotensin-II receptor antagonists that have been labeled for use in hypertension by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), irbesartan (Avapro), candesartan (Atacand) and telmisartan (Micardis). (aafp.org)
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an integral role in the pathophysiology of hypertension because it affects the regulation of fluid volume, electrolyte balance and blood volume. (aafp.org)
- Recent studies suggest that hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII) results primarily from the renal effects of this hormone. (pnas.org)
- Nrf2 Deficiency Upregulates Intrarenal Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 and Angiotensin 1-7 Receptor Expression and Attenuates Hypertension and Nephropathy in Diabetic Mice. (harvard.edu)
- Angiotensin-(1-7) prevents systemic hypertension, attenuates oxidative stress and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and normalizes renal angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor expression in diabetic mice. (harvard.edu)
- Due to its critical role in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), ACE has been targeted by a number of pharmaceutical compounds to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and renal failure. (proteopedia.org)
- 3 ) This article discusses the place of the newest class of antihypertensive agents, the angiotensin II receptor antagonists, in the treatment of hypertension. (aafp.org)
- Blockade of the renin - angiotensin -aldosterone system (RAAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has been shown to decrease incident atrial fibrillation (AF). (tripdatabase.com)
- Hsu and colleagues provide reassuring information complementing the data from randomized clinical trials that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade can be safely implemented even in advanced chronic kidney disease," according to Meyeon Park, MD , and Chi-yuan Hsu, MD , of the University of California San Francisco. (medpagetoday.com)
- 1996). Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade during exercise: comparison of losartan and saralasin. (exrx.net)
- What is the role of renin-angiotensin blockade in the treatment of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy? (medscape.com)
- Heptapeptide analogues induce greater blockade of renal than femoral vascular responses to angiotensin. (harvard.edu)
- Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen , released by the liver, to angiotensin I . Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin (an enzyme produced by the kidneys ) on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver . (britannica.com)
- Plasma angiotensinogen levels are increased by plasma corticosteroid, estrogen, thyroid hormone, and angiotensin II levels. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin I (CAS# 11128-99-7) is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. (wikipedia.org)
- It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin , but rather as angiotensinogen , before it is cleaved into angiotensin I by renin and then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme which is located mostly in the lungs . (everything2.com)
- Angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme are normally present in large amounts in the system, but cannot be activated and used, respectively, until renin is present. (everything2.com)
- eng R01 DK072408 DK NIDDK NIH HHS United States Journal Article Comment 2017 02 09 England Hypertens Res 9307690 0916-9636 11002-13-4 Angiotensinogen 11128-99-7 Angiotensin II EC 3.4.23.15 Renin IM Hypertens Res. (tripdatabase.com)
- Angiotensin I, itself a decapeptide with weak biological activity, is produced from angiotensinogen and then quickly converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE). (drugbank.ca)
- Renin cleaves an inactive peptide called angiotensinogen , converting it into angiotensin I . (bionity.com)
- In the central nervous system, angiotensinogen is synthesized by astrocytes and subsequently cleaved by renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and aminopeptidases or ACE2 and Neprilysin ( Bodiga and Bodiga, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The circulating RAS comprises kidney-derived renin acting on liver-derived angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin (Ang) I that is converted to Ang II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). (frontiersin.org)
- Renin, an enzyme produced primarily by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into an inactive substance, angiotensin I (A-I). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts A-I to the physiologically active angiotensin II (A-II), which causes potent vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion and sympathetic activation. (aafp.org)
- Renin is an enzyme produced by the liver which cleaves Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I Angiotensin Ihas the sequence, DRVTIHPFHL, and does not appear to have any biological activity. (proteopedia.org)
- Immunolocalization of angiotensin I/II (Ang I/II), which was converted from angiotensinogen, was detected in rat PDL tissues. (nii.ac.jp)
- Comparative Analysis of Renin - Angiotensin System (RAS)-Related Gene Expression Between Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats BACKGROUND The renal renin - angiotensin system (RAS) is physiologically important for blood pressure regulation. (tripdatabase.com)
