Angiotensins. Medical search

Oligopeptides which are important in the regulation of blood pressure (VASOCONSTRICTION) and fluid homeostasis via the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. These include angiotensins derived naturally from precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, and those synthesized.

A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).

A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.

An octapeptide that is a potent but labile vasoconstrictor. It is produced from angiotensin I after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME. The amino acid in position 5 varies in different species. To block VASOCONSTRICTION and HYPERTENSION effect of angiotensin II, patients are often treated with ACE INHIBITORS or with ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS.

A highly specific (Leu-Leu) endopeptidase that generates ANGIOTENSIN I from its precursor ANGIOTENSINOGEN, leading to a cascade of reactions which elevate BLOOD PRESSURE and increase sodium retention by the kidney in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.99.19.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

A BLOOD PRESSURE regulating system of interacting components that include RENIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME; ANGIOTENSIN I; ANGIOTENSIN II; and angiotensinase. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming ANGIOTENSIN I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme, contained in the lung, acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to ANGIOTENSIN II, an extremely powerful vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II causes contraction of the arteriolar and renal VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE, leading to retention of salt and water in the KIDNEY and increased arterial blood pressure. In addition, angiotensin II stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX, which in turn also increases salt and water retention in the kidney. Angiotensin-converting enzyme also breaks down BRADYKININ, a powerful vasodilator and component of the KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM.

An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of natural angiotensins. Upon successive enzyme cleavages, angiotensinogen yields angiotensin I, II, and III with amino acids numbered at 10, 8, and 7, respectively.

Cell surface proteins that bind ANGIOTENSINS and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility.

A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.

An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in a variety of adult tissues including the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM, the KIDNEY, the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM. Activation of the type 1 angiotensin receptor causes VASOCONSTRICTION and sodium retention.

Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORS. Many drugs in this class specifically target the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

An angiotensin receptor subtype that is expressed at high levels in fetal tissues. Many effects of the angiotensin type 2 receptor such as VASODILATION and sodium loss are the opposite of that of the ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR.

It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)

The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.

Societies whose membership is limited to scientists.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.

A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

Compounds with a BENZENE fused to IMIDAZOLES.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.

The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.

Societies whose membership is limited to physicians.

Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

An examination, review and verification of all financial accounts.

A species of strictly anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaea which lives in geothermally-heated marine sediments. It exhibits heterotropic growth by fermentation or sulfur respiration.

One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.

Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.

The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.

Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning.

Organic compounds containing the -CO-NH2 radical. Amides are derived from acids by replacement of -OH by -NH2 or from ammonia by the replacement of H by an acyl group. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

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The subtype 2 of angiotensin II receptors and pressure-natriuresis in adult rat kidneys. (1/383)

The present work examined the effects of the subtype 2 of angiotensin II (AT2) receptors on the pressure-natriuresis using a new peptide agonist, and the possible involvement of cyclic guanosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in these effects. In adult anaesthetized rats (Inactin, 100 mg kg(-1), i.p.) deprived of endogenous angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (quinapril, 10 mg kg(-1), i.v.), T2-(Ang II 4-8)2 (TA), a highly specific AT2 receptor agonist (5, 10 and 30 microg kg(-1) min(-1), i.v.) or its solvent was infused in four groups. Renal functions were studied at renal perfusion pressures (RPP) of 90, 110 and 130 mmHg and urinary cyclic GMP excretion when RPP was at 130 mmHg. The effects of TA (10 microg kg(-1) min(-1)) were reassessed in animals pretreated with PD 123319 (PD, 50 microg kg(-1) min(-1), i.v.), an AT2 receptor antagonist and the action of the same dose of PD alone was also determined. Increases in RPP from 90 to 130 mmHg did not change renal blood flow (RBF) but induced 8 and 15 fold increases in urinary flow and sodium excretion respectively. The 5 microg kg(-1) min(-1) dose of TA was devoid of action. The 10 and 30 microg kg(-1) min(-1) doses did not alter total RBF and glomerular filtration rate, but blunted pressure-diuresis and natriuresis relationships. These effects were abolished by PD. TA decreased urinary cyclic GMP excretion. After pretreatment with PD, this decrease was reversed to an increase which was also observed in animals receiving PD alone. In conclusion, renal AT2 receptors oppose the sodium and water excretion induced by acute increases in blood pressure and this action cannot be directly explained by changes in cyclic GMP. (+info)

Cardiac growth factors in human hypertrophy. Relations with myocardial contractility and wall stress. (2/383)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether and which cardiac growth factors are involved in human hypertrophy, whether growth factor synthesis is influenced by overload type and/or by the adequacy of the hypertrophy, and the relationships between cardiac growth factor formation and ventricular function. Cardiac growth factor formation was assessed by measuring aorta-coronary sinus concentration gradient in patients with isolated aortic stenosis (n=26) or regurgitation (n=15) and controls (n=12). Gene expression and cellular localization was investigated in ventricular biopsies using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Cardiac hypertrophy with end-systolic wall stress <90 kdyne/cm2 was associated with a selective increased formation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in aortic regurgitation and of IGF-I and endothelin (ET)-1 in aortic stenosis. mRNA levels for IGF-I and preproET-1 were elevated and mainly expressed in cardiomyocytes. At stepwise analysis, IGF-I formation was correlated to the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (r=0.86, P<0.001) and ET-1 formation to relative wall thickness (r=0.82, P<0. 001). When end-systolic wall stress was >90 kdyne/cm2, IGF-I and ET-1 synthesis by cardiomyocytes was no longer detectable, and only angiotensin (Ang) II was generated, regardless of the type of overload. The mRNA level for angiotensinogen was high, and the mRNA was exclusively expressed in the interstitial cells. Ang II formation was positively correlated to end-systolic stress (r=0.89, P<0.001) and end-diastolic stress (r=0.84, P<0.001). Multivariate stepwise analysis selected end-systolic stress as the most predictive variable and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure as the independent variable for Ang II formation (r=0.93, P<0.001). In conclusion, the present results indicate that the course of human left ventricular hypertrophy is characterized by the participation of different cardiac growth factors that are selectively related both to the type of hemodynamic overload and to ventricular function. (+info)

Angiotensin regulates the selectivity of the Na+-K+ pump for intracellular Na+. (3/383)

Treatment of rabbits with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors increases the apparent affinity of the Na+-K+ pump for Na+. To explore the mechanism, we voltage clamped myocytes from control rabbits and rabbits treated with captopril with patch pipettes containing 10 mM Na+. When pipette solutions were K+ free, pump current (Ip) for myocytes from captopril-treated rabbits was nearly identical to that for myocytes from controls. However, treatment caused a significant increase in Ip measured with pipettes containing K+. A similar difference was observed when myocytes from rabbits treated with the ANG II receptor antagonist losartan and myocytes from controls were compared. Treatment-induced differences in Ip were eliminated by in vitro exposure to ANG II or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or inclusion of the protein kinase C fragment composed of amino acids 530-558 in pipette solutions. Treatment with captopril had no effect on the voltage dependence of Ip. We conclude that ANG II regulates the pump's selectivity for intracellular Na+ at sites near the cytoplasmic surface. Protein kinase C is implicated in the messenger cascade. (+info)

Central lead administration inhibits water intake and sodium appetite in rats. (4/383)

We have demonstrated that acute third ventricle injections of lead acetate (PbAc) exert a powerful antidipsogenic effect and induce a significant increase in renal sodium excretion. In the present study we confirm the antidipsogenic effect of lead and demonstrate that central administration of this metal, in minute amounts, significantly reduces salt intake both during dehydration and after central angiotensinergic stimulation. Adult male Wistar rats had the third ventricle cannulated seven days before the experiments. During this period they had free access to distilled water and hypertonic saline solution (1.5%). After a 24-h period of fluid deprivation, experimental animals received third ventricle injections of PbAc (0.3, N = 8 and 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 14) while controls received sodium acetate (NaAc; 3.0 nmol/rat, N = 10). Rats treated with PbAc at the highest dose showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) both in water and hypertonic saline intake when compared to controls. When the effect of lead administration on angiotensin II-induced water and salt intake was studied, normohydrated animals received third ventricle injections of angiotensin II (9.6 nmol/rat) after pretreatment with 3.0 nmol/rat of PbAc (experimental group, N = 10) or NaAc (controls, N = 8). The group pretreated with PbAc presented a significant reduction (P<0.05) in both water and salt intake compared to controls. Thus, this study confirms the antidipsogenic effect of central lead injections and demonstrates that the presence of lead in the brain exerts a significant inhibition of sodium appetite. (+info)

Self-protection by cardiac myocytes against hypoxia and hyperoxia. (5/383)

Cardiac muscle must maintain a continuous balance between its energy supply and work performed. An important mechanism involved in achievement of this balance is cross talk via chemical signals between cardiac myocytes and the cardiac muscle vascular system. This has been demonstrated by incubating isolated cardiac myocytes in different concentrations of oxygen and then assaying the conditioned media for vasoactive substances on isolated aortic rings and small-resistance arteries. With increasing oxygen concentrations above 6%, cardiac myocytes produce increasing amounts of angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by the blood vessel. The angiotensin II stimulates vascular endothelial cells to secrete endothelin and increase vascular tone. Below 6% oxygen, cardiac myocytes secrete adenosine, which acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to block the effect of alpha-adrenergic agonists and reduce vascular tone. In an intact heart, the net effect of these 2 regulatory systems would be the maintenance of oxygen concentration within a narrow range at the cardiac myocytes. By acting as oxygen sensors, cardiac myocytes modulate vascular tone according to the needs of the myocytes and reduce potential problems of hypoxia and extensive formation of reactive oxygen species. (+info)

Regulated expression of human angiotensinogen gene by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor. (6/383)