- Intrarenal renin - angiotensin system activation in end-stage renal disease. (tripdatabase.com)
- There is also no question that the enhancing effect of angiotensin II on sympathetic cardiovascular influences is reciprocated because sympathetic nerve activity is an important determinant of renal secretion of renin R3 R4 and thus of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. (ahajournals.org)
- Angiotensin II is under investigation for the treatment of Sepsis, Septic Shock, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Renal Failure. (drugbank.ca)
- Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through a coordinated action of renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. (frontiersin.org)
- Angiotensin II regulation of renal vascular ENaC proteins. (biomedsearch.com)
- In renal epithelial tissue, ENaC expression is regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). (biomedsearch.com)
- The purpose of this study is measure the alterations in renal blood oxygenation after angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibition. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The understanding of kidney adaptive mechanisms to renin angiotensin system effects in healthy subjects will be useful for the early detection of renal disease and for the development of new therapies to decrease the progression of the disease and its consequences. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Because the renal consequences of WNK4 carrying pseudoaldosteronism type II mutations resemble the response to intravascular volume depletion (promotion of salt reabsorption without K + secretion), a condition that is associated with high angiotensin II (AngII) levels, it has been proposed that AngII signaling might affect WNK4 modulation of the NCC. (pnas.org)
- Deletion of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 exacerbates renal inflammation and injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice through modulation of the nephrin and TNF-alpha-TNFRSF1A signaling. (harvard.edu)
- Angiotensin antagonists with increased specificity for the renal vasculature. (harvard.edu)
- The hemodynamic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) result in improved ventricular function and also reductions in LA pressure and wall stress [ 2 ]. (uptodate.com)
- Hyperkalemia in azotemic patients during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and aldosterone reduction with captopril. (webmd.com)
- 172638 Authors: Abouelkheir M, El-Metwally TH Abstract Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) improve insulin sensitivity. (medworm.com)
- The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) with a focus on the local RAASs of the cardiovascular system and kidney. (springer.com)
- It is suggested that this central effect also contributes to the cardiovascular response to endogenous angiotensin. (bmj.com)
- The octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts a wide range of effects on the cardiovascular system. (anaspec.com)
- Interpretation Had access to angiotensin-receptor blockers been restricted, the potential cost savings to the Canadian health care system might have been more than $77 million in 2006, likely without any adverse effect on cardiovascular health. (cmaj.ca)
- Angiotensin II, one of the most potent neurohormones in this system, is known to cause vasoconstriction, sodium retention, cardiac hypertrophy, cell death, endothelial dysfunction and other detrimental cardiovascular effects. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- Angiotensin III and IV activation of the brain AT1 receptor subtype in cardiovascular function. (harvard.edu)
- In cardiomyocytes, Angiotensin II exposure induces rapid inhibition of L-type current with a magnitude that is correlated with the rate of current inactivation. (nih.gov)
- Over-expression of individual b subunits in heterologous systems reveals that the magnitude of Angiotensin II inhibition is dependent on the Ca(v)β subunit isoform, with Ca(v)β(1b) containing channels being more strongly regulated. (nih.gov)
- Moreover, PLC or diacylglycerol lipase inhibition prevents the Angiotensin II effect on L-type calcium channels, while PKC inhibition with chelerythrine does not, suggesting a role of arachidonic acid in this process. (nih.gov)
- These data demonstrate that Ca(v)β subunits alter the magnitude of inhibition of L-type current by Angiotensin II. (nih.gov)
- The value of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition in reducing mortality and morbidity among patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction has been well established in multiple large randomized clinical trials. (cmaj.ca)
- That results in the decreased formation of angiotensin II and decreased metabolism of bradykinin, which leads to systematic dilation of the arteries and veins and a decrease in arterial blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- So you can see how an ACE-1 inhibitor could be good for high blood pressure, by blocking any formation of angiotensin II, and a renin inhibitor would be as well, by blocking the whole process a bit further upstream, and something that blocked that last binding step (an antagonist of the angiotensin receptor) would also probably work. (sciencemag.org)
- Angiotensin converting enzyme (encoded by the gene DCP1, also known as ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the physiologically active peptide angiotensin II, which controls fluid-electrolyte balance and systemic blood pressure. (nih.gov)