We previously identified various upstream and downstream regulatory elements and factors important for hepatic expression of the human angiotensinogen (ANG) gene, the precursor of vasoactive octapeptide angiotensin II. In the present study, to further investigate the molecular mechanism of human ANG transcriptional regulation, we generated transgenic mice carrying the fusion gene composed of the 1. 3-kilobase promoter of the human ANG gene, its downstream enhancer, and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Because expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was observed strongly in the liver and weakly in the kidney, we suspected that hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4 with a tissue expression pattern similar to that of the reporter gene would regulate ANG transcription. In vitro assays indicated that HNF4 bound to the promoter elements and strongly activated the ANG transcription, but that chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), a transcriptional repressor, dramatically repressed human ANG transcription through the promoter elements and the downstream enhancer core elements. Furthermore, COUP-TF dramatically decreased the human ANG transcription in the mouse liver by the Helios Gene Gun system in vivo. These results suggest that an interplay between HNF4 and COUP-TF could be important in hepatic human ANG transcription. (+info)

Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (7/383)

AIMS: The performance of the experimental paradigm of angiotensin challenges with continuous non-invasive blood pressure measurement was evaluated. Angiotensin dose-response relationships were characterized, along with the influence of clinical covariates. The stability of angiotensin-induced peaks and the variability of the angiotensin doses were assessed. Finally, the predictive value of studies based on angiotensin challenges to determine drug doses effective in therapeutics was evaluated. METHODS: The data were gathered from 13 clinical studies on nine angiotensin II receptor antagonists, one ACE inhibitor and one dual ACE-NEP inhibitor, using Finapres for measuring the response to exogenous angiotensin challenges. Modelling of angiotensin dose-response curves and determination of the inter and intrasubject variability were performed by nonlinear regression (NONMEM). The different sources of variations in angiotensin I and II doses and angiotensin-induced peaks were evaluated by analyses of variance. The dose of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists inhibiting blood pressure increase by at least 75%, as measured by this method, was chosen for comparison with the labelled starting dose. RESULTS: Angiotensin challenges exhibited a clear dose-response relationship which can be characterized both by an Emax or a log linear model. The log linear model gave an average systolic/diastolic response of 24+/-6/20+/-5 mmHg for a unit dose of 1 microgram of angiotensin II equivalents, and an increase of 6/6 mmHg for each doubling of the dose. The angiotensin ED50 calculated values were 0.67 microgram for systolic and 0.84 microgram for diastolic blood pressure. The angiotensin doses for eliciting a given response and the angiotensin induced peaks were fairly constant between period and subject, but vary significantly between studies. Based on an inhibition of blood pressure by 75%, the agreement was good between the doses of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists predicted from studies using the methodology of angiotensin challenges and the doses shown to be clinically efficacious, in spite of high intersubject and intrasubject variabilities. CONCLUSIONS: This experimental method represents a valid surrogate for the therapeutic target and a useful tool for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (+info)

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme antisense gene therapy causes permanent antihypertensive effects in the SHR. (8/383)

The renin-angiotensin system plays a critical role in the control of blood pressure (BP), and its hyperactivity is associated with the development and maintenance of hypertension. Although traditional pharmacological therapies targeted toward the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system are effective in the control of this disease, they pose significant limitations. We used an antisense gene delivery strategy to circumvent these limitations and established that a single intracardiac administration of angiotensin type 1 receptor antisense (AT(1)R-AS) causes permanent prevention of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), an animal model of primary human hypertension. Our objectives in this study were 2-fold: to determine (1) whether the targeting of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) mRNA by a similar antisense strategy would prevent the SHR from developing hypertension and (2) whether the antihypertensive phenotype is transmitted to the offspring from the antisense-treated parents. Administration of a retroviral vector containing ACE antisense (LNSV-ACE-AS) caused a modest yet significant attenuation of high BP ( approximately 15+/-2 mm Hg) exclusively in the SHR. This was associated with a complete prevention of cardiac and renovascular pathophysiological alterations that are characteristic of hypertension. Like their parents, the F(1) generation offspring of the LNSV-ACE-AS-treated SHR expressed lower BP, decreased cardiac hypertrophy, and normalization of renal arterial excitation-coupling compared with offspring derived from the LNSV-ACE-tS (truncated sense)-treated SHR. In addition, the endothelial dysfunction commonly observed in the SHR renal arterioles was significantly prevented in both parents and offspring of the LNSV-ACE-AS-treated SHR. Polymerase chain reaction followed by Southern analysis revealed that the ACE-AS was integrated into the SHR genome and transmitted to the offspring. These observations suggest that transmission of ACE-AS by retroviral vector may be responsible for the transference of normotensive phenotypes in the SHR offspring. (+info)

The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I.. *Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide, angiotensin II by angiotensin- ... Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers, can be used to prevent angiotensin II from ... It is believed that angiotensin I may have some minor activity, but angiotensin II is the major bio-active product. Angiotensin ... Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAA_system

Work on angiotensin blockers[edit]. Watkins left Johns Hopkins in 1973 for Harvard University where he researched the use of ... Angiotensin blockers were created in order to avoid the side effects of ACE inhibitors, which were previously the drug of ... In addition, his work on angiotensin blockers has helped many patients in need of treatment for congestive heart failure, even ... Two years after his research on angiotensin blockers at Harvard, Watkins returned to Johns Hopkins and joined the admissions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Watkins

It is a derivative of angiotensin II. Angiotensin. ... Angiotensinamide (INN; BAN and USAN angiotensin amide) is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensinamide

Renin-angiotensin systemEdit. Hypovolemia leads to activation of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and is detected by cells in ... Renin then enters the blood where it catalyzes a protein called angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then almost ... Angiotensin II then travels in the blood until it reaches the posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex where it causes ... This is also a result of the renin-angiotensin system activation.[medical citation needed] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirst

Angiotensin II -> Vasopressin) Increase PAI-1 and PAI-2 also through Angiotensin II Lipid Increase HDL, triglyceride Decrease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen

... is also thought to be the cause of the dry cough in some patients on widely prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme ... In humans, bradykinin is broken down by three kininases: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), aminopeptidase P (APP), and ... Kuoppala A, Lindstedt KA, Saarinen J, Kovanen PT, Kokkonen JO (April 2000). "Inactivation of bradykinin by angiotensin- ... in which case angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) are the next line of treatment. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin

... is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium,[1] that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. Part of the molecule resembles the 3' end of the aminoacylated tRNA. It enters the A site and transfers to the growing chain, causing the formation of a puromycylated nascent chain and premature chain release.[2] The exact mechanism of action is unknown at this time but the 3' position contains an amide linkage instead of the normal ester linkage of tRNA. That makes the molecule much more resistant to hydrolysis and stops the ribosome. Puromycin is selective for either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Also of note, puromycin is critical in mRNA display. In this reaction, a puromycin molecule is chemically attached to the end of an mRNA template, which is then translated into protein. The puromycin can then form a covalent link to the growing peptide chain allowing the mRNA to be physically linked to its translational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puromycin

In humans, the IGF2 gene is located on chromosome 11p15.5, a region which contains numerous imprinted genes. In mice this homologous region is found at distal chromosome 7. In both organisms, Igf2 is imprinted, with expression resulting favourably from the paternally inherited allele. However, in some human brain regions a loss of imprinting occurs resulting in both IGF2 and H19 being transcribed from both parental alleles.[6] The protein CTCF is involved in repressing expression of the gene, by binding to the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) along with Differentially-methylated Region-1 (DMR1) and Matrix Attachment Region −3 (MAR3). These three DNA sequences bind to CTCF in a way that limits downstream enhancer access to the Igf2 region. The mechanism in which CTCF binds to these regions is currently unknown, but could include either a direct DNA-CTCF interaction or it could possibly be mediated by other proteins. In mammals (mice, humans, pigs), only the allele for insulin-like growth ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2

"Randomized Trial of Icatibant for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Induced Upper Airway Angioedema". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icatibant

... (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2 is produced by the intestinal endocrine L cell and by various neurons in the central nervous system. Intestinal GLP-2 is co-secreted along with GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion. When externally administered, GLP-2 produces a number of effects in humans and rodents, including intestinal growth, enhancement of intestinal function, reduction in bone breakdown and neuroprotection. GLP-2 may act in an endocrine fashion to link intestinal growth and metabolism with nutrient intake. GLP-2 and related analogs may be treatments for short bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, osteoporosis and as adjuvant therapy during cancer chemotherapy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide_2

Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4, Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2) is a peptide fragment derived from the larger peptide hormone cholecystokinin. Unlike cholecystokin which has a variety of roles in the gastrointestinal system as well as central nervous system effects, CCK-4 acts primarily in the brain as an anxiogenic, although it does retain some GI effects, but not as much as CCK-8 or the full length polypeptide CCK-58. CCK-4 reliably causes severe anxiety symptoms when administered to humans in a dose of as little as 50μg,[1] and is commonly used in scientific research to induce panic attacks for the purpose of testing new anxiolytic drugs.[2][3][4][5] Since it is a peptide, CCK-4 must be administered by injection, and is rapidly broken down once inside the body so has only a short duration of action,[6] although numerous synthetic analogues with modified properties are known.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCK-4

... (INN) (code name MK-0974) is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist which was an investigational drug for the acute treatment and prevention of migraine, developed by Merck & Co..[1] In the acute treatment of migraine, it was found to have equal potency to rizatriptan[2] and zolmitriptan[3] A Phase IIa clinical trial studying telcagepant for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine was stopped on March 26, 2009 after the "identification of two patients with significant elevations in serum transaminases".[4] A memo to study locations stated that telcagepant had preliminarily been reported to increase the hepatic liver enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in "11 out of 660 randomized (double-blinded) study participants." All study participants were told to stop taking the medication.[5] On July 2011, Merck announced that it had discontinued development of telcagepant.[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcagepant

The neuropeptide galanin elicits a range of biological effects by interaction with specific G-protein-coupled receptors. Galanin receptors are seven-trans membrane proteins shown to activate a variety of intracellular second-messenger pathways. GALR1 inhibits adenylyl cyclase via a G protein of the GI/GO family. GALR1 is widely expressed in the brain and spinal cord, as well as in peripheral sites such as the small intestine and heart.[5]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1

Angiotensin. *Bombesin. *Calcitonin gene-related peptide. *Carnosine. *Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromedin_N

A decapeptide has ten amino acids (e.g., gonadotropin-releasing hormone & angiotensin I). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide

... , also called chorionic somatomammotropin, is a polypeptide placental hormone, part of the somatotropin family. Its structure and function is similar to that of growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. For information on the human form, see human placental lactogen. Placental lactogen I and II were identified as prolactin-like molecules that can bind to prolactin receptor with high affinity and mimic the actions of prolactin. These hormones can contribute to lactogenesis, luteal maintenance and progesterone production (in rats) during the later stages of gestation. Placental lactogen I may be important in stimulating mammary cell proliferation and in stimulating some of the adaptations of the maternal lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_lactogen

Angiotensin. *Bombesin. *Calcitonin gene-related peptide. *Carnosine. *Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide

Angiotensin. *Bombesin. *Calcitonin gene-related peptide. *Carnosine. *Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orexin

The human CRHR2 gene contains 12 exons. Three major functional isoforms, alpha (411 amino acids), beta (438 amino acids), and gamma (397 amino acids), encoded by transcripts with alternative first exons,[7] differ only in the N-terminal sequence comprising the signal peptide and part of the extracellular domain (amino acids 18-108 of CRHR2 alpha); the unique N-terminal sequence of each isoform (34 amino acids in CRHR2 alpha; 61 amino acids in Hs CRHR2 beta; 20 amino acids in CRHR2 gamma) is followed by a sequence common to all isoforms (377 amino acids)[8] comprising most of the multi-pass transmembrane domain followed by a cytoplasmic domain of 47 amino acids. CRHR2 beta is expressed in human brain; CRHR2 alpha predominates in peripheral tissues. The N-terminal signal peptides of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 and CRHR2 beta are cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum to yield the mature receptors. In contrast, CRHR2 alpha contains a unique pseudo signal peptide that is not removed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2

Toy-Miou-Leong M, Cortes CL, Beaudet A, Rostène W, Forgez P (Mar 2004). "Receptor trafficking via the perinuclear recycling compartment accompanied by cell division is necessary for permanent neurotensin cell sensitization and leads to chronic mitogen-activated protein kinase activation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (13): 12636-46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M303384200. PMID 14699144 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1

ProIAPP has been linked to Type 2 diabetes and the loss of islet β-cells.[24] Islet amyloid formation, initiated by the aggregation of proIAPP, may contribute to this progressive loss of islet β-cells. It is thought that proIAPP forms the first granules that allow for IAPP to aggregate and form amyloid which may lead to amyloid-induced apoptosis of β-cells. IAPP is cosecreted with insulin. Insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes produces a greater demand for insulin production which results in the secretion of proinsulin.[25] ProIAPP is secreted simultaneously, however, the enzymes that convert these precursor molecules into insulin and IAPP, respectively, are not able to keep up with the high levels of secretion, ultimately leading to the accumulation of proIAPP. In particular, the impaired processing of proIAPP that occurs at the N-terminal cleavage site is a key factor in the initiation of amyloid.[25] Post-translational modification of proIAPP occurs at both the carboxy terminus and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylin

... the kisspeptin-angiotensin II pathway of producing aldosterone is increased.[17] Aldosterone that comes from the neighboring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisspeptin

CCK receptors significantly influence neurotransmission in the brain, regulating anxiety, feeding, and locomotion. CCK-B expression may correlate parallel to anxiety and depression phenotypes in humans. CCK-B receptors possess a complex regulation of dopamine activity in the brain. CCK-B activation appears to possess a general inhibitory action on dopamine activity in the brain, opposing the dopamine-enhancing effects of CCK-A. However, the effects of CCK-B on dopamine activity vary depending on location.[11] CCK-B antagonism enhances dopamine release in rat striatum.[12] Activation enhances GABA release in rat anterior nucleus accumbens.[13] CCK-B receptors modulate dopamine release, and influence the development of tolerance to opioids.[14] CCK-B activation decreases amphetamine-induced DA release, and contributes to individual variability in response to amphetamine.[15] In rats, CCK-B antagonism prevents the stress-induced reactivation of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor

The package insert for Gonal-F states that based on physio-chemical tests and bioassays that follitropin beta and follitropin alfa are indistinguishable. Two studies showed no difference.[5][6] However, a more recent study showed there may be a slight clinical difference, with the alfa form tending towards a higher pregnancy rate and the beta form tending towards a lower pregnancy rate, but with significantly higher estradiol (E2) levels.[7]. The package insert for Puregon states that structural analysis shows that the amino acid sequence of follitropin beta is identical to that of natural human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH). Further, the ogliosaccharide side chains are very similar, but not completely identical to that of natural hFSH. However, these small differences do not affect the bioactivity compared to natural hFSH.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin_Preparations

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eptinezumab based primarily on evidence from two clinical trials (Trial 1/ NCT02559895 and Trial 2/ NCT02974153) of 1741 subjects with chronic or episodic migraine headaches.[6] Trials were conducted at 212 sites in United States, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine and European Union.[6] The benefit and side effects of eptinezumab were evaluated in two clinical trials of adult subjects 18 - 71 years of age with a history of migraine headaches.[6] The trials had similar designs.[6] Trial 1 enrolled subjects with a history of episodic migraine headaches and Trial 2 enrolled subjects with chronic migraine headaches.[6] Subjects were assigned to receive one of two doses of eptinezumab or placebo injections every three months for a total of twelve months in Trial 1, and for a total of 6 months in Trial 2.[6] Neither the subjects nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given until the trial was completed.[6] The benefit of eptinezumab in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptinezumab

PTHrP is related in function to the "normal" parathyroid hormone. When a tumor secretes PTHrP, this can lead to hypercalcemia.[7] As this is sometimes the first sign of the malignancy, hypercalcemia caused by PTHrP is considered a paraneoplastic phenomenon. PTHR1 is responsible for most cases of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. PTHrP shares the same N-terminal end as parathyroid hormone and therefore it can bind to the same receptor, the Type I PTH receptor (PTHR1). PTHrP can simulate most of the actions of PTH including increases in bone resorption and distal tubular calcium reabsorption, and inhibition of proximal tubular phosphate transport. However, PTHrP is less likely than PTH to stimulate 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production. Therefore, PTHrP does not increase intestinal calcium absorption. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone-related_protein

In industry, EDTA is mainly used to sequester metal ions in aqueous solution. In the textile industry, it prevents metal ion impurities from modifying colors of dyed products. In the pulp and paper industry, EDTA inhibits the ability of metal ions, especially Mn2+, from catalyzing the disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide, which is used in chlorine-free bleaching. In a similar manner, EDTA is added to some food as a preservative or stabilizer to prevent catalytic oxidative decoloration, which is catalyzed by metal ions.[4] In soft drinks containing ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate, EDTA mitigates formation of benzene (a carcinogen).[5] The reduction of water hardness in laundry applications and the dissolution of scale in boilers both rely on EDTA and related complexants to bind Ca2+, Mg2+, as well as other metal ions. Once bound to EDTA, these metal centers tend not to form precipitates or to interfere with the action of the soaps and detergents. For similar reasons, cleaning solutions often ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edta

ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) then removes a further two residues, converting angiotensin I into angiotensin II. ACE is ... Ng KK, Vane JR (1967). "Conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II". Nature. 216 (5117): 762-6. doi:10.1038/216762a0. PMID ... The conversion of the inactive angiotensin I to the potent angiotensin II was thought to take place in the plasma. However, in ... The inactivation of bradykinin and the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs was thought to be caused by ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitors

Škrbić R, *Igić R. Seven decades of angiotensin (1939-2009). Peptides 2009;30:1945-50. Igić R, Škrbić R. The renin-angiotensin ... His research career centered on the [Renin Angiotensin System , renin-angiotensin system]. While at the Universities of Tuzla ... The renin-angiotensin system and its blockers. Igić R, Škrbić R. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2014 Nov-Dec;142(11-12):756-63. doi: ... Angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in the choroid plexus and in the retinal. In: Buckley JP, Ferrario CM, eds. Central ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajko_Igić

It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II. Valsartan was patented in 1990 ... As valsartan acts at the receptor, it can provide more complete angiotensin II antagonism since angiotensin II is generated by ... which block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. ... Renin and Angiotensin". In Brunton LL, Chabner B, Knollmann BC ... Valsartan and other angiotensin-related blood pressure medications may interact with the antibiotics co-trimoxazole or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsartan

The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ... The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to ... The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS ... angiotensin II. The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAA_system

Central Nervous System Actions of Angiotensin II*5.1. Expression of Renin-Angiotensin System Components ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.cp070304/abstract

... angiotensin II, causes constriction of blood vessels. There are three forms of angiotensin. Angiotensin I is produced by the ... Angiotensin: Angiotensin, a peptide, one form of which, ... Angiotensin I is transformed into angiotensin II in the blood ... renin-angiotensin system. …of 10 amino acids) called angiotensin I. An enzyme in the serum called angiotensin-converting enzyme ... ACE) then converts angiotensin I into an octapeptide (consisting of eight amino acids) called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/angiotensin

It is cleaved at the N-terminus by renin to result in angiotensin I, which will later be modified to become angiotensin II. ... It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of ... and angiotensin II levels. Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu , Val-Ile-... Angiotensin I (CAS# 11128-99-7), officially ... An oligopeptide, angiotensin is a hormone and a dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin

This peptide hormone constricts blood vessels, but, oddly, blocking the so-called angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2) appeared ... for new hypertension medications unearthed a mysterious new cell receptor that responded to a hormone known as angiotensin II. ...

http://blogs.nature.com/spoonful/tag/angiotensin

Proteopedia Angiotensin-converting_enzyme - the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Structure in Interactive 3D Angiotensin+ ... Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which ... In addition, inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme

The product of this enzymatic hydrolysis-the N-terminal heptapeptide sequence of angiotensin-is biologically inactive. ... The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7) *Robson Augusto Souza Santos ... YANG, H., ERDÖS, E. & CHIANG, T. New Enzymatic Route for the Inactivation of Angiotensin. Nature 218, 1224-1226 (1968) doi: ... New Enzymatic Route for the Inactivation of Angiotensin. *H. Y. T. YANG1. , ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/2181224a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=75384540-6af8-4c9c-bf3a-dbad32ac95fb

Molecules that are dissolved in water may dissociate into charged ions. An acid is a substance that increases the number of H+ ions in a solution. A base is a substance that decreases the number of H+ ions in a solution. The concentration of H+ ions in a solution can be measured and is called the pH of the solution.. The pH of a solution can be measured using a scale that ranges from 0 to 14. A solution of pH = 7 is neutral, a solution of pH lower than 7 is acidic, and a solution of pH greater than 7 is basic (alkaline). The number of H+ ions increases as the pH number decreases (and vice versa). The difference between two successive numbers on the pH scale represents a ten-fold difference in the H+ ion concentration because the scale is a logarithmic scale (log of base 10). For example, a solution with a pH of 2 has 10 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 3. A solution with a pH of 2 has 100 times more H+ ions as a solution with a pH of 4. ...

https://www.austincc.edu/apreview/EmphasisItems/Renalpulmonary%20response%20to%20acidosisalkylosis.html

Angiotensin amide definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. Look it ... A peptide analog to angiotensin II that is used as a vasopressor in the treatment of certain types of shock and circulatory ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/angiotensin-amide

The controversy about whether ACE inhibitors and angiotensin blockers may affect COVID-19 infection continues, with hypotheses ... The controversy about whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may ... which in turn results in excessive production of angiotensin II and less ACE2 to convert it the vasodilator angiotensin 1-7. ... They also note that ARBs enable the increase of available angiotensin II by competing with the same receptor and suggest that ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927542

Angiotensin II receptor blockers, or ARBs, are an option for people with heart failure. WebMD explains what they are and how ... Angiotensin II receptor blockers (also called ARBs) block the effects of a substance called angiotensin II. It causes blood ... Heart Failure and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Medically Reviewed by James Beckerman, MD, FACC on August 24, 2020 In this ...

https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/heart-failure-angiotensin-ii

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy.. Mastrobattista JM1.. Author information. 1. Department of Obstetrics, ... Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9201818?dopt=Abstract

... angiotensin I) and two varieties (angiotensin II and angiotensin III) that elevate blood pressure and stimulate the adrenal ... Angiotensin ii definition, any of three oligopeptides occurring in plasma, an inactive form ( ... Angiotensin II is formed from inactive angiotensin I by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (or ACE). See also ACE ... angiotensin ii in Medicine Expand. angiotensin II n. An octapeptide that is a potent vasopressor and a powerful stimulus for ...

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/angiotensin-ii

It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin, but rather as angiotensinogen, befor... ... Angiotensin is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. ... angiotensin (thing). See all of angiotensin, no other writeups ... Angiotensin is part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin, but rather ... before it is cleaved into angiotensin I by renin and then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme which is ...

https://everything2.com/user/hawkeyeMI/writeups/angiotensin

... ,ARUP Laboratories is a national reference laboratory and a worldwide leader in innovative ... Angiotensin II. 7. Angiotensin II EIA Kit. 8. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, CSF. 9. SAFE-T-FILL Serum. 10. SAFE-T-FILL Serum ... ACE Kinetic Hypertension / Cardiac Evaluation, Cardiovascular 001-KK-ACKX Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. 4. Angiotensin II RIA ... ACE Kinetic Hypertension / Cardiac Evaluation, Cardiovascular 001-KK-ACK4 Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. 2. ACE Kinetic ...

http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme--Serum-21098-1/

Angiotensin IIIEdit. Asp , Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin III has 40% of the pressor activity of angiotensin II, but ... Angiotensin IIEdit. Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (AII) through removal of two ... Angiotensin IVEdit. Arg , Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe. Angiotensin IV is a hexapeptide that, like angiotensin III, has some lesser ... See also Renin-angiotensin system#Effects. Angiotensins II, III and IV have a number of effects throughout the body:. Adipic ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotensin

Angiotensin receptor blockers can be used if there is a clinical indication for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade ... Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedema. Danica Quickfall, Baruch Jakubovic and Jonathan S. Zipursky ... Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the leading cause of drug-induced angioedema ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/193/20/E735/tab-related-content

... angiotensin II. Inhibitors of ACE are a first line of therapy for hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction and ... has a critical role in cardiovascular function by cleaving the carboxy terminal His-Leu dipeptide from angiotensin I to produce ... Two putative active centers in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA ... The critical role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme as revealed by gene targeting in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2375-2385 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01370?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8b437ac4-afae-4cd2-9b66-41b4bdf95e07

Angiotensin type-2 receptor-mediated hypotension in angiotensin type 1 receptor-blocked rats. Hypertension. 2001; 38: 1272-1277 ... The major biological actions of the renin-angiotensin system are mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II, which binds with equal ... Angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries of type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2007; 49: 341-346. ... The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100 ...

http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/50/1/33

Helping you find trustworthy answers on Renin-Angiotensin System , Latest evidence made easy ... Find all the evidence you need on Renin-Angiotensin System via the Trip Database. ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cleaves angiotensin-II into the vasodilator peptide, angiotensin-(1-7), hence playing a pivotal ... role in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7) compensatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin ...

https://www.tripdatabase.com/search?criteria=Renin-Angiotensin+System&page=6

Helping you find trustworthy answers on Renin-Angiotensin System , Latest evidence made easy ... Find all the evidence you need on Renin-Angiotensin System via the Trip Database. ... Renin angiotensin system in liver diseases: Friend or foe? Full Text available with Trip Pro. Renin angiotensin system in liver ... Renin angiotensin system deregulation as renal cancer risk factor Full Text available with Trip Pro. Renin angiotensin system ...

https://www.tripdatabase.com/search?criteria=Renin-Angiotensin+System&page=10

Inasmuch as the renin-angiotensin system can act as a protective mechanism again … ... it is of interest to establish whether angiotensin II also produces stimulation of new vessel formation. Angiotensin II or ... Neovascularization produced by angiotensin II J Lab Clin Med. 1985 Feb;105(2):141-5. ... Inasmuch as the renin-angiotensin system can act as a protective mechanism against local ischemia by activating preexisting ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2579174/?dopt=Abstract

Angiotensin II Flow attention cardiovascular clinical application hypertension pathophysiology physiology Editors and ... The Angiotensin II AT2 Receptor Subtype Marc de Gasparo, Nigel R. Levens, Bruno Kamber, Pascal Furet, Steven Whitebread, ... Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonism in an Ovine Model of Heart Failure Comparison with ACE and Renin Inhibition ... Angiotensin Receptor Stimulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β in Rat Skin and Wound Healing ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2464-9

angiotensin amide synonyms, angiotensin amide pronunciation, angiotensin amide translation, English dictionary definition of ... angiotensin amide. n. Any of several polypeptide hormones, designated by Roman numerals, that are involved in the regulation of ... angiotensin I - a physiologically inactive form of angiotensin that is the precursor to angiotensin II ... angiotensin. (redirected from angiotensin amide). Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia. an·gi·o·ten·sin. (ăn′jē-ō- ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/angiotensin+amide

Angiotensin converting enzyme (encoded by the gene DCP1, also known as ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the ... Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme.. Rieder MJ1, Taylor SL, Clark AG, Nickerson DA. ... Because of its key function in the renin-angiotensin system, many association studies have been performed with DCP1. Nearly all ... physiologically active peptide angiotensin II, which controls fluid-electrolyte balance and systemic blood pressure. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10319862?dopt=Abstract

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are antihypertensive medicines used to treat high ... Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II in the lungs. Angiotensin II ... How do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work?. Angiotensin-converting enzyme ... Angiotensin receptor blockers. Alike ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to treat hypertension and ...

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitor-vs-Angiotensin-Receptor-Blockers.aspx

Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) with a focus on the local RAASs of the ... Newer Insights into the Biochemical Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Role of Angiotensin-(1-7), Angiotensin ... The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin ... Intracellular Accumulation and Nuclear Trafficking of Angiotensin II and the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor ...