- ACE is a target of ACE inhibitor drugs, which decrease the rate of Angiotensin II production. (wikipedia.org)
- 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor of Formula I is administered in a sub-anti-hypertensive dose. (google.com)
- Enalapril: a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. (webmd.com)
- 14.Phakdeekitcharoen B, Leelasa-nguan P. Effects of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on potassium in CAPD patients. (webmd.com)
- Angiotensin II inhibitors with calcium channel blocking agents is a combination medicine containing both an angiotensin II inhibitor and a calcium channel blocker. (drugs.com)
- The angiotensin II inhibitor stops the activation of the angiotensin II receptor which results in vasodilation, a reduction of aldosterone production and reduced vasopressin. (drugs.com)
- for the study patients these and the cough index were measured twice before rechallenge for two weeks with an angiotensin enzyme inhibitor and once afterwards. (bmj.com)
- 3. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (n. (synonym.com)
- Treatment with the renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin II converting-enzyme inhibitor enalapril, as well as preventive or therapeutic application of the AT1R antagonist losartan, resulted in a significantly ameliorated course of MOG-EAE. (pnas.org)
- The objective of this project is to investigate the role of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in preventing the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. (bioportfolio.com)
- Currently, they are considered reasonable alternatives for patients who have a compelling need for an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor but develop a cough while taking this medication. (aafp.org)
- AngII (angiotensin II), which induces oxidative stress and inflammation, is also implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. (mendeley.com)
- Angiotensin II (AngII) via AT1 receptor is reported to increase brain Aβ level via different mechanisms including increasing amyloid precursor protein (APP) mRNA, β-secretase activity, and presenilin expression. (frontiersin.org)
- Angiotensin II (AngII: Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) is an octapeptide hormone playing an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. (mcmaster.ca)
- It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which is a major target for drugs that raises blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- COVID-19 and Angiotensin Drugs: Help or Harm? (medscape.com)
- We show that this type of immunosuppression may be reversed by reprogramming the microenvironment with drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers. (news-medical.net)
- The angiotensin receptor blockers came next (drugs with the -sartan suffix), and there are several of them. (sciencemag.org)
- are there any angiotensin drugs that dont include hydrochothiazide? (drugs.com)
- In practice, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to given considerable relief to patients with severe heart failure, but in patients who are only moderately ill these drugs may have less effect than increasing the dose of diuretics. (biomedsearch.com)
- By developing native and glycosylated forms of the angiotensin-(1-7) peptide for vascular cognitive impairment, ProNeurogen hopes to plug a treatment gap that repurposed Alzheimer's disease drugs have failed to fill. (biocentury.com)
- The findings don't close the book on angiotensin-receptor blockers and other drugs in the class, though, Drs. Jessup and Massie agreed. (medpagetoday.com)
- At this time, the place for the newest class of antihypertensive drugs, the angiotensin II receptor antagonists, remains uncertain. (aafp.org)
- When data from ongoing trials become available, angiotensin II receptor antagonists may prove to be a good choice for initial therapy in many patients because of the favorable side effect profile of this class of drugs. (aafp.org)
- Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin II also increases Aldosterone secretion, therefore, it acts as an endocrine , autocrine / paracrine , and intracrine hormone. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, leading to a decrease in water and sodium reabsorption and a reduction in extracellular volume. (wikipedia.org)
- Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive patients by captopril induces sustained reduction in aldosterone secretion, potassium retention and natruiresis. (webmd.com)
- This conversion from angiotensin I to angiotensin II and subsequent receptor binding leads to increases in vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sympa-thetic activation. (uspharmacist.com)
- 1 , 4 Angiotensin-II receptor blockers antagonize A-II-induced biologic actions, including smooth muscle contraction, sympathetic pressor mechanisms and aldosterone secretion. (aafp.org)
- Adrenergic regulation of angiotensin secretion. (harvard.edu)
- unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, they do not inhibit bradykinin metabolism or enhance prostaglandin synthesis. (aafp.org)
- Gynura procumbens inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors can inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. (medworm.com)
- These patients are often being treated with ACE-1 inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor antagonists. (sciencemag.org)