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0528-4

Giving ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and hypertension may ... Angiotensin Drugs Help Advanced CKD Patients. by Todd Neale, Senior Staff Writer, MedPage Today December 17, 2013 ... Giving ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ... Source Reference: Hsu T-W, et al "Renoprotective effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in patients with ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/generalendocrinology/43477

for angiotensin I (16 M). First-order kinetics will apply even at angiotensin I levels that are 10,000-fold higher than normal ... Other Angiotensins. Alternatively, angiotensin III (Ang 2-8) is produced from Ang II by the actions of aminopeptidase A, a zinc ... Angiotensin II is generated by the serial cleavage of angiotensinogen, first by renin and then by ACE. Angiotensin II exerts ... M. C. Chappell, N. T. Pirro, A. Sykes, and C. M. Ferrario, "Metabolism of angiotensin-(1-7) by angiotensin-converting enzyme," ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ajn/2013/102602/

The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands. (wikipedia.org)
The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, which is their main ligand. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II is the major bioactive product of the renin-angiotensin system, binding to receptors on intraglomerular mesangial cells , causing these cells to contract along with the blood vessels surrounding them and causing the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)
Blood pressure also can be lowered using drugs that are designed to block the receptors to which angiotensin II must bind to exert its actions. (britannica.com)
The major biological actions of the renin-angiotensin system are mediated by angiotensin (Ang) II, which binds with equal affinity to Ang type 1 (AT 1 ) and type 2 (AT 2 ) receptors. (ahajournals.org)
Of particular importance is the attention given to the newly discovered AT 2 receptors, and the physiology and pathophysiology of angiotensin receptor subtypes. (springer.com)
These blockers work by inhibiting the angiotensin II receptors (type I and II), leading to functional inhibition of angiotensin II and subsequent reduction of the blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
It does this by binding to cell-surface proteins called angiotensin receptors (there's more than one type of these and they have a whole list of other downstream functions, but that takes us further afield). (sciencemag.org)
The confusion around the phrase "angiotensin receptors" has led to some people outside of the medical field wondering if the antagonist drugs (the sartans) would interfere with ACE-2, but that doesn't happen, either (there's another story with those, though - see below). (sciencemag.org)
There is no question that angiotensin II can play its enhancing effects on the sympathetic nervous system at various levels and that not only a presynaptic potentiation of norepinephrine secretion but also an amplification of the responsiveness of adrenergic receptors to neural stimuli is involved as indicated by the data of Lyons et al. (ahajournals.org)
It is certainly possible, on the basis of the in vitro findings of Kessler et al, R5 that this activity is increased by sympathetic influences also because of an enhanced effect of angiotensin II on its receptors. (ahajournals.org)
Such species like angiotensin III can then bind and interact with specific G protein coupled receptors like angiotensin receptor 1, or AT-1 1 where strong vasoconstricson can occur. (drugbank.ca)
Alternatively, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can be used to prevent angiotensin II from acting on angiotensin receptors . (bionity.com)
Within the renin-angio-tensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), increases in blood pressure are achieved when angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which then binds to AT 1 receptors located in various muscles and tissues such as vascular and myocardial tissue and in the liver. (uspharmacist.com)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) work to decrease blood pressure by preventing angiotensin II from binding to AT 1 receptors. (uspharmacist.com)
The reported results should help with designing ligands for angiotensin receptors and possibly to other peptide GPCRs. (rcsb.org)
Two systems of nomenclature are used in reference to angiotensin-II receptor antagonists: one system employs Roman numerals, and the other is based on the amino acids that make up the A-I and A-II receptors (AT 1 receptor and AT 2 receptor). (aafp.org)
2 Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists act by binding to specific membrane-bound receptors that displace A-II from its type 1-receptor subtype (AT 1 ). (aafp.org)
Ligand contact points in the angiotensin receptors. (mcmaster.ca)
Cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors that mediate the effects of angiotensin II. (thefreedictionary.com)
Drugs that block the angiotensin receptors , (AT1R blockers) are prescribed to millions of people to lower high blood pressure. (thefreedictionary.com)
The chapters provide insights gained by the genetic manipulation of angiotensin II, assessment of its transcriptional and translational regulation, work on the angiotensin receptors , the status of the specific molecular components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system under differing conditions, and functional responses to the angiotensins. (thefreedictionary.com)

The controversy about whether angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus infection continues unabated, with new commentaries about this appearing almost daily. (medscape.com)
In one prominent report published as a letter to The Lancet Respiratory Medicine on March 11, Lei Feng, MD, PhD, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, and colleagues write: "The expression of ACE2 is substantially increased in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes , who are treated with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers (ARBs). (medscape.com)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (also called ARBs) block the effects of a substance called angiotensin II. (webmd.com)
Renin - Angiotensin System Blockade Improves Cardiac Indices in Acromegaly Patients Blockade of the angiotensin-renin system , with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), has been shown to improve cardiac outcomes following myocardial infarction and delay progression of heart failure. (tripdatabase.com)
Alike ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to treat hypertension and related comorbid conditions. (news-medical.net)
Giving ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) to patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension may prevent the start of long-term dialysis and could delay death, Taiwanese researchers found. (medpagetoday.com)
Initial studies suggested that angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and (possibly) aldosterone antagonists might either prevent new onset and recurrent atrial fibrillation (AF) or reduce the rate of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in these patients. (uptodate.com)
In this topic ACE inhibitors and ARBs collectively will be referred to as 'angiotensin inhibition. (uptodate.com)
While angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) can reprogram CAFs from an active to a quiescent state, their ability to change the cells' immunomodulatory functions is unknown. (news-medical.net)
It covers topics related to angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and nephropathy. (diabetesjournals.org)
As a novel aspect connecting the importance of SNS and RAS activation, we and other investigators have recently demonstrated that angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT 1 R) blockers (ARBs) improve SNS activation in patients with MetS. (hindawi.com)
In the pathogenesis of MetS, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in various organs and tissues [ 3 - 6 ], and RAS inhibitors, such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS because of the prominent depressor effect with the improvement of insulin resistance [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
The protective effect observed with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) could be as the result of inhibition of Ang II signaling. (frontiersin.org)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are potential options for the treatment of high blood pressure. (uspharmacist.com)
newer angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and older angiotensin - converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. (everydayhealth.com)
What Are ARBs ( Angiotensin Receptor Blockers)? (everydayhealth.com)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have similar effects and side-effects to ACE inhibitors, except that they do not cause cough. (edren.org)
Two FDA officials are quarreling in public about their different views about the safety of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), according to a story by Thomas Burton in Friday's Wall Street Journal. (cardiobrief.org)
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) selectively block the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the preferred agents for lowering blood pressure and decreasing proteinuria. (medscape.com)

Plasma renin then carries out the conversion of angiotensinogen , released by the liver, to angiotensin I . [2] Angiotensin I is subsequently converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found on the surface of vascular endothelial cells, predominantly those of the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin I is then converted to an octapeptide , angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [7] which is thought to be found mainly in endothelial cells of the capillaries throughout the body, within the lungs and the epithelial cells of the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin I is transformed into angiotensin II in the blood by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). (britannica.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1), or ACE, is a central component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which controls blood pressure by regulating the volume of fluids in the body. (wikipedia.org)
ACE is also known by the following names: dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase I peptidase P dipeptide hydrolase peptidyl dipeptidase angiotensin converting enzyme kininase II angiotensin I-converting enzyme carboxycathepsin dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase "hypertensin converting enzyme" peptidyl dipeptidase I peptidyl-dipeptide hydrolase peptidyldipeptide hydrolase endothelial cell peptidyl dipeptidase peptidyl dipeptidase-4 PDH peptidyl dipeptide hydrolase DCP CD143 ACE hydrolyzes peptides by the removal of a dipeptide from the C-terminus. (wikipedia.org)
Kininase II is the same as angiotensin-converting enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are excellent antihypertensive agents and are becoming widely used as first-line therapy for chronic hypertension in women of reproductive age owing to their efficacy and few side effects. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin II is formed from inactive angiotensin I by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (or ACE ). (dictionary.com)
It does not generally exist simply as angiotensin , but rather as angiotensinogen , before it is cleaved into angiotensin I by renin and then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme which is located mostly in the lungs . (everything2.com)
Angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme are normally present in large amounts in the system, but cannot be activated and used, respectively, until renin is present. (everything2.com)
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (AII) through removal of two C-terminal residues by the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), primarily through ACE within the lung (but also present in endothelial cells , kidney epithelial cells, and the brain). (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a critical role in cardiovascular function by cleaving the carboxy terminal His-Leu dipeptide from angiotensin I to produce a potent vasopressor octapeptide, angiotensin II. (nature.com)
Two putative active centers in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme revealed by molecular cloning. (nature.com)
Williams, T. A., Corvol, P. & Soubrier, F. Identification of two active site residues in human angiotensin I-converting enzyme. (nature.com)
RXP 407, a selective inhibitor of the N-domain of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, blocks in vivo the degradation of hemoregulatory peptide acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro with no effect on angiotensin I hydrolysis. (nature.com)
The critical role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme as revealed by gene targeting in mice. (nature.com)
Ehlers, M. R. W., Fox, E. A., Strydom, D. J. & Riordan, J. F. Molecular cloning of human testicular angiotensin-converting enzyme: the testis isozyme is identical to the C-terminal half of endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme. (nature.com)
Identification of N -linked glycosylation sites in human testis angiotensin-1 converting enzyme and expression of an active deglycosylated form. (nature.com)
Ehlers, M. R. W. & Riordan, J. F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme: zinc- and inhibitor-binding stoichiometries of the somatic and testis isozymes. (nature.com)
Bünning, P. & Riordan, J. F. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme by monovalent anions. (nature.com)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are increasingly used in uremic patients (pts). (tripdatabase.com)
Blockade of the renin - angiotensin -aldosterone system (RAAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has been shown to decrease incident atrial fibrillation (AF). (tripdatabase.com)
Sequence variation in the human angiotensin converting enzyme. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (encoded by the gene DCP1, also known as ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I to the physiologically active peptide angiotensin II, which controls fluid-electrolyte balance and systemic blood pressure. (nih.gov)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are antihypertensive medicines used to treat high blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
How do angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers work? (news-medical.net)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II in the lungs. (news-medical.net)
The discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE2-angiotensin (1-7)-Mas receptor axis that exerts vasodilator, antiproliferative, and antifibrotic actions opposed to those of the ACE-Ang II-AT 1 receptor axis has led to the hypothesis that a decrease in the expression or activity of angiotensin (1-7) renders the systems more susceptible to the pathological actions of Ang II. (hindawi.com)
The hemodynamic effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) result in improved ventricular function and also reductions in LA pressure and wall stress [ 2 ]. (uptodate.com)
That small peptide is then made even smaller by angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE-1), and interestingly, no one's ever found a function for angiotensin-1 other than to sit around and get cleaved in this way. (sciencemag.org)
Morganti A, Grassi G, Giannattasio C, Bolla G, Turolo L, Saino A, Sala C, Mancia G, Zanchetti A. Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on cardiovascular regulation during reflex sympathetic activation in sodium replete patients with essential hypertension. (ahajournals.org)
Alpha-linolenic acid inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
Gynura procumbens inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
Pomegranate juice reduces blood pressure by inhibiting Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity in diabetic rats. (greenmedinfo.com)
Ang II is formed by cleavage of Ang I by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or chymases. (anaspec.com)
Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), [1] which is found mainly in lung capillaries . (bionity.com)
Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE inhibitors) are often used to reduce the formation of the more potent angiotensin II. (bionity.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a first homolog of ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system by counterbalancing ACE activity. (nih.gov)
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor of Formula I is administered in a sub-anti-hypertensive dose. (google.com)
Enalapril: a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. (webmd.com)
Hyperkalemia in azotemic patients during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and aldosterone reduction with captopril. (webmd.com)
In the central nervous system, angiotensinogen is synthesized by astrocytes and subsequently cleaved by renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and aminopeptidases or ACE2 and Neprilysin ( Bodiga and Bodiga, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)
The circulating RAS comprises kidney-derived renin acting on liver-derived angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin (Ang) I that is converted to Ang II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). (frontiersin.org)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors--when to use? (biomedsearch.com)
In practice, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to given considerable relief to patients with severe heart failure, but in patients who are only moderately ill these drugs may have less effect than increasing the dose of diuretics. (biomedsearch.com)
Vasodilators in general probably reduce the fatality of patients with heart failure, but the effect is not specific to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. (biomedsearch.com)
ACE inhibitors, or angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors, treat high blood pressure by relaxing blood. (everydayhealth.com)
Angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors - commonly called ACE inhibitors - prevent an enzyme in your. (everydayhealth.com)
diuretics and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE. (everydayhealth.com)
converting enzyme (ACE) converts the hormone angiotensin I into. (everydayhealth.com)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors cause cough in some patients, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. (bmj.com)
Nine patients in whom angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors had not been associated with cough served as controls. (bmj.com)
The benefit of these medications over angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has not been proven aside from a reduction in dry cough. (cmaj.ca)
1 Although angiotensin-receptor blockers were effective in reducing mortality and morbidity associated with hypertension in one large trial, patients in the control group were not given an angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. (cmaj.ca)
Note: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker. (cmaj.ca)
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-related carboxypeptidase, ACE2, is a type I integral membrane protein of 805 amino acids that contains one HEXXH + E zinc-binding consensus sequence. (rcsb.org)
3. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (n. (synonym.com)
Quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed an up-regulation of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, as well as AT1R in the inflamed spinal cord and the immune system, including antigen presenting cells (APC). (pnas.org)
Treatment with the renin inhibitor aliskiren, the angiotensin II converting-enzyme inhibitor enalapril, as well as preventive or therapeutic application of the AT1R antagonist losartan, resulted in a significantly ameliorated course of MOG-EAE. (pnas.org)
The purpose of this study is measure the alterations in renal blood oxygenation after angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibition. (clinicaltrials.gov)
If surgical repair must be postponed, diuretics and afterload reducers, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or calcium channel blockers, have proved helpful in adults and children. (medscape.com)
Moreover, alterations in the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-3 might be one of the most important mechanisms underlying both female and male infertility. (mdpi.com)
However, as a pseudogene in humans, further studies are needed to explore whether the abnormal angiotensin-converting enzyme-3 gene could result in the problems of human reproduction. (mdpi.com)
unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, they do not inhibit bradykinin metabolism or enhance prostaglandin synthesis. (aafp.org)
Cough occurs much less often with these agents than with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and they do not adversely affect lipid profiles or cause rebound hypertension after discontinuation. (aafp.org)
Renin, an enzyme produced primarily by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into an inactive substance, angiotensin I (A-I). Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts A-I to the physiologically active angiotensin II (A-II), which causes potent vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion and sympathetic activation. (aafp.org)
Components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sites at which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work and angiotensin-II receptor antagonists interrupt the type 1-receptor subtype (AT 1 ) of angiotensin II. (aafp.org)
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association with angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and changes in its enzyme serum level in preeclamptic patients compared to non preeclamptic control group together with studying the changes in umbilical artery and uterine artery Doppler. (scirp.org)
The story of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors started approximately 50 years ago, when it was discovered that human plasma incubated with the venom of the Brazilian viper, Bothrops Jararaca , generated a hypotensive compound. (bmj.com)
The observation was then made by Vane that these peptides could also block the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II via the angiotensin converting enzyme. (bmj.com)
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors can inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme. (medworm.com)
172638 Authors: Abouelkheir M, El-Metwally TH Abstract Angiotensin-1 converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) improve insulin sensitivity. (medworm.com)
Days Performed: Mon-Sat The use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) - inhibiting antihypertensive drugs will cause decreased ACE values. (akronchildrens.org)
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of four tea catechins, including (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECg) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg), on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro . (go.jp)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are used in less than one half of transplant recipients. (bioportfolio.com)
Preliminary data suggest that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors retard the atherosclerotic plaque development that is the hallmark of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. (bioportfolio.com)
The objective of this project is to investigate the role of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, in preventing the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. (bioportfolio.com)

Angiotensinogen is an α-2-globulin synthesized in the liver and is a precursor for angiotensin, but has also been indicated as having many other roles not related to angiotensin peptides. (wikipedia.org)
As shown, it is capable of clipping both angiotensin-I and angiotensin-II down further, to even small peptides (angiotensin 1-9 and 1-7) that have activities of their own. (sciencemag.org)
These classical functions of RAS are mediated by angiotensin effector peptides including Ang II, III and 1-7 ( Atlas, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
However, tissues are the main site of production of angiotensin peptides by the circulating RAS, whereby plasma-derived renin acts on plasma-derived angiotensinogen to generate Ang I, which is converted to Ang II by endothelial ACE ( 1 - 4 ). (frontiersin.org)

Drugs that inhibit ACE, and thus block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, are used to lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension . (britannica.com)
More than two decades ago, drugmakers searching for new hypertension medications unearthed a mysterious new cell receptor that responded to a hormone known as angiotensin II. (nature.com)
Intrarenal renin - angiotensin system activation in end-stage renal disease 28179627 2018 07 30 2018 12 02 1348-4214 40 4 2017 04 Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension Hypertens. (tripdatabase.com)
Are Local Renin-Angiotensin Systems the Focal Points for Understanding Salt Sensitivity in Hypertension? (springer.com)
Angiotensin II represents a key molecule in hypertension and cerebrovascular pathology. (hindawi.com)
Mechanisms proposed to explain the benefit of angiotensin blockade found in the early studies included the direct effects of angiotensin blockade on the structural and electrical properties of the atria, as well as the indirect influence of improved control of heart failure and hypertension (in patients with these conditions), both of which are known risk factors for atrial fibrillation (AF) [ 1 ]. (uptodate.com)
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in metabolic syndrome (MetS), and RAS inhibitors are preferred for the treatments of hypertension with MetS. (hindawi.com)
Angiotensin II has been investigated for the treatment, basic science, and diagnostic of Hypertension, Renin Angiotensin System, and Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. (drugbank.ca)
The LIFE trial (Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study) compared losartan with atenolol, a beta-blocker, to determine whether selective blocking of angiotensin II improves left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) beyond reducing blood pressure over 4 years. (uspharmacist.com)
Meta-analyses that included several randomized trials failed to show superiority of angiotensin-receptor blockers over ACE inhibitors for the treatment of hypertension, 6 heart failure 7 or the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. (cmaj.ca)
It exerts its various actions on the cardiovascular and renal system, mainly via interaction with the angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R), which contributes to blood pressure regulation and development of hypertension but may also mediate effects on the immune system. (pnas.org)
Clinical trials indicate that angiotensin-II receptor antagonists are effective and safe in the treatment of hypertension. (aafp.org)
Since the first angiotensin-II receptor antagonists were introduced a few years ago, numerous clinical trials have been conducted on their use in patients with hypertension and their potential use in patients with congestive heart failure. (aafp.org)
The angiotensin-II receptor antagonists that have been labeled for use in hypertension by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), irbesartan (Avapro), candesartan (Atacand) and telmisartan (Micardis). (aafp.org)
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an integral role in the pathophysiology of hypertension because it affects the regulation of fluid volume, electrolyte balance and blood volume. (aafp.org)
The enormous success of ACE inhibitors in hypertension and heart failure spurred hope that adding a second drug to block the renin-angiotensin system would yield improved outcomes. (cardiobrief.org)
Recent studies suggest that hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII) results primarily from the renal effects of this hormone. (pnas.org)

It has been theorized that dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) might prove even more beneficial, but these hopes have not been realized. (forbes.com)
Hsu and colleagues provide reassuring information complementing the data from randomized clinical trials that renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade can be safely implemented even in advanced chronic kidney disease," according to Meyeon Park, MD , and Chi-yuan Hsu, MD , of the University of California San Francisco. (medpagetoday.com)
1996). Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade during exercise: comparison of losartan and saralasin. (exrx.net)
Although definitive evidence supporting dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system has never been found, more than 200,000 patients in the US currently receive this therapy. (cardiobrief.org)
What is the role of renin-angiotensin blockade in the treatment of immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy? (medscape.com)