- At a symposium at the 61st Scientific Sessions of the ADA in June 2001, the results of three recent diabetic nephropathy trials with angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonists were presented. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists (or blockers) are a newer class of antihypertensive agents. (aafp.org)
- Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are well tolerated. (aafp.org)
- Other angiotensin-II receptor antagonists currently under investigation include eprosartan, tasosartan and zolarsartan. (aafp.org)
- Components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sites at which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work and angiotensin-II receptor antagonists interrupt the type 1-receptor subtype (AT 1 ) of angiotensin II. (aafp.org)
- Alpha-linolenic acid inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
- As an example of this wealth of data, in this issue of CMAJ , Pilote and colleagues 2 use administrative databases of hospital discharges and prescription claims to study the comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of congestive heart failure. (cmaj.ca)
- 13.Fujii H, Nakahama H, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, Kawano Y. Life-threatening Hyperkalemia during a Combined Therapy with the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Candesartan and Spironolactone. (webmd.com)
- The purpose of this study is to determine whether a treatment for diabetic nephropathy, the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan, modifies mediators of kidney injury independent of blood pressure and the relationships to drug dose. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Note: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker. (cmaj.ca)
- NEW ORLEANS, Nov. 11 -- The angiotensin-receptor blocker irbesartan (Avapro) holds no benefit for heart failure patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, researchers found. (medpagetoday.com)
- Although they offer some tantalizing signals and still some persistent concerns about crossover," she said, "they deliver a pretty consistent message and really don't justify adding an ACE or an ARB [angiotensin-receptor blocker] for a patient with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction if the blood pressure is already controlled. (medpagetoday.com)
- The treatment of a large proportion of patients with multiple inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might have left little room for further benefit from the addition of an angiotensin-receptor blocker," the researchers said. (medpagetoday.com)
- Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin II acts on the CNS to increase ADH production, and also acts on venous and arterial vessels' smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in vasoconstriction and therefore increased blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- Both authors present possible mechanisms for their observations based on literature evidence and their own observations of the ability of angiotensin to enhance sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction. (ahajournals.org)
- In addition to the possibilities they presented we would like to suggest that there is the potential that the enhanced vasoconstriction is being mediated by angiotensin per se, which in the presence of catecholamines is being transformed from a subpressor to pressor effect. (ahajournals.org)
- Drs Kessler and Kessler suggest that the vasoconstricting effect of angiotensin II may be enhanced by sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction. (ahajournals.org)
- Angiotensin II is a naturally occurring peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) that has the capacity to cause vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure in the human body. (drugbank.ca)
- Two types of Angiotensin-converting enzyme exist, ACE1 and ACE2, although the most focus has been on ACE1 which has been attributed with receptor-mediated effects like vasoconstriction, inflammation and cell growth/proliferation. (proteopedia.org)
- Binding of Angiotensin II to ATI leads to vasoconstriction by vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in increased blood pressure, as well as the release of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis regulator, aldosterone, by the adrenal glands. (proteopedia.org)
- The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- The renin-angiotensin system ( RAS ) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance . (wikipedia.org)
- Our program will also push beyond the barriers of our current understanding of the RAAS by inviting speakers who have not previously attended the Angiotensin GRC. (grc.org)
- The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and extracellular volume in the body. (bionity.com)
- Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in development and progression of heart failure (HF). (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key modulator of blood pressure. (pnas.org)
- Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (AII) through removal of two C-terminal residues by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily through ACE within the lung (but also present in endothelial cells , kidney epithelial cells, and the brain). (wikipedia.org)
- In addition, angiotensin II acts at the Na/H + exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney to stimulate Na reabsorption and H + excretion which is coupled to bicarbonate reabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone, another hormone, from the adrenal cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- ACE-1 takes off two more amino acids to give you the octapeptide known as angiotensin-II, and that one has profound effects on raising blood pressure (it has many other functions as well). (sciencemag.org)
- Angiotensin I appears to have no direct biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)
- Sources of data for model parameters included IMS Health Canada data collected from one-third of all retail pharmacies for the cost and use of angiotensin-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors in each province, as well as published studies for administrative costs and incidence of dry cough. (cmaj.ca)
- Angiotensin-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors are already widely used for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, Dr. Redfield said. (medpagetoday.com)
- Angiotensin II acts directly on blood vessels, causing their constriction and thereby raising blood pressure . (britannica.com)
- This peptide hormone constricts blood vessels, but, oddly, blocking the so-called angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2) appeared to have no effect on blood pressure, so the target was largely ignored by drug developers. (nature.com)
- Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by stimulating the Gq protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (which in turn activates an IP3-dependent mechanism leading to a rise in intracellular calcium levels and ultimately causing contraction). (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. (wikipedia.org)
- Pomegranate juice reduces blood pressure by inhibiting Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity in diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
- The novelty of the medication lies in the fact that it is the first and only use of synthetic human angiotensin II to help maintain body blood pressure. (drugbank.ca)
- The renin-angiotensin system is often manipulated clinically to treat high blood pressure . (bionity.com)
- ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors, treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood. (everydayhealth.com)
- The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is a major regulator of blood pressure in the human body. (proteopedia.org)
- The discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2-angiotensin (1-7)-Mas receptor axis that exerts vasodilator, antiproliferative, and antifibrotic actions opposed to those of the ACE-Ang II-AT 1 receptor axis has led to the hypothesis that a decrease in the expression or activity of angiotensin (1-7) renders the systems more susceptible to the pathological actions of Ang II. (hindawi.com)
- See 'The electrocardiogram in atrial fibrillation' and 'Actions of angiotensin II on the heart' and 'Epidemiology of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation' . (uptodate.com)
- Angiotensin also has direct effects on many other cells, including the podocyte, and it is likely that some of its effects depend on these other actions too. (edren.org)
- Most of these actions are mediated through angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
- It is a large molecule , produced in the liver, and only a small part of it is cleaved off to become angiotensin I . (everything2.com)
- Role of renin-angiotensin system in liver diseases: an outline on the potential therapeutic points of intervention. (harvard.edu)
- Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. (nih.gov)
- The suggestion is that higher local concentrations of either angiotensin II or perindoprilat are achieved when a vessel is noradrenergically preconstricted by infused norepinephrine or lower body negative pressure. (ahajournals.org)
- Interestingly, some clinical studies have demonstrated that treatment with either angiotensin I-converter enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARA) reduces the incidence of diabetes mellitus in high risk patients ( 5 , 6 ). (scielo.br)
- They are important in the renin-angiotensin system: they are responsible for the signal transduction of the vasoconstricting stimulus of the main effector hormone, angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)
- Human heart chymase, a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase, hydrolyzes the Phe8-His9 bond to yield the octapeptide hormone angiotensin II and His-Leu. (anaspec.com)
- converting enzyme (ACE) converts the hormone angiotensin I into. (everydayhealth.com)
- Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin II modulates CD40 exp. (mendeley.com)
- Angiotensin is a short peptide hormone that causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the glomerulus, leading to increased glomerular filtration pressure. (edren.org)
- Design and Synthesis of Angiotensin IV Peptidomimetics Targeting the Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) (Ph.D. thesis). (wikipedia.org)
- Angiotensin II and ET-1, both at 10 nmol/L, induced myocyte hypertrophy, as demonstrated by increased protein content and synthesis, [Ca 2+ ] i levels, protein kinase C (PKC) activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 (p38). (ingentaconnect.com)
- One is in the synthesis of angiotensin II, which has vasoconstrictive properties, promotes retention of sodium and water, and promotes cell growth. (bmj.com)