Throughout the body, angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor of arterioles . (wikipedia.org)
It converts the hormone angiotensin I to the active vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor in a substrate concentration-dependent manner. (wikipedia.org)
The most important is known as angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor that stimulates steroid production by the adrenal glands, reduces fluid loss from the kidneys, and also functions as a neurotransmitter. (dictionary.com)
Angiotensin II is an active vasoconstrictor that narrows the blood vessels and increases systemic blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
Kessler K, Harakal C. Potentiation of the vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin by catecholamines in vitro. (ahajournals.org)
As of December 21, 2017 the FDA approved La Jolla Pharmaceutical's Giapreza (angiotensin II) Injection for Intravenouse Infusion for the indication of acting as a vasoconstrictor to increase blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock. (drugbank.ca)
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor indicated for increasing blood pressure in adults with septic or other distributive shock Label . (drugbank.ca)
It prevents the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, resulting in lower aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)

In the Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes (VA NEPHRON-D) trial, Linda Fried and colleagues randomized type 2 diabetics with proteinuric kidney disease already receiving the angiotensin-receptor blocker losartan to either the ACE inhibitor lisinopril or placebo. (forbes.com)
ACE is a target of ACE inhibitor drugs, which decrease the rate of Angiotensin II production. (wikipedia.org)
So you can see how an ACE-1 inhibitor could be good for high blood pressure, by blocking any formation of angiotensin II, and a renin inhibitor would be as well, by blocking the whole process a bit further upstream, and something that blocked that last binding step (an antagonist of the angiotensin receptor) would also probably work. (sciencemag.org)
14.Phakdeekitcharoen B, Leelasa-nguan P. Effects of an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker on potassium in CAPD patients. (webmd.com)
Angiotensin II inhibitors with calcium channel blocking agents is a combination medicine containing both an angiotensin II inhibitor and a calcium channel blocker. (drugs.com)
The angiotensin II inhibitor stops the activation of the angiotensin II receptor which results in vasodilation, a reduction of aldosterone production and reduced vasopressin. (drugs.com)
for the study patients these and the cough index were measured twice before rechallenge for two weeks with an angiotensin enzyme inhibitor and once afterwards. (bmj.com)
A competitive ACE inhibitor, it reduces angiotensin II levels, decreasing aldosterone secretion. (medscape.com)
Adding a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to dual antihypertensive therapy (a diuretic plus either an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker) is associated with an increase in risk for kidney injury, according to a large new retrospective study published in BMJ. (cardiobrief.org)

Instead, they block the effects of angiotensin, preventing the hormone from narrowing the blood vessels. (heart.org)

The Local Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Second Edition updates new findings on the local renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) with a focus on the local RAASs of the cardiovascular system and kidney. (springer.com)
It is suggested that this central effect also contributes to the cardiovascular response to endogenous angiotensin. (bmj.com)
There is also no question that the enhancing effect of angiotensin II on sympathetic cardiovascular influences is reciprocated because sympathetic nerve activity is an important determinant of renal secretion of renin R3 R4 and thus of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. (ahajournals.org)
The octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts a wide range of effects on the cardiovascular system. (anaspec.com)
Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is a hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance through a coordinated action of renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. (frontiersin.org)
Interpretation Had access to angiotensin-receptor blockers been restricted, the potential cost savings to the Canadian health care system might have been more than $77 million in 2006, likely without any adverse effect on cardiovascular health. (cmaj.ca)
Angiotensin II, one of the most potent neurohormones in this system, is known to cause vasoconstriction, sodium retention, cardiac hypertrophy, cell death, endothelial dysfunction and other detrimental cardiovascular effects. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)

Likewise it converts the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I to the octapeptide angiotensin II by removing the dipeptide His-Leu. (wikipedia.org)
ACE-1 takes off two more amino acids to give you the octapeptide known as angiotensin-II, and that one has profound effects on raising blood pressure (it has many other functions as well). (sciencemag.org)
Human heart chymase, a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase, hydrolyzes the Phe8-His9 bond to yield the octapeptide hormone angiotensin II and His-Leu. (anaspec.com)
Angiotensin II (AngII: Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) is an octapeptide hormone playing an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. (mcmaster.ca)

Saino et al 1 and Lyons et al 2 published provocative findings regarding the vascular level interaction of the sympathetic and renin-angiotensin systems. (ahajournals.org)
It would be important, however, to device a way to see whether this is the case also in vivo and what is the relative importance of this mechanism in the overall positive feed-back interaction between the sympathetic and the renin-angiotensin systems. (ahajournals.org)

Comparative Analysis of Renin - Angiotensin System (RAS)-Related Gene Expression Between Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats BACKGROUND The renal renin - angiotensin system (RAS) is physiologically important for blood pressure regulation. (tripdatabase.com)
Intrarenal renin - angiotensin system activation in end-stage renal disease. (tripdatabase.com)
Angiotensin II is under investigation for the treatment of Sepsis, Septic Shock, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Renal Failure. (drugbank.ca)
Angiotensin II regulation of renal vascular ENaC proteins. (biomedsearch.com)
In renal epithelial tissue, ENaC expression is regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II). (biomedsearch.com)
This study evaluates prospectively the effects of an anti-angiotensin II regimen on renal outcome in patients with mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis followed-up for 10 years. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The understanding of kidney adaptive mechanisms to renin angiotensin system effects in healthy subjects will be useful for the early detection of renal disease and for the development of new therapies to decrease the progression of the disease and its consequences. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Because the renal consequences of WNK4 carrying pseudoaldosteronism type II mutations resemble the response to intravascular volume depletion (promotion of salt reabsorption without K + secretion), a condition that is associated with high angiotensin II (AngII) levels, it has been proposed that AngII signaling might affect WNK4 modulation of the NCC. (pnas.org)

Angiotensin I is produced by the action of renin (an enzyme produced by the kidneys ) on a protein called angiotensinogen, which is formed by the liver . (britannica.com)
Plasma angiotensinogen levels are increased by plasma corticosteroid, estrogen, thyroid hormone, and angiotensin II levels. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin I (CAS# 11128-99-7), officially called proangiotensin, is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin I ( CAS # 11128-99-7) is formed by the action of renin on angiotensinogen . (wikipedia.org)
eng R01 DK072408 DK NIDDK NIH HHS United States Journal Article Comment 2017 02 09 England Hypertens Res 9307690 0916-9636 11002-13-4 Angiotensinogen 11128-99-7 Angiotensin II EC 3.4.23.15 Renin IM Hypertens Res. (tripdatabase.com)
Angiotensin I, itself a decapeptide with weak biological activity, is produced from angiotensinogen and then quickly converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE). (drugbank.ca)
Renin cleaves an inactive peptide called angiotensinogen , converting it into angiotensin I . (bionity.com)

That results in the decreased formation of angiotensin II and decreased metabolism of bradykinin, which leads to systematic dilation of the arteries and veins and a decrease in arterial blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)

AngII (angiotensin II), which induces oxidative stress and inflammation, is also implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis. (mendeley.com)
Angiotensin II (AngII) via AT1 receptor is reported to increase brain Aβ level via different mechanisms including increasing amyloid precursor protein (APP) mRNA, β-secretase activity, and presenilin expression. (frontiersin.org)

The novelty of the medication lies in the fact that it is the first and only use of synthetic human angiotensin II to help maintain body blood pressure. (drugbank.ca)

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by stimulating the Gq protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (which in turn activates an IP3-dependent mechanism leading to a rise in intracellular calcium levels and ultimately causing contraction). (wikipedia.org)
It is concluded that angiotensin II not only facilitates the activation of preexisting collateral vascular pathways but also has angiogenic properties and therefore could play an active role not only in the fast but also in the slow phase of the development of collateral circulation. (nih.gov)
In this study, we tested the role of α7nAChR in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced senescence of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). (ingentaconnect.com)
Saralasin, a partial agonist angiotensin II receptor, does not appear to affect mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) during exercise. (exrx.net)
Activation of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) triggers proinflammatory signaling through pathways independent of classical Gq signaling that regulate vascular homeostasis. (jci.org)
By developing native and glycosylated forms of the angiotensin-(1-7) peptide for vascular cognitive impairment, ProNeurogen hopes to plug a treatment gap that repurposed Alzheimer's disease drugs have failed to fill. (biocentury.com)

These patients are often being treated with ACE-1 inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor antagonists. (sciencemag.org)

COVID-19 and Angiotensin Drugs: Help or Harm? (medscape.com)
It is part of the renin-angiotensin system , which is a major target for drugs that raises blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers, also known as ARB blockers or angiotensin 2 receptor blockers, are drugs used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. (heart.org)
Angiotensin II receptor blockers are often used in patients who cannot tolerate a common type of drugs known as ACE inhibitors. (heart.org)
We show that this type of immunosuppression may be reversed by reprogramming the microenvironment with drugs called angiotensin receptor blockers. (news-medical.net)
The angiotensin receptor blockers came next (drugs with the -sartan suffix), and there are several of them. (sciencemag.org)
are there any angiotensin drugs that dont include hydrochothiazide? (drugs.com)
Patients are more likely to continue to take angiotensin-receptor blockers compared with other classes of blood pressure drugs, according to the findings of a meta-analysis by US researchers. (pulsetoday.co.uk)
The findings don't close the book on angiotensin-receptor blockers and other drugs in the class, though, Drs. Jessup and Massie agreed. (medpagetoday.com)

13.Fujii H, Nakahama H, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, Inenaga T, Kawano Y. Life-threatening Hyperkalemia during a Combined Therapy with the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Candesartan and Spironolactone. (webmd.com)
The purpose of this study is to determine whether a treatment for diabetic nephropathy, the angiotensin receptor blocker candesartan, modifies mediators of kidney injury independent of blood pressure and the relationships to drug dose. (clinicaltrials.gov)
NEW ORLEANS, Nov. 11 -- The angiotensin-receptor blocker irbesartan (Avapro) holds no benefit for heart failure patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, researchers found. (medpagetoday.com)
Although they offer some tantalizing signals and still some persistent concerns about crossover," she said, "they deliver a pretty consistent message and really don't justify adding an ACE or an ARB [angiotensin-receptor blocker] for a patient with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction if the blood pressure is already controlled. (medpagetoday.com)
The treatment of a large proportion of patients with multiple inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system might have left little room for further benefit from the addition of an angiotensin-receptor blocker," the researchers said. (medpagetoday.com)

Barry Brenner, Boston, MA, discussed the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) trial of 1,513 patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy from 250 centers in 29 countries. (diabetesjournals.org)

[4] Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone [4] from the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)
In addition, inhibiting angiotensin II formation diminishes angiotensin II-mediated aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex, leading to a decrease in water and sodium reabsorption and a reduction in extracellular volume. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II also increases Aldosterone secretion, therefore, it acts as an endocrine , autocrine / paracrine , and intracrine hormone. (wikipedia.org)
Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive patients by captopril induces sustained reduction in aldosterone secretion, potassium retention and natruiresis. (webmd.com)
This conversion from angiotensin I to angiotensin II and subsequent receptor binding leads to increases in vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion, and sympa-thetic activation. (uspharmacist.com)
1 , 4 Angiotensin-II receptor blockers antagonize A-II-induced biologic actions, including smooth muscle contraction, sympathetic pressor mechanisms and aldosterone secretion. (aafp.org)

The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor. (wikipedia.org)

The renin-angiotensin system ( RAS ) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ( RAAS ) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance . (wikipedia.org)
Our program will also push beyond the barriers of our current understanding of the RAAS by inviting speakers who have not previously attended the Angiotensin GRC. (grc.org)
Angiotensin II is a naturally occurring peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) that has the capacity to cause vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure in the human body. (drugbank.ca)
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and extracellular volume in the body. (bionity.com)
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in development and progression of heart failure (HF). (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key modulator of blood pressure. (pnas.org)

A peptide analog to angiotensin II that is used as a vasopressor in the treatment of certain types of shock and circulatory collapse. (dictionary.com)
Any of several polypeptide hormones, designated by Roman numerals, that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure, especially one of them, angiotensin II, which is a strong vasopressor. (thefreedictionary.com)
Consequently, angiotensin II demonstrates its strong vasopressor activity when it is rapidly degraded by aminopeptidases A and M into further entities like angiotensin III and angiotensin IV, respectively. (drugbank.ca)

Angiotensin-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors are already widely used for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, Dr. Redfield said. (medpagetoday.com)
Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system have improved outcomes, though not mortality, in patients with heart failure with a low left ventricular ejection fraction. (medpagetoday.com)

[3] Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide that causes blood vessels to narrow, resulting in increased blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II acts directly on blood vessels, causing their constriction and thereby raising blood pressure . (britannica.com)
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
It is part of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
This peptide hormone constricts blood vessels, but, oddly, blocking the so-called angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2) appeared to have no effect on blood pressure, so the target was largely ignored by drug developers. (nature.com)
Angiotensin II binds to the type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1), which sets off a number of actions that result in vasoconstriction and therefore increased blood pressure. (wikipedia.org)
ACE inhibitors reduce the level of angiotensin II by inhibiting the enzyme, leading to the widening of the blood vessels (vasodilation) and subsequent reduction of the systemic blood pressure. (news-medical.net)
The renin-angiotensin system is often manipulated clinically to treat high blood pressure . (bionity.com)

Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone , another hormone, from the adrenal cortex . (wikipedia.org)

The decapeptide is known as angiotensin I . (wikipedia.org)

Angiotensin I appears to have no direct biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)

Sources of data for model parameters included IMS Health Canada data collected from one-third of all retail pharmacies for the cost and use of angiotensin-receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors in each province, as well as published studies for administrative costs and incidence of dry cough. (cmaj.ca)

ACE inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers have been found to effectively slow progression of kidney disease. (forbes.com)
In addition, angiotensin II acts at the Na/H + exchanger in the proximal tubules of the kidney to stimulate Na reabsorption and H + excretion which is coupled to bicarbonate reabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
ACE in the kidney and the lung make AI in to AII (or plain ol' angiotensin). (physicsforums.com)

While the enzyme inhibitors work by reducing the level of angiotensin II in the body, the receptor blockers inhibit the function of angiotensin II by directly blocking the specific receptor. (news-medical.net)
In rats, high dose of sitagliptin was able to inhibit ACE activity and reduce angiotensin II levels while linagliptin has only a mild effect. (medworm.com)
Indeed, it has been demonstrated that, upon acting on the AT1 receptor, angiotensin II activates matrix metalloproteases that release the epidermal growth factor (EGF), binding to its receptor promotes the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal S6 kinase-1, both of which inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase insulin signaling, thus favoring insulin resistance ( 2 - 4 ). (scielo.br)

At a symposium at the 61st Scientific Sessions of the ADA in June 2001, the results of three recent diabetic nephropathy trials with angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonists were presented. (diabetesjournals.org)

Abcam's Angiotensin A in vitro competitive ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) kit is designed for the accurate quantitative measurement of Angiotensin A in plasma and serum. (abcam.com)
Dose‐response curves from human plasma and serum diluted into assay buffer were compared to the Angiotensin A standard curve. (abcam.com)
Doppler study of umbilical and uterine arteries and the detection of Angiotensin converting gene polymorphism by PCR with Estimation of serum ACE in serum by ELISA technique. (scirp.org)

Angiotensin was isolated in the late 1930s (first named 'angiotonin' or 'hypertensin') and subsequently characterized and synthesized by groups at the Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories. (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin was independently isolated in Indianapolis and Argentina in the late 1930s (as 'angiotonin' and 'hypertensin', respectively) and subsequently characterised and synthesized by groups at the Cleveland Clinic and Ciba laboratories in Basel, Switzerland. (wikipedia.org)

The suggestion is that higher local concentrations of either angiotensin II or perindoprilat are achieved when a vessel is noradrenergically preconstricted by infused norepinephrine or lower body negative pressure. (ahajournals.org)
Interestingly, some clinical studies have demonstrated that treatment with either angiotensin I-converter enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARA) reduces the incidence of diabetes mellitus in high risk patients ( 5 , 6 ). (scielo.br)

They are important in the renin-angiotensin system: they are responsible for the signal transduction of the vasoconstricting stimulus of the main effector hormone, angiotensin II. (wikipedia.org)

In the kidneys, angiotensin II constricts glomerular arterioles, having a greater effect on efferent arterioles than afferent. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, angiotensin II increases blood osmolality and volume by inducing water and sodium retention in the kidneys. (news-medical.net)

Angiotensin is a short peptide hormone that causes constriction of the efferent arteriole at the glomerulus, leading to increased glomerular filtration pressure. (edren.org)

Design and Synthesis of Angiotensin IV Peptidomimetics Targeting the Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) (Ph.D. thesis). (wikipedia.org)
Angiotensin II and ET-1, both at 10 nmol/L, induced myocyte hypertrophy, as demonstrated by increased protein content and synthesis, [Ca 2+ ] i levels, protein kinase C (PKC) activity and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 (p38). (ingentaconnect.com)
One is in the synthesis of angiotensin II, which has vasoconstrictive properties, promotes retention of sodium and water, and promotes cell growth. (bmj.com)

The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS extracellular matrix, as well as modulation of oxytocin release. (wikipedia.org)

Angiotensin III is a metabolite of angiotensin II and shares similar, though less potent, actions. (britannica.com)
See 'The electrocardiogram in atrial fibrillation' and 'Actions of angiotensin II on the heart' and 'Epidemiology of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation' . (uptodate.com)
Angiotensin also has direct effects on many other cells, including the podocyte, and it is likely that some of its effects depend on these other actions too. (edren.org)
Most of these actions are mediated through angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)

Anatomy1

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The subtype 2 of angiotensin II receptors and pressure-natriuresis in adult rat kidneys. (1/383)

Cardiac growth factors in human hypertrophy. Relations with myocardial contractility and wall stress. (2/383)

Angiotensin regulates the selectivity of the Na+-K+ pump for intracellular Na+. (3/383)

Central lead administration inhibits water intake and sodium appetite in rats. (4/383)

Self-protection by cardiac myocytes against hypoxia and hyperoxia. (5/383)

Regulated expression of human angiotensinogen gene by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor. (6/383)

Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (7/383)

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme antisense gene therapy causes permanent antihypertensive effects in the SHR. (8/383)

Angiotensins

Angiotensin III

Angiotensin I

Angiotensin II

Renin

Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A

Renin-Angiotensin System

Angiotensinogen

Receptors, Angiotensin

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Captopril

Losartan

Radioimmunoassay

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Kidney

Blood Pressure

Peptide Fragments

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1

Encyclopedias as Topic

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2

Copyright

Physiology

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History, 21st Century

Tetrazoles

Heart Failure

Benzimidazoles

Aldosterone

Angioedema

Canada

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Angioedemas, Hereditary

Financial Audit

Pyrococcus furiosus

Lisinopril

Metalloendopeptidases

Carboxypeptidases

Angiotensin Amide

Dictionaries, Medical

Dictionaries as Topic

Amides

PubMed

Periodicals as Topic

Books

Publishing

MEDLINE

The subtype 2 of angiotensin II receptors and pressure-natriuresis in adult rat kidneys. (1/383)

Cardiac growth factors in human hypertrophy. Relations with myocardial contractility and wall stress. (2/383)

Angiotensin regulates the selectivity of the Na+-K+ pump for intracellular Na+. (3/383)

Central lead administration inhibits water intake and sodium appetite in rats. (4/383)

Self-protection by cardiac myocytes against hypoxia and hyperoxia. (5/383)

Regulated expression of human angiotensinogen gene by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor. (6/383)

Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. (7/383)

Angiotensin I-converting enzyme antisense gene therapy causes permanent antihypertensive effects in the SHR. (8/383)

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